DOCSLIB.ORG

Elixir Journal

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Elixir Journal 50462 Effiong, James Bassey and Ogbuefi, J. U / Elixir Fin. Mgmt. 117 (2018) 50462-50470 Available online at www.elixirpublishers.com (Elixir International Journal) Real Estate Investment and Finance Management Elixir Fin. Mgmt. 117 (2018) 50462-50470 The Economic Impact of Tinapa Business Resort and the Export Processing Zone on Economic Diversification in Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria Effiong, James Bassey1 and Ogbuefi, J. U2 1Department of Estate Management, Cross River University of Technology, Calabar. 2Department of Estate Management, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus. ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article history: The study examined the economic impact of Tinapa Business Resort and the Export Received: 16 February 2018; Processing Zone on economic diversification in Calabar, Cross River State. The study Received in revised form: looks at the importance of Tinapa Business Resort and Export Processing Zone in 02 April 2018; economic diversification of the State economy within Calabar. The study adopted the Accepted: 13 April 2018; survey research design and data was collected through the use of questionnaires administered on the staff of Tinapa Business Resort, the Export Processing Zone and Keywords members of the host communities. The study used descriptive statistics in analysing the Tinapa, data and the chi-square test was used to test the hypothesis formulated. The findings from Export Processing Zone, the study show that Tinapa Business Resort and the Export Processing Zone have Economic Diversification, contributed to the economic diversification of Cross River State through generation of Tourism, foreign exchange earnings, attracting of Foreign Direct Investment and tourism into the Cross River State. state. Furthermore, the study reveals that Tinapa Business Resort and the Export Processing Zone have affected the lives of the host communities through employment and the provision of basic infrastructure. Based on the findings, the study recommends the dredging of the Calabar Sea Port in order to attract more economic activities into the State and the proper funding of Tinapa Business Resort to enable it fulfilled its vision of being Africa’s Business hub in global trading and exportation of goods. © 2018 Elixir All rights reserved. 1.0 INTRODUCTION provides resorts across the state such as the Obudu Ranch and The Tinapa Business Resort and the Export Processing Resort, Aqua Vista, Tinapa Business Resort, the Agbokim Zone are both Free Trade Zones located in Calabar, Cross Waterfalls, Monolith sites and the National Park. River State. While the Tinapa Business Resort is established Export Processing zones (EPZ) have been identified as to boost the state tourism potential, the Export Processing one of the most important component of export promotion in Zone was also established to promote export and developing nations since the 1960s (Fu and Gao, 2007) as manufacturing activities of the state. Both Tinapa Business cited in (Edem, Ekpenyong and Ndiyo, 2015). The current Resort and the Export Processing Zone contribute to the government policy to reduce the dependence on crude oil economic development of Calabar and Cross River State as a exports and diversify her export base has encouraged non-oil whole. The tourism industry has a great impact on the export initiative. Indeed, Nigeria is in quest for diversification diversification of the economy of Calabar. Calabar is in of its export brackets, which has over the decades been serious economic predicaments which require diversification dominated by crude oil with agricultural produce as a distinct in order to achieve the desired economic development. As a second (Abisogun, 1998) as cited in (Ezeudu, 2014). A Free matter of priority, the Cross River State Government must Trade Zone is seen as an economic zone especially created in encourage economic diversification. a geographical region for landing, reassembling, constructing Today tourism is no longer a leisure but an activity that or recreating, and re-exporting of goods without custom has captured the attention of economists as a major source of authority’s intervention (Edem, Ekpenyong and Ndiyo, foreign exchange for developing and developed countries 2015). The government of developing countries set up Free compelling aspiring nations to develop both tourist sites, Trade Zones especially to ensure economic growth and standardized operations, improve infrastructures such as development by promoting industrial and commercial electricity, airports, rail, roads, seaport, that support tourism exportation. In an effort to diversify the revenue of the nation (Eneji, Acha and Bullus, 2016). The substantial growth of the and contribute to economic growth and development, the tourism activity clearly marks tourism as one of the most Federal Government of Nigeria established the Free Trade remarkable economic and social phenomena of the past Zone scheme as a means of attracting investments and century (Ajake and Amalu, 2012). In Cross River State in promotes industrialization. particular, tourism is a priority in the programmes of the State The Nigerian Export Processing Zone Authority government. As a result of this, the government funds and (NEPZA) was established by Act No. 63 of 1992 and the first Tele: E-mail address: [email protected] © 2018 Elixir All rights reserved 50463 Effiong, James Bassey and Ogbuefi, J. U / Elixir Fin. Mgmt. 117 (2018) 50462-50470 Nigeria Free Trade Zone was established in Calabar, Cross through the vision of Tinapa it will transform itself into a River State in 1992 and commissioned in 2001. The positive global trading hub reminiscent of great international Free effect of Export Processing Zone on the economy of Cross Trade Zones like Hong Kong and Dubai. Tinapa complex will River State is visible and enormous which has fostered a lot provide international standard wholesale emporiums, of public and private investments into the scheme across the integrated shopping complexes and product distribution country. The activities in Calabar Export Processing Zone elements supported by business tourism and entertainment (EPZ) will to a large extent improve the capacity of many facilities. The location of the Resort in close proximity to a local enterprises. This can be done through linkages by Free Processing Zone on the east-west trading routes provides providing employment, infrastructural development, skills exciting opportunities for Tinapa to serve as a distribution and technological acquisition, social development as well as point into Nigeria and the growing economic hub of West contribute to the Gross Development Product (GDP) of Cross Africa. River State among others (Edem, Ekpenyong and Ndiyo, Tourism has been playing a vital role in the socio- 2015). Despite the benefits of Calabar Free Trade Zone to the economic development and promotion for Nigeria, as one of state, the activities of Export Processing Zone is still at its the fastest growing economy in the world today. As a result, infancy stage as the number of direct and indirect tourism is being employed as a viable tool for achieving employment in the zone are not very encouraging. This paper optimum employment generation, steady rural-urban examines the economic impact of Tinapa Business Resort and integration and revenue for the government not to forget the Export Processing Zone on economic diversification in cultural exchange for internal and external understanding Calabar, Cross River State. The study therefore formulates (Abdulrahman, 2015). Nigeria is not alone in its effort to this hypothesis for testing. diversify the mono-cultural economy status as a nation; the Ho: There is no significant impact of Tinapa Business Resort country is heavily dependent on petroleum export and to and Export Processing Zone on the economic some extent agriculture to generate foreign exchange diversification of Calabar, Cross River State. earnings. Because of the exhaustible nature of petroleum oil Hi: There is a significant impact of Tinapa Business Resort and the uncertainty in agriculture resulting from and Export Processing Zone on the economic unpredictable climatic condition and fluctuation in the diversification of Calabar, Cross River State. international market of these commodities among other 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW challenges, tourism therefore remains the only sustainable 2.1 THE TINAPA BUSINESS RESORT AND TOURISM and viable source of investment and foreign exchange earners DEVELOPMENT for the country (Abdulrahman, 2015). Most economies of the Tinapa is a business and leisure resort just north of world, developing and developed, have long imbibed the Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria associated with the economic theory of growth and have made tourism one of the Calabar Free Trade Zone. It is being developed in four phases major revenue generator and economic catalyst (Hjalagar and under a Private Public Partnership (PPP) promoted by the Anderson, 2001; Ayres, 2001) as cited in (Inyang and Esu, Government of Cross River State. The Resort is located by 2008). The government is giving the tourism industry more the Calabar River, contiguous with the Calabar Free Trade attention as a result of its campaign on diversification of the Zone. Tinapa is set to become a world class integrated economy (Esu, 2004). Inyang and Esu (2008) noted that business resort in Nigeria. Tinapa provides an unprecedented Cross River State is one of the states in Nigeria that aims at opportunity for tenants to be part of one of the most exciting
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Industrialization Digest NEPZA
    Industrialization Digest NEPZA Vol. 3 No. 2 A Quarterly magazine of the Nigeria Export Processing Zones Authority Third/Fourth Quarter, June - December, 2020 Reinvigorating FTZs/ The Free Trade Zone SEZs Operations Concept: Through Research Gains & Prospects NEPZA and The Changing Nigeria’s Economic Trajectory Leveraging Special Economic Zones for African Industrialisation and Integration HOW WE ARE RETOOLING NEPZA Prof. Adesoji Adesugba Checklist For Setting Up Impact of COVID-19 on NEPZA–ASCSN: In Pursuit A Free Zone In Nigeria NEPZA Workplace Ethics of Development Unionism WELCOME TO THE CITY OF THE FUTURE CENTENARY ECONOMIC CITY FREE ZONE 2 www.centenarycityfze.com CONTENTS 06 How we are Retooling NEPZA Prof. Adesoji Adesugba reveals in an interview with our crew ... 10 Checklist For Setting Up 15 NEPZA News in Brief 22 Leveraging A Free Zone In Nigeria New NEPZA Boss Assumes Office, Special Economic Charges Staff on Improved Productivity Zones for African 40 Companies Bid For NEPZA Industrialisation and Constituency Projects Integration 28 Impact of COVID-19 32 Responding to AfCFTA, 36 Chief Executive on NEPZA Workplace Post-Pandemic Officers’ Desks Ethics Through SEZs 3 EDITORIAL captures some of the vitally important systemic reviews, repositioning, and reorganization of the agency based on the new helmsman strategic plan hitherto engraved in the mandate, vision, and mission of the Authority. In the spirit of the Managing Director’s 100 days in office, Adesugba in an interview with our crew reveals what he met on the ground, his strategic plan, and approach to free trade zone EDITORIAL ADVISORY development and management. The BOARD essence of the free trade zone scheme The Industrialization Digest remains with an overall focus on leading Publisher/Editor-In-Chief: the official purveyor of quarterly news Nigeria’s industrialization process Prof.
    [Show full text]
  • The Catalytic Role of Hotel Industry in Sustainable Tourism Development in Calabar, Nigeria
    Journal of Sustainable Development Studies ISSN 2201-4268 Volume 2 (2013), Number 2, 182-196 The Catalytic Role of Hotel Industry in Sustainable Tourism Development in Calabar, Nigeria Eja, Eja .I. Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Cross River University of Technology Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria Otu, Judith.E. Department of Sociology, University of Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria Agbor, Emmanuel. A Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Cross River University of Technology Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria Inyang, Ita O. Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Cross River University of Technology Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria Abstract. Today, the need for tourism development has been advocated by the various stakeholders and scholars in this great industry. The driving mechanism towards this challenge is predicated upon the in availability of other sub-systems that will pilot this laudable industry and make it more viable. This paper critically focus on the hotel industry as a panacea for sustainable tourism development in Calabar. A total of one hundred and twenty seven (127) hotels were assessed and the data were analyzed using the Pearson’ Moment Correlation and the correlation coefficient of 0.89 and coefficient determination of 0.62 were obtained. This means that 62% of the variation in the growth of hotels is contributed to the increase in the number of tourist influx in Calabar. This result therefore, shows that the hospitality industry vis-à-vis the hotel industry is capable of shouldering the challenges and also boosting the image of tourism in Cross River State in general and Calabar in particular.
    [Show full text]
  • 14 Tourism As a Catalyst for Hospitality Industry Development in Calabar, Nigeria in Recent Times Calabar Has Become a Tourism
    e-Review of Tourism Research (eRTR), Vol. 9, No. 1, 2011 http://ertr.tamu.edu/ EJA, EJA. I., OTU, JUDITH. E., NDOMAH, BERNADETTE. N., and EWA, EWA. E. Tourism as a Catalyst for Hospitality Industry Development in Calabar, Nigeria In recent times Calabar has become a tourism destination with great influence owing to its nu- merous tourism potentials . This paper seeks to highlight the catalytic role of tourism in hospital- ity industry development in Calabar with specific reference to the hotel industry as a sub-system in the hospitality industry. One hundred and twenty seven hotels were researched and seven hun- dred copies of questionnaires were administered to tourists in the various hotels. The results show a variation in the annual patronage of hotels in Calabar. The results also proved that tour- ism is one of the major vehicles for the growth of the hotel industry in Calabar. Keywords: Catalyst, Hotel Industry, Tourism, Development, Tourism Potentials EJA, EJA. I.1, OTU, JUDITH. E.2, NDOMAH, BERNADETTE. N.3 and EWA, EWA. E.4 1Department of Geography and Regional Planning, University of Calabar- Nigeria . Email: [email protected] 2Department of Sociology, University of Calabar, Calabar. Email: [email protected] 3Department of Geography, Federal College of Education Obudu, Cross River State –Nigeria. Email: [email protected] 4Department of Geography and Regional Planning, University of Calabar- Nigeria . Email: [email protected] 14 e-Review of Tourism Research (eRTR), Vol. 9, No. 1, 2011 http://ertr.tamu.edu/ Introduction Tourism is a socio-cultural phenomenon and it is a quiet revolution that has gradually swept through the world, in both developed and undeveloped nations.
    [Show full text]
  • A Critical Needs Assessment for Collaborative Ecotourism Development Linked to Protected Areas in Cross River State, Nigeria
    A Critical Needs Assessment for Collaborative Ecotourism Development Linked to Protected Areas in Cross River State, Nigeria United States Forest Service International Collaboration with the Cross River State Tourism Bureau, Cross River State Forestry Commission, and Cross River National Park Mission Dates: October 20 – November 5, 2006 Photograph by Jeffrey Brooks Brooks Jeffrey by Photograph Submitted by: Jeffrey J. Brooks John Neary Blessing E. Asuquo Social Science Analyst Park Planner Mission Director US Forest Service US Forest Service US Forest Service Rock Mountain Research Station Tongass National Forest International Programs Fort Collins, Colorado Juneau, Alaska Washington, DC [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] The United States Forest Service Department of Agriculture International Programs Office Washington, DC Final Report January 2007 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 3 II. INTRODUCTION 7 A. Brief History, Background, and Context 7 B. Purpose, Objectives, and Activities of the Mission 8 III. WHAT SHOULD GUIDE ECOTOURISM IN CROSS RIVER STATE? 10 A. Ecotourism for National and International Visitors 10 B. Prerequisite Needs of the Cross River State Tourism Bureau 12 IV. KEY FINDINGS, RECOMMENDATIONS, AND SHORT-TERM 15 TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE A. Ecotourism Development and Site Planning for Afi Nature Reserve and 16 Tourism Enhancement at Obudu Plateau B. Development of Interpretation and Training of Tour Guides 19 V. ADDITIONAL FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 22 A. Critical Needs for Cross River State Protected Areas 22 B. Critical Needs of the Cross River State Forestry Commission 27 VI. ENHANCING CAPACITY FOR COLLABORATIVE APPROACHES 27 IN CROSS RIVER STATE A. Characteristics of Successful Collaboration 27 VII.
    [Show full text]
  • The Catalytic Role of Hotel Industry in Sustainable Tourism Development in Calabar, Nigeria
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by InfinityPress Journal of Sustainable Development Studies ISSN 2201-4268 Volume 2 (2013), Number 2, 182-196 The Catalytic Role of Hotel Industry in Sustainable Tourism Development in Calabar, Nigeria Eja, Eja .I. Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Cross River University of Technology Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria Otu, Judith.E. Department of Sociology, University of Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria Agbor, Emmanuel. A Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Cross River University of Technology Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria Inyang, Ita O. Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Cross River University of Technology Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria Abstract. Today, the need for tourism development has been advocated by the various stakeholders and scholars in this great industry. The driving mechanism towards this challenge is predicated upon the in availability of other sub-systems that will pilot this laudable industry and make it more viable. This paper critically focus on the hotel industry as a panacea for sustainable tourism development in Calabar. A total of one hundred and twenty seven (127) hotels were assessed and the data were analyzed using the Pearson’ Moment Correlation and the correlation coefficient of 0.89 and coefficient determination of 0.62 were obtained. This means that 62% of the variation in the growth of hotels is contributed to the increase in the number of tourist influx in Calabar. This result therefore, shows that the hospitality industry vis-à-vis the hotel industry is capable of shouldering the challenges and also boosting the image of tourism in Cross River State in general and Calabar in particular.
    [Show full text]
  • A Critical Needs Assessment for Collaborative Ecotourism Development Linked to Protected Areas in Cross River State, Nigeria
    A Critical Needs Assessment for Collaborative Ecotourism Development Linked to Protected Areas in Cross River State, Nigeria United States Forest Service International Collaboration with the Cross River State Tourism Bureau, Cross River State Forestry Commission, and Cross River National Park Mission Dates: October 20 – November 5, 2006 Photograph by Jeffrey Brooks Brooks Jeffrey by Photograph Submitted by: Jeffrey J. Brooks John Neary Blessing E. Asuquo Social Science Analyst Park Planner Mission Director US Forest Service US Forest Service US Forest Service Rock Mountain Research Station Tongass National Forest International Programs Fort Collins, Colorado Juneau, Alaska Washington, DC [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] The United States Forest Service Department of Agriculture International Programs Office Washington, DC Final Report January 2007 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 3 II. INTRODUCTION 7 A. Brief History, Background, and Context 7 B. Purpose, Objectives, and Activities of the Mission 8 III. WHAT SHOULD GUIDE ECOTOURISM IN CROSS RIVER STATE? 10 A. Ecotourism for National and International Visitors 10 B. Prerequisite Needs of the Cross River State Tourism Bureau 12 IV. KEY FINDINGS, RECOMMENDATIONS, AND SHORT-TERM 15 TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE A. Ecotourism Development and Site Planning for Afi Nature Reserve and 16 Tourism Enhancement at Obudu Plateau B. Development of Interpretation and Training of Tour Guides 19 V. ADDITIONAL FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 22 A. Critical Needs for Cross River State Protected Areas 22 B. Critical Needs of the Cross River State Forestry Commission 27 VI. ENHANCING CAPACITY FOR COLLABORATIVE APPROACHES 27 IN CROSS RIVER STATE A. Characteristics of Successful Collaboration 27 VII.
    [Show full text]
  • Master's Degree Thesis
    Master’s degree thesis LOG950 Logistics Source of Market and Government Failure in Power and Industrial Sector in Nigeria: A case Study on Lekki Free Zone Adebowale Sheriff Adekoya Number of pages including this page: 87 Molde, 23.05.2016 Mandatory statement Each student is responsible for complying with rules and regulations that relate to examinations and to academic work in general. The purpose of the mandatory statement is to make students aware of their responsibility and the consequences of cheating. Failure to complete the statement does not excuse students from their responsibility. Please complete the mandatory statement by placing a mark in each box for statements 1-6 below. 1. I/we hereby declare that my/our paper/assignment is my/our own work, and that I/we have not used other sources or received other help than mentioned in the paper/assignment. 2. I/we hereby declare that this paper Mark each 1. Has not been used in any other exam at another box: department/university/university college 1. 2. Is not referring to the work of others without acknowledgement 2. 3. Is not referring to my/our previous work without acknowledgement 3. 4. Has acknowledged all sources of literature in the text and in the list of references 4. 5. Is not a copy, duplicate or transcript of other work 5. I am/we are aware that any breach of the above will be considered as cheating, and may result in annulment of the 3. examination and exclusion from all universities and university colleges in Norway for up to one year, according to the Act relating to Norwegian Universities and University Colleges, section 4-7 and 4-8 and Examination regulations section 14 and 15.
    [Show full text]
  • Influence of Situation on Calabar Sea Port's Utilization And
    IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) e-ISSN: 2319-2402,p- ISSN: 2319-2399.Volume 8, Issue 7 Ver. I (July. 2014), PP 08-20 www.iosrjournals.org Influence of Situation on Calabar Sea Port’s Utilization and Potentials for Cassava (Manihot Species) Produce Export to Asia OluyemiAyorinde Akintoye1, Tokunbo Olorundami1,Samuel Uka Ukata1, 2 2 1 Charles Nkpena Ojong , Joseph ErimEkeh , Ubong Edet Harrison 1Department of Geography and Environmental Science1 , University of Calabar, Nigeria 2Department of Research and Planning2Cross River State Tourism Bureau Calabar- Nigeria Abstract: Adopting the influence of situation approach, this study aims to unravel the reasons, why despite the large amount of funds expended by the Federal Government of Nigeria on the construction and provision of relatively modern facilities, the Calabar Sea Port has remained grossly underutilized. The analyses were very revealing, For instance the calabar port is located along a river, and is in fact a River Port. Thus there is the dire need for frequent dredging of the channel, and the use of pilot boats. Calabar Sea Port utilization is influenced by multidimensional factors, which sometimes can’t be adequately controlledby port management. The negative situations of the calabar seaport also include its non-linkage to North Eastern Nigeria, by railway, a benefit enjoyed by Portharcourt and Lagos Sea portsas regards their own hinterlands ;the poor connectivity of Calabar, to the Aba-Ikot Ekpene-Calabar road (linking Aba, Onitsha,
    [Show full text]