Fig. 2. Percentage Current Status of of mea- sured ears Human Issues in (80 ears ±SE) that Horticulture in were 14 to 21 cm (5.5 to 8.3 inches) long for Hye Ran Kwack1 and each 2 cultivar Paula Diane Relf grown at the 6-inch (15-cm) in- ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS. alternative row spacing treatments, graduate program, in 2000. horticultural courses, men- Length tally handicapped, research societies, measure- research papers, mental illness, ments were sorted into 1-cm (0.4- irrigation in southern Alberta. Can. J. interdisciplinary studies, clinical inch) increments to evaluate percent Sci. 52:881–886. implementation size distribution of marketable ears. Statistically significance differences Garrison, S. (ed.). 2002. Commercial veg- SUMMARY. As the level of urbanization in the percentages among cultivars at etable production recommendations for has increased, many people in Korea various ear lengths are indicated at P New Jersey. Rutgers Coop. Ext. Publ. have begun to recognize the beneficial < 0.05 (*) and P < 0.01 (**) above E001R. effects of plants in our immediate ear length classes. Hanna, H.Y. and R.N. Story. 1992. Yield surroundings and involvement in of super sweet corn as affected by N appli- horticultural activities. Today, an 7 inches for ‘Temptation’ and ‘Sweet cation timing, plant density, tiller removal increasing number of Koreans attempt Symphony’, these studies suggest an and insecticides. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. to improve the quality of life and optimal in-row spacing of 8 inches. At 105:343–344. enhance educational effectiveness this spacing, these two cultivars pro- through horticultural activities. vided a minimum 7-inch ear for 2 of Mack, H.J. 1978. Within row spacing af- Kindergarten, elementary, middle, fects sweet corn. Ore. Veg. Dig. 27(2):1– and high schools have initiated the 3 years. The improvement in aver- 2. age ear length did not justify in-row garden-based programs. Some Morris, T., G. Hamilton, and S. Harney. universities include courses focusing spacing beyond 8 inches or a target on horticulture applications to human plant population of 26,000 / 2000. Optimum plant population for fresh market sweet corn in the Northeastern well-being in their regular graduate acre, if high marketable yields were programs or in their social education also desired. United States. HortTechnology 10:331– 336. curricula. A few general hospitals, psychiatric hospitals, and rehabilita- Orzolek, M.D., P.A. Ferretti, W.J. Lamont, tion centers have begun applying Literature cited K. Demchak, A.A. MacNab, J.M. horticulture as a means of treatment. Andrew, R.H. 1967. Population and spac- Halbrendt, S.J. Fleischer, L.L. LaBorde, Most of the research articles in Korea ing studies with sweet corn for canning. and W. Hoffman. 2001. Pennsylvania com- on various aspects of human issues in Univ. Wis. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bul. 28. mercial vegetable production recommen- horticulture have been published since dations. Pa. State Coop. Ext. Publ. AGRS– the foundation of two academic Bailey, R.M. 1941. Effect of plant spacing 28. societies, the Korean Horticultural in yield, ear size and other characteristics of Therapy Association and the Korean sweet corn. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. Reiners, S., C. Petzholdt, and M.P. Society for Plants, People, and 38:546–553. Hoffmann. 2002. Cornell integrated crop Environment. These articles are and pest management guidelines for com- Carlone, M.R. and W.A. Russell. 1987. primarily focused on the areas of mercial vegetable production. Cornell school , healing gardens, Response to plant densities and nitrogen Coop. Ext. Publ. 142 MV. levels for four maize cultivars from different and psychological or physiological eras of breeding. Crop Sci. 27:465–470. Vittum, M.T., N.H. Peck, and A.F. effects of horticultural activities. For Carruth. 1959. Response of sweet corn to the future development of human Dolan, D.D. and E.P. Christopher. 1952. irrigation, fertility level and spacing. N.Y. issues in horticulture in Korea, several Plant spacing of sweet corn. Univ. R.I. Agr. State Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 786. areas need to be enhanced including: Expt. Sta. Bul. 316. Contrib. 799. interdisciplinary studies of horticul- White, J.M. 1984. Effect of plant spacing ture and social education; develop- Enzie, W.D. 1942. The relation of spacing and planting date on sweet corn grown on ment of different skills, techniques, to yield and to plant and ear development of muck soil in the spring. Proc. Fla. State some yellow sweet corn hybrids in New Hort. Soc. 97:164–163. 1Postdoctoral, Department of Horticulture, Virginia York. N.Y. State Agr. Expt. Sta. Bul. 700. Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Wolfe, D.W., F. Azanza, and J.A. Juvik. VA 24061-0327. Freyman, S., M. Kaldy, G.C. Kozub, S. 1997. Sweet corn, p. 461–478. In: H.C. 2 Dubetz, and W.T. Andrew. 1972. Spacing Professor, Department of Horticulture, Virginia Poly- Wien (ed.). The physiology of vegetable technic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA and fertilizer studies on sweet corn under crops. CAB Intl., Wallingford, U.K. 24061-0327.

G July–September 2002 12(3) 415 RESEARCH REPORTS and scales to validate the effects of two academic societies has organized related to plants and include outdoor horticultural therapy, healing gardens, interested individuals, provided work- gardening activities and excursions, and gardening as a teaching tool in shops and symposia to increase aware- games using horticultural crops, crafts public education; and an organization ness and education, and resulted in and flower decoration, and cooking empowered to certify horticultural valuable publications. The Korean and art composed of sketching, writ- therapists. Horticultural Therapy Association ing, and preparation of picture books (KHTA), founded at Kunkook Uni- for their children. Traditional Korean versity in 1997, has held three sympo- activities such as Kimchee making or n Korea, as in the U.S., hor- sia and six workshops. The Korean nail-dying with balsam flowers (Impa- ticulture traditionally is re- Society for Plants, People, and the tiens balsaminae) were specifically in- I garded as simply a part of agricul- Environment (KSPPE), founded in cluded in the programs and teachers ture. That is, the primary concept of 1998 has held three symposia (Sim, stated they provided the most unique horticulture has been to “produce 2000a). and interesting characteristics of these something for living” (Kwack, 1984). programs (Choi and Son, 1999). However, as urbanization removes Applications of human According to studies by Choi and people from easy access to nature and issues in horticulture Son (2000), conducting play garden the daily experience of nurturing plants, The increased awareness of the programs decreased the degree of with- the significance of horticulture in hu- importance of horticulture to human drawal, somatic complaints, and anx- man therapy and well-being has be- life has led to the development of iousness and depression measured by come more important. Recognition of numerous programs in Korea. Schools the KCBL (Korean version–children this is beginning to be emphasized by use plants as a tool for educating stu- behavior checklist) (Table 1). In addi- Korean horticultural scientists, and at- dents. Institutions such as hospitals, tion, vocabulary changes indicated sig- tempts have been made to study and rehabilitation centers, and correctional nificant increases in terms in the areas apply human issues in horticulture facilities are also incorporating horti- life (human, mind, spirit, body, etc.), within their research. Health care and culture into their treatment programs. plants [lemon balm (Melissa officinalis), other professionals in Korea are begin- Directly linked to this, an increasing pineapple mint (Mentha suaveolens ning to recognize the healing effects of number of universities offer courses variegata), cosmos (Cosmos plants based on research and demon- and degrees in the study of horticul- bipinnatus), rosemary (Rosmarinus stration programs conducted to iden- ture for health or therapy. officinalis), etc.], and use of plants tify the healing effects of horticultural SCHOOL GARDEN-BASED PRO- (cooking, herb tea, sneaker garden, therapy. Several studies have been con- GRAMS. School gardens in Korea are pot-pourri, etc.) (Fig. 1). ducted to establish the effectiveness of primarily designed as an educational Although some research (Choi plants in bringing about positive re- tool for students utilizing the environ- and Son, 1999; Kweon et al., 2000; sponses in various populations, using ment around school buildings. Horti- Lee and Kim, 1999) dealing with na- statistical analysis to evaluate changes cultural activities at educational facili- ture-focused learning programs in kin- in behavior and various physical and ties are also intended to promote stu- dergarten has reported the importance physiological components of stress. dent emotional development, increase of horticulture at this educational level, History student cooperation, and provide a most kindergartens in Korea use sports, desirable atmosphere for their studies language, and mathematics rather than Over the past 20 years, several (Kim, 1998). horticulture as the central theme. To significant events have facilitated the Kindergarten. Kindergartens at- increase the use of horticulture will growth of horticultural therapy in tempt to provide an environment con- require outdoor spaces, gardening fa- Korea. In 1984, Horticultural therapy ductive to the growth and develop- cilities, and a legal basis for the provi- was introduced as a new field of horti- ment of preschool children (age 5 to 7 sions of nature-focused learning pro- culture in Korea through publications years) and to achieve educational goals grams in kindergarten. by B.H. Kwack, Korea University, for successful democratic citizens. Elementary, middle, and high Seoul (Kwack, 1984). In 1993, Korea Moon-kyung kindergarten in An-Yang schools. Most elementary, middle and University offered the course “Socio- has recently become a horticultural high schools are centralized in large horticultural Implementation” to kindergarten adopting play garden cities with high populations. The stu- graduate students in the Department concepts for their children’s main pro- dents are not close to nature and do of Horticultural Science. Subsequently, gram. Its educational programs are not have much opportunity to be other universities have initiated cur- ricula or courses in related areas. The Table 1. Changes in the behavior of kindergarteners before and after participa- International Horticulture Congress tion in a school play garden (Choi and Son, 2000).

(IHC) in Kyoto, in 1994, which z z included the Symposium Horticulture Preprogram Postprogram Behaviory (mean ± SD) (mean ± SD) Difference in Human Life, Culture, and Environ- ment (Matuso and Relf, 1995), stimu- Withdrawn 62.7 ± 14.9 55.1 ± 10.3 –7.6* lated significant interest among par- Somatic complaint 52.7 ± 4.3 52.0 ± 4.3 –0.7 ticipants from Korea. Since the IHC, Anxious/depressed 53.2 ± 5.2 51. 6 ± 4.6 –1.6* two monographs have been published zNumber of behavior occurrences. in Korea (Kurose, 1997; Son et al., yTested using the Korean version-children behavior checklist. 1997). Most recently, the founding of *Significance at P < 0.05.

416 G July–September 2002 12(3) Korea (Korea Dept. of Education, 1992). Ae-kwang-won facility for men- tally handicapped persons in Ko-je is equipped with a therapeutic garden and provides horticultural therapy pro- gramming regularly for the rehabilita- tion of their patients (Kang, 1999). Based on horticultural therapy pro- grams and research conducted with mentally retarded and physically dis- abled persons, horticultural therapy is regarded as a rehabilitative tool to enhance the degree of cognition, so- cialization, physical ability, and voca- tional training (Ko et al., 2000; Lee et Fig. 1. Changes in the number of elderly people in Yong-In, which con- al., 1998). vocabulary list words used by ducts horticultural therapy with a hor- Correction facilities. As in the case kindergarteners between a play ticultural therapist, volunteers, and of other countries, Korean correction garden preprogram and postprogram medical doctors. Chungang Hospital facilities are set up in order for the in categories related to human/plant in Seoul implements horticultural life, plant names, and uses of plants. prisoners to “get the mind correction (Choi and Son, 2000). Examples of therapy for psychiatric patients once a and enlightenment for the recognition life words are human, mind, spirit, week. The utilization of horticultural of esteemed human life” (Korea Dept. and body; examples of plant words therapy is increasing, in part, because it of Law, 1993). Environmental beauti- are lemon balm, pineapple mint, and is beginning to be recognized as an fication, flowerbed construction, and cosmos; examples of utilization effective therapeutic tool to develop plant care are frequent activities for words are cooking, herb tea, sneaker memory, socialization, self-esteem, and prisoners (Korea Dept. of Law, 1993). garden, and pot-pourri. a new attitude of daily life for stroke In fact, horticultural therapy is utilized patients. This increased recognition of in prisons often, and there are training around plants or care for them. Ac- benefits is due to publication of related programs with the intent of providing cording to data presented by Sim research papers such as Na et al. (1999), a certificate leading to professional (1985), trees and shrubs planted along which show a therapeutic effect work. Only a few juvenile facilities the sunny side of school buildings are through strengthening of language and exist where young offenders can get the most common feature of school recognition function. To elucidate the experience in horticulture and farm- gardens throughout the country. Prac- clinical effect of horticultural therapy, ing. Despite this, the usefulness of tical science courses utilizing plants in different kinds of medical tools such as horticulture as a tool for rehabilitation public schools have shifted from 2 h/ electroencephalogram (EEG), and and education seems widely acknowl- week for grades 4 to 6 to only 1 h/ blood pressure and research measure- edged. Case studies conducted on cor- week for grades 3 to 6 grades (Korea ment tools such as Beck Depression rectional facilities have reported the Dept. of Education, 1992). Despite Inventory, (Beck et al., 1996), Func- positive effect of horticultural therapy initial efforts, horticulture activities in tional Independence Measure (1996), on behavioral changes of prisoners, kindergarten, elementary, middle, and and the Cognitive Capacity Screening alcoholics, and probationers (Park and high school are not conducted system- Examination (Jacobs et al., 1977) have Gee, 2000). Ejung-bu Prison in Ejung- atically in part due to a shortage of been used (Son et al., 2000). Research bu reported that growing and smelling teacher’s skill, textbooks, facilities, and conducted with dementia patients in of night-blooming cestrum (Cestrum maintenance (Chung et al., 1999; Lee hospitals reported the positive effects nocturum) reduced violence, mental and Kim, 1999). of horticultural therapy on depression, instability, and irritability of their pris- APPLICATIONS OF HORTICULTURAL self-esteem, orientation, and language oners (Park and Gee, 2000). THERAPY. The number of hospitals, skills (Chung, 1995; Song, 1997). As UNIVERSITY PROGRAMS. As a re- rehab facilities, and prisons using hor- this type of research continues, addi- sult of the increased use of horticulture ticulture as a therapeutic tool continue tional hospitals will integrate horticul- and the expanded knowledge base, a to increase as research substantiates tural therapy into their treatment pro- number of universities offer curricula the value and impact of this tool. grams. in human issues in horticulture while Hospitals. Currently, application Rehabilitation centers. Rehabili- others offer a single course. of horticultural therapy is relatively tation centers, social welfare centers, Graduate school, Dangook Uni- low, with some hospitals of rehabilita- and special schools for disabled clients versity, Seoul. This university offers a tion medicine including horticultural are distinguished according to the dif- degree for individuals who will work in therapy programs as part of their voca- ference in symptoms of clientele such social services using horticultural tional education and professional re- as visual, auditory, mental, and emo- therapy. Training is targeted for teach- habilitation for patients (Chung, tional disabilities. These facilities pro- ers, nurses, and other related profes- 1995). A few hospitals are using horti- vide therapy, education, professional sionals who work with preschool, el- cultural therapy in the rehabilitation of rehabilitation, and protective caring. ementary, junior high, and special edu- brain damaged and stroke patients. There are examples of these types of cation students; individuals with physi- One example is Hyo-ja Hospital for facilities using horticultural therapy in cal and mental disabilities; and geriat-

G July–September 2002 12(3) 417 RESEARCH REPORTS ric patients. The program provides a THERAPY ASSOCIATION. KHTA aims areas. The basic category dealing with strong background in horticultural at establishing 1) the academic and subjects such as general definition, activities and their application to thera- theoretical basis of horticultural benefit of mental health through hor- peutic goals. therapy, 2) educational programs for ticultural therapy, and importance of Horticultural therapy curriculum, the implementation of therapy and had 60 (50%) ar- Institute for Special Education, Konkuk rehabilitation through horticulture, ticles. The clinical category dealing University, Seoul. The purpose of this and 3) health recovery through envi- with subjects such as application of curriculum is to study various human ronmental concerns. Founded 15 Nov. horticultural therapy programs, plants and environmental relationships, over- 1997, KHTA is made up of about 200 used as aroma therapy, and purifica- all environmental restorations, and the members from universities, industries, tion of air pollutants by foliage plants application of nature to rehabilitation and research institutes consisting of contained 38 (32%) articles. The land- and recovery within human life. The regular, student, and special members. scaping category dealing with healing KHTA has offered the program of For the purpose of educating and train- garden effects and construction, school study at the university since March ing members, they offer workshops, landscaping, and visual or psychologi- 1999. Students completing the cur- seminars, and symposia. Three sympo- cal effects of landscapes contained 22 riculum with an examination score of sia with published proceedings have (18%) articles. The populations most higher than 70% are issued an HTR been offered (Son, 1998; Son, 1999, frequently reported in the reviewed Public Qualification Certificate. Ba- 2000). papers and the number of articles found sics of horticultural therapy and horti- KHTA members studying the vi- were children (22), elderly (23), indi- culture are studied to acquire both sual effect of indoor plants found that viduals with mental retardation (35), theoretical and practical perspectives. observing certain indoor plants resulted persons on probation (8), stroke vic- Applications of horticultural therapy in positive changes in EEG, blood tims (5), and individuals with psychi- techniques are learned from lectures pressure, pulse, and semantic differen- atric disabilities (27). and a volunteer practicum at facilities tial scale (Lee et al., 1998; Son et al., such as psychiatric hospitals or nursing 2000). Through these types of studies, Conclusions care centers are required. the clinical effect of indoor plants to Today horticulture is being rec- Special educational curriculum for stabilize human mental status may ognized as an effective tool for en- horticultural therapists, Institute for become understood. hancing human well-being and quality Special Education, Korea University, KOREAN SOCIETY FOR PLANTS, of life in Korea. Until recently, the Seoul. This curriculum is intended to PEOPLE, AND ENVIRONMENT. This so- effects of horticultural therapy were provide knowledge and skills in medi- ciety aims to study all aspects of rela- only recognized by anecdotal data. As cal treatment and rehabilitation utiliz- tionships of plants with the human, a result of increased research and pub- ing horticultural activities for individu- man-made, and natural environment. lications, living plants in our environ- als with mental handicaps and psychi- KSPPE members have studied con- ment are now beginning to be viewed atric disorders. It leads to certification struction and effects of healing gar- as essential rather than as alternative by the institute as a horticultural thera- dens, school landscaping, and psycho- elements, and the areas of human is- pist. logical effects of viewing landscapes. sues in horticulture application en- Other universities that offer Three international symposia with larged. Schools have begun to use courses in horticultural therapy are as published proceedings have been spon- horticulture as means of educating stu- follows: Urban Horticulture Dept., sored (Sim, 1998, 1999, 2000b). dents in mathematics, science, art, and Shingu Junior College (major elective other subjects. Institutions such as 3 credits); Horticulture Dept., Seoul Published research hospitals, rehabilitation centers, and Women’s University (major elective 3 Although B.H. Kwack (1984) correctional facilities are also incorpo- credits); Horticulture Dept., Dangook introduced sociohorticulture to Korea rating horticultural therapy into their University (general culture 1 credit); and published the first paper on horti- programs to treat and rehabilitate cli- and Horticulture Dept., Hyosung cultural therapy over 15 years ago, ents. Universities offer courses and Catholic University (major required 3 most research and has been conducted degrees in the field of horticultural credits) and published in the last 5 years. After therapy, while the Korean academic the Korea University offered the course societies offer workshops, symposia, Research societies in sociohorticultural implementation and published proceedings to educate As the number of individuals in- to graduate students in 1993, horti- their members on the uses of horticul- volved in human issues in horticulture cultural therapy and human issues in ture to improve human health and increased from new or expanding hor- horticulture papers started to increase. quality of life, and promote the profes- ticultural programs and university With the organization of KHTA and sion. Horticultural therapists are be- courses, the need arose for organized KSPPE, significant publication in- coming recognized as professionals, professional associations. The found- creases have been seen. and they will play an increasingly im- ing of two Korean academic societies All refereed journal articles and portant role within society. In addi- has organized members and provided publications related to human issues in tion, other careers are opened for hor- workshops, symposia, and publications horticulture since its introduction to ticulturists working with people such to increase awareness and education in Korea were collected and analyzed for as in the areas of adult and youth horticultural therapy and human is- similarity of topics. The 120 articles education and community gardening. sues in horticulture. thus identified were then categorized For the future of human issues in hor- KOREAN HORTICULTURAL into basic, clinical, and landscaping ticulture in Korea, more interdiscipli-

418 G July–September 2002 12(3) nary studies of methodologies, ben- Ko, A.H., S.J. Um, S.H. Lee, and K.C. Park, K.H. and H.K. Gee. 2000. Case efits, and effectiveness are needed. Son. 2000. Effect of horticultural therapy study of horticultural therapy program for on the rehabilitation of mentally retarded the prisoner, p. 47–54. In: K.C. Son (ed.). and physical disorder persons, p. 73–85. Horticultural therapy for the disabled per- Literature cited In: K.C. Son (ed.). Horticultural therapy sons and children. Kor. Hort. Therapy for the disabled person and children. Kor. Assn., Seo-Won Books, Seoul, Korea. Beck, A.T., R.A. Steer, and G.K. Brown, Hort. Therapy Assn., Seo-Won Books, (1996). BDI-II manual. Psychol. Corp., Seoul, Korea. Sim, W.K. 1985. Elementary school gar- San Antonio, Texas. dens in Kwangju city of Korea. PhD. diss. Korea Department of Education. 1992. Korea Univ., Seoul. Choi, Y.A. and K.C. Son. 1999. A variety Educational directory courses. Korea Book of horticultural activity programs appli- Publ. Co., Seoul. Sim, W.K. (ed.). 1998. People–plant inter- cable to children, p. 79–99. In: K.C. Son actions towards the 21st century. Proc. 1st (ed.). Application and practice of horticul- Korea Department of Law. 1993. Psychi- Symp. Plants, People, and Environment. tural therapy. Kor. Hort. Therapy Assn., atric medicine. Iljogak Books, Seoul. Korea Univ. Press, Seoul. Seo-Won Books, Seoul, Korea. Kwack, B.H. 1984. Newly developing Sim, W.K. (ed.). 1999. Gardening and Choi, Y.A. and K.C. Son. 2000. Develop- horticulture and horticultural science. Ko- horticultural therapy for demented elders. ment and effect of horticultural therapy rean Soc. Hort. Sci. 2:4–8 (abstr.). Proc. 2nd Symp. Plants, People, and Envi- program for children, p. 160–169. In: ronment. Korea Univ. Press, Seoul. K.C. Son (ed.). Horticultural therapy for Kweon, H.J., H.D. Kim, J.J. Park, Y.A. the disabled person and children. Kor. Choi, M.U. Kim, and J.R. Cho. 2000. Sim, W.K. 2000a. The first symposium of Hort. Therapy Assn., Seo-Won Books, Horticultural therapy activity for mentally the Korean Society for Plants, People, and Seoul, Korea. retarded children in national horticultural Environment. HortTechnology 10(1):38– research institute, p. 86–93. In: K.C. Son 39. Chung, S.H. 1995. Studies on the healing (ed.). Horticultural therapy for the dis- effects of the plantscape in Korean psychi- abled persons and children. Kor. Hort. Sim, W.K. (ed.). 2000b. Importance of atric hospitals. PhD diss., Korea Univ., school gardening programs in urban areas. Therapy Assn., Seo-Won Books, Seoul, rd Seoul. Korea. Proc. 3 Symp. Plants, People, and Envi- ronment. Korea Univ. Press, Seoul. Chung, Y.M., K.C. Son, and O.C. Kweon. Kurose, S. 1997. Horticultural therapy 1999. Plant education and horticultural [translated by W.K. Sim, E.I. Kim, and Son, K.C., S.K. Park, K.Y. Bae, S.H. Lee, therapy for elementary school students, p. T.K. Song (Korean version)]. Seoil Publ. and B.K Hue. 1997. Horticultural therapy. 100–108. In: K.C. Son (ed.). Application Inc., Seoul, Korea. Seo-Won Books, Seoul, Korea. and practice of horticultural therapy. Kor. Son, K.C. (ed.). 1998. Effects, of horticul- Hort. Therapy Assn., Seo-Won Books, Lee, E.H. and Y.A. Kim. 1999. An analysis of nature learning program in kindergar- tural activities on psychosomatic healing. Seoul, Korea. st ten. Kor. Soc. Plants People Environ. Proc. 1 Symp. Kor. Hort. Therapy Assn., Uniform Data System for Medical Reha- 2(1):1–6. Seo-Won Books, Seoul, Korea. bilitation. 1996. Functional independence Lee, J.S., K.C. Son, J.E. Song, and S.S. Son, K.C. (ed.). 1999. Application and measure(TM): Guide for the uniform data practice of horticultural therapy. Proc. 2nd set for medical rehabilitation. Uniform Data Lee. 1998. Effects of indoor plants on the changes of human brain Symp. Kor. Hort. Therapy Assn., Seo- System for Medical Rehabilitation, Buf- Won Books, Seoul, Korea. falo, N.Y. electroencephalography (EEG), p. 57–64. In: K.C. Son (ed.). Effects of horticultural Son, K.C. (ed.). 2000. Horticultural Jacobs, J.W., M.R. Bernhard, A. Delgado, activities on psychosomatic healing. Kor. therapy for the disabled person and chil- and J.J. Strain (1977). Screening for or- Hort. Therapy Assn., Seo-Won Books, dren. Proc. 3rd Symp. Kor. Hort. Therapy ganic mental syndromes in the medically Seoul, Korea. Assn., Seo-Won Books, Seoul, Korea. Ill. Ann. Internal Med. 86:40–46. Matuso, E. and P.D. Relf (eds.). 1995. Son, K.C., E.K. Kim, Y.M. Na, J.H. Lee, Kang, B.K. 1999. A case study of therapeu- Horticulture in human life, culture, and Y.R. Ha, and S.S. Lee. 2000. Effects of tic garden in facilities for the mentally environment. A national symposium. Acta horticultural therapy on the rehabilitation handicapped person, p. 74–78. In: K.C. Hort. p. 391. of stroke patients, p. 95–105. In: K.C. Son Son (ed.). Application and practice of hor- Na, Y.M., H.J. Kim, Y.R. Ha, S.S. Lee, (ed.). Horticultural therapy for the dis- ticultural therapy. Kor. Hort. Therapy As- abled person and children. Kor. Hort. sn., Seo-Won Books, Seoul, Korea. E.H. Ko, and K.C. Son. 1999. The effect of horticultural therapy in brain injured Therapy Assn., Seo-Won Books, Seoul, Kim, I.H. 1998. A case study on the activi- patients, p. 149–152. In: K.C. Son (ed.). Korea. ties of the domestic and foreign social Application and practice of horticultural Song, J.H. 1997. Experimental study on organizations about the application of therapy. Kor. Hort. Therapy Assn., Seo- the effects of horticultural therapy. MS school landscape for environmental educa- Won Books, Seoul, Korea. thesis, Korea Univ., Seoul. tion. Kor. Soc. Plants People Environ. 1(1):96–111.

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