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Antartide-Report-Spedizioni-XXXI Antartide Il Report della XXXI e XXXII Spedizione A cura di Vilma Melchiori 2018 ENEA Agenzia nazionale per le nuove tecnologie, l’energia e lo sviluppo economico sostenibile Progetto grafico: Cristina Lanari Stampa: Laboratorio Tecnografico ENEA - Frascati ENEA Servizio Promozione e Comunicazione Foto di copertina: Colata di ghiaccio Autore: Luca Beraudo ©PNRA Tutte le immagini di questo volume sono realizzate da fotografi e partecipanti nelle diverse spedizioni in Antartide e fanno parte dell’archivio fotografico del PNRA (©PNRA) che ne detiene i diritti Programma Nazionale di Ricerche in Antartide ENEA - Unità Tecnica Antartide [email protected] ANT2018/01 Sommario 3 Presentazione 5 Da tre decenni in Antartide 6 PNRA Programma Nazionale di Ricerche in Antartide 8 Fare Scienza in Antartide 11 Le infrastrutture italiane in Antartide 14 La XXXI Spedizione 17 La XXXII Spedizione 59 Divulgare la Scienza 95 Presentazione 5 Dal 1985, anno in cui la Legge 284 del 10 giugno istituì il Programma Nazionale di Ricerche in Antartide (PNRA), l’impegno del nostro Paese in ambito antartico è andato sempre più ampliandosi, sia sul lato dell’organizzazione logistica che su quello delle tematiche scientifiche. I due aspetti sono in effetti strettamente connessi, poiché un adeguato supporto operativo deve necessariamente essere garantito per consentire le attività di ricerca in un continente così ostile all’uomo. Con questo obiettivo il PNRA ha realizzato e gestisce due strutture permanenti in Antartide, dal 1985 la Stazione “Mario Zucchelli” affacciata sul Mare di Ross e dal 2005 la Base italo-francese Concordia, sulla calotta glaciale antartica a 3230 m slm, grazie a un adeguato finanziamento pubblico. Quest’ultimo aspetto ha comportato che l’informazione verso l’esterno, di quanto attuato e dei risultati scientifici ottenuti in Antartide, fosse da sempre un compito importante per il PNRA, che sin dal primo anno di attività si è impegnato a stilare e divulgare un rapporto annuale completo di tutte le attività realizzate durante la Campagna antartica. Con il crescere dell’operatività delle stazioni, della complessità delle ricerche scientifiche condotte in campo e del numero dei partecipanti, anche tale documento è andato ampliandosi, includendo inoltre approfondimenti degli aspetti logistici e scientifico-tecnologici sempre più dettagliati, fino a raggiungere Ing. Vincenzo Cincotti dimensioni e contenuti che ne relegano in secondo piano le finalità divulgative. Responsabile UTA - Unità Tecnica Antartide Per tale motivo e sulla scia dello sforzo che è stato profuso per diffondere al grande pubblico le informazioni sulla scienza in Antartide in occasione del trentennale di attività del PNRA, si è voluto affiancare all’estensivo rapporto annuale di campagna, indirizzato specificatamente agli addetti ai lavori, un racconto più snello e fruibile destinato a chiunque sia interessato a conoscerne i principali esiti scientifici e logistici. Il presente REPORT rappresenta dunque il primo numero di un progetto editoriale di divulgazione delle attività annuali del PNRA, presentate in una veste grafica più accattivante e moderna. Al suo interno vengono riportati I dati più rilevanti sulle attività operative delle Stazioni e delle navi, sulle collaborazioni internazionali per il reciproco supporto logistico, e certamente non può mancare una sintetica descrizione di tutti i progetti di ricerca che hanno trovato attuazione nel corso della Campagna. Questo primo numero, che raccoglie due Spedizioni, la 31a e la 32a, è aperto da un editoriale di Carlo Alberto Ricci, già Presidente della CSNA e ora Presidente del Museo Nazionale per l’Antartide, che ringrazio anche per la pazienza dell’attesa; un ringraziamento va ai colleghi del Comitato per la Ricerca Polare del CNR per lo stimolo e il contributo nella fase di ideazione del progetto, e naturalmente ai colleghi dell’ENEA che hanno lavorato al Report, la curatrice Vilma Melchiori su tutti. La speranza è di aver colto nel segno, fornendo un adeguato strumento di informazione che contribuisca a far conoscere il PNRA a un sempre maggior numero di cittadini. Da tre decenni in Antartide 6 Nel 2015 il PNRA ha compiuto 30 anni. Dal 1985 il Programma ha condotto 33 spedizioni in Antartide e ha ricevuto complessivamente un finanziamento statale di circa 650 milioni di euro. Operando come funding agency della ricerca nazionale nella regione antartica ha mobilitato migliaia di ricercatori di Università ed Enti Pubblici di Ricerca il cui contributo annuo in termini di tempo dedicato al Programma può essere stimato dell’ordine di 300 ricercatori a tempo pieno; costituisce un bell’esempio di sforzo sinergico del sistema paese. Nei trentatré anni di vita del PNRA possono essere distinte tre fasi: la fase di avvio (1985-1991); la fase di consolidamento e sviluppo (1992- 2005); la fase della brusca frenata e del lento rilancio (2006 ad oggi). Nella sua prima fase, dal 1985 al 1991, il PNRA si è mosso con cautela e discrezione in un mondo nuovo dal punto di vista scientifico, ambientale, tecnologico-operativo e geopolitico. Le prime spedizioni hanno avuto carattere per lo più conoscitivo, è stata costruita la stazione costiera di Baia Terra Nova, si sono sviluppati i primi contatti internazionali. L’investimento, in valore assoluto, è stato mediamente di 25 milioni di Euro all’anno. Con la seconda legge sull’Antartide del 1991 e sotto la spinta politica del Ministro Antonio Ruberti, il coordinamento scientifico della CSNA guidata da Felice Ippolito e la direzione operativa di Mario Zucchelli, l’Italia è entrata da protagonista nella scena internazionale. Fra le iniziative internazionali, di durata pluriennale, intraprese in quegli Prof. Carlo Alberto Ricci anni, sono da ricordare l’accordo con la Francia (1993) per la costruzione della stazione CSNA continentale Concordia, Cape Roberts Project, EPICA (European Project for Ice Coring Presidente (fino al 2015) in Antarctica), ITASE (International Trans-Antarctic Scientific Expedition), APE (Airborne della Commissione Scientifica Polar Experiment) e BOOMERANG (Bolloon Observation Of Millimetric Extragalactic Radiation and Geophisics). Nazionale per l’Antartide Importanti eventi internazionali sono stati ospitati nel nostro paese: ATCM 1992 a Venezia, SCAR e COMNAP 1994 a Roma; International Symposium on Antarctic Biology 1994 a Venezia, International Symposium on Antarctic Earth Sciences 1995 a Siena; International Symposium on Antarctic Glaciology 2003 a Milano, International Conference on the Oceanography of the Ross Sea Antarctica 2005 a Venezia. In Antartide, grazie alle collaborazioni internazionali ed alla accresciuta capacità operativa, si sono allargate le aree e le tematiche di studio e di esplorazione. La produzione scientifica ISI dei ricercatori italiani collocava l’Italia al 5° posto della produzione scientifica mondiale sull’Antartide con circa l’8%. La fase espansiva del Programma si è conclusa nel 2006, quando con la legge finanziaria il Programma è stato privato del suo finanziamento annuale e della sua previsione triennale. Il Programma è sopravvissuto grazie al MIUR che è intervenuto con assegnazioni annuali a valere sul Fondo Ordinario per il finanziamento degli Enti e istituzioni di ricerca (FOE). Nel periodo 2006-2010 il finanziamento medio annuo è stato dell’ordine di 10 milioni; solo a partire dal 2012 ha superato la soglia dei 20 milioni annui (cifra stimata come la minima per operare in Antartide), ma non ha mai raggiunto i 29 milioni di Euro nel 2005. La situazione che si è determinata in quegli anni ed in particolare l’assenza di una prospettiva pluriennale dei finanziamenti, non ha consentito, e non consente, lo sviluppo di collaborazioni internazionali scientifiche e/o logistico-operative di medio periodo. Alla contrazione del finanziamento ha corrisposto la riduzione della produzione scientifica ISI, che nel periodo 2007-2015 è calata al 6% di quella mondiale sull’Antartide. Editoriale 7 Il quadro che emerge dai trentatré anni del PNRA è ricco di luci, ma presenta anche di- verse ombre. A fronte di importanti e significativi risultati scientifici conseguiti nei primi venti anni e internazionalmente riconosciuti, negli anni più recenti si è palesata una de- bolezza strutturale del sistema che non favorisce la continuità dell’azione del PNRA, la programmazione pluriennale e lo sviluppo di accordi internazionali. Significativa è la mancata partecipazione alle iniziative dell’Anno polare internazionale 2007-2008. L’intreccio fra interessi politico-economici ed interessi scientifico-ambientali ha sempre caratterizzato la regione antartica. Negli ultimi anni gli interessi politico-economici sembrano sopiti, mentre sono prepotentemente tornati alla ribalta quelli scientifici: 2010, Strategic position paper European Research in the Polar Regions dell’European Polar Board (EPB), 2014, A Roadmap for Antarctic and Southern Ocean Science for the next two decades and beyond dello SCAR, 2016, Antarctic Roadmap Challenges del COMNAP. Con questi documenti i più importanti organismi internazionali hanno richia- mato l’attenzione della comunità scientifica e dei programmi nazionali sulle priorità scientifiche e sulle necessarie innovazioni tecnologico-logistiche a supporto della ricerca antartica nei prossimi 20 anni. Oltre a queste sfide a carattere generale, nei prossimi anni il PNRA è chiamato ad affron- tare le novità in corso nell’area del Mare di Ross. Dalla metà degli anni ‘80 a tutto il 2012 nell’area operavano con continuità USA, Nuova Zelanda, Italia e saltuariamente la Germania, che
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