SYSTEMATICS OF DRAGONFLIES (ANISOPTERA: ODONATA) OF PAKISTAN
MUHAMMAD TARIQ CH . 05 - arid - 1185
Department of Entomology Faculty of Crop and Food Sciences Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi Pakistan
2010
SYSTEMATICS OF DRAGONFLIES (ANISOPTERA: ODONATA) OF PAKISTAN
by
MUHAMMAD TARIQ CH. 05 - arid - 1185
A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of
Doctor of Philosophy in Entomology
Department of Entomology Faculty of Crop and Food Sciences Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi Pakistan
2010
CERTIFICATION
I hereby undertake that this research is an original one and no part of the thesis falls under plagiarism. If found otherwise, at any stage, I will be responsible for the consequences.
Name: Muhammad Tariq Ch. Signature: ______
Registration No: 05-arid-1185 Date: ______
Certified that the contents and form of thesis entitled “ Systematics of Dragonflies (Anisoptera: Odonata) of Pakistan submitted by Mr. Muhammad Tariq Chaudhry have been found satisfactory for the requirement of degree.
Supervisor: ______Professor Dr. Muhammad Aslam
Member: ______Professor Dr. Muhammad Naeem
Member: ______Professor Dr. Irfan Ul-Haque
Chairman ______
Dean ______
Director, Advanced Studies ______
iii
DEDICATION
This thesis is dedicated to my late father, who put in my mind that the finest knowledge to have is that which is erudite for its own sake. It is also dedicated to my daughters Rameesa, Maseera, Robyna and Nishwa for their unconditional love.
iv
CONTENTS
PAGE
DEDICATION iv
LIST OF TABLES vi
LIST OF FIGURES x
ABBREVIATIONS xi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS xii
1 INTRODUCTION 02
2 REWIEW OF LITERATURE 07
3 MATERIALS AND METHODS 10
4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 18
CHECKLIST 168
SUMMARY 179
LITERATURE CITED 181
APPENDICES
v
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO. PAGE
3.1 Collection Localities of different areas of Pakistan 17
4.1 Geographical location and climate of Aeshna juncea (Linnaeus) 26
4.2 Geographical location and climate of Anaciaeshna jaspidea
(Burmeister) ------26
4.3 Geographical location and climate of Anax indicus Lieftinck 30
4.4 Geographical location and climate of Anax immaculifrons
Rambur ------31
4.5 Geographical location and climate of Anax nigrofasciatus Fraser 34
4.6 Geographical location and climate of Anax parthenope Selys 34
4.7 Geographical location and climate of Cephalaeschna masoni
(Martin) ------37
4.8 Geographical location and climate of Gynacanthaeshna sikkima
(Karsch) ------37
4.9 Geographical location and climate of Hemianax ephippiger
(Burmeister) ------42
4.10 Geographical location and climate of Cordulegaster brevistigma (Selys) 42
4.11 Geographical location and climate of Epopthalmia vittata vittata
Burmeister ------45
4.12 Geographical location and climate of Macromia cingulata Rambur 48
4.13 Geographical location and climate of Macromia moorei Selys 48
4.14 Geographical location and climate of Anormogomphus kiritschenkoi
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Bartenef ------53
4.15 Geographical location and climate of Burmagomphus pyramidalis
Laidlaw ------53
4.16 Geographical location and climate of Burmagomphus sivalikensis
Laidlaw ------53
4.17 Geographical location and climate of Gomphidia t-nigrum Selys 57
4.18 Geographical location and climate of Ictinogomphus angulosus (Selys) 57
4.19 Geographical location and climate of Ictinogomphus rapax Rambur 57
4.20 Geographical location and climate of Mesogomphus lineatus (Selys) 60
4.21 Geographical location and climate of Nepogomphus modestus Selys 63
4.22 Geographical location and climate of Onychogomphus biforceps Selys 63
4.23 Geographical location and climate of Onychogomphus bistrigatus Selys 67
4.24 Geographical location and climate of Ophiogomphus reductus Calvert 67
4.25 Geographical location and climate of Platygomphus dolabratus Selys 67
4.26 Geographical location and climate of Acisoma panorpoides Rambur 73
4.27 Geographical location and climate of Brachydiplax sobrina (Rambur) 75
4.28 Geographical location and climate of Brachythemis contaminata (F.) 77
4.29 Geographical location and climate of Bradinopyga geminate
(Rambur)------78
4.30 Geographical location and climate of Crocothemis erythraea (Brulle) 83
4.31 Geographical location and climate of Crocothemis servilia (Drury) 84
4.32 Geographical location and climate of Diplacodes lefebvrei (Rambur) 88
4.33 Geographical location and climate of Diplacodes trivialis (Rambur) 91
4.34 Geographical location and climate of Libellula quadrimaculata L. 91
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4.35 Geographical location and climate of Neurothemis fluctuans (F.) 95
4.36 Geographical location and climate of Neurothemis tullia tullia (Drury) 95
4.37 Geographical location and climate of Orthetrum anceps (Schneider) 100
4.38 Geographical location and climate of Orthetrum brunneum
(Fonscolombe) ------100
4.39 Geographical location and climate of Orthetrum cancellatum Linnaeus 103
4.40 Geographical location and climate of Orthetrum chrysis (Selys) 103
4.41 Geographical location and climate of Orthetrum chrysostigma (Brauer) 105
4.42 Geographical location and climate of Orthetrum glaucum (Brauer) 108
4.43 Geographical location and climate of Orthetrum japonicum MacLachlan 108
4.44 Geographical location and climate of Orthetrum purinosum (Rambur) 110
4.45 Geographical location and climate of Orthetrum sabina (Drury) 112
4.46 Geographical location and climate of Orthetrum taeniolatum (Schneider) 115
4.47 Geographical location and climate of Orthetrum testaceum (Burmeister) 118
4.48 Geographical location and climate of Orthetrum triangulare (Selys) 118
4.49 Geographical location and climate of Palpopleura sexmaculata
(Fabricius) ------120
4.50 Geographical location and climate of Pantala flavescens (Fabricius) 123
4.51 Geographical location and climate of Rhodothemis rufa (Rambar) 126
4.52 Geographical location and climate of Rhyothemis variegata (Linnaeus) 130
4.53 Geographical location and climate of Selysiothemis nigra
(Vander Linden)------130
4.54 Geographical location and climate of Sympetrum commixtum (Selys) 133
4.55 Geographical location and climate of Sympetrum decoloratum (Selys) 133
viii
4.56 Geographical location and climate of Sympetrum fonscolombei (Selys) 137
4.57 Geographical location and climate of Sympetrum haematoneura Fraser 137
4.58 Geographical location and climate of Sympetrum meridionale (Selys) 137
4.59 Geographical location and climate of Tramea basilaris burmeisteri Kirby 141
4.60 Geographical location and climate of Tramea virginia (Rambur) 141
4.61 Geographical location and climate of Trithemis aurora (Burmeister) 144
4.62 Geographical location and climate of Trithemis festiva (Rambur) 146
4.63 Geographical location and climate of Trithemis Kirbyi Kirbyi Selys 149
4.64 Geographical location and climate of Trithemis pallidinervis (Kirby) 149
4.65 Geographical location and climate of Tholymis spp. 152
4.66 Geographical location and climate of Urothemis signata signata
(Rambur) ------152
4.67 Geographical location and climate of Zygonyx torrid isis Fraser 155
4.68 Geographical location and climate of Zyxomma petiolatum
Rambur ------155
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LIST OF FIGURES
FIG. NO. PAGE
3.1 Agro Ecological Regions of Pakistan 13
4.1 Eyes of Gomphid dragonflies 19
4.2 Eyes of Cordulegaster dragonflies 19
4.3 Eyes of Aeshnid dragonflies 20
4.4 Eyes of Libellulid dragonflies 20
4.5 Anal loop of Libellulid dragonflies 21
4.6 Eyes of Coduliid dragonflies 21
4.7 Anal loop of Coduliid dragonflies 22
4.8 Anaciaeshna jaspidea (Burmeister, 1839) 26
4.9 Anax indicus Lieftinck, 1942 30
4.10 Gynacanthaeschna sikkima (Karsch, 1891) 37
4.11 Epopthalmia vittata vittata Burmeister, 1839 45
4.12 Macromia moorei Selys, 1874 48
4.13 Onychogomphus biforceps (Selys, 1878) 63
4.14 Rhodothemis rufa (Rambar, 1842) 126
4.15 Area occupied by different families of dragonflies 173
4.16 Dragonflies Families Identified From Different Agro-Ecological
Regions ------174
4.17 Dragonflies Genera Identified From Different Agro-Ecological
Regions ------175
4.18 Dragonflies Species Identified From Different Agro-Ecological
Regions ------176
4.19 Dragonflies collected during different years from Pakistan 177
x
ABBREVIATIONS
Max. = Maximum
Min. = Minimum
El. = Elevation
Alt. = Altitude
Long. = longitude
Hum. = Humidity mm = Milimeter
Temp. = Temperature
xi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This dissertation comes up in part out of years of research that has been done since I have got admission in PhD during 2005. By that time, I have worked with a lot of people whose contribution in assorted ways to the research and the making of the thesis deserved a special declaration. It is my pleasure to convey my gratitude to them all, in my humble acknowledgement.
In the first place I would like to record my gratitude to Professor Dr.
Muhammad Aslam, Department of Entomology for his supervision, advice, and guidance from different stages of this research as well as giving me amazing experiences during my research. Above all and the most needed, he provided me unflinching encouragement and support in various ways. His truly scientist intuition has made him as a constant oasis of ideas and passions in science, which exceptionally inspire and enrich my growth as a researcher and a scientist want to be.
I am indebted to him more than he knows.
I gratefully acknowledge to Chairman Department of Entomology, Professor
Dr. Muhammad Naeem for his advice and crucial contribution, which made him a backbone of this research and so to this thesis. His involvement with his originality has triggered and nourished my intellectual maturity that I will benefit from, for a long time to come.
Many thanks go in particular to Dr. Irfan-ul Haque Chairman Department of
Plant Pathology for his valuable advice in science discussion and furthermore, using his precious times to read this thesis and gave his critical comments about it.
xii
I offer my sincerest gratitude to Dr. Muhammad Yousaf, renowned
Odonatologist, who has supported me throughout my thesis with his knowledge, I would also like to thank Dr. Ata-ul-Mohsin, Assistant Professor, Department of
Entomology for generously taking some time out to read an earlier version of this thesis and to offer many comments and suggestions for improvement.
Where would I be without my family? Words fail me to express my appreciation to my Mother, Sisters, Nephews and Nieces, their good wishes, inseparable support, prayers and love, awarded confidence in me, has taken the load off my shoulder. My special thanks go to my Brother who always encourage me for higher education, put the fundament of my learning character, showing me the joy of intellectual pursuit, his support enable me to complete my research work and PhD studies.
I convey special acknowledgement to Mr. Muhammad Zakria for his indispensable help and care during whole my PhD studies. Many thanks go to
Muhammad Asghar Malik for scholarly discussions and to the role model for hard work in the lab, his willingness to share his bright thoughts with me, which were very fruitful for shaping up my ideas and research.
It is a pleasure to pay tribute also to Mr. Mahmood Ahmad Field Assistant,
PMAS, Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi and Rizwan Hanif Field assistant,
Barani Agricultural Training Institute, Dahgal, Rawalpindi for their assistance in the field collection.
Furthermore, I would like to thank Shoaib Ahmadani and Imran Bodla for sharing technical knowledge, constructive comments on this thesis, creating a
xiii pleasant working atmosphere and also fun during the work we had in Department of
Entomology.
Collective and individual acknowledgments are also owed to all staff
Department of Entomology PMAS Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi and all staff of my parent Department in Barani Agricultural Training Institute, Dahgal,
Rawalpindi for their perpetual support and memorable help.
I convey special acknowledgement to Abdul Qayyum, Muhammad Aamir, and Muhammad Yasir. Finally, I would like to thank everybody who was important to the successful completion of thesis, as well as expressing my apology that I could not mention personally one by one.
MUHAMMAD TARIQ CHAUDHRY
xiv
ABSTRACT
Extensive field survey to collect Anisopterous fauna of Pakistan was carried out during 2006 – 2009 in different Agro ecological regions of Pakistan. A total of
1349 specimen belonging to 05 families 39 genera and 68 species were collected and identified. Family Aeshnidae having 09 species belonging to 06 genera,
Cordulegasteridae only one species, Corduliidae having 03 species of 02 genera,
Gomphidae 12 species of 09 genera and Libellulidae have 43 species belonging to 21 genera were recorded from Pakistan. Seven species, viz, Anaciaeshna jaspidea
Burmeister, Anax indicus Lieftinck, Gynacanthaeshna sikkima (Karsch),
Epopthalmia vittata vittata Burmeister, Macromia moorei Selys, Onychogomphus biforceps (Selys) and Rhodothemis rufa (Rambar) are reported first time from
Pakistan and have been added to the existing anisopterous fauna of the country.
Details for the collected material i.e. valid names, their synonyms, measurement of body parts (abdomen, forewing and hindwing length), habitat description, date of collection, distribution range in Pakistan as well as international distribution and differential characters from published description for new records to country have been provided. Coloured images of new to Pakistan species, geographical and climatic condition of all sixty-eight species are also presented first time. Taxonomic keys for families, genera and species are also presented. Check lists of all ten agro- ecological regions are presented first time from Pakistan. As a whole 68 species were recorded from Pakistan with 153 new localities record for 45 species, which include
61 species of Anisoptera that have been reported previously from Pakistan. It was an addition to science and this addition will explore new areas of biological control.
1
Chapter No. 1
INTRODUCTION
Systematics, classification of living organisms is still an ignored field in
Pakistan, as compared to other developed countries. It is a misconception that systematics is not an important field of biological research, relating to sorting out of species. As a result the fauna and flora of Pakistan have mostly been studied by overseas specialists, and often we have to pay to the foreign experts for the identification of our species.
Prior to initiation of any kind of biological research, it is indispensible for the scientist to have the correct scientific name of the target organism. Biological control of insect pests has great relevance to systematics and it is an important aspect of applied biology (Narendran, 2000).
Systematics supports all types of entomological endeavours. It has vital role in faunistic, zoogeographic, ecological studies and provides necessary support to several other areas of research. The importance of systematics has become more discernible in view of development of concern for environment and the recognition of the resources present for their protection and application for human use (Kim and
Knutson, 1986).
Dragonflies are very valuable insect and the knowledge of the fauna is important for decision making about environmental protection and crops
2 3
management (Rowe, 2003). Dragonflies are very beautiful and graceful insects of the world. The naiads serve as food for growing freshwater fish, and the soft bodies of the teneral are eaten by songbirds like tasty snacks (Jens and Runyan, 2006).
Entomophagy is the eating of insects by human being. It is obvious from cave drawings and other records that our ancestors from ancient civilizations were used insects as food regularly. Presently insects are eaten in different continents, including
Australia, Asia, America and Africa. There are about 3000 different ethnic groups in
113 countries that use almost 1500 species of edible insects as food. Many insects of all sizes and shapes are the part of menus of some small and big restaurants
(ClaireMacEvilly, 2000).
It is recognized that different types of insect were consumed by Aborigines
(Tindale, 1966) and the use of odonates as food in Asia and rest of the world is well renowned (Pemberton, 1995, Menzel and D'Alusio, 1998Ramos-Elorduy, 1998).
Adults are also caught and fried or eaten in soups in Indonesia, Africa, and South
America. In China and Japan, odonates are believed to have medicinal properties.
The Sympetrum species are used to cure fever (Boyd, 2005).
Dragonflies have occupied central position in Japanese poetry, painting, clothing patterns, and children's games, like bird watchers in the Europe and United
States (Primack et al., 2000). Furthermore, the beauty of these insects has led them to being featured in different commercial products like jewellery and such other decorative items (Lloyd, 2006).
4
Odonates have strong association with water because of their aquatic larvae
(Corbet, 1999). Dragonflies have been extensively used as indicators of environmental quality in aquatic ecological units (Chovanec and Waringer, 2001).
The presence of odonates may be useful as an indicator of ecosystem quality and wide variety of microhabitats (Rutherford and Mallow, 1994). Odonates are more tolerant to salinity than many other aquatic macro invertebrates. Dragonfly and damselfly naiads may be of substantial value as indicators of water quality as more information on their distribution and biology becomes available (Kefford et al .,
2003).
Aquatic invertebrates have been used as natural indicators in lotic habitats but less commonly used in lentic environments. Dragonflies assure decisive factor for lentic indicators of grazing impacts (Lee Foote, et al. 2005).
Macro invertebrates living in water are the most commonly used taxonomic class for examining habitat health (Hellawell, 1986). Studies on macro-invertebrates as marker in lentic habitat have recently begun and consequently are less common in the literature (Resh et al ., 1995).
Odonates are ecologically important as both predators and prey. Odonates neither sting nor bite and the entire species are harmless. All naiads are predators of small invertebrates like mosquito larvae as well as smaller vertebrates like frogs and fish. Their naiads constitute a natural biological control over mosquito larvae and
5
thus help to control several epidemic diseases like malaria, dengue, filaria etc.
(Mitra, 2002).
Dragonfly species Sympetrum flaveolum, Sympetrum striolatum, Sympetrum sanguineum, Sympetrum meridionale and Sympetrum danae are reported to be attracted towards black polished shinny surfaces. These dragonflies species perched consistently in vicinity of selected gravestones and they defend their perch against other species of dragonflies (Horvath et al., 2007).
Dragonflies are strong fliers and their adults in search of food cover long distances from their breeding places which are always water. This character enables them to recolonize at new places of standing water that may be temporary or permanent. Adult dragonflies feed on insect pests such as black flies, mosquitoes, horse flies, grasshoppers and aphids which is one of their many benefits.
The adults of some species visit important crop fields like cotton and rice in search of their food and in this way help in controlling insect pests of these crops.
Females of all the species consume much greater number of insect pests as compared with male (Yasumatsu et al., 1975, Yunus et al ., 1980, Khaliq and Saddique, 1995,
Yousaf et al., 1995, Yousaf et al., 1998).
The impressive migration of odonates has been documented from centuries and there are a lot of observational records appearing in media each year (Corbet,
1980; Valley, 2004). Some species of dragonflies appear synchronously in the tropics
6
and subtropics and meander into the moderate zone (Corbet, 1999). Dragonflies move in downwind direction at the onset of summer where as during late summer they move in the upwind direction, so their displacement direction varied among different altitudes (Feng et al ., 2006).
Odonates have been a focal point of extensive research in several countries.
Odonata is the order that has been intensively explored in the tropics (Woodward,
2001). They have been reported from all continents except Antarctica and are typically concentrated in warmer, tropical habitats (Boyd, 2005). Yousaf (1972) explored first time the fauna of dragonfly of Pakistan and identified 46 species of dragonflies. After this no comprehensive survey of the country was carried out, only survey of different parts of the country was done resulting into 61 anisoptrous species. The number of Odonata species known from Pakistan (110) is little low with respect to Bangladesh (114), Sri Lanka (116), Nepal (172) and India (499) (Mitra,
2006 and Matjaz, 2006). However, 5740 odonates were known worldwide and 1669 from Oriental region (Subramanian, 2009). It shows further taxonomic work was required to upgrade the anisopterous fauna of Pakistan. Keeping all this in view, an extensive Odonatological survey was planned to explore the dragonfly fauna of
Pakistan and to study the distribution of dragonflies in various un-explored agro- ecological regions of Pakistan.
Chapter No. 2
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Systematics is the study of ordering of the amazing biological diversity. It includes identification, makes information accessible, collects information from a relative perspective and hence permits to synthesis, stimulation and generation of ideas and suggestion applicable to other fields (Danks, 1988).
Linnaeus (1758), Drury (1773), Fabricius (1792-94) and Selys-Longchamps
(1831-1902) were the early scientists, provided description of many species of dragonflies from Asian continent.
Kirby (1886) described dragonflies from Murree and Campbellpur. Morton
(1907) identified five species from the collection sent to him from Quetta.
Williamson (1907) published a paper on the Indian Gomphidae along with some new species. Laidlaw (1914) catalogued 51 species and subspecies collected from
Northern and Eastern Frontier of Asam and Burma. Fraser (1922) reported 19 dragonfly species from India and Burma and published papers on Indian dragonflies.
Needham (1932) published a key to the families and genera of dragonfly species known from Indian.
Yousaf (1972) collected and identified 46 species and subspecies belonging to 24 genera of 6 subfamilies of dragonflies from various localities of West Pakistan.
Kumar and Prasad (1981) reported 162 odonate species from Western Himalaya,
7 8
with information on oviposition, adult flight period, larval habitat, emergence and altitudinal range. Kanth (1985) described 39 species of dragonflies belonging to 22 genera from Azad Jammu and Kashmir.
Khaliq et al . (1990) identified 19 Odonata species from Poonch district of
Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. Khaliq et al. (1992) recorded 6 anisopterous species from district Mansehra (N. W. F. P.). Khaliq et al . (1993) identified 22 dragonfly species from Murree hills.
Ahmad et al . (1994) added 3 new genera and 4 species to the anisopterous fauna of N.W.F.P. Ahmad (1994) identified 21 dragonfly species belonging to 14 genera and 4 families from N.W.F.P. Arshad (1994) recorded 14 dragonfly species belonging to 9 genera from Balochistan. Khaliq et al . (1994) recorded 13 dragonfly species from Gilgit, Baltistan and Kashmir. Rehman (1994) described 35 species of dragonflies belonging to 22 genera of 12 subfamilies in 3 families from Punjab.
Ullah (1994) recorded 12 dragonfly species belonging to 10 genera and two families from Sindh.
Khaliq et al . (1995) recorded 6 anisopterous species from the rice fields in the districts Poonch and Bagh, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, while Luqman (1995) collected 35 species of Odonata from district Muzaffarabad (A.J.K). Shiihei and
Alam (1995) collected seventeen species of dragonflies from Bangladesh.
9
Jehangir (1997) collected and identified 20 dragongflies species belonging to
13 genera from Gilgit and Baltistan areas. Khaliq et al . (1999) collected and identified 20 Anisoptera species from Swat valley, Pakistan.
Mitra (2002) recorded 23 species and subspecies of odonates belonging to 18 genera under 10 families from Trashigang district in Eastern Bhutan that had added
18 new records to the existing list of Odonata of Bhutan. Subramanian (2005) collected, identified and described comprehensive detail and photographs of 76 dragonflies of India and also provided a check list of dragonfly’s fauna of India.
Bedjanic (2006) described 116 dragonfly species from 12 families found in
Sri Lanka. Currently, four new endemic species are in the process of description thus bringing the number of dragonfly taxa to a total of 120.
Feulner et al. (2007) provided the updated checklist of Odonata species with illustrations of all species found in UAE. They have also given notes on behaviour and habitat of these species.
Chapter No. 3
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The following procedure was followed for studying the systematics of dragonflies of Pakistan.
3.1 SURVEY
Survey was conducted during summer seasons of 2006-09 to collect adult dragonflies from different agro-ecological regions (Dost 1998) of Pakistan. The following localities of the country situated in different agro-ecological regions were visited for this purpose.
3.1.1 The Indus Delta.
The area is a network of dead and dying rivers. It has moderately hot summers with arid tropical marine climate and mild winters. During winter maximum temperature varies from 19-20 oC where as in summer its range is 34-40 oC. The average precipitation in summer during the months of July to September is approximately 75 mm where as in winter during December to February it is less than
5 mm. Relative humidity is high ranging 67-87 percent throughout the year in morning and 35-37 percent in afternoon except monsoon, when it raises to 55-60 percent. The localities visited were Thatta, Badin and Tando Muhammad Khan
(Hyderabad).
3.1.2 The Southern Irrigated Plains.
This zone has been formed by the meandering and shifting courses of the
10 11
Indus River. The climate of this region is arid subtropical and continental with moderate winters and warm summers. Its average daily temperature varies from 40-
45 oC during May to July where as average daily minimum temperature during winter is about 8.5 oC. The average monthly precipitation is about 16-20 mm during summer, with little rain in winter. The localities visited were Sanghar, Dadu,
Larkana, Sukkar and Rahim Yar Khan.
3.1.3 The Sandy Desert.
The region is enclosed with various forms of sand ridges and dunes. The climate is arid (desert) subtropical with very warm summers and moderate winters.
The daily average maximum temperature is 39-41 oC in summer and in winter, the daily average minimum temperature is 6-7 oC. The monthly rainfall varies from 32 mm in the north to 46 mm in the south. The winter is almost rainless. Dust storms are common during summer. The localities visited were Bahawalpur, Fort Abbas, Kot
Addu, Bhakar and layyah.
3.1.4 The Northern Irrigated Plains.
This region is one of the most intensively cultivated areas of the country. The climate of this region is semi-arid subtropical with mean daily minimum temperature of 6 oC during winter and mean daily maximum temperature of 39 oC during summer. The average monthly precipitation in summer during the months of July to
September ranges from 75 mm in the southwest to 108 mm in the east where as during winter; it ranges from 14-22 mm per month. The localities visited were
Lahore, Faisalabad, Multan, Mianwali, Sargodha, Peshawar, Charsada and Mardan. 12
3.1.5 The Barani Lands.
Rain fed cultivation is the main land use of this area. The climatic conditions of this region are semi-arid with warm summers and bitter winters and a little arid condition in early summer. The mean daily summer temperature is about 38 oC and in winter, the average temperature ranges 2-6 oC. The rainfall is approximately 200 mm per month in summer and 36-50 mm in winter (December-February). The localities visited were Rawalpindi, Attock, Chakwal, Jhelum, Sialkot, Narowal,
Khushab and Mirpur (A.J.K).
3.1.6 The Wet Mountains.
This region has various types of forest. The eastern section of this region could be categorized as wet and soggy, with gentle summers and chilly winters. In summer, average maximum temperature ranges from 32-35 oC. The rainfall is 236 mm per month in summer and 116 mm per month in winter. The western section of the region is sub humid, with mild dry summers and precipitation in spring and winter only. The localities visited were Murree, Abbotabad, Kotli, Bagh, Rawalakot
(A.J.K) and Muzafarabad (A.J.K).
3.1.7 The Northern Dry Mountains.
This region made up of elevated mountains roofed with snow. The average minimum temperature ranges 0-7 oC. The average per month precipitation varies from 26-75 mm during winter season and from 55-100 mm during spring. In summer, it ranges from 12-20 mm. The localities visited were Kohat, Swat, Dir,
Skardu, Gilgit and Chitral. 13
KEY: II - Southern Irrigated I- Indus Delta III - Sandy Desert (a & b) Plain IV - Northern Irrigated V - Barani Lands VI - Wet Mountains Plain (a & b) VII - Northern Dry VIII - Western Dry IX - Dry Western Plateau Mountains Mountains X - Suleiman Piedmont
Fig. 3.1: Agro Ecological Regions of Pakistan (Source: Meteorology
Department & WRRI, NARC/PARC, Islamabad, Pakistan) 14
3.1.8 The Western Dry Mountains.
It is the region of mountain and valleys. The larger part of the region is semi- arid uplands with meek summers and chilly winters. Precipitation and snowfall is restricted mainly to the winter. The average precipitation during summer ranges 5-15 mm per month rising to 45-95 mm in the northern area of the region. During summer, the average maximum temperature varies 32 to 39 oC while during winter, the average minimum temperature ranges -3 oC to 8 oC. The localities visited were
Quetta, Khuzdar, Zhob, Loralai and Parachanar.
3.1.9 The Dry Western Plateau.
The vegetation is xerophytic in the lower region and forest on high altitude.
The climate of this region is arid tropical with persistent dry season. The average monthly highest temperature range is 38-44 oC. During winter in the North, the mean daily lowest temperature varies 3- 6 oC whereas along the coast it varies from 11.5-
15 oC. The mean monthly precipitation in summer is 2-4 mm except in the extreme south-eastern areas where it is about 36 mm. The localities visited were Karachi,
Lasbela, Turbat and Panjgur.
3.1.10 The Suleiman Piedmont.
Torrent-watered cultivation is the main land use of the region. This region has arid, hot and sub-tropical climate with mean daily highest temperature 40-43 oC in summer and the mean daily lowest temperature 6-8 oC in winter. The monthly precipitation in summer is about 21-38 mm and in winter it is about 13 mm. The localities visited were D. G. Khan, D. I. Khan and Taunsa. 15
3.2 Collection and preservation
The dragonflies were collected by using aerial nets, killed in the cyanide bottle, pinned and their body parts were set on appropriate setting boards. On drying, these were properly labelled and mounted in the collection boxes. Naphthalene balls were placed in the boxes to keep them safe from the pests.
3.3 Identification and description
Specimens were identified up to the specific level by running them through
Fraser’s (1936) key. Valid names along with synonyms, distribution and ecological observations were given for species already recorded from Pakistan. Differential characters from the published descriptions were given for the species, recorded first time from Pakistan. The characters of the species already identified have not been included in this manuscript, because these were already significantly dealt with by a number of authors in their works. The illustrations of taxonomically important body parts were made with a camera Lucida.
3.4 Measurements
Measurements of different body parts i.e. abdomen, fore wing, hind wing etc, were taken with verniar travelling microscope.
3.5 Taxonomic keys
Original taxonomic keys of dragonfly families, genera and species of
Pakistan are presented.
16
3.6 Climatic Observations
Climatic observations of different localities of Pakistan were taken with thermo hygrometer.
3.7 Depository
The identified specimens have been placed in the Biosystematics Lab.,
Department of Entomology, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University,
Rawalpindi.
17
Table 3.1: Collection Localities of different areas of Pakistan
Area Localities
Punjab Rawalpindi, Choa Saidan Shah, Murree, Attock, Faisalabad, Kahuta, Chakwal, Gujranwala, Lahore, Mianwali, Bhakkar, D.G.Khan, Sialkot, Bahawal pur, Fort abbas, Kot Addu, Layyah, Multan, Taunsa, Khushab, Sargodha, Narowal, Head Suelmanki, Head Baloki, Head Marala, Rahim Yar Khan, Sindh Thatta, Hyderabad, Sukkur, Ghotki, Badin, Dadu, Larkana, Nawab shah, Sanghar, Karachi, Balochistan Chamman, Dalbandin, Quetta, Makran, Hab Dam, Jamrud, Bolan, Gadani, LasBela, Turbat, Ziarat, Loralai, Zhob, Khuzdar, Mastung, Sibi, Kalat, Pishin, Khyber PakhtunKhwa Dir, Kaghan, Mansehra, Batgram, Basham, Swat, Mingora, Mardan, Warsak Dam, D.I.Khan, Charsada, Peshawar, Kohat, Parachinar, Shinkiari, Abbottabad, Gilgit Baltistan Chitral, Gilgit, Rama, Gakuch, Shigar, Shingrilla, Skardu, Joglot, Chillas, Azad jamu & Kashmir Bagh, Beni, Kotli, Neelam, Mir pur, Rawala Kot, Mangla Dam, Azad-Pattan, Dhirkot, Chechian, Jarikas, Poona, Chinari, Muzaffar abad, Sehnsa, Banjosa, Tatapani,
Chapter No. 4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4. Identification of Dragonflies Families
Using taxonomic literature, the collected specimens were studied and identified. Details are given in the following section.
4. a Key to Pakistani Families of Anisoptera
1 Eyes separated ------2
_ Eyes confluent on vertex ------3
2 Eyes widely separated (Fig. 4.1)------Gomphidae
_ Eyes oval shape, slightly separated, meeting at a point (Fig. 4.2) ------
------Cordulegasteridae
3 Eyes very broadly adjoining across the dorsum of head (Fig. 4.3),
discoidal cells are of same shape and size in fore and hindwings------
------Aeshnidae
_ Eyes more or less adjoining across the dorsum of head (Fig. 4.4 & 4.6),
discoidal cells are different in shape and size in fore and hindwings------4
4 Thorax metallic, base of hindwings angulated in male, anal loop not
socks shape (Fig. 4.7) ------Corduliidae
_ Thorax non metallic, base of hindwings rounded in both sex, anal loop
socks shape (Fig. 4.5) ------Libellulidae
18 19
Fig. 4.1: Eyes of Gomphid dragonflies
Fig. 4.2: Eyes of Cordulegaster dragonflies
20
Fig. 4.3: Eyes of Aeshnid dragonflies
Fig. 4.4: Eyes of Libellulid dragonflies
21
Fig. 4.5: Anal loop of Libellulid dragonflies
Fig. 4.6: Eyes of Corduliid dragonflies
22
Fig. 4.7: Anal loop of Corduliid dragonflies
23
4.1 AESHNIDAE
The dragonflies of Aeshnidae family are recognized as Hawks. These are large in size with blue, brown and yellow or green in colour having black markings.
Their large eyes are mostly meeting at the middle of the cranium and wings are mostly transparent. They are a very powerful flier that’s why they are usually seen at long distance from water. Many species spend their time in flying in search of prey and hunting for prey, their rest time during the day is negligible. When at rest, they are generally in a vertical position, with body hanging downwards. Females oviposit in aquatic plants, debris and in the water. Six genera and nine species of this family have been reported from Pakistan.
4.1. a Key to Pakistan genera of Family Aeshnidae
1 Tornus rounded in male ------2
_ Tornus angulated in male------3
2 Abdominal segments 4-8 with lateral ridges------Anax Leach, 1815
_ Abdominal segments 4-8 without lateral ridges ------
------Hemianax Selys, 1883
3 The nerve Riii abruptly curved beneath the pterostigma, M A fuse
with Riv+v before wing border ------Anaciaeschna Selys, 1878
_ The nerve Riii not abruptly curved beneath the pterostigma, M A not
fuse with Riv+v but forked ------4
4 Median space traversed ------5
_ Median space entire ------Aeshna Fabricius, 1775
24
5 Dentigerous plates round ed or absent ----- Cephalaeschna Selys, 1883
_ Dentigerous plates end in 2 spines ---- Gynacanthaeschna Fraser, 1921
4.1.1. Aeshna Fabricius, 1775
Large dragonflies make aggressive and speedy flight over water. Thirteen specimens were collected; agree with the Fraser’s (1936) description resulted into one species.
4.1.1.1 Aeshna juncea (Linnaeus, 1758)
1758 Libellula juncea Linnaeus , Syst. Nort. 1: 544.
1840 Aeshna picta Charpentier, Lib. Eur.: 112.
1850 Aeshna cavcasia Selys, Rev. Odon.: 300.
1866 Aeshna propinqua Scudder , Proc. Bast. Soc. Nat.3: 215.
1929 Aeshna americana Bartenev , www.pugetsound.edu/x6140.xml
These are very large dragonflies, head large and round, wings are transparent and without colour spots, abdomen tumid at base, dark, marked with bright yellow and blue. Specimens tally with published descriptions of Fraser 1936 and Jehangir
1997 except, some minor differences. 19 -18 antenodal, 14-11 postnodal and 14 -13 antenodal, 13-14 postnodal nerves present in forewings and hindwings , respectively.
Measurements means of the specimens were as follows:
Forewing = 47 mm Hindwing = 45 mm Abdomen = 51mm
Material Examined: = 09 = 04
25
Geographical distribution
This species has also been reported from Eurasia including North East Asian
Russia, Caucasus, Kazakhstan, European Russia, Mongolia, South Siberia, Russian
Federation, Southern Far East Russia, Ural, West Siberia and North America.
Remarks
These are very strong flier; behave as belligerent, busy chasing other dragonflies. These dragonflies were collected from stagnant water of small pond having little amount of water and small vegetation. These breed in a variety of water bodies, including lake, pond and pool. Adults wander significantly, can be seen everywhere patrolling near breeding places and far away from breeding sites. These dragonflies remain active during March to October. Geographical distribution and climate of the species in Pakistan is shown in table 4.1.
New localities record: Chitral, Dir, Mansehra, Kaghan and Gilgit
4.1.2 Anaciaeschna Selys, 1878
Large dragonflies, two specimens were collected; agree with the Fraser’s
(1936) description resulted into one species. This genus has not previously been recorded from Pakistan.
4.1.2.1 Anaciaeshna jaspidea (Burmeister, 1839) (New to Pakistan)
1839 Aeschna jaspidea Burmeister, Handb. Ent., Berlin, 2: 840.
1865 Aeschna tahitensis Brauer, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 15: 907.
1908 Protoaeschna pseudochiri Förster, www.pugetsound.edu/x6140.xml
26
Table 4.1: Geographical location and climate of Aeshna juncea (Linnaeus)
Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum. (N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%) (0C) (0C) Chitral 14-08-09 35.50 71.46 1456 30.7 16.7 42
Dir 16-08-09 35.12 71.52 1760 31.5 15.8 47
Gilgit 15-05-07 35.55 74.17 1584 32 13.05 28
Kaghan 20-07-06 34.46 73.31 2070 26.6 12.7 54
Mansehra 18-07-06 34.20 73.11 1072 33.6 16.2 66
Rama 12-05-07 35.19 74.47 4158 22.5 10.6 34
Fig. 4.8: Anaciaeshna jaspidea (Burmeister, 1839)
Table 4.2: Geographical location and climate of Anaciaeshna jaspidea
(Burmeister)
Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum. (N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%) (0C) (0C) Gujjo, Distt. 23-08-08 24.44 67.45 07 33 26 63 Thatta
27
Occiput brown, t horax has two pale yellow oval spots on each side , wings are tinted with yellow colour, pterostigma pale yellow covering 2 ½ cells, 17 -16 antenodal, 8-8 postnodal and 10 -10 antenodal, 11-11 postnodal nervers present in forewings and hindwings , respectively. Anal appendages light brown (Fig. 4.8).
Measurements means were as follows:
Forewing = 47 mm Hindwing = 45 mm Abdomen = 47 mm
Material Examined: = 01 = 01
Geographical distribution
Thatta is historical city of Sindh Province , 100 kilometer away from Karachi .
Specimens were colle cted from Gujjo, an area 15 kilometer away from Thatta. This species has also been reported from Australia, Indonesia, China, Hong Kong,
Guandong, Japan, India, Philippines, Thailand and Taiwan.
Remarks
This species was collected from the rice field on a cloudy afternoon. The boundary of the rice field have dense plantation of wild plants. The habitat also includes channel of drainage water with Typha species. Urothemis signata another species of dragonfly was also collected from this habitat. This species is also known as crepuscular species active during dusk and dawn. Geographical distribution and climate of the species in Pakistan is shown in table 4.2.
4.1.3 Anax Leach, 1815
Large dragonflies, male ususlly have anal triangle. Seventy specimens of this 28
genus were collected; in agreement with the Fraser’s (1936), description resulted into four species.
4.1. b Key to Anax species of Pakistan
1 Sides of thorax with broad black markings------immaculifrons Rambur, 1842
_ Sides of thorax without broad black markings------2
2 Abdomen with large orange coloured dorsal-lateral markings------
------indicus Lieftinck, 1942
_ Abdomen without large orange coloured dorsal-lateral markings------3
3 Frons with a T shaped dark mark, superior anal appendages sharp at the end--
------nigrofasciatus Fraser, 1935
_ Frons without T shaped dark mark, superior anal appendages rounded at the
end ------parthenope (Selys, 1839)
4.1.3 .1 Anax indicus Lieftinck, 1942 (New to Pakistan)
Labium black, Labrum, face and frons light brown. Pterostigma of all wings dark brown. 18-19 antenodal, 8-9 postnodal and 11 antenodal, 11 postnodal nerves present in forewings and hindwings, respectively. Discoidal cells in forewing made up of six cells and in hindwing made up of five cells. Four cubital nerves are present in forewing and three in hindwing. A large pale brown patch is present on the hind- wings, membrane dark brown or blackish. Segment 2 of the abdomen has a blue dorsolateral spot, segment 3 without blue markings, segments 4-10 have large, bright dorsolateral orange markings. The anal appendages are reddish brown (Fig. 4.9).
Measurements means of the specimens were as follows:
29
Forewing = 53 mm Hindwing = 50 mm Abdomen = 61 mm
Material Examine d: = 01
Geographical distribution
This species was reported from India, Srilanka, Nepal and Thailand .
Remarks
Anax indicus is the fourth species of the genus to be recorded in Pakistan. It is a poorly known species, but it has previously been recorded from India (Lieftinck
1942, 1955), Sri Lanka (Lieftinck 1955), Nepal (e.g. Vick 1989) and Thailand (e.g.
Hämäläinen 200 2). This species has probably been under -recorded in India since its description because it keys out as A. guttatus using the key of Fraser (1936) to Indian
Anax species. Anax species typically breed in standing waters (Fraser 1936), so it is not surprising to find this species at the Khasala dam. Geographical distribution and climate of the species in Pakistan is shown in table 4.3.
4.1.3.2 Anax immaculifrons Rambur, 1842
1842 Anax immaculifrons Rambur , Ins. Nevrop.: 189.
Twenty specimens were collected; analogous with the Fraser’s (1936) description. Specimens exactly tally with published descriptions of Fraser 1936,
Kanth 1985, Ahmad 1994, Rehman 1994, Subramanian 2005 and Bedjanic et al .
2007. Measurements means of the specimens were as follows:
Forewing = 58 mm Hindwing = 56 mm Abdomen = 56 mm
Material Examined: = 17 = 03 30
Fig. 4.9: Anax indicus Lieftinck
Table 4.3: Geographical location and climate of Anax indicus Lieftinck
Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum. (N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%) (0C) (0C) Rawalpindi 14-07-06 33.36 73.02 500 36 26 59
31
Table 4.4: Geographical location and climate Anax immaculifrons Rambur
Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum. (N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%) (0C) (0C) Attock 12-07-06 33.52 72.13 401 35.4 20.5 35
Bagh 03-06-07 33.59 73.46 1256 34.7 19.5 42
Batgram 23-07-06 34.40 72.59 1015 32.2 13.2 68
Beni 17-06-07 33.12 73.51 444 35 23 51
Besham 24-07-06 34.56 72.52 636 29.4 12.3 64
Choa Saidan 10-07-06 32.42 72.58 681 35.06 26 63 Shah Kotli 21-06-07 33.31 73.53 604 37.5 23.7 35
Mansehra 18-07-06 34.20 73.11 1072 33.6 16.2 66
Murree 02-07-06 33.55 73.23 2099 23.03 16.05 81
Neelam 18-05-08 33.42 73.46 1307 33.1 18.3 44
32
Geographical distribution
This species has also been reported from China, Guandong, Hong Kong,
Thailand, Hainan, India, Sri Lanka, Viet Nam, Cyprus, Guangxi, Greek island of
Rhodes and Turkey.
Remarks
This species can be found patrolling near the Streams, slow-moving water and occasionally near the lakes at enormous speed. These dragonflies are also found away from the water in mountainous and sub mountainous area. These dragonflies shirk on still water and remain active during March to September. Geographical distribution and climate of the species in Pakistan is shown in table 4.4.
New localities record: Mansehra and Kotli
4.1.3.3 Anax nigrofasciatus Fraser, 1935
1908 Anax bacchus Martin, Cat. Coll. Selys., 18: 22-23.
1921 Anax guttatus Laidlaw, Rec. Ind. Mus., 22: 82-86.
1923 Anax fumosus Laidlaw, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 62:13.
1935 Anax nigrolineatus Fraser, J.Darjecling. Nat. Hist. Soc., 10: 23-25.
Eighteen specimens were collected; analogous with the Fraser’s (1936) description. Specimens tally with published descriptions of Fraser 1936 and Jehangir
1997 except, some minor differences. 22-20 antenodal, 9-9 postnodal and 13-13 antenodal, 12-12 postnodal nerves present in forewings and hindwings, respectively.
Measurements means of the specimens were as follows:
33
Forewing = 53 mm Hindwing = 50 mm Abdomen = 53 mm
Material Examined: = 17 = 01
Geographical distribution
This species has also been reported from India and Thailand.
Remarks
These dragonflies were collected from stagnant water and water running very slow with small vegetation. These are strong flier difficult to collect from open area but can be collected when coming out through dense vegetation. Geographical distribution and climate of the species in Pakistan is shown in table 4.5.
New localities record: Gilgit, Shigar, Shingrilla and Skardu
4.1.3.4 Anax parthenope (Selys, 1839)
1839 Aeschna parthenope Selys , Bull. Acad. Belg. 6 (2): 389.
1842 Anax parisinus Rambur , Ins. Nevrop.: 185.
1865 Anax julius Brauer, www.pugetsound.edu/x6140.xml
1867 Anax bacchus Hagen , Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 17: 48.
1923 Anax major Götz, www.pugetsound.edu/x6140.xml
1955 Anax geyri Buchholz , Bonn. Zool. Beitr. , 6: 122.
1955 Anax jordansi Buchholz , www.pugetsound.edu/x6140.xml
Thirty one specimens were collected; analogous with the Fraser’s (1936) description. Specimens exactly tally with published descriptions of Fraser 1936,
Yousuf 1972, Kanth 1985, Arshad 1994, Rehman 1994, Ullah 1994 and Jehangir
1997. Measurements means of the specimens were as follows: 34
Table 4.5: Geographical location and climate of Anax nigrofasciatus Fraser
Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum. (N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%) (0C) (0C) Gakuch 23-05-07 36.10 73.44 2466 26 11 25
Gilgit 15-05-07 35.55 74.17 1584 32 13.05 28
Rama 12-05-07 35.19 74.47 4158 22.5 10.6 34
Shigar 21-05-07 35.26 75.43 2445 27 10.1 27
Shingrilla 20-05-07 35.26 75.27 2305 26.6 10.3 25
Skardu 19-05-07 35.18 75.36 2369 26.9 10.3 25
Table 4.6: Geographical location and climate of Anax parthenope Selys
Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum. (N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%) (0C) (0C) Attock 12-07-06 33.52 72.13 401 35.4 20.5 35
Chamman 14-09-07 30.55 66.26 1325 29.7 14.2 28
Dalbandin 01-09-07 28.52 64.24 847 38.5 17.9 41
Faisalabad 26-07-07 31.25 73.04 206 36.2 26.5 53
Hyderabad 22-08-08 25.23 68.22 25 36.2 27 56
Joglot 14-05-07 35.41 74.37 1358 34.1 21.5 21
Kahuta 15-07-07 33.35 73.22 602 36 25 80
Mirpur 13-06-07 33.09 73.42 375 39.5 19.8 45
Quetta 30-08-07 30.12 67.01 1690 35.1 19.1 23
Rawalakot 06-06-07 33.51 73.45 1656 29 13.2 34
Shigar 21-05-07 35.26 75.43 2445 27 10.1 27
Skardu 19-05-07 35.18 75.36 2369 26.9 10.3 25
35
Forewing = 49 mm Hindwing = 48 mm Abdomen = 50 mm
Material Examined: = 25 = 06
Geographical distribution
This species has also been reported from China, Southern Far East Russia,
Caucasus, European Russia, Japan, Guandong, India, Kazakhstan, South Siberia,
Russian Federation, Turkey and Ural .
Remarks
These are large dragonflies with dull body colour. Unlike the other species of aeshnids the male of this species usually accompanies the female in tandem during egg laying. These dragonflies were collected from stagnant water and ponds.
Geographical distribution and climate of the species in Pakistan is shown in table 4.6.
New locality record: Skardu
4.1.4 Cephalaeschna Selys, 1883
Medium sized dragon flies, three specimens of this genus were collected; in agreement with the Fraser’s (1936) description resulted into one species.
4.1.4.1 Cephalaeschna masoni (Martin, 1909)
1909 Caliaeschna masoni Martin, Cat. Coll. Selys, Fasc. 19: 111.
1922 Cephalaeschna masoni Fraser, J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 28: 110.
36
Head large and round, w ings are transparent and without colour spots, abdomen brown marked with bright yellow and green. Specimens tally with published descriptions of Fraser 1936 and Khaliq and Maula 1999 except, some minor differences. 21-21 antenodal, 11 -10 postnodal and 15-15 antenodal, 15 -16 postnodal nerves present in forewings and hindwings, respectively. Measurements means of the specimens were as follows:
Forewing = 56 mm Hindwing = 55 mm Abdomen = 41 mm
Material Examined: = 03
Geographical distribution
This species has also been reported from India, Nepal and Bangladesh .
Remarks
These dragonflies were collected from marshy places having lot of small grasses and well establish vegetation. Geographical distribution and climate of the species in Pakistan is shown in table 4.7. New locality record: Mingora
4.1.5 Gynacanthaeschna Fraser, 1921
A single specimen of this genus was collected; in agreement with the Fraser’s
(1936) description, this genus has not previously been recorded from Pakistan.
4.1.5.1 Gynacanthaeshna sikkima (Karsch, 1891) (New to Pakistan)
1891 Cephalaeschna sikkima Karsch, Ent. Nachr. 17: 607.
1909 Cephalaeschna lugubris Martin, Cat. Coll. Selys, Fasc. 19: 110.
1922 Gynacanthaeschna sikkima Fraser, J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 28: 110. 37
Table 4.7: Geographical location and climate of Cephalaeschna masoni (Martin)
Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum. (N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%) (0C) (0C) Mingora 16-08-05 34.46 72.21 944 30.2 18.5 74
Swat 14-08-05 34.20 72.32 1137 32.1 16.6 61
Fig. 4.10: Gynacanthaeschna sikkima Karsch
Table 4.8: Geographical location and climate of Gynacanthaeshna sikkima
(Karsch)
Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum. (N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%) (0C) (0C) Kalyam Sharif 19-07-06 33.25 73.14 522 35 26 50 Rawalpindi
38
A single female Gynacanthaeshna was collected while perched on vegetation at Sanghuri dam Mandra, Rawalpindi, Pakistan in July 2006 . The Sanghuri dam is
29 km from Rawalpindi near the main stop of Kalyam sharif on G.T. road. The specimen was identified as Gynacanthaeshna sikkima by compa ring it with the descriptions of Fraser 1936 and Subramanian 2005 . This species has not previously been recorded from Pakistan. Terminology for odonate anatomy used here follows that used in Fraser (1936).
Frons greenish yellow, occiput yellowish brown, prothrax brown with greenish yellow band on front side. Legs brown to black, anal loop 5 -6 celled , wings are not palely enfumed towards apices, membrane blackish white. Pterostigmal brace vein attached slightly distal to the level of inner boarder of Pterostigma 15 antenodal,
9 postnodal and 13 antenodal, 11 postnodal nerves present in fore -wings and hind - wings, respectively. P terostigma black, wings hyaline having basal yellow markings, triangle three celled in fore -wing and hind-wings, median space traversed 4 -5 time in fore and hindwing s. Abdomen cylindrical, second abdominal segments have inverted
T sh ape greenish yellow spots (Fig. 4.10). Measurements were as follows:
Forewing = 41mm Hindwing = 41mm Abdomen = 45mm
Material Examined: = 01
Geographical distribution
A single specimen was collected from Sanghuri dam, situated near Kalyam
Sharif stops on G.T. road, in Rawalpindi, Pakistan. This species was collected in a warm noon in month of July 2006. This species has also been described from
Sikkim, Assam Nepal and Bangladesh. 39
Remarks
This species was collected sitting on the vegetation near the edges of small dam having well-established small weeds. These species were also found near waters having muddy edges. The habitat includes Eucalyptus plants artificially planted,
Typha sp., Cynodon dactylon Linn. and Acacia modesta Wall. The other species of dragonflies found in this location are Epophthalmia vittata vittata Burmeister,
Crocothemis servilia Drury and Trithemis festiva Rambur. Geographical distribution and climate of the species in Pakistan is shown in table 4.8.
4.1.6 Hemianax Selys, 1883
Dragonflies of large size, colour dark brown, five specimens of this genus were collected; in agreement with the Fraser’s (1936) description resulted into one species.
4.1.6.1 Hemianax ephippiger (Burmeister, 1839)
1839 Aeschna ephippiger Burmeister, Handb. Ent., Berlin 2, Odonata, 2: 840.
1839 Aeschna mediterranea Selys, Bull. Acad. Belg., 6(2): 391.
1840 Anax mediterranea Selys, Monogr. Libell. Eur,: 120.
1842 Anax senegalensis Rambur, Ins. Nevrop. : 190.
1866 Anax ephippiger Brauer, Novara: 63.
1886 Anax ephippiger Ris, Fauna Helv. Neur.: 62, 66.
1890 Hemianax ephippiger Kirby,Cat. Odon.: 85.
1907 Cyrthosoma ephippiger Bentivoglio, Atti. S.N.M.Modena, 4:
1921 Anax ephippiger Laidlaw, Rec. Ind. Mus., 22: 87
40
Specimens tally with published descriptions of Fraser 1936, Yousuf 1972,
Kanth 1985 and Bedjanic et al . 2007 except, some minor differences. 15 -15 antenodal, 7-6 postnodal and 10 -10 antenodal, 9-9 postnodal nerves present in forewings and hindwings, respectively. Measurements means of the specimens were as follows:
Forewing = 49 mm Hindwing = 47 mm Abdomen = 46 mm
Material Examined: = 05
Geographical distribution
This species has also been reported from Caucasus, Kazakhstan, European
Russia, India, Sri Lanka, Russian Federation and Turkey .
Remarks
These dragonflies were collected from warm stagnant and slow running water; always meander up and down to breed just after rain. Geographical distribution and climate of the species in Pakistan is shown in table 4.9.
4.2 CORDULEGASTRIDAE
These dragonflies have a massive brown or black body with yellow markings.
They can be found along small and clear streams in mountainous areas, flying slowly about 40 cm above the water. When disturbed, they can fly very rapidly and also be found on metal roads at evening. These dragonflies usually lay their eggs in the sand 41
in shallow water, the female remain hovering above the water with her body in upright position, and making repeated dips into the water with her abdomen. Only one species of this fami ly has been reported from Pakistan.
4.2.1 Cordulegaster Leach, 1815
Very large sized dragonflies with balck and yellow body markings, fifteen specimens were collected; agree with the Fraser’s (1936) description resulted into one species.
4.2.1.1 Cordulega ster brevistigma (Selys, 1854)
1854 Thecagaster brevistigma Selys, Bull. Acad. Belg. 2 (21): 103.
1929 Cordulegaster brevistigma brevistigma Fraser, Mem. Ind. Mus., 9 (3): 73.
1929 Cordulegaster brevistigma folia Fraser, Mem. Ind. Mus., 9 (3): 73.
Specimens tally with published descriptions of Fraser 1936, Yousuf 1972 and
Jehangir 1997 except, some minor differences. 16 -17 antenodal, 10-11 postnodal and
10-11 antenodal, 8-13 postnodal nerves present in forewings and hindwings , respectively. Measurements means of specimens were as follow:
Forewing = 47 mm Hindwing = 43 mm Abdomen = 54 mm
Material Examined: = 13 = 02
Geographical distribution
This species has also been reported from India and China.
Remarks
These dragonflies were collected from small to medium fast fresh cool water streams of hilly areas. These species like to breed in sandy areas. These dragonflies 42
Table 4.9: Geographical location and climate of Hemianax ephippiger
(Burmeister)
Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum. (N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%) (0C) (0C) Mangla 14-06-07 33.08 73.38 316 35.9 23.8 60 dam Rawalpindi 14-07-06 33.36 73.02 500 36 26 59
Table 4.10: Geographical location and climate of Cordulegaster brevistigma
(Selys)
Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum. (N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%) (0C) (0C) Azad-Pattan 05-06-07 33.43 73.36 453 37.5 23 30
Chillas 10-05-07 35.25 74.04 1070 34.1 21.5 21
Joglot 14-05-07 35.41 74.37 1358 34.1 21.5 21
Murree 02-07-06 33.55 73.23 2099 23.03 16.05 81
43
patrol few inches above the water surface between the rocks and were observed on metallic roads at evening. Geographical distribution and climate of the species in
Pakistan is shown in table 4.10. New localities record: Joglot, Chillas and Azad-
Pattan
4.3 CORDULIIDAE
The Dragonflies of corduliidae family are medium to large size; they usually have metallic green thorax, black and yellow abdomen. These dragonflies are also called emeralds , because these have bright green eyes when mature, these are continuous flier. In Pakistan two genera and three species were found.
4.3. a Key to Pakistan genera of Family Corduliidae
1 Discoidal cells in forewings and hindwings always traversed ------
------Epophthalmia Burmeister, 1839
_ Discoidal cells in forewings and hindwings always entire ------
------Macromia Rambur, 1842
4.3.1 Epophthalmia Burmeister, 1839
These are large dragonflies, fast flier and brass color hue during flight. It has brass color abdomen with black marking. A single specimen tally published description of Fraser (1936), identified as Epopthalmia vittata vittata Burmeister,
1839. This genus has not previously been recorded from Pakistan.
4.3.1.1 Epopthalmia vittata vittata Burmeister, 1839 (New to Pakistan)
1839 Epopthalmia vittata Burmeister, Handb. Ent. 2: 845.
44
1867 Epophthalmia cyanocephala Hagen , Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 17: 59.
1868 Macromia vittata Brauer, Verzeichniss Neur, 2&18: 742.
1923 Azuma vittata Laidlaw, J. Malay Br. Roy. As. Soc. 323.
1924 Azuma cyanocephala Fraser, Rec. Ind. Mus. 26: 409.
Frons metallic green and thorax has metallic green markings. Upper surface of frons has yellow spot in the middle. Discoidal cell of fore and hindwing s are traversed. Hindwing angulated in male. A single specimen collected from Java dam in Rawalpindi was supportive with published description of Fraser (1936) except very minor characters. Pterostigma black, membrane blackish white, 16 -17 antenodal, 8-7 postnodal and 11 -12 antenodal, 10-9 postnodal nerves present in forewings and hindwings, respectively (Fig. 4.11) . Measurements of specimen were as follows:
Forewing = 53 mm Hindwing = 50 mm Abdomen=55 mm
Material Examined: = 01
Geographical distribution
A single specimen was collected from small dam “Java” 20 kilometer far from Rawalpindi city. This species was collected in a warm afternoon in month of
July 2006. A specimen was also observed on Dhok Tallian dam 10 km away from
Chakwal city but it was not collected due to its swift flight.
Remarks
This species was collected maneuvering on the edges of small dam having well established small vegetation. According to Bedjanic et al. (20 07) these species 45
Fig. 4.11: Epopthalmia vittata vittata Burmeister
Table 4.11: Geographical location and climate of Epopthalmia vittata vittata
Burmeister
Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum. (N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%) (0C) (0C) Chakwal 08-07-06 32.56 72.52 520 34.9 24.8 51
Rawalpindi 14-07-06 33.36 73.02 500 36 26 59
46
are also found along edges of jungle near tanks from wet low lands, hilly and dry zone. Subramanian (2005) described that these species can be collected from dry twigs and similar vantage points over streams. Geographical distribution and climate of the species in Pakistan is shown in table 4.11.
4.3.2 Macromia Rambur, 1842
Large dragonflies closely resemble with cordulagester species but these have
matelic thorax. Twenty three specimens were collected; agree with the Fraser’s
(1936) description resulted into two species.
4.3. b Key to Macromia species of Pakistan
1 Dorsum has dark green metallic reflex, humeral and antehumeral stripes
absent from thorax ------moorei Selys, 1874
_ Dorsum has no metallic reflex, humeral and antehumeral stripes present on
thorax------cingulata Rambur, 1842
4.3.2.1 Macromia cingulata Rambur, 1842
1842 Macromia cingulata Rambur, Ins. Nevrop. : 190.
1871 Macromia whitei Selys, Bull. Acad. Belg. 31: 555.
Seventeen specimens were collected; analogous with the Fraser’s (1936) description. Specimens tally with published descriptions of Fraser 1936, Kanth 1985 and Ahmad 1994 except, some minor differences. 13-14 antenodal, 8-6 postnodal and 9-9 antenodal, 8-8 postnodal nerves present in forewings and hindwings, respectively. Measurements means of the specimens were as follows:
47
Forewing = 32 mm Hindwing = 31 mm Abdomen = 40 mm
Material Examined: = 13 = 04
Geographical distribution
This species has also been reported from India and Viet Nam.
Remarks
These dragonflies were collected from slow running shallow water having sandy bottom with well establish vegetation. These are very active fliers difficult to capture and remain in same vicinity even disturbing it. Geographical distribution and climate of the species in Pakistan is shown in table 4.12.
New localities record: Rawalpindi, Choa syden shah and Mirpur
4.3.2.2 Macromia moorei Selys, 1874 (New to Pakistan)
1874 Macromia moorei Selys, Bull. Acad. Belg. 37: 28.
1899 Macromia fumata Krüger , www.pugetsound.edu/x6140.xml
1921 Macromia trituberculata Fraser, J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 27: 674.
Six specimens of this species were collected; these were identified running th em through Fraser’s (1936) key. Specimens tally with published d escription of
Fraser (1936) except some minor differences. Hypertrigone traversed two times in forewing, 13-13 antenodal and 07 -07 postnodal nervures in forewings and 9 -8 antenodal and 9-8 postnodal nervures in hindwings , respectively (Fig. 4.12) .
Measurements means of the specimens were as follows:
Forewing = 40 mm Hindwing = 38 mm Abdomen = 47 mm
Material Examined: = 04 = 02 48
Table 4.12: Geographical location and climate of Macromia cingulata Rambur
Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum. (N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%) (0C) (0C) Choa syden 10-07-06 32.42 72.58 681 35.06 26 63 shah Mardan 20-08-05 34.11 72.02 310 35.8 20.5 37
Mirpur 13-06-07 33.09 73.42 375 39.5 19.8 45
Rawalpindi 14-07-06 33.36 73.02 500 36 26 59
Fig. 4.12: Macromia moorei Selys
Table 4.13: Geographical location and climate of Macromia moorei Selys
Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum. (N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%) (0C) (0C) Dhirkot 02-06-07 34.01 73.34 1623 28.1 13.5 52
49
Geographical distribution
These species were collected from Dhirkot. Dhirkot is tehsil of Bagh District and situated 132 Km from Islamabad. It is surrounded by Muzaffarabad from North,
Poonch from the South, Murree from the West and Bagh from the East. June and
July are the hottest months while December and January are the coldest month of the year. The mean minimum and maximum annual temperature of the year is 04 oC and
22 oC, respectively (Gorsi and Shahzad 2002).
Remarks
These species were collected from Dhirkot in two consecutive years i.e. 2007 and 2008 and was found exactly at same place every year. These species remain flying in a circle few inches above the slow running water with well establish green vegetation. These are found on water with sandy or grubby bottom. Geographical distribution and climate of the species in Pakistan is shown in table 4.13.
4.4 GOMPHIDAE
The Dragonflies of Gomphidae family is known as Clubtails Dragonflies, they breed in streams particularly in open forest. Their body size is medium to large; these can be identified by their small and broadly isolated eyes. They are yellow or green in shade with black markings. The larvae burrow into the sediments of the streams; naiad crawls out onto the shore for emergence instead climbing up the vegetations. Nine genera and twelve species of this family have been reported from
Pakistan.
50
4.4. a Key to Pakistan genera of Family Gomphidae
1 Forewings have traversed trigone, subtrigone and hyper trigone ------2
_ Forewings have entire trigone, subtrigone and hyper trigone ------3
2 Abdominal segment 8 th dilated, superior anal appendages acute ------
------Ictinogomphus Cowley, 1934
_ Abdominal segment 8 th dilated, superior anal appendages obtuse------
------Gomphidia Selys, 1854
3 Tornus angulated in male ------4
_ Tornus rounded in male ------Anormogomphus Selys, 1854
4 Anal loop present, anal triangle 3 celled ------5
_ Anal loop absent, anal triangle 4 celled (except Nepogomphus) ------7
5 Superior and inferior anal appendages of equal length ------6
_ Superior anal appendages longer than inferior ------
------Mesogomphus Forster, 1906
6 Discoidal field with 2 rows of cell ---- Burmagomphus Williamson, 1907
_ Discoidal field with 3 rows of cell------Platygomphus Selys, 1854
7 Anal appendages very short, anal loop is about 3 celled ------
------Ophiogomphus Selys, 1854
_ Anal appendages long, anal loop is about 2 celled ------8
8 Anal triangle 3 celled ------Nepogomphus Fraser, 1934
_ Anal triangle 4 celled ------Onychogomphus Selys, 1854
4.4.1 Anormogomphus Selys, 1854
These are small dragonflies, body yellow, wings hyaline and venation
51
off-white. Seventeen specimens were collected; agree with the Fraser’s (1936) description resulted into one species.
4.4.1.1 Anormogomphus kiritschenkoi Bartenef, 1913
1913 Anormogomphus kiritschenkoi Bartenef, Rovuld. Ent., 13: 179.
Specimens exactly tally with published descriptions of Fraser 1936, Yousuf
1972, Kanth 1985, Ahmad 1994 and Rehman 1994. Measurements means of the specimens were as follows:
Forewing = 28 mm Hindwing = 26 mm Abdomen = 29 mm
Material Examined: = 12 = 05
Geographical distribution
This species has also been reported from Iraq, Uzbekistan, Iran, Turkey and
India.
Remarks
These dragonflies are found on small vegetation, bushes and grasses near the fresh water pounds. These are easy to collect due to weak flight. Geographical distribution and climate of the species in Pakistan is shown in table 4.14.
New locality record: Rawalpindi
4.4.2 Burmagomphus Williamson, 1907
Medium sized dragonflies body black with greenish yellow marking, El even 52
specimens were collected; agree with the Fraser’s (1936) description resulted into two species.
4.4. b Key to Burmagomphus species of Pakistan
1 Three lateral black stripes on each side of th orax--- sivalikensi Laidlaw, 1922
_ One complete and one incomplete lateral black stripes on each side of thorax -
------pyramidalis Laidlaw, 1922
4.4.2.1 Burmagomphus pyramidalis Laidlaw, 1922
1922 Burmagomphus pyramidalis Laidlaw, Rec. Ind. Mus. 24: 371.
1923 Burmagomphus pyramidalis pyramidalis Fraser , J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 29:
62.
These are medium sized dragonflies, body black with bright yellow markings.
Seven specimens were collected; analogous with the Fraser’s (1936) description.
Specimens tally with published descriptions of Fraser 1936, Kanth 1985 and
Bedjanic et al . 2007 exce pt , some minor differences. 12-13 antenodal, 8-8 postnodal and 8-8 antenodal, 8-9 postnodal nerves present in forewings and hindwings , respectively. Measurements means of the specimens were as follows:
Forewing = 27 mm Hindwing = 26 mm Abdomen = 31 mm
Material Examined: = 06 = 01
Geographical distribution
This species has also been reported from India, SriLanka and Malaysia . 53
Table 4.14: Geographical location and climate of Anormogomphus kiritschenkoi
Bartenef
Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum. (N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%) (0C) (0C) Chechian 15-06-07 33.05 73.43 279 35.9 23.8 60
Faisalabad 26-07-07 31.25 73.04 206 36.2 26.5 53
Gujranwala 06-07-07 32.10 74.10 224 27 33 70
Jarikas 16-06-07 33.06 73.50 325 35.9 23.8 60
Makran 27-09-07 26.12 62.46 680 40.02 26 66
Rawalpindi 14-07-06 33.36 73.02 500 36 26 59 Warsak 30-08-09 34.10 71.25 339 36 26 58 Dam
Table 4.15: Geographical location and climate of Burmagomphus pyramidalis
Laidlaw
Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum. (N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%) (0C) (0C) Poona 07-06-07 33.11 73.57 676 33.6 22.1 38
Rawalakot 06-06-07 33.51 73.45 1656 29 13.2 34
Table 4.16: Geographical location and climate of Burmagomphus sivalikensis
Laidlaw
Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum. (N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%) (0C) (0C) Murree 02-07-06 33.55 73.23 2099 23.03 16.05 81
Poona 07-06-07 33.11 73.57 676 33.6 22.1 38
Rawalakot 06-06-07 33.51 73.45 1656 29 13.2 34
54
Remarks
These dragonflies were found sitting on rocks and green vegetation near streams and rivers in the mountainous areas. Geographical distribution and climate of the species in Pakistan is shown in table 4.15.
New locality record: Rawalakot
4.4.2.2 Burmagomphus sivalikensis Laidlaw, 1922
1922 Burmagomphus sivalikensis Laidlaw, Rec. Ind. Mus. 24: 401-402.
Four specimens were collected; analogous with the Fraser’s (1936) description. Specimens tally with published descriptions of Fraser 1936 and Khaliq et al. 1993 except, some minor differences. 13 -12 antenodal, 9-10 postnodal and 10 -
9 antenodal, 9-9 postnodal nerves present in forewings and hindwings , respectively.
Measurements means of the specimens were as follows:
Forewing = 27 mm Hindwing = 26 mm Abdomen = 30 mm
Material Examined: = 02 = 02
Geographical Distribution
This species has also been reported from India and Bangladesh.
Remarks
These dragonflies were found s itting on rocks and green vegetation near streams and rivers in the mountainous areas. Geographical distribution and climate of the species in Pakistan is shown in table 4.16. 55
4.4.3 Gomphidia Selys, 1854
These are large dragonflies, upper side of the frons have black T shape markings, body large with yellow markings . Four specimens were collected; agree with the Fraser’s (1936) description resulted into one species.
4.4.3.1 Gomphidia t-nigrum Selys, 1854
1854 Gomphidia t-nigrum Selys , Bull. Acad. Belg. 21: 86.
Specimens tally with published descriptions of Fraser 1936 and Yousuf 1972 except , some minor differences. 16 -16 antenodal, 10-10 postnodal and 11 -11 antenodal, 9-10 postnodal nerves present in forewings and hindwings respectively.
Measurements means of th e specimens were as follows:
Forewing = 41 mm Hindwing = 39 mm Abdomen = 52 mm
Material Examined: = 04
Geographical distribution
This species has also been reported from India and Nepal.
Remarks
These dragonflies wer e collected from small dam and pond, flying alo ng the edges . Males, when they across each other, they attack on each other. Geographical distribution and climate of the species in Pakistan is shown in table 4.17.
56
4.4.4 Ictinogomphus Cowley, 1934
Large si zed dragonflies, body colour black with yellow marking, twenty eight specimens were collected; agree with the Fraser’s (1936) description resulted into two species.
4.4. c Key to Ictinogomphus species of Pakistan
_ Face and femora mainly black ------rapax (Rambur, 1842)
_ Face and femora mainly yellow------angulosus (Selys, 1854)
4.4.4.1 Ictinogomphus angulosus (Selys, 1854)
1854 Ictinogomphus angulosus Selys, Bull. Acad. Belg.: 21(2): 23-112.
1854 Ictinus angulosus Selys , Bull. Acad. Belg.: 21(2): 23-112.
1854 Ictinus atrox Selys , Bull. Acad. Belg.: 21(2): 23-112.
These are large dragonflies; body black with yellow markings. Four specimens were collected; analogous with the Fraser’s (1936) description. Specimens tally with published descriptions of Fraser 1936 and Kanth 1985 except, some minor differences. 22-20 ant enodal, 13 -13 postnodal and 17-15 antenodal, 13-14 postnodal nerves present in forewings and hindwings, respectively. Measurements means of the specimens were as follows:
Forewing = 43 mm Hindwing = 41 mm Abdomen = 51 mm
Material Examined: = 04
Geographical distribution
This species has also been reported from India and Bangladesh. 57
Table 4.17: Geographical location and climate of Gomphidia t-nigrum Selys
Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum. (N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%) (0C) (0C) Chakwal 08-07-06 32.56 72.52 520 34.9 24.8 51
Lahore 03-07-07 31.32 74.20 216 35.3 26.9 60
Table 4.18: Geographical location and climate of Ictinogomphus angulosus
(Selys)
Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum. (N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%) (0C) (0C) Chinari 16-05-08 34.09 73.49 1450 34 17 37
Muzaffarabad 14-05-08 34.23 73.27 969 35 19 34
Neelam 18-05-08 33.42 73.46 1307 33.1 18.3 44
Table 4.19: Geographical location and climate of Ictinogomphus rapax Rambur
Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum. (N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%) (0C) (0C) Chakwal 08-07-06 32.56 72.52 520 34.9 24.8 51
D.I. Khan 26-08-05 31.49 70.54 173 37.2 27.1 47
Lahore 03-07-07 31.32 74.20 216 35.3 26.9 60
Mianwali 04-07-06 32.35 71.32 211 37.5 27.3 47
Neelam 18-05-08 33.42 73.46 1307 33.1 18.3 44
Rawalpindi 14-07-06 33.36 73.02 500 36 26 59
Thatta 23-08-08 24.46 67.53 16 33.5 27 63
58
Remarks
These dragonflies were collected from w eedy tank, pond and channel in mountainous areas. The species can breed in both type of water, running and still.
Geographical distribution and climate of the species in Pakistan is shown in table
4.18. New localities record: Chinari and Neelam
4.4.4.2 Ictinogomphus rapax Rambur, 1842
1842 Ictinogomphus rapax Rambur, Ins. Nevrop. : 190.
1842 Diastatomma rapax Rambur , Ins. Nevrop.: 169.
1854 Ictinus praecox Selys , Bull. Acad. Belg., 21: 89.
1923 Ictinus rapax rapax Faser , J. Bomb. Nat. Hist.Soc., 29: 60, 328, 663 -64.
These are large dragonflies, body black with bright yellow markings. Twenty four specimens were collected; analogous with the Fraser’s (1936) description.
Specimens tally with published descriptions of Fraser 1936, Kanth 1985, Rehman
1994, Subramanian 2005 and Bedjanic et al . 2007 except, some minor differences.
22-20 antenodal, 13-13 postnodal and 15 -15 antenodal, 12-12 postnodal nerves present in forewings and hindwings , respectively. Measurements means of the specimens were as follows:
Forewing = 45 mm Hindwing = 43 mm Abdomen = 51 mm
Material Examined: = 15 = 09
Geographical distribution
This species has also been reported from India, Peninsular Malaysia, Sri
Lanka, Burma, Malaysia, Bangladesh, China, Myanmar, Thailand and Viet Nam . 59
Remarks
These dragonflies were found on w eedy tanks, ponds and channels in mountainous and plane areas. The species can breed in both type of water, running and still. Geographical distribution and climate of the species in Pakistan is shown in table 4.19.
New localities record: Thatta, Mianwali, D. I. Khan, Chakwal
4.4.5 Mesogomphus Forster, 1906
These are medium sized dragonflies, body yellow with black markings, anal appendages yellow. Twenty nine specimens were collected; agree with the Fraser’s
(1936) description resulted into one species.
4.4.5.1 Mesogomphus lineatus (Selys, 1850)
1850 Gomphous lineatus Selys , Rev. Odon.: 386.
1854 Onychogomphus lineatus Selys, Bull. Acad. Belg., 21(2): 36.
1890 Lindenia lineate Kirby , Cat. Odon. : 59.
1924 Mesogomphous lineatus Fraser, Rec. Ind. Mus., 26: 427, 477.
Specimens tally with published descriptions of Fraser 1936 Kanth 1985,
Ahmad 1994 and Rehman 1994 except, some minor differences. 13-13 antenodal, 7 -
7 postnodal and 10-10 antenodal, 7 -7 postnodal nerves present in forewings and hindwings, respectively. Measurements means of the specimens were as follows:
Forewing = 26 mm Hindwing = 25 mm Abdomen = 32 mm
Material Examined: = 19 = 10 60
Table 4.20: Geographical location and climate of Mesogomphus lineatus (Selys)
Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum. (N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%) (0C) (0C) Bagh 03-06-07 33.59 73.46 1256 34.7 19.5 42
Chakwal 08-07-06 32.56 72.52 520 34.9 24.8 51
Charsadda 19-08-05 34.09 71.44 302 32 21 59
Chechian 15-06-07 33.05 73.43 279 33 23 61
Jarikas 16-06-07 33.06 73.50 325 35.9 23.8 60
Mangla 14-06-07 33.08 73.38 316 35.9 23.8 60 dam Murree 02-07-06 33.55 73.23 2099 23.03 16.05 81
Neelam 18-05-08 33.42 73.46 1307 33.1 18.3 44
Peshawar 18-08-05 34.00 71.32 353 36.2 26.5 53
Sehnsa 24-06-07 33.30 73.45 661 37.5 23.7 35
Warsak 30-08-09 34.10 71.25 339 36 26 58 Dam
61
Geographical distribution
This species has also been reported from India, Burma and Bangladesh.
Remarks
These dragonflies breed in both still and running water, can be collected from elevated flora and sandy edges in fresh running water . These species were also found sitting on rocks. Geographical distribution and climate of the species in Pakistan is shown in table 4.20. New localities record: Charsada and Chakwal
4.4.6 Nepogomphus Fraser, 1934
These are medium sized dragonflies, body black with yellowish green markings. Eight specimens were collected; agree with the Fraser’s (1936) description resulted into one species.
4.4.6.1 Nepogomphus modestus Selys, 1878
1878 Nepogomphus modestus Selys, Bull. Acad. Belg. 16: 423.
1878 Onychogomphus modestus Selys, Bull. Acad. Belg. 16: 423.
1890 Lindenia modesta Kirby, Cat. Odon. 60.
1924 Onychogomphus diminutives Fraser, J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 30: 109.
Specimens tally with published descriptions of Fraser 1936, Kanth 1985 and
Rehman 1994 except, some minor differences. 12-12 antenodal, 9-11 postnodal and
10-10 antenodal, 9-9 postnodal nerves present in forewings and hindwings, respectively. Measurements means of the specimens were as follows:
62
Forewing = 26 mm Hindwing = 24 mm Abdomen = 28 mm
Material Examined: = 07 = 01
Geographical distribution
This species has also been reported from Bangladesh, India, Burma, Malaysia and Myanmar.
Remarks
These were not very fast fliers and can be collected from thick green vegetation near slow running water. Geographical distribution and climate of the species in Pakistan is shown in table 4.21. New locality record: Rawalpindi
4.4.7 Onychogomphus Selys, 1854
Medium sized dragonflies, body yellow ringed with yellow markings. Male have large anal appendages, superior anal appendages curled at apices. Nin eteen specimens were collected; agree with the Fraser’s (1936) description resulted into two species.
4.4. d Key to Onychogomphus species of Pakistan
_ Branches of inferior anal appendages slightly shorter than superior ------
------bistrigatus (Selys, 1854)
_ Branches of inferior anal appendages overla pping the superior------
------biforceps (Selys, 1878)
63
Table 4.21: Geographical location and climate of Nepogomphus modestus Selys
Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum. (N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%) (0C) (0C) Bagh 03-06-07 33.59 73.46 1256 34.7 19.5 42
Murree 02-07-06 33.55 73.23 2099 23.03 16.05 81
Rawalpindi 14-07-06 33.36 73.02 500 36 26 59
Fig. 4.13: Onychogomphus biforceps Selys
Table 4.22: Geographical location and climate of Onychogomphus biforceps
Selys
Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum. (N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%) (0C) (0C) Kotli 21-09-05 33.31 73.53 604 32 22 57
64
4.4.7.1 Onychogomphus biforceps Selys 1878 (New to Pakistan)
1878 Onychogomphus biforceps Selys, Bull. Acad. Belg. 16: 420.
1890 Lindena biforceps Kirby , Cat. Odon. 60.
1923 Lamelliogomphus biforceps Fraser , J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 29: 64.
These are medium size d dragonflies, body black with yellowish green markings. Six spec imens were collected and identified running them through Fraser’s
(1936) key. Specimens tally wi th published descriptions of Fraser 1936 and
Subramanian 2005 except, some minor differences. Antehumeral and humeral stripes are present and confluent to the meso thoracic collar. 13-14 antenodal, 10 -11 postnodal and 10-10 antenodal, 10 -10 postnodal nerve s present in forewings and hindwings, respectively. Abdominal segments 8, 9 and 10 have yellow spots laterally
(Fig. 4.13). Measurements means of the specimens were as follows:
Forewing = 31 mm Hindwing = 30 mm Abdomen = 38 mm
Material Examined: = 05 = 01
Geographical distribution
This species has also been reported from India, Bangladesh, Burma, Bhutan and Nepal.
Remarks
These dragonflies were found on slow running fresh water stream in hilly areas having well established vegetation and attracted by reflected light from water.
Geographical distribution and climate of the species in Pakistan is shown in table
4.22. 65
4.4.7.2 Onychogomphus bistrigatus Selys, 1854
1854 Scalmogomphus bistrigatus Hagen, www.pugetsound.edu/x6140.xml
1854 Gomphus bistrigatus Selys, Bull. Acad. Belg. 21: 46.
1857 Onychogomphus bistrigatus Selys, Mon. Gomph. 24, 392.
1894 Onychogomphus m-flavum Selys, Bull. Acad. Roy. Belg.,21(2): 23-112.
1954 Onychogomphus garhwalicus Singh and Baijal, www.pugetsound.edu/x 6140. xml
These are medium sized dragonflies, body yellow with black marking, anal appendages long and curled. Thirteen specimens were collected; analogous with the
Fraser’s (1936) description. Specimens tally with published descriptions of Fraser
1936 and Kanth 1985 except, some minor differences. 12 -12 antenodal, 9 -8 postnodal and 10-10 antenoda l, 9-9 postnodal nerves present in forewings and hindwings, respectively. Measurements means of the specimens were as follows:
Forewing = 32 mm Hindwing = 30 mm Abdomen = 37 mm
Material Examined: = 10 = 03
Geographical distribution
This species has also been reported from India and Viet Nam.
Remarks
These dragonflies were found on slow running fresh water stream in hilly areas having dense vegetation. Geographical distribution and climate of the species in Pakistan is shown in table 4.23.
New localities record: Shigar, Shingrilla and Skardu 66
4.4.8 Ophiogomphus Selys, 1854
Medium sized dragonflies with strong build, colour apple green with black markings.
Five specimens were collected; agree with the Frase r’s (1936) description resulted into one species.
4.4.8.1 Ophiogomphus reductus Calvert, 1889
1898 Ophiogomphus reductus Calvert, Proc. Acad. Sci. Phil. 150-152.
1937 Ophiogomphus forficula Okumura, www.pugetsound.edu/x6140.xml
Specimens tally with published descriptions of Fraser 1936 and Jehangir
1994 except, some minor differences. 13 -13 antenodal, 9-8 postnodal and 8-9 antenodal, 10-9 postnodal nerve s present in forewings and hindwings, respectively.
Measurements means of the specimens were as follows:
Forewing = 34 mm Hindwing = 33 mm Abdomen = 38 mm
Material Examined: = 05
Geographical distribution
This species has been reported from India, Mongolia, Kazakhstan and Turkey.
Remarks
These dragonflies were collected from lakes and streams of clean water with stony bottom. Geographical distribution and climate of the species in Pakistan is shown in table 4.24. New localities record: Skardu and Shigar
67
Table 4.23: Geographical location and climate of Onychogomphus bistrigatus
Selys
Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum. (N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%) (0C) (0C) Rawalakot 06-06-07 33.51 73.45 1656 29 13.2 34
Shigar 21-05-07 35.26 75.43 2445 27 10.1 27
Shingrilla 20-05-07 35.26 75.27 2305 26.6 10.3 25
Skardu 19-05-07 35.18 75.36 2369 26.9 10.3 25
Table 4.24: Geographical location and climate of Ophiogomphus reductus
Calvert
Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum. (N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%) (0C) (0C) Shigar 21-05-07 35.26 75.43 2445 27 10.1 27
Shingrilla 20-05-07 35.26 75.27 2305 26.6 10.3 25
Skardu 19-05-07 35.18 75.36 2369 26.9 10.3 25
Table 4.25: Geographical location and climate of Platygomphus dolabratus Selys
Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum. (N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%) (0C) (0C) Chinari 16-05-08 34.09 73.49 1450 34 17 37
Sehnsa 24-06-07 33.30 73.45 661 37.5 23.7 35
68
4.4.9 Platygomphus Selys, 1854
Medium sized dragonflies colour sandy yellow with black markings. Eight specimens were collected; agree with the Fraser’s (1936) description resulted into one species.
4.4.9.1 Platygomphus dolabratus Selys, 1854
1854 Platygomphus dolabratus Selys, Bull. Acad. Belg. 21: 44.
Specimens tally with published descriptions of Fraser 1936 and Kanth 1985 except, some minor differences. 14 -13 antenodal, 10-10 postnodal and 10 -9 antenodal, 11-11 postnodal nerves present in forewing s and hindwings, respectively.
Measurements means of the specimens were as follows:
Forewing = 34 mm Hindwing = 32 mm Abdomen = 39 mm
Material Examined: = 07 = 01
Geographical distribution
This species has also been reported from India, Bangladesh and Myanmar .
Remarks
These dragonflies were collected from the banks of running water with dense vegetation. These were slow in flight and always found sitting on small vegetation.
Geographical distribution and climate of the species in Pakistan is shown in table
4.25.
69
4.5 LIBELLULIDAE
The dragonflies of this family have broadened abdomen, size varies from small to large and their body is shorter than their wings span. They are erratic in colour, several species have coloured wings patterns. The males are often brightly colored and commonly stroll in the wide swampy areas. During rest, some species hold their abdomen upward and some with wings forward and depressed. These dragonflies are also called as skimmers .
4.5. a Key to Pakistan genera of Family Labellulidae
1 The length of claws hooks equal to the length of claws, look like bifid claw --
------Zygonyx Hagen, 1867
_ The length of claws hooks shorter to the length of claws------2
2 Anal loop open from tip------3
_ Anal loop closed from tip------4
3 Body reddish, hindwings with opaque spots in the centre of the wings------
------Tholymis Hagen, 1867
_ Body chocholate, hindwings without spots on the wings------
------Zyxomma Rambur, 1842
4 Forewings with complete distal antenodal nerve------5
_ Forewings with incomplete distal antenodal nerve------9
5 Prothoracic lobe big and with hairs------6
_ Prothoracic lobe small and without hairs------8
6 Frons metallic------Brachydiplax Brauer, 1868
_ Frons non metallic------7
70
7 Small dragonflies, body slim and cylindrical from 7-10 abdominal segments--
------Acisoma Rambur, 1842
_ Medium sized dragonflies, forewings have more than 12 antenodal nerves----
------Orthetrum Newman, 1833
8 Small dragonflies, neuration white------Selysiothemis Ris, 1897
_ Medium dragonflies, body red, hindwings basal velvet spots------
------Urothemis Brauer, 1868
9 Prothoracic lobe big and with hairs------10
_ Prothoracic lobe small and without hairs------13
10 Discoidal field consist of 2 cells, body red------Rhodothemis Ris, 1909
_ Discoidal field variable, Cu ii starting from the posterior angle of discoidal
cell in hindwings------11
11 Discoidal field converging at wings border------Sympetrum Newman, 1833
_ Discoidal field diverging or parallel at wings border------12
12 Frons non metallic, discoidal cell entire in hindwings------
------Diplacodes Kirby, 1889
_ Frons metallic, discoidal cell traverse in hindwings------
------Palpopleura Rambur, 1842
13 Sector of arc separate in forewings------14
_ Sector of arc have a long stalk in forewings------15
14 Body metallic, wings having coloured spots extending half of all the wings---
------Rhyothemis Hagen, 1867
_ Body non metallic, wings having coloured spots on base, nodus and
pterostigma of all the wings------Libellula Linnaeus, 1758
71
15 Discoidal field converging at wings border------16
_ Discoidal field diverging or parallel at wings border------17
16 Hindwings very broad at base, abdomen much shorter than hindwings------
------Pantala Hagen, 1861
_ Hindwings moderate at base, abdomen equal or slightly shorter than
hindwings ------Trithemis Brauer, 1868
17 Hamules long, pterostigma unequal in fore and hindwings ------
------Tramea Hagen, 1861
_ Hamules small, pterostigma usually equal in fore and hindwings ------18
18 Pterostigma bicolour ------Bradinopyga Kirby, 1893
_ Pterostigma unicolour ------19
19 More than half of wings coloured, more than one cubital nerve present in all
wings------Neurothemis Brauer, 1867
_ Only basal wings spots present, one cubital nerve present in all wings------20
20 Body red colour, wings with basal amber yellow spots ------
------Crocothemis Brauer, 1868
_ Body ochreous, wings with amber fascia upto the middle of wings ------
------Brachythemis Brauer, 1868
4.5.1 Acisoma Rambur, 1842
These are small dragonflies, body with blue black and yellow colour markings. Abdomen from 6 th segment tapering abruptly, anal appendages light yellow. Forty eight specimens were collected; agree with the Fraser’s (1936) description resulted into one species.
72
4.5.1.1 Acisoma panorpoides panorpoides Rambur, 1842
1842 Acisoma panorpoides Rambur, Ins. Nevrop.: 28.
1849 Libellula panorpoides Selys, in Lucas Algerie, 3: 124.
1882 Acisoma inflate Selys , Ann. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., 11.
1898 Acisoma variegantum Kirby, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 2(7): 239.
1911 Acisoma panorpoides ascalaphoides Ris, Cat. Coll. Selys., 12: 458.
1918 Acisoma panorpoides panorpoides Fraser, J. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., 26: 493.
1949 Acisoma panorpoides inflatum Schmidt, Arch. Mus. Bocage, 20: 187.
Specimens exactly tally with published descriptions of Fraser 1936, Yousuf
1972, Kanth 1985, Ahmad 1994, Rehman 1994, Ullah 1994, Jehangir 1997,
Subramanian 2005 and Bedjanic et al . 2007. Measurements means of the specimens were as follows:
Forewing = 23 mm Hindwing = 22 mm Abdomen = 18 mm
Material Examined: = 31 = 17
Geographical distribution
This species has also been reported from Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Philippines,
China, Guandong, Guangxi, Indonesia, Hong Kong, Hainan, India, Malaysia,
Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Japan, Thailand and Taiwan.
Remarks
These dragonflies were weak fliers and thus easily collected. These dragonflies were collected from vegetation near shallow and stagnant water. These 73
Table 4.26: Geographical location and climate of Acisoma panorpoides panorpoides Rambur
Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum. (N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%) (0C) (0C) Bagh 03-06-07 33.59 73.46 1256 34.7 19.5 42
Chakwal 08-07-06 32.56 72.52 520 34.9 24.8 51
Chechian 15-06-07 33.05 73.43 279 35.9 23.8 60
Chillas 10-05-07 35.25 74.04 1070 34.1 21.5 21
Faisalabad 26-07-07 31.25 73.04 206 36.2 26.5 53
Hab dam 25-09-07 25.17 67.07 101 32.5 24.6 48
Hyderabad 22-08-08 25.23 68.22 25 36.2 27 56
Kohat 25-08-05 33.35 71.26 522 37.9 25.4 53
Mardan 20-08-05 34.11 72.02 310 35.8 20.5 37
Mirpur 13-06-07 33.09 73.42 375 39.5 19.8 45
Murree 02-07-06 33.55 73.23 2099 23.03 16.05 81
Rawalpindi 14-07-06 33.36 73.02 500 36 26 59
Sehnsa 24-06-07 33.30 73.45 661 37.5 23.7 35
Sukkur 15-08-08 27.41 68.52 61 40 28.2 45
Thatta 23-08-08 24.46 67.53 16 33.5 27 63
74
dragonflies breed in marshy places linked with water body. Geographical distribution and climate of the species in Pakistan is shown in table 4.26.
New localities record: Thatta and Hyderabad
4.5.2 Brachydiplax Brauer, 1868
These are small dragonflies with metallic frons and metallic strips on thorax, abdomen pruinosed with light blue colour. Twenty specimens were collected; agree with the Fraser’s (1936) description resulted into one species.
4.5.2.1 Brachydiplax sobrina (Rambur, 1842)
1842 Libellula sobrina Rambur , Ins. Nevrop. P. 114.
1889 Brachydiplax indica Kirby , Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., 12: 329.
1891 Brachydiplax gestroi Selys, Anna. Mus. Civ. Genova, 3: 451.
1893 Brachydiplax sobrina Kirby, J. Linn. Soc. Zool., 24: 551.
Specimens tally with published descriptions of Fraser 1936, Yousuf 1972,
Ahmad 1994, Rehman 1994, Subramanian 2005 and Bedjanic et al . 2007 except, some minor differences. 7 -7 antenodal, 6-6 postnodal and 6-6 antenoda l, 6-6 postnodal nerves present in forewings and hindwings, respectively. Measurements means of the specimens were as follows:
Forewing = 28 mm Hindwing = 26 mm Abdomen = 20 mm
Material Examined: = 16 = 04
Geographical distribution
This species has also been reported from India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, 75
Table 4.27: Geographical location and climate of Brachydiplax sobrina
(Rambur)
Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum. (N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%) (0C) (0C) Attock 12-07-06 33.52 72.13 401 35.4 20.5 35
Bhakkar 06-07-06 31.37 71.03 168 36.3 21.4 32
D.G.Khan 09-07-06 30.03 70.38 125 36.5 22.6 30
Ghotki 14-08-08 27.60 69.19 70 33.5 23.7 42
Jamrud 23-09-09 34.00 71.22 461 31.5 18.7 35
Kotli 21-06-07 33.31 73.53 604 37.5 23.7 35
Mianwali 04-07-06 32.35 71.32 211 37.5 27.3 47
Rawalpindi 14-07-06 33.36 73.02 500 36 26 59
Sialkot 16-07-06 32.31 74.33 253 34.5 25.7 61
76
Assam, Myanmar, Burma and Thailand .
Remarks
These dragonflies were collected from grassy tanks, ponds and small dams having Typha sp. grown in these areas. These are very active species and found in sub mountainous and plain area. Geographical distribution and climate of the species in Pakistan is shown in table 4.27.
New localities record: D. G. Khan, Bhakkar, Mianwali, Kotli, Attock and Ghotki
4.5.3 Brachythemis Brauer, 1868
These are small to medium sized dragonflies, body colour red with brownish shade. Wings have broad brownish spots extending from base to middle of the wing s.
Eighty specimens were collected; agree with the Fraser’s (1936) description resulted into one species.
4.5.3.1 Brachythemis contaminata (Fabricius, 1793)
1793 Libellula contaminata Fabricius, Ent. Syst., 2: 382.
1842 Libellula truncatula Rambur , Ins. Nevrop. p. 95.
1868 Brachythemis contaminat a Brauer, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 18 : 736.
Specimens exactly tally with published descriptions of Fraser 1936, Yousuf
1972, Kanth 1985, Ahmad 1994, Rehman 1994, Ullah 1994, Subramanian 2005 and
Bedjanic et al . 2007. Measurements means of the specimens were as follows:
Forewing = 24 mm Hindwing = 23 mm Abdomen = 20 mm
Material Examined: = 51 = 29 77
Table 4.28: Geographical location and climate of Brachythemis contaminata (F.)
Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum. (N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%) (0C) (0C) Badin 21-08-08 24.39 68.50 10 34.8 26.6 63
Bahawalpur 07-07-08 29.23 71.40 116 38.9 29 45
Beni 17-06-07 33.12 73.51 444 35 23 51
Bhakkar 06-07-06 31.37 71.03 168 36.3 21.4 32
Bolan 06-09-07 29.13 67.39 131 32.5 17.5 35
Chechian 15-06-07 33.05 73.43 279 35.9 23.8 60
D.G.Khan 09-07-06 30.03 70.38 125 36.5 22.6 30
D.I. Khan 26-08-05 31.49 70.54 173 37.2 27.1 47
Dadu 19-08-08 26.43 67.46 41 35.2 21.5 55
Faisalabad 26-07-07 31.25 73.04 206 36.2 26.5 53
Fortabbas 08-07-08 29.11 72.51 147 35.5 22.2 52
Ghotki 14-08-08 27.60 69.19 70 33.5 23.7 42
Hyderabad 22-08-08 25.23 68.22 25 36.2 27 56
Jarikas 16-06-07 33.06 73.50 325 35.9 23.8 60
Kohat 25-08-05 33.35 71.26 522 37.9 25.4 53
Kot Addu 05-07-08 30.27 70.58 130 34.5 21.5 33
Kotli 21-06-07 33.31 73.53 604 37.5 23.7 35
Lahore 03-07-07 31.33 74.20 216 35.3 26.9 60
Larkana 18-08-08 27.33 68.12 52 36.5 22.6 52
Layyah 07-07-06 30.57 70.56 145 36.5 20.7 35
‘Contonued’
78
‘Table 4.28’ ‘Page 2’
Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum. (N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%) (0C) (0C) Mardan 20-08-05 34.11 72.02 310 35.8 20.5 37
Mirpur 13 -06 -07 33.09 73.42 375 39.5 19.8 45
Multan 03 -07 -08 30.11 71.28 132 38.6 29.1 47
Nawabshah 17-08-08 26.14 68.24 32 39.4 24.9 53
Rawalpindi 14-07-06 33.36 73.02 500 36 26 59
Sanghar 20-08-08 26.02 68.56 22 36.3 22.2 60
Sehnsa 24 -06 -07 33.30 73.45 661 37.5 23.7 35
Sukkur 15 -08 -08 27.41 68.52 61 40 28.2 45
Taunsa 08-07-06 30.42 70.38 174 34.8 18.3 44
Thatta 23-08-08 24.46 67.53 16 33.5 27 63
Table 4.29: Geographical location and climate of Bradinopyga geminate
(Rambur)
Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum. (N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%) (0C) (0C) Rawalpindi 14-07-06 33.36 73.02 500 36 26 59
79
Geographical distribution
This species has also been reported from India, Sri Lanka, Hainan,
Philippines, China, Assam, Thailand, Bangladesh, Guandong, Hong Kong,
Indonesia, Cambodia, Lao, Myanmar, Guangxi, Malaysia, Peninsular Malaysia,
Singapore, Japan, Burma, Taiwan and Viet Nam.
Remarks
These dragonflies were collected while flying close to the bank of stagnant water, vegetation and shady places near slow running water. These dragonflies remain in the vicinity if disturbed even again and again. Geographical distribution and climate of the species in Pakistan is shown in table 4.28.
New localities record: Ghotki, Bolan, Nawabshah, Kotli, Bhakkar, Fortabbas,
Sanghar, Dadu, Larkana, Kot Adu, Layyah, D. G. Khan and Taunsa.
4.5.4 Bradinopyga Kirby, 1893
Medium sized dragonflies, body obscure colour in white, black and grey.
Two specimens were collected; agree with the Fraser’s (1936) description resulted into one species.
4.5.4.1 Bradinopyga geminata (Rambur, 1842)
1842 Libellula geminate Rambur, Ins. Nevrop.: 90.
1868 Trithemis geminate Brauer, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 18: 736.
1893 Bradinopyga stigmata Kirby, J. Lisor. Sox. Zool., 24: 553.
1911 Bradinopyga geminate Ris, Cat. Coll. Selys, 13: 545, 548.
80
Specimens tally with published descriptions of Fraser 1936, Rehman 1994,
Subramanian 2005 and Bedjanic et al . 2007 except , some minor differences. 11 1/2 -
11 1/2 antenodal, 9-9 postnodal and 8 -9 antenodal, 9-9 postnodal nerves present in forewings and hindwings, respectively. Measurements means of the specimens were as follows:
Forewing = 35 mm Hindwing = 34 mm Abdomen = 25 mm
Material Examined: = 02
Geographical distribution
This species has also been reported from India, Sri Lanka, and Thailand .
Remarks
These dragonflies were seen around cemented ponds, stone walls and granite walls in both dry and wet areas . Geographical distribution and climate of the species in Pakistan is shown in table 4.29.
4.5.5 Crocothemis Brauer, 1868
One hundred and forty six specimens of this genus were collected; agree with the Fraser’s (1936) description resulted into two species.
4.5. b Key to Crocothemis species of Pakistan
_ Abdominal segment 8 -10 with black mid dorsal carina, base of hindwings
with small orange colo ured spots------servillia (Drury, 1770)
_ Abdominal segment 8 -10 without black mid dorsal carina, base of hindwings
with large orange coloured spots ------erythraea (Brulle, 1832) 81
4.5.5.1 Crocothemis erythraea (Brulle, 1832)
1785 Libellula Victoria Fourcroy , Entom. Parisiensis: 348.
1789 Libellula rubra De villers , Linnaei Ent., 3: 11.
1825 Libellula ferruginea Van der Linden , Monogr. Libell. Eur.: 13.
1832 Libellula erythraea Brulle , Exped. Sci. Moree, 3(1): 102.
1840 Libellula coccinea Charpentier , Libell. Eur.: 70.
1842 Libellula inquinata Rambur , Ins. Nevrop.: 86.
1868 Crocothemis inquinata Brauer, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 18: 737.
1868 Crocothemis erythraea Brauer, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 18: 737.
1896 Orthetrum lorti Kirby , Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.: 522.
1936 Crocothemis servilia erythraea Fraser, Fauna, Brit. Ind. Odonata, 3: 347.
These are medium sized dragonflies, wings hyalines without brown apical tips and body red in colour . Sixty three specimens were collected; analogous with the
Fraser’s (1936) description. Specimens exactly tally with published descriptions of
Fraser 1936, Yousuf 1972, Kanth 1985, Ahmad 1994, Arshad 1994, Rehman 199 4 and Ullah 1994. Measurements means of the specimens were as follows:
Forewing = 32 mm Hindwing = 29 mm Abdomen = 24 mm
Material Examined: = 50 = 13
Geographical distribution
This species has also been reported from Kazakhstan, India, Europe,
Caucasus, European Russia, Africa, Russian Federation and Turkey.
82
Remarks
These dragonflies were collected from grassy tanks, ponds, marshy places and rice field in hilly and plain areas. Almost all types of open stagnant water and temporary water pits were the breeding sources for these species. Geographical distribution and climate of the species in Pakistan is shown in table 4.30.
New localities record: Turbat and Multan
4.5.5.2 Crocothemis servilia (Drury, 1770)
1770 Libellula servilia Drury, Ill. Exot. Ins. 1: 112, 113.
1781 Libellula ferruginata Fabricius, Spec. Insec., 1(11): 521.
1793 Libellula ferruginea Fabicius, Ent. Syst., 2: 380.
1842 Libellula sorror Rambur , Ins. Nevrop: 82.
1866 Erythemis servilia Brauer, Novara: 104.
1868 Crocothemis servilia Brauer, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 18: 737.
1878 Crocothemis erythraea Selys, Mitth. Ann. Mus. Dresden, 3: 294.
1879 Crocothemis servilia race erythraea Selys, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova, 14: 305.
1886 Crocothemis reticulate Kirby, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.: 328.
1886 Crocothemis sorror Kirby, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.: 328.
1898 Crocothemis erythraea Subrace Novaguineenis Forster, termeszetr. Faso. 21:
288.
1936 Crocothemis servilia servilia Fraser, Fauna Brit. Ind. Odonata, 3: 345-347.
These are medium sized dragonflies, wings hyalines with brown apical tips and body red in colour. Eighty three specimens were collected; analogous with the
Fraser’s (1936) description. Specimens exactly tally with published descriptions of
83
Table 4.30: Geographical location and climate of Crocothemis erythraea (Brulle)
Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum. (N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%) (0C) (0C) Badin 21-08-08 24.39 68.50 10 34.8 26.6 63
Banjosa 09-06-07 33.48 73.48 1797 32.8 17.2 40
Chakwal 08-07-06 32.56 72.52 520 34.9 24.8 51
D.I. Khan 26-08-05 31.49 70.54 173 37.2 27.1 47
Gadani 26-09-07 25.06 66.43 15 31.5 23.2 51
Hyderabad 22-08-08 25.23 68.22 25 36.2 27 56
Karachi 25-08-08 24.53 67.01 00 32.8 27.5 71
sKhushab 22-07-07 32.17 72.20 183 40.4 22.4 48
Kohat 25-08-05 33.35 71.26 522 37.9 25.4 53
Lahore 03-07-07 31.33 74.20 216 35.3 26.9 60
lasBela 23-09-07 26.13 66.18 86 38.9 25.2 44
Mardan 20-08-05 34.11 72.02 310 35.8 20.5 37
Mirpur 13-06-07 33.09 73.42 375 39.5 19.8 45
Multan 03-07-08 30.11 71.28 132 38.6 29.1 47
Murree 02-07-06 33.55 73.23 2099 23.03 16.05 81
Nawabshah 17-08-08 26.14 68.24 32 39.4 24.9 53
Quetta 30-08-07 30.12 67.01 1690 35.1 19.1 23
Rawalpindi 14-07-06 33.36 73.02 500 36 26 59
Sargodha 24-07-07 32.04 72.40 187 37.8 27.9 46
Sehnsa 24-06-07 33.30 73.45 661 37.5 23.7 35 ‘Contonued’
84
‘Table 4.30’ ‘Page 2’
Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum. (N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%) (0C) (0C) Sialkot 16-07-06 32.31 74.33 253 34.5 25.7 61
Sukkur 15-08-08 27.41 68.52 61 40 28.2 45
Thatta 23-08-08 24.46 67.53 16 33.5 27 63
Turbat 27-09-07 25.59 63.04 167 35.5 19.8 39
Ziarat 05-09-07 30.23 67.31 2216 24.4 10.9 34
Table 4.31: Geographical location and climate of Crocothemis servilia (Drury)
Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum. (N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%) (0C) (0C) Bagh 03-06-07 33.59 73.46 1256 34.7 19.5 42
Besham 24-07-06 34.56 72.52 636 29.4 12.3 64
Bhakkar 06-07-06 31.37 71.03 168 36.3 21.4 32
Chakwal 08-07-06 32.56 72.52 520 34.9 24.8 51
Chillas 10-05-07 35.25 74.04 1070 34.1 21.5 21
Chinari 16-05-08 34.09 73.49 1450 34 17 37
Fortabbas 08-07-08 29.11 72.51 147 35.5 22.2 52
Hyderabad 22-08-08 25.23 68.22 25 36.2 27 56
Joglot 14-05-07 35.41 74.37 1358 34.1 21.5 21
Karachi 25-08-08 24.53 67.01 00 32.8 27.5 71
Kohat 25-08-05 33.35 71.26 522 37.9 25.4 53
Kot Addu 05-07-08 30.27 70.58 130 34.5 21.5 33
Layyah 07-07-06 30.57 70.56 145 36.5 20.7 35 ‘Continued’
85
‘Table 4.31’ ‘Page 2’
Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum. (N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%) (0C) (0C) Loralai 08-09-07 30.21 68.35 1429 35.7 19.7 27
Mangla Dam 14-06-07 33.08 73.38 316 35.9 23.8 60
Mansehra 18-07-06 34.20 73.11 1072 33.6 16.2 66
Mingora 16-08-05 34.46 7221 944 30.2 18.5 74
Murree 02-07-06 33.55 73.23 2099 23.03 16.05 81
Muzaffarabad 14-05-08 34.23 73.27 969 35 19 34
Narowal 17-07-06 32.06 74.52 230 32.7 19.8 62
Nawabshah 17-08-08 26.14 68.24 32 39.4 24.9 53
Neelam 18-05-08 33.42 73.46 1307 33.1 18.3 44
Parachinar 20-09-09 33.53 70.06 1679 28.5 16.7 44
Quetta 30-08-07 30.12 67.01 1690 35.1 19.1 23
Rawalpindi 14-07-06 33.36 73.02 500 36 26 59
Sehnsa 24-06-07 33.30 73.45 661 37.5 23.7 35
Sialkot 16-07-06 32.31 74.33 253 34.5 25.7 61
Skardu 19-05-07 35.18 75.36 2369 26.9 10.3 25
Sukkur 15-08-08 27.41 68.52 61 40 28.2 45
Thatta 23-08-08 24.46 67.53 16 33.5 27 63
Zhob 09-09-07 31.20 69.26 1418 30.5 16.5 32
Ziarat 05-09-07 30.23 67.31 2216 24.4 10.9 34
86
Fraser 1936, Yousuf 1972, Kanth 1985, Ahmad 1994, Arshad 1994, Rehman 1994,
Ullah 1994, Jehangir 1997, Subramanian 2005 and Bedjanic et al . 2007.
Measurements means of the specimens were as follows:
Forewing = 32 mm Hindwing = 30 mm Abdomen = 24 mm
Material Examined: = 62 = 21
Geographical distribution
This species has also been reported from India, Sri Lanka, Philippines, China,
Japan, Australia, Bangladesh, Guandong, Thailand, Guangxi, Hainan, Indonesia,
Japan, Lao, Myanmar, Malaysia, Turkey, Burma, Philippines, Hong Kong,
Peninsular Malaysia and Taiwan .
Remarks
These dragonflies were collected from grassy tanks, ponds, ditches, marshy places and rice field in hilly and plain a reas. These dragonflies remain active throughout the year and breed in marshy places. Geographical distribution and climate of the species in Pakistan is shown in table 4.31.
New localities record: Chakwal, Layyah, Bhakkar, Fortabbas, Kot Adu, Thatta,
Nawabshah, Hyderabad, Zhob and Skardu.
4.5.6 Diplacodes Kirby, 1889
Small dragonflies with body colour black, yellow and light blue, fifty three specimens were collected; agree with the Fraser’s (1936) description resulted into two species. 87
4.5. c Key to Diplacodes species of Pakistan
_ Body entirely black------lefebvrei (Rambur, 1842)
_ Body light blue------trivialis (Rambur, 1842)
4.5.6.1 Diplacodes lefebvrei (Rambur, 1842)
1842 Libellula lefebvrei Rambur, Ins. Nevrop.: 112-117.
1842 Libellula parvula Rambur, Ins. Nevrop.: 116.
1842 Libellula flavistyla Rambur, Ins. Nevrop.: 117.
1842 Libellula concinna Rambur, Ins. Nevrop.: 120.
1845 Libellula morio Schneider, stet. Ent. Ztg., 6: 112.
1868 Diplacinia flavistyla Brauer, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 18: 733.
1868 Diplacinia tetra Brauer, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 18: 733.
1889 Diplacodes tetra Kirby, trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., 12: 308.
1890 Diplacodes ramburi Kirby, Cat. Odon.: 42.
1890 Diplacodes lefebvrei Kirby, Cat. Odon.: 42.
1903 Diplacodes parvula Needham, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 26: 703-764.
1903 Diplacodes flavistyla McLachlan, Nat. Hist. Sokotra: 401.
1906 Diplacodes tetra unimaculata Forster, Wiesb. Jahrb. Nass., 59: 307.
1915 Diplacodes spinulosa Navas, Mem. Accad. Nuovi Lincei, 33: 32.
1949 Diplacodes lefebvrei limbata Fraser, Mem. Ins. Sci., Madagascar, A3: 36.
These are small dragonflies, wings transparent with yellow pterostigma and body black in colour. Forty two specimens were collected; analogous with the
Fraser’s (1936) description. Specimens exactly tally with published descriptions of
88
Table 4.32: Geographical location and climate of Diplacodes lefebvrei (Rambur)
Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum. (N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%) (0C) (0C) Bagh 03-06-07 33.59 73.46 1256 34.7 19.5 42
Bolan 06-09-07 29.13 67.39 131 32.5 17.5 35
Chakwal 08-07-06 32.56 72.52 520 34.9 24.8 51
Chechian 15-06-07 33.05 73.43 279 35.9 23.8 60
Faisalabad 26-07-07 31.25 73.04 206 36.2 26.5 53
Fortabbas 08-07-08 29.11 72.51 147 35.5 22.2 52
Gilgit 15-05-07 35.55 74.17 1584 32 13.05 28
Gujranwala 06-07-07 32.10 74.10 224 27 33 70
Karachi 25-08-08 24.53 67.01 00 32.8 27.5 71
Lahore 03-07-07 31.32 74.20 216 35.3 26.9 60
Nawabshah 17-08-08 26.14 68.24 32 39.4 24.9 53
Rawalpindi 14-07-06 33.36 73.02 500 36 26 59
Sukkur 15-08-08 27.41 68.52 61 40 28.2 45
Thatta 23-08-08 24.46 67.53 16 33.5 27 63
Warsak Dam 30-08-09 34.10 71.25 339 36 26 58
89
Fraser 1936, Yousuf 1972, Kanth 1985, Ahmad 1994, Arshad 1994, Rehman 1994,
Ullah 1994, Jehangir 1997 and Subramanian 2005. Measurements means of the specimens were as follows:
Forewing = 22 mm Hindwing = 20 mm Abdomen = 17 mm
Material Examined: = 24 = 18
Geographical distribution
This species has also been reported from India, Africa and Turkey.
Remarks
These dragonflies were collected from stone, bushes and sitting on ground.
These dragonflies were also collected from waste land far away from water. These are small dragonflies very act ive and difficult to collect, breed in marshy places.
Geographical distribution and climate of the species in Pakistan is shown in table
4.32. New localities record: Karachi, Fortabbas, Bolan and Gilgit
4.5.6.2 Diplacodes trivialis (Rambur, 1842)
1798 Libellula braminea Fabricius , Ent. Syst. Suppl.: 284.
1842 Libellula trivialis Rambur , Ins. Nevrop.: 115.
1858 Libellula phalerata Uhler , Proc. Acad. Philad.: 30.
1866 Diplax trivialis Brauer, Novara: 104.
1889 Trithemis trivialis Kirby , Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., 12: 278.
1891 Diplacodes trivialis Karsch , Ent. Nachr., 17: 470.
1911 Diplacodes remota Ris , Cat. Coll. Selys., 12: 462, 470. 90
These are small dragonflies, wings transparent, body with light blue pruinescence, anal appendages pale yellow. Eleven specimens were collected; analogous with the Fraser’s (1936) description. Specimens exactly tally with published descriptions of Fraser 1936, Yousuf 1972, Kanth 1985, Rehman 1994,
Ullah 1994, Subramanian 2005 and Bedjanic et al . 2007. Measurements means of the specimens were as follows:
Forewing = 21 mm Hindwing = 20 mm Abdomen = 16 mm
Material Examined: = 11
Geographical distribution
This species has also been reported from India, Sri Lanka, Philippines,
Burma, China, Guandong, Malaysia, Guangxi, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Singapore,
Myanmar, Japan, Lao, Peninsular Malaysia, Thailand, Viet Nam and Taiwan .
Remarks
These dragonflies were collected from grassy tanks, ponds, rice fields, shallow channels and slow flowing streams. These dragonflies were also been collected from barren land and footpaths near the rice field. These dragonflies usually perch near the soil surface. Geographical distribution and climate of the species in Pakistan is shown in table 4.3 3.
4.5.7 Libellula Linnaeus, 1758 These are medium sized dragonflies; hindwings have large triangular brown spots near the base and body brown in colour . Fifteen specimens were collected ; agree with the Fraser’s (1936) description resulted into one species. 91
Table 4.33: Geographical location and climate of Diplacodes trivialis (Rambur)
Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum. (N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%) (0C) (0C) Badin 21-08-08 24.39 68.50 10 34.8 26.6 63
Bagh 03-06-07 33.59 73.46 1256 34.7 19.5 42
Head 24-08-09 30.22 73.52 173 40 27 48 Suelmanki Sukkur 15-08-08 27.41 68.52 61 40 28.2 45
Thatta 23-08-08 24.46 67.53 16 33.5 27 63
Table 4.34: Geographical location and climate of Libellula quadrimaculata
Linnaeus.
Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum. (N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%) (0C) (0C) Gilgit 15-05-07 35.55 74.17 1584 32 13.05 28
Shigar 21-05-07 35.26 75.43 2445 27 10.1 27
Skardu 19-05-07 35.18 75.36 2369 26.9 10.3 25
92
4.5.7.1 Libellula quadrimaculata Linnaeus, 1758
1758 Libellula quadrimaculata Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. Ed. 543.
1781 Libellula quadripunctata Fabricius, spec. Ins. 1: 520.
1782 Libellula maculata Harris , Expos. Engl. Ins. 1: 21.
1839 Libellula ternaria Say , J. Acad. Phil. 8-21.
1957 Libellula quadrimaculata asahinai Schmidt, www.pugetsound.edu/x6140.xml
1973 Libellula relicta Belyshev , www.pugetsound.edu/x6140.xml
Specimens tally with published descriptions of Fraser 1936 and Jehangir
1997 except, some minor differences. 15 -14 antenodal, 11-12 postnodal and 10 -11 antenodal, 14-12 postnodal nerves present in forewings and hindwings, respectively.
Measurements means of the specimens were as follows:
Forewing = 34 mm Hindwing = 31 mm Abdomen = 24 mm
Material Examined: = 13 = 02
Geographical distribution
This species has also been reported from India, China, South Siberia, Europe,
America, Southern Far East Russia, North East Asian Russia, Ural, Caucasus,
Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Russian Federation, European Russia, Turkey and West
Siberia.
Remarks
These dr agonflies were collected from still or slow running water and ponds with v egetation. These dragonflies were strong fliers and usually perch ed through the 93
vegetation. These species breed usually in small ponds with thickly grown vegetation. Geographical distribution and climate of the species in Pakistan is shown in table 4.34.
New localities record: Gilgit, Shigar and Skardu
4.5.8 Neurothemis Brauer, 1867
Medium sized dragonflies with wing redish brown or black. Twenty six specimens were collected; agree with the Fraser’s (1936) description resulted into two species.
4.5. d Key to Neurothemis species of Pakistan
_ Wings with large red coloured spots------tullia tullia (Drury, 1773)
_ Wings with large black coloured spots ------fluctuans (Fabricius, 1793)
4.5.8.1 Neurothemis fluctuans (Fabricius, 1793)
1793 Libellula fluctuans Fabricius, Ent. Syst., 2: 379.
1842 Polyneura palliata Rambur, Ins. Nevrop.: 127.
1867 Neurothemis nicobarica Brauer, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 17: 12.
1869 Neurothemis palliate Hagen, Stett. Ent. Zeit., 30: 100.
1869 Neurothemis fluctuants Hagen, Stett. Ent. Zeit., 30: 105.
Four specimens were collected; analogous with the Fraser’s (1936) description. Specimens exactly tally with published descriptions of Fraser 1936 and
Kanth 1985. Measurements means of the specimens were as follows:
94
Forewing = 25 mm Hindwing = 25 mm Abdomen = 18 mm
Material Examined: = 04
Geographical distribution
This species ha s also been reported from Singapore, China, Malaysia,
Indonesia, India, Philippines, Lao, Myanmar, Peninsular Malaysia and Thailand .
Remarks
These dragonflies were collected from weedy water channels and marshy places. These were also found away from water sitting on small vegetation and bushes. Geographical distribution and climate of the species in Pakistan is shown in table 4.35. New locality rec ord: Jarikas
4.5.8.2 Neurothemis tullia tullia (Drury, 1773)
1773 Libellula tullia Drury , Ill. Exot. Ins., 2: 85.
1781 Libellula equestris Fabricius , Spec. Ins., 1: 523.
1793 Libellula lineate Fabricius , Ent. Syst., 2: 375.
1866 Diplax equestris Brauer , Novara: 104.
1868 Neurothemis equestris Brauer, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 18: 718.
1890 Neurothemis tullia Kirby , Cat. Odon.: 8.
1911 Neurothemis tullia feralis Ris, Cat. Coll. Selys, 13: 551, 561, 562.
1936 Neurothemis tullia tullia Fraser, Fauna Brit. Ind., Odonata, 3: 352, 360 -362.
These are small to medium sized dragonflies; wings from base to half black spots follows the opaque spots, remaining portion of wings transparent , body black 95
Table 4.35: Geographical location and climate of Neurothemis fluctuans (F.)
Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum. (N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%) (0C) (0C) Chechian 15-06-07 33.05 73.43 279 33 23 61
Jarikas 16-06-07 33.06 73.50 325 35.9 23.8 60
Table 4.36: Geographical location and climate of Neurothemis tullia tullia
(Drury)
Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum. (N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%) (0C) (0C) Bhakkar 06 -07 -06 31.37 71.03 168 36.3 21.4 32
Chakwal 08 -07 -06 32.56 72.52 520 34.9 24.8 51
Chechian 15-06-07 33.05 73.43 279 35.9 23.8 60
D.I. Khan 26-08-05 31.49 70.54 173 37.2 27.1 47
Head 21-08-09 31.14 73.51 193 35 27 69 Baloki Head 18-08-09 32.32 74.31 246 40 24 68 Marala Mianwali 04 -07 -06 32.35 71.32 211 37.5 27.3 47
Rawalpindi 14-07-06 33.36 73.02 500 36 26 59
Thatta 23-08-08 24.46 67.53 16 33.5 27 63
96
in colour . Twenty two specimens were collected; analogous with the Fraser’s (1936) description. Specimens exactly tally with published descriptions of Fraser 1936,
Yousuf 1972, Kanth 1985, Rehman 1994, Subramanian 2005 and Bedjanic et al .
2007. Measurements means of the specimens were as follows:
Forewing = 23 mm Hindwing = 23 mm Abdomen = 18 mm
Material Examined: = 21 = 01
Geographical distribution
This species has also been reported from India, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Burma,
Hongkong, Bangladesh, China , Peninsular Malaysia, Guangxi, Hainan, Malaysia,
Guandong, Thailand and Taiwan.
Remarks
These dragonflies were collected from ponds with vegetation and marshy places. These were also found away from water sitting on small vegetation and bushes. These insects usually fly through the vegetation near the soil surface.
Geographical distribution and climate of the species in Pakistan is shown in table
4.36. Ne w localities record: Bhakkar, Thatta, D. I. Khan, Chakwal and Mianwali
4.5.9 Orthetrum Newman, 1833
Large genus of odonate s, dragonflies of this genus have various colours, shapes and size . Three hundred and eight specimens were collected; agree with the
Fraser’s (1936) description resulted into twelve species.
97
4.5. e Key to Orthetrum species of Pakistan
1 Male body colour red------2
_ Male body colour blue or black and yellow------4
2 Face black ------purinosum neglectum (Rambur, 1842)
_ Face red------3
3 Lamina with black hairs ------chrysis (Selys, 1891)
_ Lamina naked------testaceum testaceum (Burmeister, 1839)
4 Abdomen slim and compressed------sabina (Drury, 1770)
_ Abdomen not slim, pruinosed------5
5 Base of hindwings with black markings------
------triangulare triangulare (Selys, 1878)
_ Base of hindwings without black markings------6
6 Cuii arising from posterior angle of discoidal cells in hindwings------7
_ Cuii arising slightly away from posterior angle of discoidal cell in hindwings-
------chrysostigma luzonicum (Brauer, 1868)
7 Single row of cell between IRiii and Rspl------anceps (Schneider, 1845)
_ Two or more rows of cells between IRiii and Rspl------8
8 Antenodal nerves bright yellow--- cancellatum cancellatum (Linnaeus, 1758)
_ Antenodal nerves black------9
9 Abdomen broad, thorax with two greenish stripes------
------japonicum internum MacLachlan, 1894
_ Abdomen narrow and long, thorax with white stripe------10
10 Membrane black------glaucum (Brauer, 1865)
_ Membrane whitish------11
98
11 Membrane pure whit e ------brunneum brunneum (Fonscolombe, 1837)
_ Membrane brownish with white border ------taeniolatum (Schneider, 1845)
4.5.9.1 Orthetrum anceps (Schneider, 1845)
1845 Libellula ancep Schneider , Stettin. Ent. Ztg., 6: 111.
1848 Libellula ramburi Selys , Rev. Zool.,: 16.
1868 Libella ramburi Brauer , Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 18: 731.
1889 Orthetrum ramburi McLachlan , Ent. Mon. Mag., 25(1): 348.
1909 Orthetrum ancep Ris, Cat. Coll. Selys, 9: 177.
Sixteen specimens were collected; analogous with the Fraser’s (1936) description. Specimens exactly tally with published descriptions of Fraser 1936,
Yousuf 1972, Rehman 1994 and Jehangir 1997. Measurements m eans of the specimens were as follows:
Forewing = 34 mm Hindwing = 32 mm Abdomen = 29 mm
Material Examined: = 13 = 03
Geographical distribution
This species has also been reported from Caucasus, Kazakhstan, European
Russia, India, Russian Federation and Turkey.
Remarks
These dragonflies were collected flying on small to medium running water 99
having dense vegetation. These were also collected from stagnant water with tall dense grasses. Geographical distribution and climate of the species in Pakistan is shown in table 4.37. New locality record: Skardu
4.5.9.2 Orthetrum brunneum brunneum (Fonscolombe, 1837)
1837 Libellula brunnea Fonscolombe , Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 6: 141.
1837 Libellula coerulescens Fonscolombe, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 6: 137.
1909 Orthetrum brunneum brunneum Ris, Cat. Coll. Selys, Fasc. 9: 178.
Twenty specimens were collected; analogous with the Fraser’s (1936) description. Specimens exactly tally with published descriptions of Fraser 1936,
Yousuf 1972, Arshad 1994 and Jehangir 1997. Measurements means of the specimens were as follows:
Forewing = 33 mm Hindwing = 31 mm Abdomen = 25 mm
Material Examined: = 19 = 01
Geographical distribution
This species has also been reported from India, South Siberia, Africa, Europe,
Russian Federation, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Caucasus, European Russia, Ural and
Turkey.
Remarks
These dragonflies were collected from the banks of water channels and ponds sitting on small vegetation. Often perch on ground or on vegetation near the running 100
Table 4.37: Geographical location and climate of Orthetrum anceps (Schneider)
Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum. (N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%) (0C) (0C) Chillas 10-05-07 35.25 74.04 1070 34.1 21.5 21
Joglot 14-05-07 35.41 74.37 1358 34.1 21.5 21
Murree 02-07-06 33.55 73.23 2099 23.03 16.05 81
Quetta 30-08-07 30.12 67.01 1690 35.1 19.1 23
Shigar 21-05-07 35.26 75.43 2445 27 10.1 27
Skardu 19-05-07 35.18 75.36 2369 26.9 10.3 25
Table 4.38: Geographical location and climate of Orthetrum brunneum
Brunneum (Fonscolombe)
Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum. (N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%) (0C) (0C) Chamman 14-09-07 30.55 66.26 1325 29.7 14.2 28
Gakuch 23-05-07 36.10 73.44 2466 26 11 25
Joglot 14-05-07 35.41 74.37 1358 34.1 21.5 21
Khuzdar 21-09-07 27.48 66.36 1315 33.9 21.1 20
Quetta 30-08-07 30.12 67.01 1690 35.1 19.1 23
Shigar 21-05-07 35.26 75.43 2445 27 10.1 27
Shingrilla 20-05-07 35.26 75.27 2305 26.6 10.3 25
Skardu 19-05-07 35.18 75.36 2369 26.9 10.3 25
101
water, mostly near small streams and running ditches. Geographical distribution and climate of the species in Pakistan is shown in table 4.38.
4.5.9.3 Orthetrum cancellatum cancellatum Linnaeus, 1758
1758 Libellula cancellata Linnaeus , Syst. Nat. Ed. 1: 544.
1874 Orthetrum cancellatum Meyer Dur, Mitt. Schweiz. Ent. Ges. 4: 330.
1876 Hy dronympha helvetica Buchecker, Syst. Ent. p. 8.
1890 Orthetrum helvetica Kirby, C at. Odon. p. 37.
1909 Orthetrum cancellatum cancellatum Ris, Cat. Coll. Selys, Fasc. 9: 180.
Eleven specimens were collected; analogous with the Fraser’s (1936) description. Specimens tally with published descriptions of Fraser 1936 and Khaliq et al. 1994 except, some minor differences. 12 -12 antenodal, 8-9 postnodal and 9 -10 antenodal, 9-9 postnodal ne rves present in forewings and hindwings, respectively.
Measurements means of the specimens were as follows:
Forewing = 31 mm Hindwing = 30 mm Abdomen = 28 mm
Material Examined: = 09 = 02
Geographical distribution
This species has also been reported from Turkey, India, Mongolia, Africa,
Europe, Caucasus, European Russia, North Scandinavia, Ural, Kazakhstan, Russian
Federation, South Siberia, and West Siberia.
Remarks
River bank and flood areas were the collection places of these species. Large 102
standing and slow running water generally open and unvegetated areas were the breeding places for these dragonflies . Male often make fast patrols and rest on open places. Geographical distribution and climate of the species i n Pakistan is shown in table 4.39. New localities record: Shiger and Shingrilla
4.5.9.4 Orthetrum chrysis (Selys, 1891)
1891 Libellula chrysis Selys , Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova, 30: 462.
1900 Orthetrum chrysis Ris, archive fur natur, Bd. 1. p . 186.
Eight specimens were collected; analogous with the Fraser’s (1936) description. Specimens exactly tally with published descriptions of Fraser 1936,
Yousuf 1972, Subramanian 2005 and Bedjanic et al . 2007. Measurements means of the specimens were as follows:
Forewing = 33 mm Hindwing = 31 mm Abdomen = 30 mm
Material Examined: = 07 = 01
Geographical distribution
This species has also been reported from Singapore, China, Guandong,
Myanmar, Hong Kong, India, Sri Lanka, Philippines, Hainan, Malaysia, Peninsular
Malaysia and Thailand.
Remarks
These dragonflies were collected from Small stream, ponds and marshes in mountainous and plane areas. Geographical distribution and climate of the species in
Pakistan is shown in table 4. 40. New locality record: Charsadda 103
Table 4.39: Geographical location and climate of Orthetrum cancellatum cancellatum Linnaeus
Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum. (N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%) (0C) (0C) Gilgit 15-05-07 35.55 74.17 1584 32 13.05 28
Shigar 21-05-07 35.26 75.43 2445 27 10.1 27
Shingrilla 20-05-07 35.26 75.27 2305 26.6 10.3 25
Skardu 19-05-07 35.18 75.36 2369 26.9 10.3 25
Table 4.40: Geographical location and climate of Orthetrum chrysis (Selys)
Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum. (N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%) (0C) (0C) Charsadda 19-08-05 34.09 71.44 302 32 21 59
Faisalabad 26-07-07 31.25 73.04 206 36.2 26.5 53
Peshawar 18-08-05 34.00 71.32 353 36.4 26.5 55
104
4.5.9.5 Orthetrum chrysostigma luzonicum (Brauer, 1868)
1868 Libellula luzonica Brauer , Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges.Wien, 18: 169,723.
1890 Orthetrum luzonica Kirby , Cat. Odon.,: 38.
1893 Orthetrum tricolor Kirby , J. Linn. Soc. Zool., 24: 555.
1909 Orthetrum chrysostigma luzonica Ris, Cat. Coll. Selys, 09: 203-212.
Twenty seven specimens were collected; analogous with the Fraser’s (1936) description. Specimens exactly tally with published descriptions of Fr aser 1936,
Ahmad 1994, Arshad 1994, Rehman 1994, Jehangir 1997, Subramanian 2005 and
Bedjanic et al . 2007. Measurements means of the specimens were as follows:
Forewing = 34 mm Hindwing = 32 mm Abdomen = 29 mm
Material Examined: = 22 = 05
Geographical distribution
This species has also been reported from Indonesia, Bangladesh , Hainan,
China, Guandong, Guangxi, Thailand, Hong Kong, India, Japan, Sri Lanka,
Myanmar, Africa, Philippines, Singapore, Malaysia, Turkey, Taiwan and Viet Nam.
Remarks
These dragonflies were very common in mountainous and submountanous areas. These were collected sitting on stones near shallow stagnant water in open areas. These are locality specific and avoid leaving the place occupied. Geographical distribution and climate of the species in Pakistan is shown in table 4.41.
105
Table 4.41: Geographical location and climate of Orthetrum chrysostigma luzonicum (Brauer)
Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum. (N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%) (0C) (0C) Chakwal 08-07-06 32.56 72.52 520 34.9 24.8 51
Jamrud 23-09-09 34.00 71.22 461 31.5 18.7 35
Joglot 14-05-07 35.41 74.37 1358 34.1 21.5 21
Khushab 22-07-07 32.17 72.20 183 40.4 22.4 48
Mansehra 18-07-06 34.20 73.11 1027 33.6 16.2 66
Murree 02-07-06 33.55 73.23 2099 23.03 16.05 81
Quetta 30-08-07 30.12 67.01 1690 35.1 19.1 23
Rawalpindi 14-07-06 33.36 73.02 500 36 26 59
Sargodha 24-07-07 32.04 72.40 187 37.8 27.9 46
Shingrilla 20-05-07 35.26 75.27 2305 26.6 10.3 25
106
4.5.9.6 Orthetrum glaucum (Brauer, 1865)
1865 Libellula glaucua Brauer , Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 15: 1012.
1890 Orthetrum glaucum Kirby, Cat. Odon. p. 39.
1965 Orthetrum gangi Sahni , Indian J. Ent., 27(2): 277-289.
Twenty five specimens were collected; analogous with the Fraser’s (1936) description. Specimens tally with published descriptions of Fraser 1936, Kanth 1985,
Rehman 1994, Subramanian 2005 and Bedjanic et al . 2007 except, some minor differences. 13-12 anten odal, 9 -9 postnodal and 9-9 antenodal, 10-9 postnodal nerves present in forewings and hindwings , respectively. Measurements means of the specimens were as follows:
Forewing = 35 mm Hindwing = 34 mm Abdomen = 31 mm
Material Examined: = 19 = 06
Geographical distribution
This species has also been reported from China, Malaysia, Guandong,
Thailand, Guangxi, Hong Kong, Philippines, India, Japan, Sri Lanka, Myanmar,
Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Taiwan and Viet Nam.
Remarks
These dragonflies were collected from Small gully, streams, ponds and marshes in hilly regions. Geographical distribution and climate of the species in
Pakistan is shown in table 4.4 2. New locality record: Kotli
107
4.5.9.7 Orthetrum japonicum internum MacLachlan, 1894
1858 Orthetrum japonicum Uhler, www.pugetsound.edu/x6140.xml
1858 Libellula japonica Uhler , www.pugetsound.edu/x6140.xml
1894 Orthetrum japonicum internum MacLachlan, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 13: 431.
1896 Orthetrum internum MacLachlan, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 17: 365.
Five specimens were collected; analogous with the Fraser’s (1936) description. Specimens tally with published descriptions of Fraser 1936 and Kanth
1985 except, some minor differences. 11 -12 antenodal, 10-10 postnodal and 10 -9 antenodal, 10-10 postnodal nerves present in forewings and hindwings, respectively.
Measurements means of the specimens were as follows:
Forewing = 33 mm Hindwing = 30 mm Abdomen = 26 mm
Material Examined: = 05
Geographical distribution
This species has also been reported from China, Thailand, Guandong, India,
Japan, Myanmar, Taiwan and Viet Nam.
Remarks
These dragonflies were common in mountainous areas. These were collected sitting on stones near shallow stagnant water in open areas. These were locality specific and avoid leaving the place occupied. Geographical distribution and climate of the species in Pakistan is shown in table 4.4 3. New locality record: Poona
108
Table 4.42: Geographical location and climate of Orthetrum glaucum (Brauer)
Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum. (N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%) (0C) (0C) Chechian 15-06-07 33.05 73.43 279 35.9 23.8 60
Jarikas 16-06-07 33.06 73.50 325 35.9 23.8 60
Kotli 21-06-07 33.31 73.53 604 37.5 23.7 35
Mangladam 14-06-07 33.08 73.38 316 35.9 23.8 60
Muzaffarabad 14-05-08 34.23 73.27 969 35 19 34
Neelam 18-05-08 33.42 73.46 1307 33.1 18.3 44
Rawalakot 06-06-07 33.51 73.45 1656 29 13.2 34
Rawalpindi 14-07-06 33.36 73.02 500 36 26 59
Sehnsa 24-06-07 33.30 73.45 661 37.5 23.7 35
Tattapani 23-06-07 33.31 73.55 571 33.4 17.9 66
Table 4.43: Geographical location and climate of Orthetrum japonicum internum MacLachlan Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum. (N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%) (0C) (0C) Beni 17-06-07 33.12 73.51 444 35 23 51
Poona 07-06-07 33.11 73.57 676 33.6 22.1 38
109
4.5.9.8 Orthetrum purinosum neglectum (Rambur, 1842)
1839 Orthetrum pruinosum Burmeister, Handb. Ent.,Berlin 2, Odonata, 2: 840.
1839 Libellula pruinosa Burmeister , Handb. Ent., Berlin 2, Odonata, 2: 840.
1842 Libellula neglecta Rambur , Ins. Nevrop.: 86.
1868 Libellula petalura Brauer , Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 18: 732.
1891 Libellula pruinos clelia Selys, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova, 30: 461.
1903 Orthetrum schneideri ceylanicum Förster, Ann. Mus.Hunger.: 541.
1909 Orthetrum purinosum neglectum Ris, Cat. Coll. Selys, Fasc. p. 181.
Fifty specimens were collected; analogous with the Fraser’s (1936) description. Specimens exactly tally with published descriptions of Fraser 1936,
Yousuf 1972, Kanth 1985, Ahmad 1994, Rehman 1994 , Jehangir 1997, Subramanian
2005 and Bedjanic et al . 2007. Measurements means of the specimens were as follows:
Forewing = 37 mm Hindwing = 35 mm Abdomen = 35 mm
Material Examined: = 34 = 16
Geographical distribution
This species has also been reported from Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia,
Bangladesh , China, Guandong, Lao, Guangxi, Hainan, Indonesia, Japan, Sri Lanka,
India, Myanmar, Hong Kong, Taiwan and Viet Nam.
110
Table 4.44: Geographical location and climate of Orthetrum purinosum neglectum (Rambur)
Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum. (N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%) (0C) (0C) Bagh 03-06-07 33.59 73.46 1256 34.7 19.5 42
Bahawalpur 07-07-08 29.23 71.40 116 38.9 29 45
Chinari 16-05-08 34.09 73.49 1450 34 17 37
D.G.Khan 09-07-06 30.03 70.38 125 36.5 22.6 30
Dadu 19-08-08 26.43 67.46 41 35.2 21.5 55
Faisalabad 26-07-07 31.25 73.04 206 36.2 26.5 53
Fortabbas 08-07-08 29.11 72.51 147 35.5 22.2 52
Jamrud 23-09-09 34.00 71.22 461 31.5 18.7 35
Kohat 25-08-05 33.35 71.26 522 37.9 25.4 53
Lahore 03-07-07 31.33 74.20 216 35.3 26.9 60
Larkana 18-08-08 27.33 68.12 52 36.5 22.6 52
Mansehra 18-07-06 34.20 73.11 1027 33.6 16.2 66
Mingora 16-08-05 34.46 72.21 944 30.2 18.5 74
Multan 03-07-08 30.11 71.28 132 38.6 29.1 47
Muzaffarabad 14-05-08 34.23 73.27 969 35 19 34
Nawabshah 17-08-08 26.14 68.24 32 39.4 24.9 53 Rahim Yar 10-07-08 28.25 70.18 83 40.3 28.8 42 khan Rawalpindi 14-07-06 33.36 73.02 500 36 26 59
Sanghar 20-08-08 26.02 68.56 22 36.3 22.2 60
Shigar 21-05-07 35.26 75.43 2445 27 10.1 27
Taunsa 08-07-06 30.42 70.38 174 34.8 18.3 44
111
Remarks
These dragonflies were collected from weedy tanks, ponds, marshy places, channels and small slow flowing streams in mountainous, submountainous and plane areas. Geographical distribution and climate of the species in Pakistan is shown in table 4.44. New localities record: Taunsa, D. G. Khan, Larkana, Dadu, Sanghar,
Fortabbas and Nawabshah
4.5.9.9 Orthetrum sabina (Drury, 1770)
1770 Libellula sabina Drury , Ill. Exot. Ins., 1: 114-115.
1798 Libellula gibba Fabricius , Suppl. Ent. Syst.: 284.
1839 Libellula leptura Burmeister , Handb. Ent., Berlin 2, Odon. 2: 840.
1845 Libellula ampullacea Schneider, Stell. Ent. Ztg. 6: 110.
1878 Lepthemis divisa Selys , Mitt. Ann. Mus. Dresden, 3: 294, 302.
1889 Orthetrum sabina Kirby, Trans. Zoll. Lond. 12: 302.
1929 Orthetrum nigrescens Bartenev, www.pugetsound.edu/x6140.xml
1942 Orthetrum viduatum Lieftinck , www.pugetsound.edu/x6140.xml
Seventy five specimens were collected; analogous wi th the Fraser’s (1936) description. Specimens exactly tally with published descriptions of Fraser 1936,
Yousuf 1972, Kanth 1985, Ahmad 1994, Arshad 1994, Rehman 1994, Ullah 1994,
Jehangir 1997, Subramanian 2005 and Bedjanic et al . 2007. Measurements means of the specimens were as follows:
Forewing = 33 mm Hindwing = 31 mm Abdomen = 32 mm
Material Examined: = 41 = 34 112
Table 4.45: Geographical location and climate of Orthetrum sabina (Drury)
Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum. (N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%) (0C) (0C) Badin 21-08-08 24.39 68.50 10 34.8 26.6 63
Bhakkar 06-07-06 31.37 71.03 168 36.3 21.4 32
Chakwal 08-07-06 32.56 72.52 520 34.9 24.8 51
Chinari 16-05-08 34.09 73.49 1450 34 17 37
Dadu 19-08-08 26.43 67.46 41 35.2 21.5 55
Faisalabad 26-07-07 31.25 73.04 206 36.2 26.5 53
Hab dam 25-09-07 25.17 67.07 101 32.5 24.6 48
Hyderabad 22-08-08 25.23 68.22 25 36.2 27 56
Jarikas 16-06-07 33.06 73.50 325 35.9 23.8 60
Joglot 14-05-07 35.41 74.37 1358 34.1 21.5 21
Karachi 25-08-08 24.53 67.01 00 32.8 27.5 71
Khuzdar 21-09-07 27.48 66.36 1315 33.9 21.1 20
Kot Addu 05-07-08 30.27 70.58 130 34.5 21.5 33
Larkana 18-08-08 27.33 68.12 52 36.5 22.6 52
LasBela 23-09-07 26.13 66.18 86 38.9 25.2 44
Layyah 07-07-06 30.57 70.56 145 36.5 20.7 35
Mangladam 14-06-07 33.08 73.38 316 35.9 23.8 60
Multan 03-07-08 30.11 71.28 132 38.6 29.1 47
Narowal 17-07-06 32.06 74.52 230 32.7 19.8 62
Nawabshah 17-08-08 26.14 68.24 32 39.4 24.9 53
‘Continued’
113
‘Table 4.45’ ‘Page 2’
Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum. (N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%) (0C) (0C) Quetta 30-08-07 30.12 67.01 1690 35.1 19.1 23
Rawalpindi 14-07-06 33.36 73.02 500 36 26 59
Sanghar 20-08-08 26.02 68.56 22 36.3 22.2 60
Sargodha 24-07-07 32.04 72.40 187 37.8 27.9 46
Sukkur 15-08-08 27.41 68.52 61 40 28.2 45
Tattapani 23-06-07 33.31 73.55 571 33.4 17.9 66
Thatta 23-08-08 24.46 67.53 16 33.5 27 63
Turbat 27-09-07 25.59 63.04 167 35.5 19.8 39
Warsak 30-08-09 34.10 71.25 339 36 26 58 Dam
114
Geographical distribution
This species has also been reported from Turkey, Caucasus, Guandong,
Myanmar, Tunisia, Guangxi, Hong Kong, Philippines, Hainan, Indonesia, India,
Japan, Kazakhstan, Lao, Algeria, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Peninsular Malaysia,
Thailand, Greek island, Singapore, Russian Federation, Taiwan and Viet Nam.
Remarks
These dragonflies were collected from tanks, ponds, water channels, rice fields and slow running water. These dragonflies can breed in all kind of standing and slow running water. These were also found away from breeding places, perching on the ground, twigs and wires for just a few seconds. Geographical distribution and climate of the species in Pakistan is shown in table 4.45. New localities record:
Dadu, Larkana, Turbat, Narowal, KotAdu, Layyah, Bhakkar and Sanghar
4.5.9.10 Orthetrum taeniolatum (Schneider, 1845)
1845 Libellula taeniolata Schneider, Stett. Ent. Zeit., 6: 111.
1886 Orthetrum hyalinum Kirby, Proc.zool. Soc. Lond.: 326.
1890 Orthetrum taeniolatum Kirby, Cat. Odon. p. 37.
1896 Orthetrum brevistylum Kirby, Proc.zool. Soc. Lond.: 521.
1954 Orthetrum garhwalicum Singh and Baijal, www.pugetsound.edu/x6140.xml
Thirty four specimens were collected; analogous with the Fraser’s (1936) description. Specimens exactly tally with published descriptions of Fraser 1936,
115
Table 4.46: Geographical location and climate of Orthetrum taeniolatum
(Schneider)
Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum. (N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%) (0C) (0C) Bagh 03-06-07 33.59 73.46 1256 34.7 19.5 42
Chakwal 08-07-06 32.56 72.52 520 34.9 24.8 51
Chechian 15-06-07 33.05 73.43 279 35.9 23.8 60
Kohat 25-08-05 33.35 71.26 522 37.9 25.4 53
Loralai 08-09-07 30.21 68.35 1429 35.7 19.7 27
Mirpur 13-06-07 33.09 73.42 375 39.5 19.8 45
Murree 02-07-06 33.55 73.23 2099 23.03 16.05 81
Muzaffarabad 14-05-08 34.23 73.27 969 35 19 34
Parachinar 20-09-09 33.53 70.06 1679 28.5 16.7 44
Quetta 30-08-07 30.12 67.01 1690 35.1 19.1 23
Rawalakot 06-06-07 33.51 73.45 1656 29 13.2 34
Rawalpindi 14-07-06 33.36 73.02 500 36 26 59
Zhob 09-09-07 31.20 69.26 1418 30.5 16.5 32
Ziarat 05-09-07 30.23 67.31 2216 24.4 10.9 34
116
Yousuf 1972, Kanth 1985, Ahmad 1994, Arshad 1994 and Rehman 1994.
Measurements means of the specimens were as follows:
Forewing = 27 mm Hindwing = 27 mm Abdomen = 29 mm
Material Examined: = 26 = 08
Geographical distribution
This species has also been reported from India, Turkey, Greek island and Middle
East.
Remarks
These dragonflies were active and difficult to capture, collected sitting on stones in slow running water. Usually perch on rocks and sandy areas. Geographical distribution and climate of the species in Pakistan is shown in table 4.4 6.
New localities record: Zhob and Parachinar
4.5.9.11 Orthetrum testaceum testaceum (Burmeister, 1839)
1839 Orthetrum testaceum Burmeister, Handb. Ent., Berlin 2, Odon. 2: 840.
1839 Libellula testacea Burmeister , Handb. Ent., Berlin 2, Odon. 2: 840.
1890 Orthetrum testaceum Kirby, Cat. Odon. p. 39.
Six specimens were collected; analogous with the Fraser’s (1936) description.
Specimens tally with published descriptions of Fraser 1936, Kanth 1985 and Ahmad
1994 except, some minor differences. 16 -15 antenodal, 10-10 postnodal and 11 -11 antenodal, 11-10 postnodal nerves present in forewings and hindwings, respectively.
Measurements means of the specimens were as follows: 117
Forewing = 35 mm Hindwing = 33 mm Abdomen = 28 mm
Material Examined: = 06
Geographical distribution
This species has also been reported from Malaysia, China, Hainan, Thailand,
Indonesia, Myanmar, Singapore, Philippines, Taiwan, Peninsular Malaysia and Viet
Nam.
Remarks
These dragonflies were collected from Small stream, pond and marshes in mountainous areas. Geographical distribution and climate of the species in Pakistan is shown in table 4.47. New locality record: Mansehra
4.5.9.12 Orthetrum triangulare triangulare (Selys, 1878)
1878 Libellula triangularis Selys, Mitth. Ann. Mus. Dresden, 3: 314.
1878 Libellula delesserti Selys , Mitth. Ann. Mus. Dresden, 3: 314.
1883 Libellula melania Selys , www.pugetsound.edu/x6140.xml
1886 Orthetrum triangulare Kirby, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 327.
1898 Pseudothemis nigrifrons Matsumura, www.pugetsound.edu/x6140.xml
1961 Orthetrum ganeshii Mehrotra , www.pugetsound.edu/x6140.xml
1961 Orthetrum chandrabali Mehrotra, www.pugetsound.edu/x6140.xml
Thirty one specimens were collected; analogous with the Fraser’s (1936) description. Specimens exactly tally with published descriptions of Fraser 1936,
Yousuf 1972, Kanth 1985, Ahmad 1994, Rehman 1994, Jehangir 1997, Subramanian 118
Table 4.47: Geographical location and climate of Orthetrum testaceum testaceum
(Burmeister)
Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum. (N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%) (0C) (0C) Beni 17-06-07 33.12 73.51 444 35 23 51
Mansehra 18-07-06 34.20 73.11 1027 33.6 16.2 66
Shinkiari 18-07-06 34.28 73.16 998 33.6 16.2 66
Table 4.48: Geographical location and climate of Orthetrum triangulare triangulare (Selys)
Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum. (N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%) (0C) (0C) Abbottabad 15 -07 -06 34.09 73.12 1271 29.3 18.9 78
Azad-Pattan 05-06-07 33.43 73.36 453 37.5 23 30
Chillas 10-05-07 35.25 74.04 1070 34.1 21.5 21
Chinari 16-05-08 34.09 73.49 1450 34 17 37
Chitral 14-08-09 35.50 71.46 1456 30.7 16.7 42
Dir 16 -08 -09 35.12 71.52 1760 31.5 15.8 47
Joglot 14-05-07 35.41 74.37 1358 34.1 21.5 21
Murree 02-07-06 33.55 73.23 2099 23.03 16.05 81
Poona 07-06-07 33.11 73.57 676 33.6 22.1 38
Rawalpindi 14-07-06 33.36 73.02 500 36 26 59
Sehnsa 24 -06 -07 33.30 73.45 661 37.5 23.7 35
119
2005 and Bedjanic et al . 2007. Measurements means of the specimens were as follows:
Forewing = 42 mm Hindwing = 40 mm Abdomen = 32 mm
Material Examined: = 29 = 02
Geographical distribution
This species has also been reported from China, Thailand, Guandong, Lao,
Guangxi, Hong Kong, India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Hainan and Viet Nam.
Remarks
These dragonflies were collected from Small tanks and puddles in mountainous and hilly regions. These were also found near fresh slow running water having well established vegetation. Geographical distribution and climate of the species in Pakistan is shown in table 4.4 8.
New localities record: Chi tral, Dir and Sehnsa
4.5.10 Palpopleura Rambur, 1842
These are very small sized dragonflies; wings have brown spots, pterostigma usually bicolour and body blue or brown . These dragonflies resemble with wasps in appearance and flight. Thirty four specimens were collected; agree with the Fraser’s
(1936) description resulted into one species.
4.5.10.1 Palpopleura sexmaculata sexmaculata (Fabricius, 1787)
1787 Libellula sexmaculata Fabricius, Mant. Ins., 1: 338.
1868 Palpopleura sexmaculata Brauer, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien. 18: 716. 120
Table 4.49: Geographical location and climate of Palpopleura sexmaculata sexmaculata (Fabricius)
Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum. (N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%) (0C) (0C) Bagh 03-06-07 33.59 73.46 1256 34.7 19.5 42
Beni 17-06-07 33.12 73.51 444 35 23 51
Charsadda 19-08-05 34.09 71.44 302 32 21 59
Chechian 15-06-07 33.05 73.43 279 35.9 23.8 60
Gilgit 15-05-07 35.55 74.17 1584 32 13.05 28
Mangla Dam 14-06-07 33.08 73.38 316 35.9 23.8 60
Mansehra 18-07-06 34.20 73.11 1027 33.6 16.2 66
Mardan 20-08-05 34.11 72.02 310 35.8 20.5 37
Murree 02-07-06 33.55 73.23 2099 23.03 16.05 81
Peshawar 18-08-05 34.00 71.32 353 36.2 26.5 53
Rawalpindi 14-07-06 33.36 73.02 500 36 26 59
Swat 14-08-05 34.20 72.32 1137 32.1 16.6 61
Thatta 23-08-08 24.46 67.53 16 33.5 27 63
121
Specimens exactly tally with published descriptions of Fraser 1936 , Yousuf
1972, Kanth 1985, Ahmad 1994, Rehman 1994 , Jehangir 1997, Subramanian 2005 and Bedjanic et al . 2007. Measurements means of the specimens were as follows:
Forewing = 21 mm Hindwing = 19 mm Abdomen = 15 mm
Material Examined: = 19 = 15
Geographical distribution
This species has also been reported from India, China, Malaysia, Assam,
Bangladesh, Guandong, Myanmar, Guangxi, Hainan, Lao, Hong Kong, Thailand and
Viet Nam.
Remarks
These dragonflies were collected from rice field and marshy places in hilly and plain areas. These species have slow flight thus can be easily collected.
Geographical distribution and climate of the species in Pakistan is shown in table
4.49. New localities record: Thatta, Charsadda and Gilgit
4.5.11 Pantala Hagen, 1861
These are medium sized dragonflies, wings transparent and body reddish brown . Ninety one specimens were collected; agree with the Fraser’s (1936) description resulted into one species.
4.5.11.1 Pantala flavescens (Fabricius, 1798)
1798 Pantala flavescens Fabricius , Ent. Syst. Suppl.: 285. 122
1798 Libellula flavescens Fabricius , Ent. Syst. Suppl. p. 285.
1805 Libellula viridula Palisot de Beauvois, Ins. Afr. et Amer. p. 69.
1839 Libellula analis Burmeister , Handb. Ent., Berlin 2, Odon. 2: 852.
1839 Libellula terminalis Burmeister , Handb. Ent., Berlin 2, Odon. 2: 852 .
1955 Sympetrum tandicola Singh, www.pugetsound.edu/x6140.xml
Specimens exactly tally with published descriptions of Fraser 1936, Yousuf
1972, Kanth 1985, Ahmad 1994, Arshad 1994, Rehman 1994, Ullah 1994 , Jehangir
1997, Subramanian 2005 and Bedjanic et al . 2007. Measurements means of the specimens were as follows:
Forewing = 44 mm Hindwing = 41 mm Abdomen = 32 mm
Material Examined: = 67 = 24
Geographical distribution
This species has also been reported from Indonesia, Colombia, Cambodia,
Afghanistan, Iran, Malaysia, Bangladesh, Brazil, Bahamas, Costa Rica, China, Hong
Kong, India, Japan, Guatemala, Lao, Myanmar, Singapore, Puerto Rico, Peninsular
Malaysia, Thailand, Taiwan, Hispaniola, Viet Nam, Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Cuba,
Ecuador, French Guiana, Aruba, Belize, Guyana, Honduras, Jamaica, Peru, Mexico,
Nicaragua, Panama, Venezuela, Paraguay, Suriname, Turkey, Virgin Isl. El Salvador,
Trinidad, Cayman Islands, Lesser Antilles, Tobago, Uruguay, and Puerto Rico.
Remarks
These were very common species, found all over the Pakistan. These 123
Table 4.50: Geographical location and climate of Pantala flavescens (Fabricius)
Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum. (N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%) (0C) (0C) Bagh 03-06-07 33.59 73.46 1256 34.7 19.5 42
Bahawalpur 07-07-08 29.23 71.40 116 38.9 29 45
Beni 17-06-07 33.12 73.51 444 35 23 51
Chakwal 08-07-06 32.56 72.52 520 34.9 24.8 51
Chinari 16-05-08 34.09 73.49 1450 34 17 37
D.I. Khan 26-08-05 31.49 70.54 173 37.2 27.1 47
Dadu 19-08-08 26.43 67.46 41 35.2 21.5 55
Faisalabad 26-07-07 31.25 73.04 206 36.2 26.5 53
Fortabbas 08-07-08 29.11 72.51 147 35.5 22.2 52
Gilgit 15-05-07 35.55 74.17 1584 32 13.05 28
Hyderabad 22-08-08 25.23 68.22 25 36.2 27 56
Karachi 25-08-08 24.53 67.01 00 32.8 27.5 71
Khuzdar 21-09-07 27.48 66.36 1315 33.9 21.1 20
Kot Addu 05-07-08 30.27 70.58 130 34.5 21.5 33
Lahore 03-07-07 31.33 74.20 216 35.3 26.9 60
Larkana 18-08-08 27.33 68.12 52 36.5 22.6 52
Layyah 07-07-06 30.57 70.56 145 36.5 20.7 35
Mansehra 18-07-06 34.20 73.11 1027 33.6 16.2 66
Mastung 16-09-07 29.47 66.50 1683 31.5 11 24
Mianwali 04-07-06 32.35 71.32 211 37.5 27.3 47 ‘Continued’
124
‘Table 4.50’ ‘Page 2’
Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum. (N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%) (0C) (0C) Murree 02-07-06 33.55 73.23 2099 23.03 16.05 81
Muzaffarabad 14 -05 -08 34.23 73.27 969 35 19 34
Narowal 17 -07 -06 32.06 74.52 230 32.7 19.8 62
Nawabshah 17-08-08 26.14 68.24 32 39.4 24.9 53
Neelam 18-05-08 33.42 73.46 1307 33.1 18.3 44
Quetta 30-08-07 30.12 67.01 1690 35.1 19.1 23
Rawalpindi 14 -07 -06 33.36 73.02 500 36 26 59
Sanghar 20 -08 -08 26.02 68.56 22 36.3 22.2 60
Sargodha 24-07-07 32.04 72.40 187 37.8 27.9 46
Sehnsa 24-06-07 33.30 73.45 661 37.5 23.7 35
Sialkot 16-07-06 32.31 74.33 253 34.5 25.7 61
Thatta 23 -08 -08 24.46 67.53 16 33.5 27 63
125
dragonflies were collected from swarms in fields, ponds and playgrounds in rainy season. These were more or less strong fliers and also seen flying near the marshy places as well as far away from water. Geographical distribution and climate of the species in Pakistan is shown in table 4.50.
New localities record: Nawabshah, Narowal, Thatta, Fortabbas, Larkana, Dadu,
Sanghar, Layyah, KotAdu, Mianwali, D. I. Khan and Gilgit.
4.5.12 Rhodothemis Ris, 1909
These were medium sized dragonflies, wings transparent and body reddish in colour. One specimen of this genus was collected; agree with the Fraser’s (1936) description.
4.5.12.1 Rhodothemis rufa (Rambar, 1842) (New to Pakistan)
1842 Libellula rufa Rambur, Ins. Nevrop. p. 71.
1842 Libellula oblita Rambur, Ins. Nevrop. p. 123.
1868 Erythemis rufa Brauer, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien. 18: 723.
1868 Erythemis oblita Brauer , Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien. 18: 723.
1878 Crocothemis cruentata Hagen-Selys, Mitt. Mus. Dresden, p. 924.
1900 Crocothemis rufa Van Der Weele, Nova Guinea, 09: 22.
1911 Rhodothemis rufa Ris, Cat. Coll. Selys, Fasc. 13:592.
Specimen tally with publish descriptions of Fraser 1936, Subramanian 2005 and Bedjanic et al . 2007 except, some minor differences costa yellow, discoidal field begins with two rows of cells, discoidal cell in hindwing traversed, 11 1/2 -11 1/2
126
Fig. 4.14: Rhodothemis rufa (Rambar, 1842)
Table 4.51: Geographical location and climate of Rhodothemis rufa (Rambar,
1842)
Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum. (N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%) (0C) (0C) Bagh 03-06-07 33.59 73.46 1256 34.7 19.5 42
127
antenodal, 9-9 postnodal and 9 -8 antenodal, 8-8 postnodal nerves present in forewings and hindwings, respectively (Fig. 4.14) . Measurements of specimen were as follows:
Forewing = 31 mm Hindwing = 30 mm Abdomen = 26 mm
Material Examined: = 01
Geographical distribution
These species has also been reported from Bangladesh, China, Myanmar,
Guangxi, Hong Kong, Indonesia, India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore,
Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Taiwan and Viet Nam.
Remarks
This dragonfly was found maneuvering on small vegetation near the slow running streams. Male was difficult to identify during flight with other similar red coloured dragonflies, with which it shares the habitat. Geographical distribution and climate of the species in Pakistan is shown in table 4.5 1.
4.5.13 Rhyothemis Hagen, 1867
These are medium sized dragonflies, wings with black and yellow markings and body with bright green hue . Forewings hyaline from nodus to apex and hindwings hyaline from pterostigma to apex. Twenty nine specimens were collected; agree with the Fraser’s (1936) description resulted into one species.
4.5.13.1 Rhyothemis variegata variegata (Linnaeus, 1763)
1763 Libellula variegate Linnaeus , Amoenitates Acad., 6: 412. 128
1773 Libellula marcia Drury , Ill, Exot. Ins. 2: 83.
1781 Libellula indica Fabricius , Spec. Ins., 1: 521.
1787 Libellula histrio Fabricius , Mantissa Insect., 2: 237.
1792 Libellula celestina Olivier, Encycl. Meth., 7: 569.
1793 Libellula murcia fabricius , Ent, Syst., 2: 376.
1867 Rhyothmis variegate Hagen , Stett. Ent. Zeit. 28: 232.
1867 Rhyothmis Murcia Hagen , Stett. Ent. Zeit. 28: 232.
1868 Rhyothmis Murcia Brauer , Verh.zool. bot.Ges. Wien, 18: 715.
1913 Rhyothmis variegate variegate Ris, Cat. Coll. Selys., 15: 931, 935-6.
1924 Rhyothmis Phyllis Phyllis Fraser, Rec. Ind. Mus., 26: 426, 443.
Specimens exactly tally with published descriptions of Fraser 1936 , Yousuf
1972, Kanth 1985, Ahmad 1994, Rehman 1994, Subramanian 2005 and Bedjanic et al . 2007. Measurements means of the specimens were as follows:
Forewing = 35 mm Hindwing = 33 mm Abdomen = 21 mm
Material Examined: = 16 = 13
Geographical distribution
This species has also been reported from India , Sri Lanka, Myanmar,
Thailand and Viet Nam.
Remarks
These dragonflies were collected from ponds and canopy of small trees, early in the morning. These were also found in swarms, in an open place during bright 129
sunshine and look likes the butterflies. Geographical distribution and climate of the species in Pakistan is shown in table 4.52 .
New localities record: Chakwal, Mianwali, Nawabshah, Bhakkar and D. I. Khan
4.5.14 Selysiothemis Ris, 1897
These are small dragonflies , wings hyaline and venation and pterostigma off - white , body black in colour . Fifteen specimens were collected; agree with the
Fraser’s (1936) description resulted into one species.
4.5.14.1 Selysiothemis nigra (Vander Linden, 1825)
1825 Libellula nigra Vander Linden, Monog. Libell. Eur.: 16.
1868 Trithemis nigra Brauer , Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien. 18: 736.
1878 Urothemis nigra Selys , C. R. Soc. Ent. Belg. 21: 64-66.
1878 Urothemis advena Selys , C. R. Soc. Ent. Belg. 21: 64-66.
1897 Selysiothemis nigra Ris , Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., 31: 48.
Specimens tally with published descriptions of Fraser 1936, Yousuf 1972,
Arshad 1994, Rehman 1994 and Ullah 1994 except, some minor differences. 6 -6 antenodal, 6-5 postnodal and 5 -5 antenodal, 5-5 postnodal nerves present in forewings and hindwings, respectively. Measurements means of the specimens were as follows:
Forewing = 28 mm Hindwing = 26 mm Abdomen = 20 mm
Material Examined: = 13 = 02
Geographical distribution
This species has also been reported from Caucasus, European Russia, India, 130
Table 4.52: Geographical location and climate of Rhyothemis variegata variegata (Linnaeus, 1763) Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum. (N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%) (0C) (0C) Bahawalpur 07-07-08 29.23 71.40 116 38.9 29 45
Bhakkar 06-07-06 31.37 71.03 168 36.3 21.4 32
Chakwal 08-07-06 32.56 72.52 520 34.9 24.8 51
D.I. Khan 26-08-05 31.49 70.54 173 37.2 27.1 47 Head 21-08-09 31.14 73.51 193 35 27 69 Baloki Jarikas 16-06-07 33.06 73.50 325 35.9 23.8 60
Kohat 25-08-05 33.35 71.26 522 37.9 25.4 53
Mianwali 04-07-06 32.35 71.32 211 37.5 27.3 47
Nawabshah 17-08-08 26.14 68.24 32 39.4 24.9 53
Rawalpindi 14-07-06 33.36 73.02 500 36 26 59
Sialkot 16-07-06 32.31 74.33 253 34.5 25.7 61
Table 4.53: Geographical location and climate of Selysiothemis nigra (Vander Linden) Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum. (N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%) (0C) (0C) Bolan 06-09-07 29.13 67.39 131 32.5 17.5 35
Hyderabad 22-08-08 25.23 68.22 25 36.2 27 56
Karachi 25-08-08 24.53 67.01 00 32.8 27.5 71
Khushab 22-07-07 32.17 72.20 183 40.4 22.4 48
Sibi 03-09-07 29.32 67.51 133 40.2 26.1 33
Sukkur 15-08-08 27.41 68.52 61 40 28.2 45
Thatta 23-08-08 24.46 67.53 16 33.5 27 63
131
Kazakhstan, Russian Federation, Turkey, Africa, Middle East and Ural.
Remarks
These dragonflies were collected sitting on road and paths. When try to collect these dragonflies go away and sit a few yards away and remain in the same vicinity. Adult usually hover about a meter above the ground and found far away from breeding places. Geographical distribution and climate of the species in
Pakistan is shown in table 4.53.
4.5.15 Sympetrum Newman, 1833
Medium sized dragonflies of redish or yellow coloured body. Thirty eight specimens were collected; agree with the Fraser’s (1936) description resulted into five species.
4.5. f Key to Sympetrum species of Pakistan
1 Upper surface of femur and tibia yellow------2
_ Legs entirely black------4
2 Base of hindwings white or poorly yellow, legs yellow------3
_ Base of hindwings yellow, legs black------fonscolombei (Selys, 1840)
3 Colour yellow------decoloratum (Selys, 1884)
_ Colour red------meridionale (Selys, 1841)
4 Antenodal nerves in forwings less than 8 1/2 ------commixtum (Selys, 1884)
_ Antenodal nerves in forwings more than 8 1/2 ------haematoneura Fraser, 1924
132
4.5.15.1 Sympetrum commixtum (Selys, 1884)
1884 Diplax commixta Selys , Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., 28: 38.
1886 Sympetrum subpruinosum Kirby, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.: 326.
1907 Sympetrum commixtum Kirby, Cat. Odon.: 16.
Medium sized dragonflies, wings hyaline and body red in colour . Eleven specimens were collected; analogous with the Fraser’s (1936) description. Specimens tally with published descriptions of Fraser 1936, Yousuf 1972, Kanth 1985, Arshad
1994 and Rehman 1994 except, some minor differences. 7 1/2 -61/2 antenodal, 7 -7 postnodal and 5-5 antenodal, 8 -8 postnodal nerves present in forewings and hindwings, respectively. Measurements means of the specimens were as f ollows:
Forewing = 31 mm Hindwing = 30 mm Abdomen = 27 mm
Material Examined: = 11 = 01
Geographical distribution
This species has also been reported from India.
Remarks
These dragonflies were collected sitting on the top of the vegetation near slow running water and were easy to collect. Geographical distribution and climate of the species in Pakistan is shown in table 4.54 .
4.5.15.2 Sympetrum decoloratum (Selys, 1884)
1884 Diplax vulgate race decolora ta Selys, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., 28: 35.
1887 Sympetrum vulgatum race decoloratum Selys , Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. 31: 10. 133
Table 4.54: Geographical location and climate of Sympetrum commixtum (Selys)
Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum. (N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%) (0C) (0C) Kalat 18-09-07 29.02 66.35 2007 28 8.5 29
Murree 02-07-06 33.55 73.23 2099 23.03 16.05 81
Rawalakot 06-06-07 33.51 73.45 1656 29 13.2 34
Ziarat 05-09-07 30.23 67.31 2216 24.4 10.9 34
Table 4.55: Geographical location and climate of Sympetrum decoloratum (Selys)
Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum. (N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%) (0C) (0C) Mangla Dam 14-06-07 33.08 73.38 316 35.9 23.8 60
Murree 02-07-06 33.55 73.23 2099 23.03 16.05 81
Skardu 19-05-07 35.18 75.36 2369 26.9 10.3 25
134
1907 Sympetrum decolorata Morton, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond.: 303.
1911 Sympetrum decoloratum Ris, Cat. Coll. Selys, 13: 618, 629-631.
Eight specimens were collected; analogous with the Fraser’s (1936) description. Specimens tally with published descriptions of Fraser 1936, Yousuf
1972 and Kanth 1985 except, some minor differences. 6 1/2 -61/2 antenodal, 6 -6 postnodal and 5-5 antenodal, 6 -6 postnodal nerves present in forewings and hindwings, respectively. Measurements means of the specimens were as follows:
Forewing = 31 mm Hindwing = 30 mm Abdomen = 25 mm
Material Examined: = 08
Geographical distribution
This species has also been reported from Turkey.
Remarks
These dragonflies were collected from standing or slow running water having dense vegetation. Geographical distribution and climate of the species in Pakistan is shown in table 4.55. New localities record: Skurdu and Murree
4.5.15.3 Sympetrum fonscolombei (Selys, 1840)
1837 Libellula flaveola Fonscolombei , Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 6: 144.
1840 Libellula fonscolombei Selys, monogr. Libell. Eur.: 29, 49, 208.
1845 Libellula erythroneura Schneider, Stettin. Ent. Ztg., 6: 111.
1866 Diplax fonscolombei Brauer, Novara: 104.
1874 Sympetrum fonscolombei Meyer -Dur, Mitt, Schweiz. Ent. Ges., 4: 327. 135
1876 Sympetrum rhaeticum Buchecker, Syst. Ent.: 9.
1890 Sympetrum fonscolombii Kirby , Cat. Odon.: 14.
1907 Sympetrum sanguineum Dixey et Longstaff, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.: 377.
Eleven specimens were collected; analogous with the Fraser’s (1936) description. Specimens exactly tally with published descriptions of Fraser 1936,
Yousuf 1972, Arshad 1994, Rehman 1994 and Bedjanic et al . 2007. Measurements means of the specimens were as follows:
Forewing = 35 mm Hindwing = 33 mm Abdomen = 28 mm
Material Examined: = 07 = 04
Geographical distribution
This species has also been reported from Africa, Caucasus, European Russia,
India, Kazakhstan, Japan, Sri Lanka, Mongolia, Russian Federation and Turkey.
Remarks
These dragonflies were collected from ponds and marshes in the hilly areas.
These species breed in warm, still, shallow water of open areas. Males of these species were more territorial than the other species of this particular genus.
Geographical distribution and climate of the species in Pakistan is shown in table
4.56.
4.5.15.4 Sympetrum ha ematoneura Fraser, 1924
1924 Sympetrum haematoneura Fraser, Mem. Deptt. Agric., India (Ent.), 8: 70 -71.
136
Three specimens were collected; analogous with the Fraser’s (1936) description. Specimens tally with published descriptions of Fraser 1936 and Kanth
1985 except, some minor differences. 8 1/2 -71/2 antenodal, 9-8 postnodal and 6 -6 antenodal, 9-8 postnodal nerves present in forewings and hindwings , respectively.
Measurements means of the specimens were as follows:
Forewing = 37 mm Hindwing = 35 mm Abdomen = 28 mm
Material Examined: = 03
Geographical distribution
This species has also been reported from India.
Remarks
These dragonflies were collected from pond and marshes in the hilly areas.
These species breed in warm, still, shallow water of open areas. Geographical distribution and climate of the species in Pakistan is shown in table 4.57.
4.5.15.5 Sympetrum meridio nale (Selys, 1841)
1841 Libellula meridionalis Selys, Rev. Zool.: 245.
1842 Libellula hybrida Rambur, Inst. Nevrop.: 191.
Five specimens were collected; analogous with the Fraser’s (1936) description. Specimens tally with published descriptions of Fraser 1936 and Kanth
1985 except, some minor differences. 6 1/2 -61/2 antenodal, 5-5 postnodal and 5 -5 antenodal, 5-5 postnodal nerves present in forewings and hindwings, respectively.
137
Table 4.56: Geographical location and climate of Sympetrum fonscolombei
(Selys)
Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum. (N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%) (0C) (0C) Kalat 18-09-07 29.02 66.35 2007 28 8.5 29
Pishin 11-09-07 30.35 66.59 1673 32 12 22
Quetta 30-08-07 30.12 67.01 1690 35.1 19.1 23
Ziarat 05-09-07 30.23 67.31 2216 24.4 10.9 34
Table 4.57: Geographical location and climate of Sympetrum haematoneura
Fraser
Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum. (N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%) (0C) (0C) Banjosa 09-06-07 33.48 73.48 1797 32.8 17.2 40
Table 4.58: Geographical location and climate of Sympetrum meridionale (Selys) Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum. (N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%) (0C) (0C) Banjosa 09-06-07 33.48 73.48 1797 32.8 17.2 40
Rawalakot 06-06-07 33.51 73.45 1656 29 13.2 34
138
Measurements means of the specimens were as follows:
Forewing = 31 mm Hindwing = 29 mm Abdomen = 26 mm
Material Examined: = 04 = 01
Geographical distribution
This species has also been reported from Africa, Turkey, Caucasus,
Kazakhstan, European Russia, India, Russian Federation, Mongolia, Ural and West
Siberia.
Remarks
These dragonflies were collected from shallow stagnant water with well establi sh vegetation. These species were also found in swampy areas. Geographical distribution and climate of the species in Pakistan is shown in table 4.58.
4.5.16 Tramea Hagen, 1861
Large dragonflies, wings hyaline, hindwings have dark coloured brownish or dark red spots and brick red body with black markings . Twenty one specimens were collected; agree with the Fraser’s (1936) description resulted into two species.
4.5. g Key to Tramea species of Pakistan
_ Hamule slightly overlapping the lobe, two black spots at base of hindwing s--
------basilaris burmeisteri Kirby, 1889
_ Hamule large, greatly overlapping the lobe, one black spot at base of
hindwings------Virginia (Rambur, 1842)
139
4.5.16.1 Tramea basilaris burmeisteri Kirby, 1889
1805 Tramea basilaris Palisot de Beauvois , www.pugetsound.edu/x6140.xml
1805 Libellula basilaris Palisot de Beauvois, Ins. Afr. et. Amer.: 171.
1868 tramea basilaris Brauer, Verh. Zool. Bot. ges. Wien, 18: 714.
1889 Tramea burmeisteri Kirby , Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. 12: 316.
1951 Trapezostigma basilaris Pinhey, Transv. Mus. Mem. 5: 284.
These are large sized dragonflies, wing s hyaline, hindwings with reddish brown spots covering only cubital spaces , body brick red with black markings . Five specimens were collected; analogous with the Fraser’s (1936) description. Specimens exactly tally with published descriptions of Fraser 1936, Yousuf 1972, Ullah 1994,
Subramanian 2005 and Bedjanic et al . 2007. Measu rements means of the specimens were as follows:
Forewing = 45 mm Hindwing = 44 mm Abdomen = 33 mm
Material Examined: = 05
Geographical distribution
This species has also been reported from India, Burma, Malaysia, Japa n,
Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand and Viet Nam.
Remarks
These dragonflies were collected from maneuvering on stagnant a nd slow running water. These were also found flying in a group with Pantala flarescens 140
along the road side. Geographical distribution and climate of the species in Pakistan is shown in table 4.59. New locality record: Badin
4.5.16.2 Tramea virginia (Rambur, 1842)
1773 Libellula chinensis De Geer , Mem. Ins., 3: 556.
1842 Libellula Virginia Rambur , Ins. Nevrop.: 33.
1861 Tramea chinensis Hagen , Syn. Neur. et. Amer.: 144.
1890 Tramea virginia Kirby , Cat. Odon.: 3.
These are large sized dragonflies, wings hyaline, hindwings with large reddish brown spots extending the discoidal cells, body brick red, last 3-4 abdominal segments black . Sixteen specimens were collected; analogous with the Fraser’s
(1936) description. Specimens tally with publish ed descriptions of Fraser 1936,
Rehman 1994 and Jehangir 1997 except, some minor differences. 13 1/2 -12 1/2 antenodal, 12-11 postnod al and 8 -9 antenodal, 12-13 postnodal nerves present in forewings and hindwings, respectively. Measurements means of the specimens were as follows:
Forewing = 44 mm Hindwing = 42 mm Abdomen = 31 mm
Material Examined: = 13 = 03
Geographical distribution
This species has also been reported from Burma, China, Guangxi, Japan,
Hong Kong, Hainan, Indonesia, Thailand, India, Guandong, Myanmar, Bangladesh,
Taiwan and Viet Nam. 141
Table 4.59: Geographical location and climate of Tramea basilaris burmeisteri
Kirby
Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum. (N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%) (0C) (0C) Badin 21-08-08 24.39 68.50 10 34.8 26.6 63
Thatta 23-08-08 24.46 67.53 16 33.5 27 63
Table 4.60: Geographical location and climate of Tramea virginia (Rambur)
Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum. (N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%) (0C) (0C) Chakwal 08-07-06 32.56 72.52 520 34.9 24.8 51
Chinari 16-05-08 34.09 73.49 1450 34 17 37
Gilgit 15-05-07 35.55 74.17 1584 32 13.05 28
Joglot 14-05-07 35.41 74.37 1358 34.1 21.5 21
Kahuta 15-07-07 33.35 73.22 602 36 25 80
Sialkot 16-07-06 32.31 74.33 253 34.5 25.7 61
142
Remarks
These dragonflies were very active and difficult to collect, keep on maneuvering over water for a long time and do not come near the edge of pond within the range of collector. These dragonflies were collected maneuvering on stagnant and slow running water. Geographical distribution and climate of the species in Pakistan is shown in table 4.60.
New localities record: Chinari, Gilgit, Chakwal and Sialkot
4.5.17 Trithemis Brauer, 1868
Medium sized dragonflies, colour of the abdomen variable. One hundred and twenty specimens were collected; agree with the Fraser’s (1936) description resulted into four species.
4.5. h Key to Trithemis species of Pakistan
1 Colour red------2
_ Colour other than red------3
2 Base of hindwings orange, neuration yellow------Kirbyi Kirbyi Selys, 1891
_ Base of hindwings have small yellow spot, neuration crimson------
------aurora (Burmeister, 1839)
3 Legs long, body black and yellow------pallidinervis (Kirby, 1889)
_ Thorax and abdomen black or dark blue, purinosed--- festiva (Rambur, 1842)
4.5.17.1 Trithemis aurora (Burmeister, 1839)
1839 Trithemis aurora Burmeister, Handb. Ent., Berlin 2, Odonata, 2: 859.
1839 Libellula aurora Burmeister, Handb. Ent., Berlin 2, Odonata, 2: 840.
143
1868 Trithemis soror Brauer , Verh. Zool.bot. Ges. Wien, 18: 177, 735.
1878 Trithemis adelpha Selys , Nitth. Ann. Mus. Dresden, 3: 315.
1881 Trithemis fraterna Albarda , Vehts. Midden. Sumatra, Neur.:4.
1890 Trithemis congener Kirby , Cat. Odon,: 18.
These are medium siz ed dragonflies, wings hyaline with basal yellow spots and body maroon in colour . Fifty one specimens were collected; analogous with the
Fraser’s (1936) description. Specimens exactly tally with published descriptions of
Fraser 1936, Yousuf 1972, Kanth 1985, Ahmad 1994, Rehman 1994 , Jehangir 1997,
Subramanian 2005 and Bedjanic et al . 2007. Measurements means of the specimens were as follows:
Forewing = 25 mm Hindwing = 24 mm Abdomen = 20 mm
Material Examined: = 46 = 05
Geographical distribution
This species has also been reported from India, Sri Lanka, Burma, Philippine,
China, Guandong, Hong Kong, Myanmar, Indonesia, Japan, Lao, Malaysia,
Philippines, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Guangxi, Hainan, Taiwan and Viet Nam.
Remarks These dragonflies were collected from ponds; marshy places and slow running water in hilly and plain areas. These were also found near deep fresh running water, flying and resting on stones and tops of branches of small vegetation.
Geographical distribution and climate of the species in Pakistan is shown in table
4.61. 144
Table 4.61: Geographical location and climate of Trithemis aurora (Burmeister)
Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum. (N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%) (0C) (0C) Abbottabad 15-07-06 34.09 73.12 1271 29.3 18.9 78
Chakwal 08-07-06 32.56 72.52 520 34.9 24.8 51
Chechian 15-06-07 33.05 73.43 279 33 23 61
Faisalabad 26-07-07 31.25 73.04 206 36.2 26.5 53
Jarikas 16-06-07 33.06 73.50 325 35.9 23.8 60
Kotli 21-06-07 33.31 73.53 604 37.5 23.7 35
Mirpur 13-06-07 33.09 73.42 375 39.5 19.8 45
Murree 02-07-06 33.55 73.23 2099 23.03 16.05 81
Muzaffarabad 14-05-08 34.23 73.27 969 35 19 34
Nawabshah 17-08-08 26.14 68.24 32 39.4 24.9 53
Neelam 18-05-08 33.42 73.46 1307 33.1 18.3 44
Rawalpindi 14-07-06 33.36 73.02 500 36 26 59
Sehnsa 24-06-07 33.30 73.45 661 37.5 23.7 35
Shigar 21-05-07 35.26 75.43 2445 27 10.1 27
Sialkot 16-07-06 32.31 74.33 253 34.5 25.7 61
Skardu 19-05-07 35.18 75.36 2369 26.9 10.3 25
Sukkur 15-08-08 27.41 68.52 61 40 28.2 45
145
New localities record: Sukkur, Abbottabad, Nawabshah, Kotli and Sialkot
4.5.17.2 Trithemis festiva (Rambur, 1842)
1842 Libellula festiva Rambur , Ins. Nevrop.: 92.
1865 Libellula infernalis Brauer , Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 15: 507.
1878 Trithemis proserpina Selys, Mitth. Ann. Mus. Dresden, 3: 294, 314.
These are medium sized dragonflies, wings hyaline with basal dark brown spots and body black in colour . Thirty seven specimens were collected; analogous with the Fraser’s (1936) description. Specimens exactly tally with published descriptions of Fraser 193 6, Yousuf 1972, Kanth 1985, Ahmad 1994, Rehman 1994 ,
Jehangir 1997, Subramanian 2005 and Bedjanic et al . 2007. Measurements means of the specimens were as follows:
Forewing = 33 mm Hindwing = 31 mm Abdomen = 25 mm
Material Examined: = 31 = 06
Geographical distribution
This species has also been reported from Burma, China , Guangxi, Hong
Kong, Hainan, India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Philippines, Peninsular Malaysia,
Thailand, Singapore, Lao, Myanmar, Guandong, Indonesia, Taiwan, Turkey and Viet
Nam.
Remarks
These dragonflies were collected from ponds; marshy places and slow 146
Table 4.62: Geographical location and climate of Trithemis festiva (Rambur)
Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum. (N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%) (0C) (0C) Abbottabad 15-07-06 34.09 73.12 1271 29.3 18.9 78
Bagh 03-06-07 33.59 73.46 1256 34.7 19.5 42
Beni 17-06-07 33.12 73.51 444 35 23 51
Chakwal 08-07-06 32.56 72.52 520 34.9 24.8 51
Chechian 15-06-07 33.05 73.43 279 35.9 23.8 60
Joglot 14-05-07 35.41 74.37 1358 34.1 21.5 21
Kotli 21-06-07 33.31 73.53 604 37.5 23.7 35
Mangla 14-06-07 33.08 73.38 316 35.9 23.8 60 Dam Mardan 20-08-05 34.11 72.02 310 35.8 20.5 37
Murree 02-07-06 33.55 73.23 2099 23.03 16.05 81
Neelam 18-05-08 33.42 73.46 1307 33.1 18.3 44
Poona 07-06-07 33.11 73.57 676 33.6 22.1 38
Rawalpindi 14-07-06 33.36 73.02 500 36 26 59
Sehnsa 24-06-07 33.30 73.45 661 37.5 23.7 35
147
running water in hilly and plain areas. These were also collected, sitting on stones and top of branches of bushes and were found in lar ge number in same vicinity.
Geographical distribution and climate of the species in Pakistan is shown in table
4.62. New locality record: Kotli
4.5.17.3 Trithemis Kirbyi Kirbyi Selys, 1891
1891 Trithemis Kirbyi Selys , Ann. Mus. Stor. Nat. Genova, 30: 465.
1891 Libellula ardens Gerstäcker , Jb. Hamburg Wiss. Anst. 9: 5, 9, 187.
1936 Trithemis dallonia Navás , www.pugetsound.edu/x6140.xml
1959 Trithemis comorensis Fraser, www.pugetsound.edu/x6140.xml
These are medium sized dragonflies, wings hyaline with amber yellow basal markings and body bright red in colour . Eleven specimens were collected; analogous with the Fraser’s (1936) description. Specimens were tally with publish ed descriptions of Fraser 1936, Yousuf 1972, Kanth 1985, Arshad 1994, Rehman 1994 and Subramanian 2005 except, some minor differences. 8 1/2-81/2 antenodal, 6 -6 postnodal and 6-6 antenodal, 7 -8 postnodal nerves present in forewings and hindwings, respectively. Measurements means of the specimens were as follows:
Forewing = 30 mm Hindwing = 29 mm Abdomen = 23 mm
Material Examined: = 10 = 01
Geographical distribution
This species has also been reported from India and Sri Lanka.
148
Remarks
These dragonflies were collected from marshy places and near the slow running water in hilly areas sitting on the top of grasses. These were also found sitting on small stones and were difficult to capture. Geographical distribution and climate of the species in Pakistan is shown in table 4.63.
New locality record: Sehnsa
4.5.17.4 Trithemis pallidinervis (Kirby, 1889)
1889 Sympetrum pallidinervis Kirby, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., 12: 327.
1891 Trithemis dryas Selys , Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova, 30: 465.
These are medium sized dragonflies, wing hyaline with amber yellow spots on the base and body black with bright yellow spots . Twenty one specimens were collected; analogous with the Fraser’s (1936) description. Specimens exactly tally with published descriptions of Fraser 1936, Yousuf 1972, Kanth 1985, Rehman
1994, Ullah 1994, Subramanian 2005 and Bedjanic et al . 2007. Measurem ents means of the specimens were as follows:
Forewing = 35 mm Hindwing = 33 mm Abdomen = 27 mm
Material Examined: = 12 = 09
Geographical distribution
This species has also been reported from Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Burma,
Philippine, China, Indonesia, India, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand ,
Peninsular Malaysia, Cambodia and Taiwan. 149
Table 4.63: Geographical location and climate of Trithemis Kirbyi Kirbyi Selys
Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum. (N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%) (0C) (0C) Bagh 03-06-07 33.59 73.46 1256 34.7 19.5 42
Poona 07-06-07 33.11 73.57 676 33.6 22.1 38
Quetta 30-08-07 30.12 67.01 1690 35.1 19.1 23
Rawalpindi 14-07-06 33.36 73.02 500 36 26 59
Sehnsa 24-06-07 33.30 73.45 661 37.5 23.7 35
Tattapani 23-06-07 33.31 73.55 571 33.4 17.9 66
Table 4.64: Geographical location and climate of Trithemis pallidinervis (Kirby)
Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum. (N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%) (0C) (0C) Chakwal 08 -07 -06 32.56 72.52 520 34.9 24.8 51
Fortabbas 08 -07 -08 29.11 72.51 147 35.5 22.2 52
Hyderabad 22-08-08 25.23 68.22 25 36.2 27 56
Khushab 22-07-07 32.17 72.20 183 40.4 22.4 48
Mangla 14-06-07 33.08 73.38 316 35.9 23.8 60 Dam Sargodha 24 -07 -07 32.04 72.40 187 37.8 27.9 46
Sialkot 16 -07 -06 32.31 74.33 253 34.5 25.7 61
Sukkur 15-08-08 27.41 68.52 61 40 28.2 45
Thatta 23-08-08 24.46 67.53 16 33.5 27 63
150
Remarks
These dragonflies were collected from ponds, marshy places and stagnant water in agricultural fields. These were also found flying against the wind in rice flied and difficult to capture. Geographical distribution and climate of the species in
Pakistan is shown in table 4.64. New locality record: Fortabbas
4.5.18 Tholymis Hagen, 1867
These are medium sized dragonflies, wings hyaline having brown spots extending from base to nodus, followed by opaque spots in hindwings and body reddish brown in colour. Twelve specimens were collected; agree with the Fraser’s
(1936) description resulted into one species.
4.5.18.1 Tholymis tilllarga (Fabricius, 1798)
1798 Libellula tillarga Fabricius, Ent. Syst. Suppl. p. 283.
1805 Libellula pallida Palisot de Beauvois, Ins. Afr. et Amer. p. 171.
1835 Libellula bimaculata Desjardins, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 4:4.
1867 Tholymis citrina Hagen, Stett. Ent. Zeit. 28: 220.
1954 Tholymis paratillarga Singh and Baijal, www.pugetsound.edu/x6140.xml
Specimens tally with published descriptions of Fraser 1936, Subramanian
2005 and Bedjanic et al . 2007 except, some minor differences. 10 1/2 -91/2 antenodal,
8-8 postnodal and 7-7 antenodal, 10-11 postnodal nerves present in forewings and hindwings, respectively. Measurements means of the specimens were as follows:
Forewing = 36 mm Hindwing = 35 mm Abdomen = 31 mm
151
Material Examined: = 04 = 07
Geographical distribution
This species has also been reported from Burma, Africa, Australia,
Bangladesh, China, Guandong, Indonesia, Philippines, India, Japan, Lao, Sri Lanka,
Myanmar, Malaysia, Peninsular Malaysia, Hainan, Singapore, Thailand, Hong Kong,
Taiwan and Viet Nam.
Remarks
These dragonflies were collected form ponds and marshy places near the road and also observe while hiding in a sugarcane field in the evening. These were also found hanging with vegetation in water channel in rice field. Geographical distribution and climate of the species in Pakistan is shown in table 4.65.
New localities record: Badin and Thatta
4.5.19 Urothemis Brauer, 1868
These are medium sized dragonflies; hindwings have red velvet spot on the base and body red in colour . Eighteen specimens were collected; agree with the
Fraser’s (1936) description resulted into one species.
4.5.19.1 Urothemis signata signata (Rambur, 1842)
1839 Libellula signuinea Burmeister , Handb. Ent., Berlin 2, Odonata, 2: 8 58 .
1842 Libellula signata Rambur , Ins. Nevrop.: 117.
1868 Urothemis signguinea Brauer, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 18: 737.
1913 Urothemis signata signata Ris. Cat. Coll. Selys, 16: 1023-24. 152
Table 4.65: Geographical location and climate of Tholymis tilllarga (Fabricius)
Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum. (N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%) (0C) (0C) Badin 21-08-08 24.39 68.50 10 34.8 26.6 63
Thatta 23-08-08 24.46 67.53 16 33.5 27 63
Table 4.66: Geographical location and climate of Urothemis signata signata
(Rambur)
Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum. (N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%) (0C) (0C) D.G.Khan 09-07-06 30.03 70.38 125 36.5 22.6 30
D.I. Khan 26-08-05 31.49 70.54 173 37.2 27.1 47
Head Baloki 21-08-09 31.14 73.51 193 35 27 69
Head Marala 18-08-09 32.32 74.31 246 40 24 68
Mianwali 04-07-06 32.35 71.32 211 37.5 27.3 47
Taunsa 08-07-06 30.42 70.38 174 34.8 18.3 44
Thatta 23-08-08 24.46 67.53 16 33.5 27 63
153
Specimens tally with published descriptions of Fraser 1936, Rehman 1994,
Subramanian 2005 and Bedjanic et al . 2007 except, some minor differences. 7 -7 antenodal, 7-7 postnodal and 5 -5 antenodal, 7-7 postnodal nerves present in forewings and hindwings, respectively. Measurements means of the specimens were as follows:
Forewing = 37 mm Hindwing = 36 mm Abdomen = 26 mm
Material Examined: = 15 = 03
Geographical distribution
This species has also been reported from Bangladesh, China, Hong Kong,
India, Cambodia, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Hainan, Thailand and Viet Nam.
Remarks
These dragonflies were collected from channels with vegetation and slow running water. These were also found near the deep stagnant water sitting on the top of the tall vegetation. Geographical distribution and climate of the species in Pakistan is shown in table 4.66.
New localities record: Thatta, D. I. Khan, D. G. Khan, Taunsa and Mianwali
4.5.20 Zygonyx Hagen, 1867
These are medium sized dragonflies, wing s transparent in male and tinted in female and body black and yellow in colour . Thirteen specimens were collected; agree with the Fraser’s (1936) description resulted into one species.
154
4.5.20.1 Zygonyx torrid isis Fraser, 1924
1889 Zygonyx torrid Kirby , www.pugetsound.edu/x6140.xml
1889 Pseudomacromia torrid Kirby , Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. 12: 299, 340.
1900 Pseudomacromia atlantica Martin, Bull. Mus. Paris: 107.
1903 Zygonyx hoffmanni Grünberg , www.pugetsound.edu/x6140.xml
1981 Zygonyx insulana Pinhey , www.pugetsound.edu/x6140.xml
Specimens tally with published descriptions of Fraser 1936, Yousuf 1972,
Rehman 1994, Subramanian 2005 and Bedjanic et al . 2007 except, some minor differences. 12 1/2 -12 1/2 antenodal, 10 -11 postnodal and 9-10 antenodal, 11 -12 postnodal nerves present in forewings and hindwings, respectively. Measurements means of the specimens were as follows:
Forewing = 49 mm Hindwing = 47 mm Abdomen = 40 mm
Material Examined: = 04 = 09
Geographical distribution
This species has also been reported from India.
Remarks
These dragonflies were co llected maneuvering on slow flowing water. These dragonflies perched few feet above the water surface and remain flying extensively in the same vicinity. These were not very fast fliers and easy to collect, on disturbing these can take very high flight. Geographical distribution and climate of the species in Pakistan is shown in table 4.67. 155
Table 4.67: Geographical location and climate of Zygonyx torrid isis Fraser
Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum. (N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%) (0C) (0C) Chakwal 08-07-06 32.56 72.52 520 34.9 24.8 51
Khushab 22-07-07 32.17 72.20 183 40.4 22.4 48
Kotli 21-06-07 33.31 73.53 604 37.5 23.7 35
Mirpur 13-06-07 33.09 73.42 375 39.5 19.8 45
Rawalpindi 14-07-06 33.36 73.02 500 36 26 59
Sehnsa 24-06-07 33.30 73.45 661 37.5 23.7 35
Table 4.68: Geographical location and climate of Zyxomma petiolatum Rambur
Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum. (N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%) (0C) (0C) Chinari 16-05-08 34.09 73.49 1450 34 17 37
Rawalpindi 14-07-06 33.36 73.02 500 36 26 59
156
New localities record: Sehnsa, Kotli, Chakwal and Khushab
4.5.21 Zyxomma Rambur, 1842
These are medium sized dragonflies, body redish brown in colour and cylindrical in shape, anal loop open from apex. Three specimens were collected; agree with the Fraser’s (1936) description resulted into one species.
4.5.21.1 Zyxomma petiolatum Rambur, 1842
1842 Zyxomma petiolatum Rambur, Ins. Nevrop.: 30.
1896 Zyxomma sechellarum Martin, Mem. Zool. Soc. France, 9: 103.
Specimens tally with published descriptions of Fraser 1936, Kanth 1985,
Subramanian 2005 and Bedjan ic et al . 2007 except, some minor differences. 10 1/ 2-
10 1/2 antenodal, 6-6 postnodal and 8 -8 antenodal, 7-6 postnodal nerves present in forewings and hindwings, respectively. Measurements means of the specimens were as follows:
Forewing = 34 mm Hindwing = 34 mm Abdomen = 31 mm
Material Examined: = 03
Geographical distribution
These species has also been reported from Bangladesh, Philippines, Japan,
China, Guandong, Hong Kong, India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Peninsular Malaysia,
Thailand, Indonesia, Singapore, Myanmar, Taiwan and Viet Nam.
157
Remarks
These dragonflies remain active during dusk and dawn in rainy season and were collected from light at night after monsoon rain. Geographical distribution and climate of the species in Pakistan is shown in table 4.68.
New locality record: Rawalpindi
158
4.6 LISTS OF DRAGONFLIES SPECIES OF DIFFERNT AGRO
ECOLOGICAL REGIONS OF PAKISTAN
4.6.1 The Indus Delta.
1. Anaciaeshna jaspidea (Burmeister, 1839)
2. Ictinogomphus rapax (Rambur, 1842)
3. Acisoma panorpoides panorpoides Rambur, 1842
4. Brachythemis contaminata (Fabricius, 1773)
5. Crocothemis erythraea (Brulle, 1832)
6. Crocothemis servilia (Drury, 1770)
7. Diplacodes lefebvrei (Rambur, 1842)
8. Diplacodes trivialis (Rambur, 1842)
9. Neurothemis tullia tullia (Drury, 1773)
10. Orthetrum sabina (Drury, 1770)
11. Palpopleura sexmaculata sexmaculata (Fabricius, 1787)
12. Pantala flavescens (Fabricius, 1798)
13. Selysiothemis nigra (Vander Linden, 1825)
14. Tramea basilaris burmeisteri Kirby, 1889
15. Trithemis pallidinervis (Kirby, 1889)
16. Tholymis tillarga (Fabricius, 1798)
17. Urothemis signata signata (Rambur, 1842)
4.6.2 The Southern Irrigated Plains.
1. Anax parthenope (Selys, 1839)
159
2. Acisoma panorpoides panorpoides Rambur, 1842
3. Brachydiplax sobrina (Rambur, 1842)
4. Brachythemis contaminata (Fabricius, 1773)
5. Crocothemis erythraea (Brulle, 1832)
6. Crocothemis servilia (Drury, 1770)
7. Diplacodes lefebvrei (Rambur, 1842)
8. Diplacodes trivialis (Rambur, 1842)
9. Orthetrum purinosum neglectum (Rambur, 1842)
10. Orthetrum sabina (Drury, 1770)
11. Pantala flavescens (Fabricius, 1798)
12. Rhyothemis variegata variegata (Linnaeus,1763)
13. Selysiothemis nigra (Vander Linden, 1825)
14. Trithemis aurora (Burmeister, 1839)
15. Trithemis pallidinervis (Kirby,1889)
4.6.3 The Sandy Desert
1. Brachydiplax sobrina (Rambur, 1842)
2. Brachythemis contaminata (Fabricius, 1773)
3. Crocothemis servilia (Drury, 1770)
4. Diplacodes lefebvrei (Rambur, 1842)
5. Neurothemis tullia tullia (Drury, 1773)
6. Orthetrum purinosum neglectum (Rambur, 1842)
7. Orthetrum sabina (Drury, 1770)
8. Pantala flavescens (Fabricius, 1798)
160
9. Rhyothemis variegata variegata (Linnaeus, 1763)
10. Trithemis pallidinervis (Kirby, 1889)
4.6.4 The Northern Irrigated Plains.
1. Anax parthenope (Selys,1839)
2. Macromia cingulata Rambur, 1842
3. Anormogomphus kiritschenkoi Bartenef,1913
4. Gomphidia t-nigrum Selys, 1854
5. Ictinogomphus rapax (Rambur, 1842)
6. Mesogomphus lineatus (Selys, 1850)
7. Acisoma panorpoides panorpoides Rambur, 1842
8. Brachythemis contaminata (Fabricius, 1773)
9. Crocothemis erythraea (Brulle, 1832)
10. Diplacodes lefebvrei (Rambur, 1842)
11. Diplacodes trivialis (Rambur, 1842)
12. Neurothemis tullia tullia (Drury, 1773)
13. Orthetrum chrysis (Selys, 1891)
14. Orthetrum purinosum neglectum (Rambur, 1842)
15. Orthetrum sabina (Drury, 1770)
16. Palpopleura sexmaculata sexmaculata (Fabricius, 1787)
17. Pantala flavescens (Fabricius, 1798)
18. Rhyothemis variegata variegata (Linnaeus, 1763)
19. Trithemis aurora (Burmeister, 1839)
20. Trithemis festiva (Rambur, 1842)
161
21. Urothemis signata signata (Rambur, 1842)
4.6.5 The Barani Lands.
1. Anax indicus Lieftinck, 1942
2. Anax immaculifrons Rambur, 1842
3. Anax parthenope (Selys, 1839)
4. Gynacanthaeshna sikkima (Karsch, 1891)
5. Hemianax ephippiger (Burmeister, 1839)
6. Epopthalmia vittata vittata Burmeister, 1839
7. Macromia cingulata Rambur, 1842
8. Anormogomphus kiritschenkoi Bartenef, 1913
9. Gomphidia t-nigrum Selys, 1854
10. Ictinogomphus angulosus (Selys, 1854)
11. Ictinogomphus rapax (Rambur, 1842)
12. Mesogomphus lineatus (Selys, 1850)
13. Nepogomphus modestus (Selys, 1878)
14. Onychogomphus bistrigatus (Selys, 1854)
15. Acisoma panorpoides panorpoides Rambur, 1842
16. Brachydiplax sobrina (Rambur, 1842)
17. Brachythemis contaminata (Fabricius, 1793)
18. Bradinopyga geminata (Rambur, 1842)
19. Crocothemis erythraea (Brulle, 1832)
20. Crocothemis servilia (Drury, 1770)
21. Diplacodes lefebvrei (Rambur, 1842)
162
22. Neurothemis fluctuans (Fabricius, 1793)
23. Neurothemis tullia tullia (Drury, 1773)
24. Orthetrum chrysostigma luzonicum (Brauer, 1868)
25. Orthetrum purinosum neglectum (Rambur, 1842)
26. Orthetrum sabina (Drury, 1770)
27. Orthetrum taeniolatum (Schneider, 1845)
28. Orthetrum triangulare triangulare (Selys, 1878)
29. Palpopleura sexmaculata sexmaculata (Fabricius, 1787)
30. Pantala flavescens (Fabricius, 1798)
31. Rhyothemis variegata variegata (Linnaeus, 1763)
32. Selysiothemis nigra (Vander Linden, 1825)
33. Sympetrum decoloratum (Selys, 1884)
34. Tramea virginia (Rambur, 1842)
35. Trithemis aurora (Burmeister, 1839)
36. Trithemis festiva (Rambur, 1842)
37. Trithemis Kirbyi Kirbyi Selys, 1891
38. Trithemis pallidinervis (Kirby1889)
39. Urothemis signata signata (Rambur, 1842)
40. Zygonyx torrida isis Fraser, 1924
41. Zyxomma petiolatum Rambur, 1842
4.6.6 The Wet Mountains.
1 Aeshna juncea (Linnaeus, 1758)
2 Anax immaculifrons Rambur , 1842
163
3 Anax parthenope (Selys, 1839)
4 Cordulegaster brevistigma (Selys, 1854)
5 Macromia moorei Selys, 1874
6 Burmagomphus pyramidalis Laidlaw, 1922
7 Burmagomphus sivalikensis Laidlaw, 1922
8 Ictinogomphus angulosus (Selys,1854)
9 Ictinogomphus rapax Rambur , 1842
10 Mesogomphus lineatus (Selys, 1850)
11 Nepogomphus modestus (Selys, 1878)
12 Onychogomphus bistrigatus (Selys, 1854)
13 Onychogomphus biforceps (Selys,1878)
14 Platygomphus dolabratus Selys, 1854
15 Acisoma panorpoides panorpoides Rambur, 1842
16 Brachydiplax sobrina (Rambur, 1842)
17 Brachythemis contaminata (Fabricius, 1793)
18 Crocothemis erythraea (Brulle, 1832)
19 Crocothemis servilia (Drury, 1770)
20 Diplacodes lefebvrei (Rambur, 1842)
21 Diplacodes trivialis (Rambur, 1842)
22 Orthetrum anceps (Schneider, 1845)
23 Orthetrum chrysostigma luzonicum (Brauer, 1868)
24 Orthetrum glaucum (Brauer, 1865)
25 Orthetrum japonicum internum MacLachlan, 1894
26 Orthetrum purinosum neglectum (Rambur, 1842)
164
27 Orthetrum sabina (Drury, 1770)
28 Orthetrum taeniolatum (Schneider, 1845)
29 Orthetrum testaceum testaceum (Burmeister, 1839)
30 Orthetrum triangulare triangulare (Selys, 1878)
31 Palpopleura sexmaculata sexmaculata (Fabricius, 1787)
32 Pantala flavescens (Fabricius, 1798)
33 Rhodothemis rufa (Rambar, 1842)
34 Sympetrum commixtum (Selys, 1884)
35 Sympetrum decoloratum (Selys, 1884)
36 Sympetrum haematoneura Fraser, 1924
37 Sympetrum meridionale (Selys, 1841)
38 Tramea virginia (Rambur, 1842)
39 Trithemis aurora (Burmeister, 1839)
40 Trithemis festiva (Rambur, 1842)
41 Trithemis Kirbyi Kirbyi Selys, 1891
42 Zygonyx torrida isis Fraser, 1924
43 Zyxomma petiolatum Rambur, 1842
4.6.7 The Northern Dry Mountains.
1. Aeshna juncea (Linnaeus, 1758)
2. Anax nigrofasciatus Fraser,1935
3. Anax parthenope (Selys, 1839)
4. Cephalaeschna masoni (Martin, 1909)
5. Cordulegaster brevistigma (Selys, 1854)
165
6. Onychogomphus bistrigatus (Selys, 1854)
7. Ophiogomphus reductus Calvert, 1889
8. Acisoma panorpoides panorpoides Rambur, 1842
9. Brachydiplax sobrina (Rambur, 1842)
10. Brachythemis contaminata (Fabricius, 1773)
11. Crocothemis erythraea (Brulle, 1832)
12. Crocothemis servilia (Drury, 1770)
13. Diplacodes lefebvrei (Rambur, 1842)
14. Libellula quadrimaculata Linnaeus, 1758
15. Orthetrum anceps (Schneider, 1845)
16. Orthetrum brunneum brunneum (Fonscolombe, 1837)
17. Orthetrum cancellatum cancellatum (Linnaeus, 1758)
18. Orthetrum chrysostigma luzonicum (Brauer, 1868)
19. Orthetrum purinosum neglectum (Rambur, 1842)
20. Orthetrum sabina (Drury, 1770)
21. Orthetrum taeniolatum (Schneider, 1845)
22. Orthetrum triangulare triangulare (Selys, 1878)
23. Palpopleura sexmaculata sexmaculata (Fabricius, 1787)
24. Pantala flavescens (Fabricius, 1798)
25. Rhyothemis variegata variegata (Linnaeus, 1763)
26. Sympetrum decoloratum (Selys, 1884)
27. Tramea virginia (Rambur, 1842)
28. Trithemis aurora (Burmeister, 1839)
29. Trithemis festiva (Rambur, 1842)
166
4.6.8 The Western Dry Mountains.
1 Anax parthenope (Selys, 1839)
2 Brachythemis contaminata (Fabricius, 1773)
3 Crocothemis erythraea (Brulle, 1832)
4 Crocothemis servilia (Drury, 1770)
5 Diplacodes lefebvrei (Rambur, 1842)
6 Orthetrum anceps (Schneider, 1845)
7 Orthetrum brunneum brunneum (Fonscolombe, 1837)
8 Orthetrum chrysostigma luzonicum (Brauer, 1868)
9 Orthetrum sabina (Drury, 1770)
10 Orthetrum taeniolatum (Schneider, 1845)
11 Pantala flavescens (Fabricius, 1798)
12 Selysiothemis nigra (Vander Linden, 1825)
13 Sympetrum commixtum (Selys, 1884)
14 Sympetrum fonscolombei (Selys, 1840)
15 Trithemis Kirbyi Kirbyi Selys, 1891
4.6.9 The Dry Western Plateau.
1 Anax parthenope (Selys, 1839)
2 Anormogomphus kiritschenkoi Bartenef, 1913
3 Acisoma panorpoides panorpoides Rambur, 1842
4 Crocothemis erythraea (Brulle, 1832)
5 Crocothemis servilia (Drury, 1770)
6 Diplacodes lefebvrei (Rambur, 1842)
167
7 Orthetrum brunneum brunneum (Fonscolombe, 1837)
8 Orthetrum sabina (Drury, 1770)
9 Pantala flavescens (Fabricius, 1798)
10 Selysiothemis nigra (Vander Linden, 1825)
4.6.10 The Suleiman Piedmont.
1 Ictinogomphus rapax (Rambur, 1842)
2 Brachydiplax sobrina (Rambur, 1842)
3 Brachythemis contaminata (Fabricius, 1773)
4 Crocothemis erythraea (Brulle, 1832)
5 Neurothemis tullia tullia (Drury, 1773)
6 Orthetrum purinosum neglectum (Rambur, 1842)
7 Pantala flavescens (Fabricius, 1798)
8 Rhyothemis variegata variegata (Linnaeus, 1763)
9 Urothemis signata signata (Rambur, 1842)
168
4.6.11 CHECKLIST OF DRAGONFLIES OF PAKISTAN
AESHNIDAE
Aeshna Fabricius, 1775
Aeshna juncea (Linnaeus, 1758)
Anaciaeschna Selys, 1878
Anaciaeshna jaspidea (Burmeister, 1839)
Anax Leach, 1815
Anax indicus Lieftinck, 1942
Anax immaculifrons Rambur, 1842
Anax nigrofasciatus Fraser, 1935
Anax parthenope (Selys, 1839)
Cephalaeschna Selys, 1883
Cephalaeschna masoni (Martin, 1909)
Gynacanthaeschna Fraser, 1921
Gynacanthaeshna sikkima (Karsch, 1891)
Hemianax Selys, 1883
Hemianax ephippiger (Burmeister, 1839)
CORDULEGASTRIDAE
Cordulegaster Leach, 1815
Cordulegaster brevistigma (Selys, 1854)
169
CORDULIIDAE
Epophthalmia Burmeister, 1839
Epopthalmia vittata vittata Burmeister, 1839
Macromia Rambur, 1842
Macromia cingulata Rambur, 1842
Macromia moorei Selys, 1874
GOMPHIDAE
Anormogomphus Selys, 1854
Anormogomphus kiritschenkoi Bartenef, 1913
Burmagomphus Williamson, 1907
Burmagomphus pyramidalis Laidlaw, 1922
Burmagomphus sivalikensis Laidlaw, 1922
Gomphidia Selys, 1854
Gomphidia t-nigrum Selys, 1854
Ictinogomphus Cowley, 1934
Ictinogomphus angulosus (Selys, 1854)
Ictinogomphus rapax (Rambur, 1842)
Mesogomphus Forster, 1906
Mesogomphus lineatus (Selys, 1850)
Nepogomphus Fraser, 1934
Nepogomphus modestus (Selys, 1878)
Onychogomphus Selys, 1854
Onychogomphus bistrigatus (Selys, 1854)
170
Onychogomphus biforceps (Selys, 1878)
Ophiogomphus Selys, 1854
Ophiogomphus reductus Calvert, 1889
Platygomphus Selys, 1854
Platygomphus dolabratus Selys, 1854
LIBELLULIDAE
Acisoma Rambur, 1842
Acisoma panorpoides panorpoides Rambur, 1842
Brachydiplax Brauer, 1868
Brachydiplax sobrina (Rambur, 1842)
Brachythemis Brauer, 1868
Brachythemis contaminata (Fabricius, 1793)
Bradinopyga Kirby, 1893
Bradinopyga geminata (Rambur, 1842)
Crocothemis Brauer, 1868
Crocothemis erythraea (Brulle, 1832)
Crocothemis servilia (Drury, 1770)
Diplacodes Kirby, 1889
Diplacodes lefebvrei (Rambur, 1842)
Diplacodes trivialis (Rambur, 1842)
Libellula Linnaeus, 1758
Libellula quadrimaculata Linnaeus, 1758
171
Neurothemis Brauer, 1867
Neurothemis fluctuans (Fabricius, 1793)
Neurothemis tullia tullia (Drury, 1773)
Orthetrum Newman, 1833
Orthetrum anceps (Schneider, 1845)
Orthetrum brunneum brunneum (Fonscolombe, 1837)
Orthetrum cancellatum cancellatum (Linnaeus, 1758)
Orthetrum chrysis (Selys, 1891)
Orthetrum chrysostigma luzonicum (Brauer, 1868)
Orthetrum glaucum (Brauer, 1865)
Orthetrum japonicum internum MacLachlan, 1894
Orthetrum purinosum neglectum (Rambur, 1842)
Orthetrum sabina (Drury, 1770)
Orthetrum taeniolatum (Schneider, 1845)
Orthetrum testaceum testaceum (Burmeister, 1839)
Orthetrum triangulare triangulare (Selys, 1878)
Palpopleura Rambur, 1842
Palpopleura sexmaculata sexmaculata (Fabricius, 1787)
Pantala Hagen, 1861
Pantala flavescens (Fabricius, 1798)
Rhodothemis Ris, 1909
Rhodothemis rufa (Rambar, 1842)
Rhyothemis Hagen, 1867
Rhyothemis variegata variegata (Linnaeus, 1763)
172
Selysiothemis Ris, 1897
Selysiothemis nigra (Vander Linden, 1825)
Sympetrum Newman, 1833
Sympetrum commixtum (Selys, 1884)
Sympetrum decoloratum (Selys, 1884)
Sympetrum fonscolombei (Selys, 1840)
Sympetrum haematoneura Fraser, 1924
Sympetrum meridionale (Selys, 1841)
Tramea Hagen, 1861
Tramea basilaris burmeisteri Kirby, 1889
Tramea virginia (Rambur, 1842)
Trithemis Brauer, 1868
Trithemis aurora (Burmeister, 1839)
Trithemis festiva (Rambur, 1842)
Trithemis Kirbyi Kirbyi Selys, 1891
Trithemis pallidinervis (Kirby, 1889)
Tholymis Hagen, 1867
Tholymis tillarga (Fabricius,1798)
Urothemis Brauer, 1868
Urothemis signata signata (Rambur, 1842)
Zygonyx Hagen, 1867
Zygonyx torrida isis Fraser, 1924
Zyxomma Rambur, 1842
Zyxomma petiolatum Rambur, 1842
173
KPK
= Aeshnidae = Corduliidae = Cordulegasteridae = Gomphidae = Libellulidae
Fig. 4.15: Area occupied by different families of dragonflies 174
DRAGONFLIES FAMILIES IDENTIFIED FROM DIFFERENT AGRO- ECOLOGICAL REGIONS
5 4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 5 2 4 4 4 1.5 3 3 1 2 2 2 1
NO. OF FAMILIES OF NO. 0.5 0
AGRO-ECOLOGICAL REGIONS
Fig. 4.16: DRAGONFLIES FAMILIES IDENTIFIED FROM DIFFERENT AGRO-ECOLOGICAL REGIONS
175
DRAGONFLIES GENERA IDENTIFIED FROM DIFFERENT AGRO - ECOLOGICAL REGIONS
30 25 20 15 28 24 10 19 15 17 5 11 9 9 8 9 NO. OF GENERA OF NO. 0
AGRO-ECOLOGICAL REGIONS
Fig. 4.17: DRAGONFLIES GENERA IDENTIFIED FROM DIFFERENT AGRO -ECOLOGICAL REGIONS
176
DRAGONFLIES SPECIES IDENTIFIED FROM DIFFERENT AGRO - ECOLOGICAL REGIONS
45 40 35 30 25 43 20 41 15 29 10 21 17 15 15 NO. OF SPECIES OF NO. 5 10 10 9 0
AGRO-ECOLOGICAL REGIONS
Fig. 4.18: DRAGONFLIES SPECIES IDENTIFIED FROM DIFFERENT AGRO-ECOLOGICAL REGION
177
DRAGONFLIES COLLECTION FROM PAKISTAN
80 60 46 68 40 39 35 20
No of species of No 0 20
Fig. 4.19: D ragonflies collected during different years from Pakistan
178
Extensive surveys to explore dragonflies fauna of Pakistan were carried out during 2005 – 2009 in all the ten agro-ecological regions of Pakistan. A total of 1349 specimens belonging to 05 families, 39 genera and 68 species were collected and identified. Fig. 4.15 shows the area of Pakistan occupied by different dragonfly families which indicate that the specimens of the families Aeshnidae and
Labellulidae are distributed throughout the country, Corduliidae dragonflies are restricted in mountainous and sub mountainous areas whereas, Cordulagesteridae species are found in only mountainous areas. The specimens of Gomphidae family are scattered in all parts of Pakistan. Fig. 4.16 shows maximum i.e. 5 families were identified from Wet Mountains followed by Notheren Irrigated Plain, Barani Lands and Northern Dry Mountains each having four families of anisoptrans. The minimum only one family was identified from Sany Desert. Fig. 4.17 shows the maximum 28 genera of Anisoptra were identified from Barani Lands followed by 24, 19, 17 and
15 from Wet Mountains, Northern Dry Mountains, Northern Irrigated Plain and
Indus Delta, respectively. Minimum 08 genera of Anisoptra were identified from Dry
Western Plateau. Fig. 4.18 shows among the collected 68 species, 17 species from
The Indus Delta, 15 species from The Southern Irrigated Plains, 10 species from The
Sandy Desert, 21 species from The Northern Irrigated Plains, 41species from The
Barani Lands, 43 species from The Wet Mountains, 29 species from The Northern
Dry Mountains, 15 species from The Western Dry Mountains, 10 species from The
Dry Western Plateau and 09 species from The Sulaiman Piedmont were recorded.
Fig. 4.19 shows that maximam 68 species of dragonflies were collected during 2010 from Pakistan.
SUMMARY
Extensive surveys to explore dragonflies fauna of Pakistan were carried out during 2005 – 2009 in all the ten agro-ecological regions of Pakistan. A total of 1349 specimens belonging to 05 families, 39 genera and 68 species were collected and identified. Among the collected fauna family Aeshnidae having 09 species belonging to 06 genera, family Cordulegasteridae with only one species, Corduliidae with 03 species of 02 genera, Gomphidae with 12 species of 09 genera and Libellulidae with
43 species belonging to 21 genera were recorded from Pakistan. Seven species
Anaciaeshna jaspidea Burmeister, 1839, Anax indicus Lieftinck, 1942,
Gynacanthaeshna sikkima (Karsch, 1891), Epopthalmia vittata vittata Burmeister,
1839 Macromia moorei Selys, 1874 Onychogomphus biforceps (Selys, 1878) and
Rhodothemis rufa (Rambar, 1842) are reported first time from Pakistan. So, seven species are added to the existing anisopterous fauna of Pakistan. Details for the collected material i.e. valid names, their synonyms, measurements of different body parts (abdomen, forewing and hindwing ) maximum and minimum temperature, relative humidity, longitude, latitude and altitude for localities, habitat description, dates of collection, distribution range, as well as international distribution and differential characters from published descriptions for new records to country have been provided. The characters of the species already identified have not been included in this manuscript, because they have already significantly been dealt with by a number of authors in their works. Coloured images of some species and habitats of all species are also presented. Taxonomic keys for families, genera and species level are also presented. Check lists of all the 10 agro-ecological regions of Pakistan and the corresponding checklist of dragonflies of Pakistan have also been presented.
179 180
On completion of study, Anisopterous fauna of Pakistan has been explored with a total of 68 species, thereby adding seven new records to earlier reported data.
Among the collected 68 species, 17 species from The Indus Delta, 15 species from
The Southern Irrigated Plains, 10 species from The Sandy Desert, 21 species from
The Northern Irrigated Plains, 41species from The Barani Lands, 43 species from
The Wet Mountains, 29 species from The Northern Dry Mountains, 15 species from
The Western Dry Mountains, 10 species from The Dry Western Plateau and 09 species from The Suleiman Piedmont were recorded. Maximum number of species
43 was recorded from the wet mountain zone. Collected specimens have been reposited at Biosystematics laboratory, Department of Entomology, Pir Mehr Ali
Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi as reference collection for future taxonomic studies.
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