GRAINS RESEARCH UPDATE BOOSTING PROFITABILITY – RESILIENT SOLUTIONS
Derrinallum Thursday 22nd August 9.00am to 1.00pm Derrinallum Community Hall, 74 Main Street, Derrinallum #GRDCUpdates
2019 DERRINALLUM GRDC GRAINS RESEARCH UPDATE 1 Derrinallum GRDC Grains Research Update convened by ORM Pty Ltd.
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CAUTION: RESEARCH ON UNREGISTERED PESTICIDE USE Any research with unregistered pesticides or of unregistered products reported in this document does not constitute a recommendation for that particular use by the authors, the authors’ organisations or the management committee. All pesticide applications must accord with the currently registered label for that particular pesticide, crop, pest and region.
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2019 DERRINALLUM GRDC GRAINS RESEARCH UPDATE 2 GRDC Grains Research Update DERRINALLUM
Contents Program 5
SFS information 6
Canola establishment across central NSW Col McMaster, 9 NSW DPI
Super high oleic safflower – a game changer for David Hudson, 17 grain growers GO Resources Pty Ltd & SGA Solutions Pty Ltd
Harvest weed seed control is less effective on annual James Manson, 27 ryegrass in the southern high rainfall zone SFS
Earwigs – latest research on these damaging pests Matthew Binns, 37 CSIRO
‘Strip & disc’ farming – a grower’s experience Ted Langley, 47 grower & SAGIT trustee
GRDC Southern Regional Panel 51
GRDC Southern Region Grower Solutions Group and 52 Regional Cropping Solutions Network
GRDC Southern Region Key Contacts 53
Acknowledgements 55
Evaluation form 57
2019 DERRINALLUM GRDC GRAINS RESEARCH UPDATE 3 SOUTHERN/WESTERN REGION* PREDICTA® B
KNOW BEFORE*CENTRAL NSW, SOUTHERN NSW, VICTORIA, YOU TASMANIA, SOUTH AUSTRALIA, SOW WESTERN AUSTRALIA
Cereal root diseases cost grain growers in excess of $200 million annually in lost production. Much of this loss can be prevented. Using PREDICTA® B soil tests and advice from your local accredited agronomist, these diseases can be detected and managed before losses occur. PREDICTA® B is a DNA-based soil-testing service to assist growers in identifying soil borne diseases that pose a significant risk, before sowing the crop. Enquire with your local agronomist or visit http://pir.sa.gov.au/research/services/molecular_diagnostics/predicta_b
Potential high-risk paddocks: There are PREDICTA® B tests for ■ Bare patches, uneven growth, most of the soil-borne diseases of white heads in previous crop cereals and some pulse crops: ■ Paddocks with unexplained poor yield ■ Crown rot (cereals) from the previous year ■ Rhizoctonia root rot ■ High frequency of root lesion ■ Take-all (including oat strain) nematode-susceptible crops, ■ Root lesion nematodes such as chickpeas ■ Cereal cyst nematode ■ Intolerant cereal varieties grown ■ Stem nematode on stored moisture ■ Blackspot (field peas) ■ Newly purchased or leased land ■ Yellow leaf spot ■ Cereals on cereals ■ Common root rot ■ Cereal following grassy pastures ■ Pythium clade f ■ Durum crops (crown rot) ■ Charcoal rot ■ Ascochyta blight of chickpea ■ White grain disorder ■ Sclerotinia stem rot
CONTACT: Russell Burns [email protected] 0401 122 115 GRDC Grains Research Update DERRINALLUM
Program
9.00 am Announcements Brett Symes, ORM
9.05 am GRDC welcome and update GRDC representative
9:15 am Improving the establishment of canola – what factors Col McMaster, matter most NSW DPI
9:55 am Super high oleic oil safflower David Hudson, GO Resources Pty Ltd & SGA Solutions Pty Ltd
10:35 am Morning tea
11.05 am Harvest weed seed control James Manson, SFS
11:45 am Focus on earwigs Matthew Binns, CSIRO
12.25 pm ‘Strip & disc’ farming – a grower’s experience Ted Langley, grower & SAGIT trustee
1.05 pm Close and evaluation Brett Symes, ORM
1.10 pm Lunch
On Twitter? Follow @GRDCUpdateSouth and use the hashtag #GRDCUpdates to share key messages
2019 DERRINALLUM GRDC GRAINS RESEARCH UPDATE 5 Sustainable farming systems for the high rainfall zone
THE BEGINNINGS WHO WE ARE WHAT WE DO Southern Farming Systems was founded SFS is one of the largest farming Our extensive trials research program in 1995 by a group of farmers who came system groups in Victoria, recognised across the HRZ is accompanied by together to find ways of making cropping as a premier source of grower driven seasonal crop walks, technical workshops in the high rainfall zone (HRZ) of Victoria independent research, centered on the and field days throughout the season. more profitable by introducing raised high rainfall zones of southern Victoria. The major field day; AgriFocus is bedding to minimise waterlogging. considered a ‘must attend’ technical Our objectives are to research, event for the HRZ cropping region. Held develop and communicate the best SFS now has over 500 members in five annually in October, SFS showcases a use of resources, new techniques branches; Geelong, Streatham, Hamilton, range of research trials, technical tours and technologies for more profitable Gippsland and Tasmania. and demonstrations. SFS holds annual agriculture; with a specific mission trial results meetings in March, including to increase farm profitability and the release of the much acclaimed SFS sustainability. annual trial results book made available SFS maintains strong partnerships with to SFS members. We run a technical research and extension agencies and workshop for Agronomists annually with agribusiness. The information and work collaboratively with other provided to members is highly valued for organisations to bring you an array of it’s quality and independence. workshops throughout the year, all relevant to your farming enterprise.
VALUE FOR YOU SFS Membership packages are flexible and offer great value; including biannual newsletters, fortnightly e-updates, copies of our Annual Trial Results book, Free LAKE BOLAC HAMILTON MELBOURNE BAIRNSDALE entry to all SFS field days, local crop INVERLEIGH GEELONG walks and workshops, as well as access to our Members Only area of SFS website, previous trial report data, SFS weather station data and much more.
GROWER MEMBERSHIP SFS Branch Regions Membership for primary producers
COMMERCIAL MEMBERSHIP LAUNCESTON Companies and organisations who “Innovative, relevant produce commercial goods and profitable SPONSORSHIP cropping research Partnership opportunity with marketing for HRZ farmers” and promotional advertising included
23 High Street,Inverleigh VIC 3321 03 5265 1666 [email protected] www.sfs.org.au Current SFS and Collaborative Research Topics
CONTRACT TRIALS PROGRAM TECHNICAL WORKSHOPS
MLA INTERN PROGRAM NEW VARIETY EVALUATION TRIALS
MANAGING HEAVY STUBBLES IN HRZ CROPPING SYSTEMS PROBETRAX, SOIL MOISTURE PROBE NETWORK
INTEGRATED WEED MANAGEMENT RURAL BANK CROP CHALLENGE
SOIL ACIDITY AND LIMING PULSE AGRONOMY
23 High Street,Inverleigh VIC 3321 03 5265 1666 [email protected] www.sfs.org.au NCANOLA | WHEVAT | BARLEY | CHTICKPEA | FABA BEAN | FIELD PEA | LENTIL | LUPIN | OAT | SORGHUM
Long Term Yield Reporter New web-based high speed Yield Reporting tool, easy-to-use means of accessing and interpreting the NVT Long Term MET (Multi Environment Trial) results.
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Crop Disease Au App Long Term Yield App Access to current disease Easy access to the analysed resistance ratings & NVT Multi Environment disease information. Trial (MET) data.
www.nvtonline.com.au
NVTapps_A4_1811.indd 1 9/11/18 1:54 pm Canola establishment across central NSW
Col McMaster¹, Ian Menz² and Alan Stevenson¹. 1NSW DPI Orange; ²NSW DPI Wagga.
GRDC project code: BLG110
Keywords canola establishment, fertiliser placement, sowing speed, stubble management. Take home messages Across 95 paddocks within the low, medium and high rainfall zones of central NSW, the average canola establishment was 48%, and ranged from 17% to 86%. Seed size was the main differentiating factor that improved canola establishment. Other key agronomic factors for improved canola establishment were stubble removal, reduced sowing speed, shallow seed placement and phosphorus (P) fertiliser separated from the seed. Hybrid (H) varieties were generally larger in size, and establishment was better than open- pollinated (OP) varieties.
Background Recent developments in understanding variety phenology, sowing time, and the adoption of slower Canola establishment has become an emerging developing spring varieties have brought forward issue within central NSW over the past decade, due the sowing window from 25 April to early April (Brill to increased seed costs, reduced seeding rates, et al. 2018) for slower developing spring types. This unreliable autumn rainfall and sowing into marginal broader, more flexible sowing window enables seedbed conditions. canola establishment to occur when seasonal Canola seed costs from 1990 to 2010 were conditions allow (i.e. rainfall events), rather than wait relatively stable at 4% of total input costs, and have for the traditional Anzac Day trigger point to initiate since increased to 14% of total input costs in 2018 sowing. This greatly improves the flexibility of the (NSW DPI crop budgets). The increased seed cost farming system, however, establishing canola in is largely related to the dominance of H varieties early April has the disadvantage of high seedbed over OP varieties since 2011 to 2018 (Figure 1). moisture dry-back due to greater evaporation Target plant density during the era that OP varieties demands caused by higher temperatures. For dominated the market place (pre-2010) was 50–80 example, at Parkes (medium rainfall zone), the plants m² (Wurst et al. 1997) and seeding rates average daily evaporation reduces from 5.9mm, between 3–5kg/ha. However, since the adoption of 3.7mm to 2.2mm across the respective months of hybrids, the target plant density has been reduced March, April and May (Figure 2). This means that to approx. 20–50 plants m² (Zhang et al. 2016, a shallow planted canola seed is at higher risk of Matthews et al. 2018) depending on rainfall zone. seedbed moisture dry-back if sown in early April Currently, best management practice is to firstly compared to May, particularly in the warmer regions determine target plant density (plants m²) for your of NSW (i.e. Condobolin). rainfall region, and then determine seeding rates via knowledge of seed size, germination percentage (%) and estimate of establishment %.
2019 DERRINALLUM GRDC GRAINS RESEARCH UPDATE 9 In summary, the margin for error in establishing Method canola is small, we are now sowing less seeds, A field survey was conducted in 2017 across they are costing more money, and we are placing 95 commercial paddocks within the low, medium those seeds in higher moisture dry-back conditions. and high rainfall zones of central NSW (approx. 30 Successful canola establishment is a significant paddocks from each rainfall zone). Paddocks were factor, and a risk in canola production. The primary selected from the following localities — Tottenham, purpose of this survey was to evaluate current Tullamore, Trundle, Condobolin, Bogan Gate, Parkes, canola establishment rates and uniformity of plant Forbes, Marsden, Manildra, Cowra, Young, Boorowa spacings. The secondary purpose of the survey and Jugiong. was to evaluate management practices that affect canola establishment, such as stubble management, Paddocks were selected to include various seeding systems, fertiliser and seed quality. combinations of stubble management (burnt,
Figure 1. Year release of H or OP canola varieties in Australia from 1978 to 2017 (Source: Steve Marcroft).
Figure 2. Average daily evaporation rates across central NSW during March, April and May (Source: CliMate).
2019 DERRINALLUM GRDC GRAINS RESEARCH UPDATE 10 Figure 3. Daily autumn rainfall events across Condobolin, Parkes and Cowra in 2017. retained and cultivated) and seeding system linear rows, as well as to count the total number of (knifepoint /presswheel, disc or scatter-plate). vacant squares within four linear metres. From this The survey design allowed for 10 paddocks with plant population and a vacancy % were determined. each combination of stubble management and Other data collected from each paddock seeding system from each rainfall zone (low, includes sowing date, seeding depth, fertiliser medium and high). rate/placement/source, variety, seeding rate, GPS Plant establishment was measured across coordinates, seed treatment, sowing speed, soil 15 x 1m² quadrants per paddock, and from this an type, seedbed moisture conditions at sowing, and establishment % was determined via knowledge crusting events post sowing. of seed size and sowing rate. If the seed size was unknown, a sample was taken for seed size Results and discussion determination. Plant population and plant uniformity were measured via the development of the ’vacancy A wet March and some timely rainfall events %’ method. This method relies on using a 1m² in April (Figure 3) allowed canola to be sown into section of mesh with 10cm squares. The mesh is favourable seedbed conditions across the low, used as the quadrant to count plants across 4 x 1m medium and high rainfall zones of central NSW
Table 1. Breeding type and herbicide tolerance of paddocks surveyed across the low, medium and high rainfall zones of central NSW in 2017. Rainfall region Breeding type Total Low Med High Hybrid 4 18 22 44 Clearfield® 1 9 7 17 Conventional 3 4 7 Roundup Ready® 2 2 4 Roundup Ready® + Triazine Tolerant 2 2 Triazine Tolerant 3 11 14 OP 28 22 1 51 Triazine Tolerant 28 22 1 51 32 40 23 95
2019 DERRINALLUM GRDC GRAINS RESEARCH UPDATE 11 Table 2. Establishment, plant density and vacancy % on 95 paddocks surveyed in central NSW in 2017. Frequency Establishment (%) Plants density (m²) Vacancy (%) Min 17% 10 76% 1st Quartile 38% 19 56% Mean 48% 26 47% 3rd Quartile 58% 32 39% Max 86% 64 18%
in 2017. March rainfall was above the long-term While each paddock had 36 pieces of information average (LTA) at Condobolin, Parkes and Cowra, recorded, the main factor that differentiated with an additional 41mm, 56mm and 49mm above establishment % was seed size. The mean seed the LTA, respectively. Seedbed moisture conditions size was 4.3g/1000 seeds and ranged from 3.3g to were favourable at the start of April, and then 6.6g/1000 seeds. started to decline from mid-April onwards. Additional Figure 4 shows that establishment improved rainfall around Anzac Day ensured favourable crop as seed size increased, however this trend was establishment for most of central NSW. In not linear and establishment decreased between the paddock survey, the earliest, median and the seed size of 4g and 4.5g/1000. In addition last sowing dates were 10 April, 22 April and to seed size, there was an average increase in 10 May, respectively. establishment by 6% (points) from selecting an H Across the 95 survey paddocks, 44 were hybrid seed over an OP seed (51% establishment for H, and varieties and 51 were OP (Table 1). Breeding type (H 45% establishment for OP). or OP) was largely influenced by growing season After seed size, the top four agronomic practices rainfall and length of growing season, with H that influenced canola establishment were seeding varieties dominating the high rainfall zone (22 H, 1 system (P=0.01), stubble management (P=0.02), OP), OP dominating the low rainfall zone (4 H, 28 sowing speed (P=0.02) and P fertiliser placement OP), and an even split between H and OP in the (P=0.05). medium rainfall zone (H 18, OP 22). Refer to Table 1 for further details On average, reducing stubble loads via either burning or cultivation improved canola Across the 51 survey paddocks that were OP, establishment by 10% (Figure 5). The main benefit 16 paddocks were purchased seed and appears to be from the physical removal of the 35 paddocks were grower retained seed. stubble, rather than cultivated seedbed. Interestingly, only four of the 35 grower retained seed paddocks were not graded to seed size. Seed Table 2 shows that the average vacancy % was size grading ranged from 1.6mm to 2mm sieve size, 47%, and ranged from 18% to 76%. Further research however the sieve size was determined by the trials are being undertaken to develop calibration ratio of total seed graded to how much seed was relationships between vacancy % and grain yield. required for the following sowing. Interestingly, old seeding system technology such Interestingly, across all paddocks the average as ’scatter-plates’ performed well in this survey. On seeding rate was 2.5kg/ha for OP (1.6–4kg/ha), average, the highest establishment of 58% was and 2.4kg/ha for H (0.9–3.2kg/ha). The average achieved with scatter-plates, and then reduced to seed size from the H varieties was 4.9g/1000 seed 49% and 41% with the respective knifepoint and disc (203,610 seeds/kg), and 3.9g/1000 seeds (257,106 machine seeding systems. It is likely that the main seeds/kg) for the OP. benefits of the scatter-plate seeding system are due to shallow seed placement and favourable autumn Table 2 illustrates a summary of results for conditions in 2017. establishment %, plant density and vacancy %. The average establishment was 48%, and the majority Establishment decreased as sowing speed (between 1st and 3rd Quartile) of paddocks ranged increased, with a 16% establishment reduction if between 38% and 58%. Establishment improved speed increased from 6–8km/hr to 13–17km/hr. from low to medium to the higher rainfall zone, with On average, there was a 7% reduction in the low, medium and high rainfall zones achieving a establishment if P fertiliser was not separated from respective 43%, 47% and 55% establishment. seed. There were two main groups of P fertiliser
2019 DERRINALLUM GRDC GRAINS RESEARCH UPDATE 12 Figure 4. Fitted and observed relationship between seed size (g/1000 seeds) and canola establishment % with 95% confidence intervals.
Figure 5. Effect of stubble management, seeding system, sowing speed and fertiliser placement on canola crop establishment. Standard error bars shown.
2019 DERRINALLUM GRDC GRAINS RESEARCH UPDATE 13 rates — 40% of paddocks had between 50–75kg/ha Zhang, H., Berger, J., Seymour, R., Brill, R., monoammonium phosphate (MAP) and another 40% Herrmann, C., Quinlan, R. and Knell, G. 2016: Relative had between 75–100kg/ha MAP. yield and profit of Australian hybrid compared with open-pollinated canola is largely determined by Conclusion growing season rainfall. Crop & Pasture Science, 67, 323-331. Despite favourable sowing conditions in 2017, these results suggest there is an opportunity for improved canola establishment in central NSW. Acknowledgements Effectively, growers are only establishing half of what The research undertaken as part of this project they purchase, and if the autumn break was less is made possible by the significant contributions favourable, it is likely to be much less. Traditionally, of growers through both trial cooperation and the growers would apply an extra 1–1.5kg/ha of seed to support of the GRDC – the author would like to compensate for poor sowing conditions, however thank them for their continued support. this is no longer an option given the associated This survey was part of the project ‘Improved higher costs with hybrid seed. canola establishment’, BLG110, 2017, a joint Seed size was the main differentiating factor that investment by GRDC and NSW DPI under the improved canola establishment, while the other Grains Agronomy and Pathology Partnership key agronomic practices were stubble removal, (GAPP). The authors would also like to acknowledge reduced sowing speed, shallow seed placement the assistance of Justin Paul, Paula Charnock and P fertiliser separated from the seed. Hybrids and Daryl Reardon in conducting the field survey, were generally larger in size, and establishment was Jennifer Pumper for seed size testing and the better than OP varieties. Further research is required growers and advisers who provided paddocks to evaluate why the relationship between seed size within central NSW. and establishment was not linear. The benefits of the scatter-plate seeding Contact details system in 2017 were likely to be associated with Colin McMaster shallow seed placement combined with weather 161 Kite Street, Orange NSW, 2800 conditions that provided moist conditions for the 0427 940 847 canola seedling to germinate and establish. Canola [email protected] establishment results are likely to be different if @master4colin moisture seeking was required. These results highlight the importance of taking time to set Return to contents up seeding equipment, particularly with the disc seeding machine as they are typically used in high stubble load paddocks, sowing speeds are higher and have limited fertiliser separation from the seed.
References Brill, R., Menz, I., Reardon, D., Malcolm, D., McCaffery, D., McMaster, C., Kirkegaard, J. and Lilley, J. 2018: Canola – well executed agronomy still makes a difference in 2017. Wagga Wagga GRDC Update (https://grdc.com.au/resources- and-publications/grdc-update-papers/tab-content/ grdc-update-papers/2018/02/canola-well-executed- agronomy-still-makes-a-difference-in-a-tough-2017) Matthews, P., McCaffery, D. and Jenkins, L. 2018: Winter crop variety sowing guide 2018. NSW Department of Primary Industries, p71. Wurst, M., Cummins, J. and Stanley M. 1997: TOPCROP Crop monitoring guide 1997-1998. PISA Clare, p48.
2019 DERRINALLUM GRDC GRAINS RESEARCH UPDATE 14 Notes
2019 DERRINALLUM GRDC GRAINS RESEARCH UPDATE 15 NATIONAL MODULE 04 Drift management strategies PAGE 10 February 2017
3. Drift management strategies: things that the spray operator has the ability to change
PLAY VIDEO GROWNOTES™ Factors that the spray operator has the ability to change include the sprayer set- up, the operating parameters, the product choice, the decision about when to start spraying and, most importantly, the decision when to stop spraying.
Things that can be changed by the operator to reduce the potential for off-target movement of product are often referred to as drift reduction techniques (DRTs) or drift management strategies (DMSs). Some of these techniques and strategies may be Drift Reduction referred to on the product label. Technology an introduction 3.1 Using coarser spray qualities Spray quality is one of the simplest things that the spray operator can change to manage drift potential. However, increasing spray quality to reduce drift potential should only be done when the operator is confident that he/she can still achieve reasonable efficacy.
Applicators should always select the coarsest spray quality that will provide appropriate levels of control.
The product label is a good place to check what the recommended spray quality is for the products you intend to apply.
In many situations where weeds are of a reasonable size, and the product being applied is well translocated, it may be possible to use coarser spray qualities without seeing a reduction in efficacy.
However, by moving to very large droplet sizes, such as an extremely coarse (XC) spray quality, there are situations where reductions in efficacy could be expected, SPRAY For more these include: information see the • using contact-type products; APPLICATION MANUAL GRDC Fact Sheet ‘Summer fallow • using low application volumes; FOR GRAIN GROWERS spraying’ Fact • targeting very small weeds; SPRAY APPLICATION MANUAL FOR GRAIN GROWERS EDITED BY BILL GORDON Sheet • spraying into heavy stubbles or dense crop canopies; and Module 17 FOREWORD BY STEVE JEFFERIES • spraying at higher speeds. TABLE OF CONTENTS Pulse width modulation systems If spray applicators are considering using spray qualities larger than those LIST OF VIDEOS recommended on the label, they should seek trial data to support this use. Where data How they work and set-up CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS is not available, then operators should initially spray small test strips, compare these considerations with their regular nozzle set-up results and carefully evaluate the efficacy (control) MODULE 08 Calibration of the sprayer system – ensuring accuracy MODULE 08 Calibration of the sprayer system – ensuring accuracy PAGE 7 obtained. It may be useful to discuss these plans with an adviser or agronomist and Tom Wolf ask him/her to assist in evaluating the efficacy.
Step 2: Check pressure
Flow though pressure tester.
Photo: Bill Gordon
PLAY VIDEO
SPRAY APPLICATION MANUAL FOR GRAIN GROWERS Options for Module 11 measuring pressure at the Pumps, plumbing and components Check the pressure in each boom section adjacent to the inlet and ends of the nozzle section. If only using one calibrated testing gauge, set the pressure to achieve, How they can work together for example, 3 bar at the nozzle outlet.
Mark the spray unit’s master gauge with a permanent marker. This will ensure the Graham Betts and Bill Gordon PLAY VIDEO same pressure is achieved when moving the test gauge from section to section.
Step 3: Check flow meter output • If pressure across a boom section is uneven check for restrictions in flow – kinked hoses, delamination of hoses and blocked filters. Make the required repairs before continuing. • When the pressure is even, set at the desired operating pressure. Measuring Record litres per minute from the rate controller display to fine-tune nozzle pressure the flow meter (see flow meter calibration). and output to check flow • Without turning the spray unit off, collect water from at least four meter accuracy nozzles per section for one minute (check ends and middle of the section and note where the samples came from).
GrowNotesSpray_adA41810_outline.indd 1 10/10/18 5:52 pm Super high oleic safflower – a game changer for grain growers
David Hudson¹ and Rosemary Richards². ¹GO Resources Pty. Ltd. & SGA Solutions Pty Ltd; ²GO Resources Pty. Ltd. & Bowman Richards and Associates.
Keywords safflower, super high oleic safflower, super high oleic oil, cropping rotations. Take home messages Safflower is a winter/spring growing crop that is: heat and drought tolerant, moderately tolerant of sodic and saline soils, suited to both dryland and irrigation farming systems, low input, low maintenance and easy to grow, and; has machinery requirements similar to cereal /canola production. Super high oleic safflower has been developed by GRDC and CSIRO as an alternate high value cash crop with rotation benefits, that produces a minimum of 90% oleic acid in every litre of oil produced. Super high oleic safflower oil is being produced for a range of Australian and global industrial markets including lubricants, plastics, polymers, resins, cosmetics and biofuels. Following the granting of all required regulatory approvals super high oleic safflower was released in Australia for commercial production in 2019.
Introduction commercial uses, it is the valuable oleic acid that is used as a replacement to petroleum-based Plant-derived oils are mixtures of saturated, precursors in the manufacture of plastics, lubricants monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids in and cosmetics, etc. ratios that can be less than ideal for certain industrial uses which have specific performance requirements. Traditional breeding programs have developed Large volumes of crude vegetable oil are used safflower seed with oleic acid levels in the range of as feedstocks for the oleochemical industry and 75–85%. However, like other oilseeds, the remaining provide the opportunity to access the growing bio- linoleic acid component, at 12-18%, is not desirable base market segment. for industrial use because it is unstable and difficult to remove during oil processing. Therefore, it SafflowerCarthamus ( tinctorius L.) seed produces is desirable to develop a safflower seed that oil that predominantly contains monounsaturated accumulates high oleic acid (C18:1) but contains very fatty acid (C18:1; oleic acid) and polyunsaturated low linoleic acid (C18:2) and zero linolenic (C18:3) fatty acid (C18:2; linoleic acid). While both have content. (Wood et al, 2018)
2019 DERRINALLUM GRDC GRAINS RESEARCH UPDATE 17 CSIRO scientists utilising their patented seed- to increased interest in oilseed production and in specific hairpin-based RNAi to two safflower the following seasons record prices were paid for lipid biosynthetic genes, FAD2.2 and FATB have safflower (Smith 1996). The area sown in Australia produced seed oil containing minimum 90% subsequently peaked in 1979 with 74,688ha (Smith oleic content and at the same time less than 1.5% 1996). Production in the 1980s was concentrated polyunsaturates and only 4% saturates. Due to the in the south-east of South Australia, the Western high level of oleic content, the oil derived from the District of Victoria and northern New South Wales. safflower plant is referred to as Super High Oleic Following the demise of the marketing channels Safflower oil (SHOSO). for safflower in the late 1980s production has since been limited to approximately 4,000 to 6,000ha per History year for sale into the bird seed market. SafflowerCarthamus ( tinctorius L.) is an In two studies of safflower growers in Victoria and herbaceous annual and a member of the southern NSW (Wachsman et al., 2010) and northern Asteraceae/Compositae (sunflower) family. It is NSW (CSIRO 2014) growers were asked why they native to parts of Asia, the Middle East, and Africa. included safflower in their crop rotations (Table 1). It was grown mainly for its flowers, which were Key reasons that were important in both studies used in making dyes for clothing and food. Today, were improved soil structure, improved weed and it is grown mainly for its oil. Safflower evaluations disease control, low input costs and spreading the in Australia started in the 1940s amid concerns for work load. drying oil shortages in the paint and resin industries (Smith 1996). Several cultivars were subsequently Description introduced from overseas, allowing small scale Safflower is thistle-like, with a main stem and commercial production to commence in the numerous branches. It stands 0.35m to 1.2m tall at mid-1950s. maturity. Its taproot can penetrate 2.5m to 3.0m The abolishment of quotas on the use of depending on subsoil temperature and moisture vegetable oils for margarine production in 1976 led (Figure 1).
Figure 1. The development of a safflower plant (Source: Kaffka and Kearney, 1998).
Table 1. Reasons growers include safflower in their crop rotations (Wachsman et al., 2010). Reasons for growing safflower in your 2010 Responses Reasons for growing safflower in your crop rotation? 2014 Responses crop rotation? (Victoria / Sth. NSW) (%) (Northern NSW) (%) Improves soil structure 24% Opportunity crop when the sowing window for other winter crops has closed. 25% Good weed control tool 19% Spreads workload for both planting and harvest times. 15% Water use/profile drainage 17% Disease, weed or insect pest break in the rotation. 14% Flexible time of sowing 19% Attractive market prices. 14% Low input/cheap to grow 12% Low nutritional inputs needed to grow the crop. 11% Easy to grow 12% Breaks up a compacted profile or a hardpan. 10% Disease break 10% Dries out a saturated profile. 5% Spread workloads 7% Deters pests; pigs, kangaroos and emus. 5% Non cereal/pulse option 2 4 2% Other 0%
2019 DERRINALLUM GRDC GRAINS RESEARCH UPDATE 18 Safflower takes one to two weeks to germinate. (Figure 3). After emergence, it stays two to four weeks in the • Reduced tailpipe emissions by 48%. rosette stage. Early growth and development is slow, but growth is rapid from the stem elongation stage. • Reduced engine wear. Each plant produces numerous flower heads. Flower • Increased fuel economy >10% (actual usage petals are red, white, yellow or orange. Each head in cars). contains 20 to 100 seeds. The seed is the same size as plump barley. Seeds are glossy white, brown, or • Reduced environmental contamination. white with grey, black, or brown stripes. On average, • 100% recyclable. safflower is ready to harvest about 35 to 40 days after the peak of flowering. The meal that remains after oil extraction can be used as a valuable feedstuff for livestock rations. Super high oleic safflower end uses The meal from dehulled seeds has a high protein content (40 percent) and low fibre. Super high oleic safflower oil (SHOSO) is a renewable, biodegradable alternative to petroleum- Conditions for growing safflower based raw materials with multiple applications in the bio-lubricants, biochemical and bioplastics industries Soil (Figure 2). Safflower is adaptable to a wide range of soils, Recent research completed by scientists at but the best soils for production are deep, fertile Montana State University Advanced Fuels Centre and well-drained. Safflower should not be planted in compared the performance of a lubricant oil poorly drained or cool, wet soils as these conditions formulation based on GO Resources super high can delay uniform emergence. oleic oil versus a synthetic lubricant oil (e.g. Mobil 1). The following results for a lubricant oil formulation based on SHOSO were reported (Johnson, D. 2019 Safflower is more tolerant of saline and sodic soils pers comm.): (Yeilaghi et al 2016, Hussain et al 2015, Shaki 2018, Pooran 2016, Biosalinity News July 2012, Subsoils • Reduced friction over synthetic oils by 83%. Manual 2009) than small grains and canola because • Reduced friction over conventional oils by 124% of its deep tap root. Due to its deep taproot,
Figure 2. Market opportunities for super high oleic safflower oil.
2019 DERRINALLUM GRDC GRAINS RESEARCH UPDATE 19 Figure 3. Reduced friction over conventional oils (Source: Montana State University Advanced Fuels Centre. June 2019). safflower can be used in a tactical role on problem germinate when soil temperatures are above soils to break up hard pans and improve water and 4.5°C with germination rates increasing with higher air infiltration into the subsoil through the creation temperatures after sowing. Plants cannot withstand of pores. freezing temperatures after flowering. It grows well in both dryland and irrigated areas. It is a drought- Climate tolerant plant though moisture is important at Safflower is a sun loving crop, and high planting. Plants need dry atmospheric conditions temperatures and bright sunny days in July through during flowering and seed filling for proper head set to early September speeds development. Seeds (Figure 4).
Figure 4. Safflower production locations in Australia.
2019 DERRINALLUM GRDC GRAINS RESEARCH UPDATE 20 Water is required. Safflower doesn’t do well when there is soil crusting. The crop is a poor competitor with Although safflower is regarded as drought weeds, especially in the early stages of growth, tolerant, it actually has a high water requirement. It when it has not started branching. Presence of survives dry conditions by developing an extensive weeds at this time is detrimental. It is important to tap root and scavenging for deep soil water, eliminate weeds before you plant the crop. Use rather than relying on growing season rainfall. This registered knockdown herbicides and/or cultivation assumes that deep soil water is present and that to control weed growth prior to planting. adverse soil conditions do not restrict root fill. Safflower is ideally sown into moist soil with Safflower’s relatively high water requirement is equipment such as press wheels to provide good often ascribed to its relatively long growing season seed-soil contact. Sowing depth will vary with soil and some water must be available to crops during type and conditions but is normally between 2 and flowering and seed fill. Safflower performs best in 5cm. Sowing deeper can delay emergence and regions that receive more than 450mm of rainfall reduce early vigour, leaving crops more susceptible annually but yields exceeding 1t/ha can be expected to pests, diseases and competition from weeds. One on clay soils that are wet to 1m depth at sowing, advantage of safflower is that it compensates for providing at least 50mm of post-sowing rainfall poor emergence by producing extra branches, extra is received. heads, and extra seeds per head. Temperature Planting date Safflower will emerge at soil temperatures above Safflower development is controlled by a 4°C, but 15°C is considered optimal. It tolerates combination of temperature and day length. Large frosts to -7°C during the rosette stage, but frosts delays in the time of sowing therefore have a much below -4°C during stem elongation and branching smaller effect on the timing of flowering. This is can damage the growing point and split stems. because crops progress through the vegetative fill Provided damage is not too extensive the plant can stages much more rapidly, with only a small effect partially compensate by producing new shoots from on the period between flowering and maturity below the damaged area. Safflower matures during (Figure 5). The development of safflower is hastened December and January when temperatures are in seasons that are warm and dry due to higher often high in traditional cereal growing regions. It temperatures in the crop canopy (Figure 6). can tolerate these temperatures providing sufficient moisture is available. Seeding rate Target plant populations and seeding rates for Cultural practices safflower over a range of environments are provided Seedbed preparation in Table 2. Seedbed preparation is no different from that of wheat or barley. A moist, firm, weed-free seedbed
Figure 5. Effect of sowing in mid-June and mid-August on safflower development at Moree and Leeton in NSW (Source: Adapted from Colton, 1988).
2019 DERRINALLUM GRDC GRAINS RESEARCH UPDATE 21 Figure 6. Effect of sowing in mid-July and mid-September on safflower development in a wetter and drier season at the same location in the Victorian Wimmera (Source: Adapted from Colton, 1988).
Table 2. Seeding rates of safflower for different regions and different climatic conditions (Source: GRDC. Raising the Bar with Better Safflower Agronomy, 2010).
Fertiliser Phosphorus Safflower’s nutrient needs generally depend on As a general rule of thumb 12 to 20kg/ha of the following: phosphorus is recommended on deficient soils. Responses to phosphorus are unlikely on soils with • Yield goal Cowell P levels above 40mg/kg, although small • Soil test results amounts can still be applied at sowing to improve • The sequence of the crop in the rotation early growth and maintain soil levels. Safflower’s deep taproot allows it to reach Potassium nutrients that may be unavailable to small grains. Safflower uses moderate amounts of potassium, Growers may need to apply more fertiliser if but most soils in the cereal growing regions of safflower follows deep-rooted crops in rotations. Australia contain adequate levels. The general Nitrogen exception is sandy soils, which are not best suited for safflower production unless in high rainfall At least 30kg/ha of nitrogen should be applied regions. Potassium is not very mobile in soils, so to most dryland crops and this can be increased where required it is best banded under seed. to over 100kg/ha for high yielding crops under irrigation. No more than 20kg/ha of nitrogen should Sulphur be drilled with seed to avoid toxicity, which will Many soils contain adequate sulphur levels for reduce crop establishment. safflower production. Soil sulphur levels should be
2019 DERRINALLUM GRDC GRAINS RESEARCH UPDATE 22 monitored with soil tests and sulphur can be applied Diseases as gypsum or as a component of a blended fertiliser In periods of higher than normal rainfall, fungal when necessary. diseases such as Phytophthora root rot, Alternaria Manganese, Iron and Zinc leaf spot (Alternaria cartharmi), Pseudomonas bacterial blight (P. syringae) and Sclerotinia rot On certain soil types, such as the black soils in can cause serious losses. Fusarium and Verticillium northern New South Wales or the heavy black or wilts and Botrytis head rot also have caused grey clay over limestone soils in South Australia, serious losses. safflower does respond to manganese, iron and/or zinc. These are best applied as a foliar application To reduce disease severity, it’s important to: around six weeks after sowing if necessary. • Plant certified seed that has been treated with Weed control appropriate seed treatments. Safflower competes poorly with weeds, especially • Utilise proper crop rotation practices that will from early growth through the rosette stage, reduce the risk of diseases being present when branching has not yet occurred. It is critical in safflower. to have effective pre-plant weed control. Weeds Do not plant safflower before or after safflower, have reduced safflower yields by up to 75 percent, pulse crops, sunflower, mustards or canola. These depending on the species and numbers. crops are susceptible to Sclerotinia head rot. Leave Due to the limited number of herbicides at least four years between susceptible crops. registered for weed control in safflower in 2016, Insects GO Resources commenced an on-going herbicide safety screen for a range of pre-emergent and Safflower is most susceptible to damage post-emergent herbicides. The research by by insects during establishment and between GO Resources contributed to the Australian budding and harvest. Numerous insect pests have Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority been observed on safflower and while some are (APVMA) decision in 2019 to grant the Australian widespread, others are confined to certain regions Oilseeds Federation (AOF) minor use permits and climates. for the application of clethodim (PER86859) and There are a few insect problems in safflower. Red S-Metolachlor (PER86858) (Dual Gold®) in safflower. legged earth mites, wireworms and cutworms can Current minor use applications that are being damage seedlings. Rutherglen bug, grasshoppers prepared for submission to the APVMA for use and lygus bugs can damage the crop, but control is in safflower include the herbicides propyzamide, only necessary when they reach levels that cause pyroxasulfone (Sakura®) and prosulfocarb + serious losses. S-Metolachlor (Boxer Gold®). Refer to the APVMA permits portal to confirm permits are in place prior If insects are present it is recommended that to the use of these chemicals (https://portal.apvma. growers consult with their local agronomist to gov.au/permits). Table 3 provides a summary of the confirm the insects’ presence and for advice on current herbicides approved and being screened for the appropriate registered insecticide that can be use in safflower. applied for control.
Table 3. Current herbicides approved in 2019 for use in safflower (Source: GO Resources). APVMA Minor Use Permit in Safflower - Status Registered Granted in 2019 Applied for in 2019 for 2020 Season Trifluralin S-Metolachlor (PER86858) Propyzamide Avadex®Xtra Clethodim (PER86859) Pyroxasulfone Diclofop-methyl Prosulfocarb + S-Metolachlor Propaquizafop Pendimethalin Metsulfuron-methyl
2019 DERRINALLUM GRDC GRAINS RESEARCH UPDATE 23 Harvest and storage http://www.australianoilseeds.com/__data/assets/ pdf_file/0003/6744/Final_Wachsmann_paper.pdf The crop is ready for harvest when most of its leaves have turned brown with only a tint of green Hussain, M.I., Lyra, DA., Farooq, M. et al. (2016) Salt remaining on the bracts. The stem must be dry. and drought stresses in safflower: a review. Agron. Sustain. Dev. (2016) 36: 4. https://doi.org/10.1007/ Moisture content should be eight percent or s13593-015-0344-8 lower for proper storage. If the crop is cut at higher moisture content, dry it. Pooran G. (2011). Inheritance of salt tolerance in safflowerCarthamus ( tinctorius L.). Advances in It is recommended to harvest a small sample Environmental Biology. 5. 3694-3699. and measure the moisture content. Direct heading is better than windrowing because it reduces Shaki, H. et al (2018) Growth enhancement and shattering losses and seed quality is better. salt tolerance of SafflowerCarthamus ( tinctorius L.), by salicylic acid, Current Plant Biology, Volume 13, Safflower can be harvested using the same 2018, Pages 16-22. machinery used for cereals. Ground speed is generally 25 percent slower than for cereals. This is Wood, C et al (2018) Seed-specific RNAi in mainly to reduce grain losses, but also to reduce the safflower generates a super high oleic oil with chance of blockages which can be time consuming extended oxidative stability. Plant Biotechnol J. 2018 and uncomfortable to rectify due to the crop’s Oct;16 (10):1788-1796. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/ spines. Header settings will vary with conditions, doi/full/10.1111/pbi.12915. Epub 2018 Apr 2. crop yield and the type of machinery used. Yeilaghi, H. et al (2012) Effect of salinity on seed Reels should be set to gently push the crop over oil content and fatty acid composition of safflower the cutter bar without dislodging seed from the seed (Carthamus tinctorius L.) genotypes, Food Chemistry, head. Drum speeds are generally slower (~500rpm), Volume 130, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 618-625. and concave openings usually wider (~16mm at front, ~13mm at back) than used for cereals. This is to Contact details prevent the cracking of seed which will deteriorate David Hudson oil quality and reduce the value of the crop. Wind [email protected] settings are typically about two-thirds of that required for wheat. Return to contents References and useful resources Raising The Bar With Better Safflower Agronomy https://grdc.com.au/resources-and-publications/ all-publications/publications/2011/01/raising-the-bar- with-better-safflower-agronomy Safflower Northern Region - GrowNotes™ (GRDC) https://grdc.com.au/GN-Safflowers-North Evaluating the potential roles of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) in Southern Region cropping systems. (Rob Norton, 2003 GRDC Project Code UM 132) https://grdc.com.au/research/reports/ report?id=2759 Growing safflower in Australia: Part 1 - History, experiences and current constraints on production. (Jochinke et al, 2010) http://www.australianoilseeds. com/__data/assets/pdf_file/0019/6742/Final_ Jochinke_paper.pdf Growing safflower in Australia: Part 2 - Agronomic research and suggestions to increase yields and production (Wachsmann et al, 2010)
2019 DERRINALLUM GRDC GRAINS RESEARCH UPDATE 24 Notes
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STOREDGRAIN website A4_1411.indd 1 11/12/2014 2:50 pm Harvest weed seed control is less effective on annual ryegrass in the southern high rainfall zone
James Manson¹. ¹Southern Farming Systems.
GRDC project code: SFS00032
Keywords harvest weed seed control, weed seed retention, annual ryegrass, Lolium rigidum, high rainfall zone, integrated weed management, GRDC Southern Region. Take home messages In the southern high rainfall zone (HRZ), harvest weed seed control (HWSC) is likely to capture 30% of annual ryegrass (ARG) seeds compared to around 70% in other regions of Australia (Walsh et al 2014). Therefore, HWSC will assist ARG control but cannot be relied upon to dramatically reduce weed seedbanks. It is difficult to increase the efficacy of HWSC in the southern HRZ. A harvest cut height of 15cm was no more effective than 30cm. Changing the crop cultivar and time of sowing did not manipulate ARG phenology and/or the harvest date enough to prevent high ARG seed shedding. Be strategic with HWSC. The extra operating costs of weed seed impact mills (up to $34 per ha) will only be covered in the long-term in paddocks where there is moderate to high weed pressure. Consider cheaper HWSC options where annual ryegrass density is lower.
Background GRDC investment led by Southern Farming Systems in collaboration with Riverine Plains, Mackillop Farm Harvest weed seed control (HWSC) is a term Management Group and FarmLink was implemented that refers to the capture of weed seeds during to test this assumption. harvest for subsequent destruction by crushing, grazing, burning or rotting. It has been shown to be an extremely effective means of long-term annual Method ryegrass (ARG) control in Australia (Walsh et al The research program had three components 2014; Walsh et al 2017). However, while research addressing three questions: has been conducted across all rainfall zones only 1. Is HWSC effective? Small-plot experiments a small proportion of it has been conducted in the were conducted in Victoria (Lake Bolac, southern HRZ. Not only is this a wet and productive Rutherglen, Yarrawonga), South Australia environment – which changes the growth of the (Conmurra) and Tasmania (Cressy). All trials crop and ARG plants – it is also cooler, which except for Rutherglen were conducted prolongs the growing season and sets back harvest for two to three consecutive years on the dates, possibly increasing the amount of pre-harvest same experimental plots. Sowing date, crop ARG seed shedding. Therefore, the adoption of cultivar choice and harvest cut height were these technologies has been recommended in the hypothesised to affect the efficacy of HWSC. southern HRZ on the assumption that HWSC has HWSC was simulated by catching all harvest a similar fit in integrated weed management (IWM) trash from plot headers and taking it off-site packages as it does elsewhere. From 2015 to 2018 a (Figure 1).
2019 DERRINALLUM GRDC GRAINS RESEARCH UPDATE 27 Figure 1. HWSC was simulated on a plot header by capturing harvest trash to be discarded off-site.
2. Is HWSC practical? On-farm trials were captured for HWSC in the southern HRZ compared conducted in Victoria, South Australia and to other environments. The proportion of weed southern New South Wales to test the seeds that was captured was calculated for each practicality of using HWSC technologies, experimental plot and pooled across the research ground-truth their efficacy and measure program. The median value of this data set was operating costs. 29% of seeds captured, with half of the data falling between 46% and 10%. The primary causes of this 3. Is HWSC profitable? The data from these trials low efficacy were ARG shedding and lodging. were pooled to re-calibrate a farm systems model called LUSO (Lawes and Renton 2010) The season length of the southern HRZ which was used to explore the long-term postpones harvest dates compared to other economic impact of adding HWSC to a wheat- environments in Australia, prolonging the growing barley-canola rotation. season. It appears that the longer growing season gives ARG extra time to reach maturity and shed Results and discussion seeds before harvest. Across trial years, ARG reached anthesis in November, and shedding was High shedding and lodging reduce the efficacy of first recorded from the second week of November HWSC in the southern HRZ to mid-December (Table 1). All trials were harvested ARG populations were not controlled or reduced at least one week after the first day of shedding was by HWSC in any small-plot trial in any year with any measured, but most were harvested three to four treatment. This is because much fewer seeds were weeks after shedding began.
Table 1. Summary of annual ryegrass phenology and harvest dates from small-plot trials across the Southern HRZ in 2015 to 2017. Site Year Sowing date(s) ARG anthesis First recorded shedding Harvest date Conmurra 2015 15 May, 3 June, 26 June 28 October - 22 December Lake Bolac 2015 20 April, 15 May, 17 June - 26 November 4 Dec (TOS1) or 23 Dec (TOS2,3) Conmurra 2016 17 May 23 November 19 December 4 January Lake Bolac 2016 25 May 21 November 30 November 23 December Yarrawonga 2016 28 April - 11 November 11 December Cressy 2016 12 April, 10 May - 15 December 5 January Conmurra 2017 22 May 10 November 24 November 4 January Yarrawonga 2017 12 May - 10 November 10 December
2019 DERRINALLUM GRDC GRAINS RESEARCH UPDATE 28 Seed shedding was measured and calculated for to a 30cm cut height, analysis of the small-plot each individual plot and the data from all trial years experiment showed that there were no long-term was pooled. The median value of this data is 51% of effects of a low-cut height. ARG plants were counted seed shed, but there is substantial variation (Figure in early 2018 at Yarrawonga after applying HWSC 2b). The sowing and harvest dates in the trials are at 15 or 30cm in 2016 and 2017. After two years appropriate for the region, so data can be taken to of HWSC, ARG establishment remained above be representative of the likely situation for HWSC on 100 plants/m² with no difference between cut farms in the southern HRZ. heights (P>0.05). This suggests that while it may be beneficial in some years, cutting at 15cm may not It was hypothesised that changing the sowing be necessary in the southern HRZ. This supports date and crop cultivar would manipulate the the finding by Walsh et al (2018) who showed that phenology of ARG, and as a consequence, change greater crop biomass competition resulted in ARG the efficacy of HWSC. However, there were no setting seed higher in the crop canopy. significant differences (P>0.05) between sowing date treatments in any trial in any year. In other The high productivity potential of the southern HRZ words, this research suggests that the growing makes HWSC a valuable weed control tool season in the southern HRZ is too long to change ARG phenology to an extent that prevents its To estimate the costs and benefits of controlling shedding in cereals. Canola was not included in the ARG with HWSC it is essential to be able to estimate small-plot trials but given that it is harvested before the yield loss ARG causes. Several models and cereals it is likely that it will be less affected by ARG parameters are available in the literature, but the shedding, but still more affected in the southern HRZ data set of the research program made it possible when compared to other environments. to choose parameters specifically for the southern HRZ. Remarkably, it was not necessary to adjust Around 20-25% of ARG seeds were located the parameters for weed and crop competitiveness; below either a 15cm or 30cm harvest cut height. the values in LUSO that are used in the medium This was due to lodging or to mature seed heads and low rainfall zones also work in the southern detaching from the stem and falling to the ground. HRZ. As can be seen in Figure 3, yield can be Again, there was substantial variation in the dataset predicted accurately for a given crop and winter and while the median value of seeds captured ARG population. was slightly higher for a 15cm cut height compared
Figure 2. The incidence of pre-harvest seed shedding by annual ryegrass in cereals across the southern HRZ from 2015 to 2017, presented as the proportion of shed seed to total seed set.
2019 DERRINALLUM GRDC GRAINS RESEARCH UPDATE 29 Figure 3. Actual plot yield and the yield predicted by LUSO for wheat and barley based on default weed and crop competition parameters using the number of annual ryegrass plants established in winter.
Despite very high weed burdens (>100 plants/m² This makes the contribution of HWSC to ARG control in many plots in this data set), the relative more valuable for the southern HRZ than might be competitiveness of weeds and crops remain similar expected from its low efficacy rate of 30%. to that recorded for other rainfall environments with lower weed pressures. The theoretical point where Case study: A weed seed impact mill is profitable an ARG population would cause crop failure was only if there is already a weed problem not reached. Intensive cropping rotations in the Extra costs of a weed seed mill southern HRZ can tolerate a higher weed burden In 2017, an on-farm demonstration was conducted than other environments. at Wolesley, SA, comparing two New Holland On the other hand, because of the southern CR8090 headers, one with an integrated Harrington HRZ’s high yield potential the value of ARG Seed Destructor (iHSD) and one without an iHSD. control is high. According to these parameters, Wheat was harvested at 15cm. The data collected 50 weeds/m² established in a cereal crop in winter from this demonstration was used to calculate the reduces the yield potential by about 10%. If the extra operating costs of using an iHSD by making yield potential of a given environment is 4t/ha, this use of the data from the PIRSA Gross Margin equates to a 0.4t/ha yield loss to weed competition. Guide 2019 (https://grdc.com.au/resources-and- If the yield potential is 8t/ha (as in the southern publications/all-publications/publications/2019/farm- HRZ), this equates to a 0.8t/ha yield loss to weed gross-margin-and-enterprise-planning-guide). The competition. So, while more weeds can be tolerated value was $34/ha, which is comparable to a value in a cropping system in the southern HRZ because calculated by the Kondinin Group ($4.81/t, or $33.67 the penalty is cushioned by a high yield potential, for a 7t/ha yield). the gains from controlling weeds are greater too.
Table 2. Values used to estimate the extra operating costs of using an integrated Harrington Seed Destructor in a cereal crop in Wolesley, South Australia. Costs GM Guide 2019 ($/ha) Conversion Factor WSM Cost ($/ha) Repairs & Maintenance 9.29 +15% to engine load 10.68 Fuel 6.14 +37% to fuel usage 8.41 Contractor Harvest 85 -36% to harvest efficiency 115.60 Total extra cost: 34.36
2019 DERRINALLUM GRDC GRAINS RESEARCH UPDATE 30 Table 3. Values used in the economic analysis of HWSC in a wheat-barley-canola rotation in LUSO. Enterprise Yield potential Grain Price Variable cost N required Wheat + WSM 8 300 635 180 Wheat 8 300 600 180 Feed barley + WSM 8 260 585 150 Feed barley 8 260 550 150 Canola + WSM 3 580 635 100 Canola 3 580 600 100
Scenario analysis significantly reduced weed populationgrowth but the final number of weed seeds in the seedbank The long-term impact of a weed seed mill (WSM) was much higher after 12 years than the initial value. on ARG populations and profitability was modelled Reducing weed survival to 5%, the default LUSO in a wheat-barley-canola rotation over 12 years using value, achieved this to a greater extent. Only when a the values presented in Table 3. Fixed costs were WSM was used and weed survival was 5% did ARG set at $180, and the cost of nitrogen (N) was set at numbers decline in absolute terms, but they only $1.50/unit of N. The model was run with and without declined by about 30% over 12 years. HWSC at two starting weed seedbank levels. Then the model was run again with the same conditions Although the pattern in final seedbank was similar but the proportion of weeds surviving until maturity between the 100 and 500 seeds/m² scenarios, the was raised from 5% to 10%. In the small-plot trials, pattern in profitability differed depending on the low intensity herbicides were used to focus on the starting seedbank (Figure 5). With a 5% survival rate, impact of HWSC and so the average survival rate adding a WSM did not increase profitability when in these trials was 10%. This value was used in the starting at 100 seeds/m². It was, however, profitable scenario analysis to illustrate the role of herbicide when starting at 500 seeds/m². Using a WSM was efficacy which may be affected by numerous factors always profitable when 10% of weeds survived to including herbicide resistance. harvest. These results suggest that there must be enough of a yield penalty caused by high weed After 12 years, a similar pattern in ARG control numbers of cover the extra costs of a WSM. It should was observed when the starting seedbank was 100 be noted that these calculations only account for or 500 seeds/m² (Figure 4). Populations increased extra operating costs, and do not account for extra exponentially if 10% of weeds survived and a WSM capital costs associated with purchasing a WSM. was not used. Adding a WSM to this situation
Figure 4. Final seedbank after 12 years of a wheat-barley-canola rotation with 5% or 10% weeds surviving until maturity and with or without a weed seed mill (WSM), starting at 100 seeds/m² or 500 seeds/m².
2019 DERRINALLUM GRDC GRAINS RESEARCH UPDATE 31 Figure 5. Total profit after 12 years of a wheat-barley-canola rotation with 5% or 10% weeds surviving until maturity and with or without a weed seed mill (WSM), starting at (a) 100 seeds/m² or (b) 500 seeds/m².
Implications businesses in the southern HRZ. The new vertical iHSD selling for $85,000 instead of $200,000 is By itself, HWSC only decelerates the population a step in the right direction, but ways to reduce growth of ARG. The final weed seedbank output operating costs should also be pursued. from LUSO matches what was seen in the small- plot trials – ARG numbers continue to grow Chaff lining or decking may be a low-cost HWSC between seasons despite the use of HWSC when option that fits the needs of the southern HRZ, but many plants survive until harvest. HWSC must be its efficacy has not been tested in this region. Recent combined with consistently effective herbicide and findings by Broster et al (2018) in Wagga Wagga other weed management options that reduce the showed that high concentrations of chaff (>24t/ha) number of weeds setting seed, and even then, the will suppress ARG germination by 40 to 80%. Large reduction in ARG seedbanks will be small and slow. amounts of chaff would be produced in the southern However, with an efficacy of 30% a WSM had a large HRZ, but it is unknown whether the different decelerating effect on ARG population growth in conditions would affect its ability to suppress weeds. every scenario. Therefore, HWSC cannot be relied upon in the southern HRZ to drastically reduce Conclusion ARG numbers but can support IWM packages by HWSC is likely to only capture 30% of ARG seeds decelerating ARG population growth. in the southern HRZ, but this 30% is valuable to farm There must already be a weed problem for a businesses because of the high productivity of the WSM to pay for itself. A WSM was only profitable region. Therefore, HWSC has a fit in the southern if the initial weed seedbank was high burden (i.e. HRZ farming systems, but it fits differently – it is 500 seeds/m² is equivalent to about 70 plants/m² not the ‘holy grail’, but it can play a supporting in mid to late winter) or the number of weeds role for IWM packages. Adding HWSC to weed surviving to harvest was high (i.e. low herbicide management strategies in the southern HRZ is efficacy). Therefore, expensive to use HWSC recommended, but growers should focus on the technologies like WSMs could be targeted to cheaper HWSC options and/or use the expensive problem paddocks to cover the extra costs and HWSC options strategically. should not necessarily be used in clean paddocks with low resistance levels. Useful resources Furthermore, cheaper HWSC options with https://weedsmart.org.au/the-big-6/ lower operating costs should be considered over expensive technologies. Effort should be made to https://ahri.uwa.edu.au/hwsc-cost/ reduce the operating costs associated with weed https://ahri.uwa.edu.au/chaff-liningtoo-good-to-be- seed mills if they are going to have a place in farm true/
2019 DERRINALLUM GRDC GRAINS RESEARCH UPDATE 32 References Broster, J, Rayner, A, Ruttledge, A & Walsh MJ 2018, ‘Impact of stripper fronts and chaff lining on harvest weed seed control’, GRDC Update Paper, 25 July 2018. PIRSA, 2019, ‘Farm Gross Margin and Enterprise Planning Guide’,
Acknowledgements The research undertaken as part of this project is made possible by the significant contributions of growers through both trial cooperation and the support of the GRDC, the author would like to thank them for their continued support. Paul Breust, formerly of SFS, managed this project for the majority of its implementation.
Contact details James Manson 23 High Street, Inverleigh VIC 3321 0488 600 509 [email protected] @trialsofJManson
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2019 DERRINALLUM GRDC GRAINS RESEARCH UPDATE 33 Notes
2019 DERRINALLUM GRDC GRAINS RESEARCH UPDATE 34 Notes
2019 DERRINALLUM GRDC GRAINS RESEARCH UPDATE 35 . Access trials data and reports from across Australia . Share your grains research online . View seasonally relevant collections of trials . Search by GRDC programs . Refer to location specific soil and climate data . Compare results from multiple trials to identify trends
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Matthew Binns¹, Ary Hoffmann², Maarten van Helden³, Thomas Heddle³ and Paul Umina2,4. ¹CSIRO Black Mountain; ²University of Melbourne; ³SARDI; ⁴cesar Australia.
GRDC project code: CSP1805-016RTX
Keywords earwig, canola, lifecycle. Take home messages Adult European earwigs are present all year, but eggs and juvenile earwigs are only present from April to November. European earwigs can cause significant damage to canola, lucerne, lupins and in some cases, lentils. The potential for damage to emerging crop seedlings by adult European earwigs exists, although it is dependent upon the timing of germination and egg laying. The juvenile earwigs can cause further damage as the crop develops through winter. Multiple earwig species have been detected in grain crops, most of which are not associated with crop damage. It is therefore important to correctly identify which species is present in a paddock before taking any action.
Background been observed as an irregular pest of grain crops in Australia (Murray et al. 2013). Despite being There are at least 80 species of earwigs introduced into Australia over a century ago (Dermaptera) present in Australia (Haas 2018). (Quarrell et al. 2018), there has been little research Recent work using a combination of morphological conducted on crop damage from European earwigs and molecular data has identified ten different in Australia. Furthermore, the potential beneficial species of earwigs in grain crops (Stuart et al. 2019). activities of the European earwig in grain crops have These species are comprised of introduced and not been explored. The two dominant native earwig native earwigs, of which there is not a lot known. species found in grain crops are Labidura truncata However, some of the potentially beneficial species and Nala lividipes (unpublished data). Research appear to be region specific (Stuart et al. 2019). has shown L. truncata to be predatory (Horne and Reports of earwig outbreaks and damage to canola, Edward 1995), although this species’ importance as cereals and pulse crops, have been increasingly a beneficial in grain crops has not been explored. recorded in Victoria, NSW, SA, and southern WA. N. lividipes is a pest of Queensland cereals However, the factors that influence the risk of (Hargreaves 1970), although it is unclear if this is also earwig outbreaks and crop damage are not the case in southern Australia or if it will feed on well documented. canola at all. It is suspected that increased stubble The most dominant and widespread species in retention and the associated increase in organic Australian crops is the European earwig (Forficula matter within the soil may be linked to greater auricularia) (Hill et al. 2019). The European earwig in-field earwig populations. However, resources consumes a variety of foods (plants, invertebrates, documenting the risk of crop damage, as well as fungus, detritus), acting beneficially through the management options to minimise the crop damage consumption of crop pests in orchards (Quarrell from pest earwigs, are limited. et al. 2017). However, the European earwig has
2019 DERRINALLUM GRDC GRAINS RESEARCH UPDATE 37 Methods On the 23 April 2019, 30 plots (8m by 1.8m in size) of canola were sown into wheat stubble on a 0.5ha Lifecycle monitoring of the European earwig paddock on the Ginninderra research station near To establish the life cycle of European earwigs Canberra ACT. The plots were randomly allocated within a grains production context, grain crops seed with different seed treatments; fipronil, (canola, wheat, oats) at five commercial farms were imidacloprid or untreated. All seed was planted at examined; two in Victoria and three in SA. Sampling the rate of 2.7kg/ha, and all seed was coated with at these sites was undertaken over a period of Jockey® Stayer® for blackleg control. seven days each month from September 2016 to On the 23 May 2019, seedling establishment December 2018. During each sampling period two was measured in the fipronil/imidacloprid/untreated types of traps were used; shelter traps in the form plots by counting the number of seedlings. At this of cardboard rolls inserted into PVC pipe, and pitfall time the European earwigs had either laid eggs or traps containing 100% propylene glycol. Three were preparing to lay, but no juveniles had hatched. pitfall traps were installed two meters apart at four By mid-June, second instar earwig nymph activity sampling locations (>30m apart) per site, with at least was detected using a modified wildlife camera and one sampling location being placed at the paddock significant damage was seen over the next couple edge for a total of 12 pitfall traps. Pitfall traps were of weeks. On the 24 June 2019 the damage to the used to capture earwigs during times of activity plots of canola was assessed by estimating biomass (i.e. foraging for food at night). loss in each experimental plot. At each of the four sampling locations within the field, three cardboard rolls were placed Results and discussion complementary to the pitfalls to determine Lifecycle abundance (12 rolls in total). The cardboard roll traps were placed within an inter-row parallel to Over the course of two years, 25 000 European the stubble row, two metres from the associated earwigs (F. auricularia) were captured from five pitfall and collected seven days later. Additionally, sites. This provided enough data to understand the to establish movement of earwigs into vegetation lifecycle of the European earwig in grain crops in adjacent to field sites, two rolls were placed in southern Australia. the canopy of four trees per site (eight tree rolls) The timing of the peak abundance of each using wire to tie the rolls to branches. The use of lifestage was relatively consistent across each of cardboard rolls allowed the collection of live earwigs the five sites, for which the data was combined during times of inactivity (being nocturnal they use to determine the proportion of each lifestage the rolls for shelter during the day). expected to be observed for each month of the year European earwigs (F. auricularia) comprised 75% (Figure 1). The initial brood of eggs was observed of earwigs collected (unpublished data), and so in nests during April-July, with peak numbers of first laboratory processing first involved separating them and second instar nymphs observed in July. Third from the other earwig species that were captured. instar numbers peaked in October, while fourth Part of the species separation involved confirmation instar numbers peaked before this in September. via molecular work with comparisons to published This is potentially due to earwigs moving out of sequence data (Stuart et al. 2019). The adult and the paddocks and into nearby trees when they nymphal stages of F. auricularia was identified using reached fourth instar in September and October head width, the number of antennal segments and (Figure 2 - note the log scale abundance axis). wing bud development as described in Crumb et al. Adult earwig numbers were shown to peak in (1941). As earwigs are dimorphic, sex was identified November/December and remain abundant until using the shape of the cerci (Crumb et al. 1941) and the following March. categorised into male, female and gynandromorph. The collection of detailed lifecycle data for Damage and management of the European earwig F. auricularia has enabled orchard growers in canola worldwide to preserve or increase earwig numbers and thereby take advantage of their beneficial The following methods are part of a larger behaviors to protect orchards from pest insects ongoing field experiment, they give background to (Nicholas et al. 2005; Quarrell 2013). Conversely, the data collected and presented in the results but using this lifecycle data for grain crops may allow do not cover the entire experiment. better prediction of the risk of crop seedlings to
2019 DERRINALLUM GRDC GRAINS RESEARCH UPDATE 38 Figure 1. The lifecycle of the European earwig in grain crops. This figure shows the combined proportion (%) data of each F. auricularia lifestage from two years of sampling at five sites across Victoria and SA. Adults are present all year, but juveniles are only present from April to November.
Figure 2. Mean abundance of European earwigs found in trees over time, note log scale axis. Adult numbers decline in the trees during the breeding phase from April to September where they burrow into the ground and care for developing juveniles. Fourth instar juveniles and freshly moulted adults generally move out of the paddock and into the trees over summer.
2019 DERRINALLUM GRDC GRAINS RESEARCH UPDATE 39 earwig attack, and if necessary, optimise timing of events and thus impact the likely damage caused to management tactics to reduce earwig numbers by emerging crop seedlings by European earwigs. targeting the appropriate lifestages. Once the earwig juveniles had hatched and Damage and management reached second instar, significant damage started to occur to the canola (Figure 3). The damage The results for this section are part of an ongoing caused by earwig nests at the 4 to 5 true leaf stage experiment. The results presented are based on was significantly different (p<0.05) depending on incomplete preliminary data but suggest some the seed coating used (Figure 4). Fipronil provided initial patterns. significantly more protection over untreated and Seed coating imidacloprid treated seed, while imidacloprid seemed to result in no significant improvement No significant difference was found in seedling over untreated seed in terms of earwig damage. establishment a month after sowing between seed In laboratory studies, both imidacloprid and fipronil treatments (p=0.25). Generally, canola is sown and prevented earwig damage during the time in which starts growing several weeks before the European the coating remained active (cesar, unpublished earwigs eggs hatch. As such, the severe damage data). However, fipronil caused significant mortality caused by juveniles may be avoided during the in earwigs whereas imidacloprid did not (this plant’s most vulnerable stage depending on when chemical only acted as a feeding repellant). sowing occurs. However, adults will be present at Potentially, fipronil is more effective in the long term this time and have the capacity to cause seedling due to the initial reduction in earwig numbers. Thus, damage (cesar, unpublished data), though there is as seen in this field trial, damage occurred after the a window of a few weeks where the adult female is imidacloprid seed coating had worn off and there underground caring for her eggs and not feeding. were significantly fewer (p<0.05) earwig nests found For this particular trial, the canola germinated as in the fipronil treated areas. the females stopped feeding and started laying eggs. Thus, only very mild and occasional earwig In this experiment, the overall average biomass damage was seen, not enough to significantly affect loss per plot was 0.17% for fipronil and about 1% for seedling establishment. Of course, there are many untreated/imidacloprid. This is with an average of cases when earwigs can be damaging in autumn eight ‘nesting spots’ for untreated/imidacloprid and months. Although preliminary, these trials point to a 1.6 for fipronil; each ‘nesting spot’ represents either complexity of factors at play that influence timing of one earwig nesting location or several in very close
Figure 3. Damage to canola by second instar earwig juveniles. This is typical for canola that is in very close proximity to a European earwig nest, the white arrow (left) points to where the nest was found. The black arrow (right) points to an image of second instar earwigs feeding captured from about 11:00pm to 2:00am.
2019 DERRINALLUM GRDC GRAINS RESEARCH UPDATE 40 Figure 4. Total area of earwig damage measured in each 8m x 1.8m plot at the 4-5 true leaf canola growth stage. Bars represent the means with +- standard error. Letters represent similar means at p<0.05. proximity. The damage does not seem to spread Conclusion much further than 30cm from a single earwig nest European earwigs are generally not regarded during the pre-bolting growth stage of canola. This as a pest in grain crops internationally (other than demonstrates that while the damage can look bad occasional harvest contamination), and potentially in isolation, it won’t necessarily result in enough play a beneficial role in pest management damage to significantly impact overall biomass or (Sunderland and Vickerman 1980). However, it is yield. This result is from one paddock only, and clear from damage reports that they can cause so additional data is required to assess how this significant damage in Australian crops, particularly changes with increased earwig nest densities, and canola. European earwigs have the capacity to how dense they need to be for losses to occur. cause damage throughout the entire season. The Native Earwigs nesting phase begins around April, which is often The common native species found in grain crops when canola is sown. Prior to nest establishment, are Labidura truncata and Nala lividipes. Laboratory adult earwigs are actively feeding, and can cause trials are underway at CSIRO, Black Mountain to damage to emerging seedlings if the crop starts determine the roles these species are likely to germinating at that time. However, there is a play in various crop environments. So far, pilot period of several weeks where the female earwig studies have indicated that neither L. truncata nor is confined underground caring for her eggs and N. lividipes will feed on untreated canola seedlings crop feeding is less likely to happen. After the eggs under any of the conditions tested so far (including have hatched and the juveniles start developing, aphid/canola choice and canola only no-choice). significant damage to canola can occur which can L. truncata ate large numbers of green peach be particularly harmful if the plant is still small and aphids when provided, hunting during both day and vulnerable. Hence, the timing of earwig feeding nighttime. N. lividipes ate smaller numbers of aphids activity and crop vulnerability is likely to be an than L. truncata, and also cannibalised each other important predictor of crop damage. (pers obs).
2019 DERRINALLUM GRDC GRAINS RESEARCH UPDATE 41 European earwigs only have one generation per Haas F. (2018) Biodiversity of Dermaptera. Insect year (with potentially two broods per female), and Biodiversity: Science and Society. they don’t travel very far to feed as young juveniles. Hargreaves J. R. (1970) The black field earwig. Once a nest is established, it is likely that the canola Queensland Agricultural Journal 96 , 391–392. near the nest will be damaged, but the earwigs within that nest are likely to cause minimal damage Hill M. P., Binns M., Umina P. A., Hoffmann A. A. to other parts of the crop. Extensive damage will & Macfadyen S. (2019) Climate, human influence be the result of many nests becoming established and the distribution limits of the invasive European across large areas of the paddock. Monitoring for earwig, Forficula auricularia, in Australia.Pest nests from April until June will allow for management Management Science 75 , 134–143. before the earwigs reach the more destructive Horne P. A. & Edward C. L. (1995) Phenology second instar stage from late June. and Food Preferences of Labidura truncata Kirby The accurate identification of what species of (Dermaptera: Labiduridae) in Western Victoria. earwig is in the crop is the most important predictor Australian Journal of Entomology 34 , 101–104. of crop damage. Of the three dominant species Murray D. A., Clarke M. B. & Ronning D. A. (2013) found in canola, only European earwigs are Estimating invertebrate pest losses in six major confirmed as causing damage, whileN. lividipes A ustralian grain crops. Australian Journal of and L. truncata appear to have beneficial value. Entomology 52 , 227–241. The pest activity of N. lividipes in winter cereals w ill be investigated although it may be season Nicholas A. H., Spooner-Hart R. N. & Vickers R. A. specific, as it is primarily reported as a pest of (2005) Abundance and natural control of the woolly Queensland sorghum and maize during summer aphid Eriosoma lanigerum in an Australian apple (Hargreaves 1970). orchard IPM program. BioControl 50 , 271–291. Our data so far suggests that the damage Quarrell S. R. (2013) The chemical ecology, per earwig nest is spatially limited, but very high genetics and impact of the European earwig in numbers distributed across a paddock will need apple and cherry orchards. PhD Thesis. University of to be controlled. So far, the data obtained around Tasmania. control methods is limited. The preliminary results Quarrell S. R., Arabi J., Suwalski A., Veuille M., of our trial suggest that fipronil might be useful as Wirth T. & Allen G. R. (2018) The invasion biology a seed coating in areas with a history of earwig of the invasive earwig, Forficula auricularia in problems. However, there is no registration for Australasian ecosystems. Biological Invasions 20 , this pest. Due to the beneficial aspects of earwigs, 1553–1565. reducing populations unnecessarily may have consequences for future crops. Therefore, it is Quarrell S. R., Corkrey R. & Allen G. R. important to properly identify which species of (2017) Predictive thresholds for forecasting the earwig is in the field before taking action. compatibility of Forficula auricularia and Aphelinus mali as biological control agents against woolly Useful resources apple aphid in apple orchards. BioControl 62 , 243–256. www.grdc.com.au/GRDC-FS-Earwigs Stuart O. P., Binns M., Umina P. A. et al. (2019) http://cesaraustralia.com/sustainable-agriculture/ Morphological and Molecular Analysis of Australian pestnotes/insect/European-earwig Earwigs (Dermaptera) Points to Unique Species and https://grdc.com.au/resources-and-publications/ Regional Endemism in the Anisolabididae Family. all-publications/publications/2019/insect-pests-of- Insects 10 , 72. establishing-canola-in-nsw Sunderland K. D. & Vickerman G. P. (1980) Aphid feeding by some polyphagous predators in relation References to aphid density in cereal fields.Journal of Applied Crumb S. E., Eide P. M. & Bonn A. E. (1941) The Ecology. European earwig. US Department of Agriculture.
2019 DERRINALLUM GRDC GRAINS RESEARCH UPDATE 42 Acknowledgements The research undertaken as part of this project is made possible by the significant contributions of growers through both trial cooperation and the support of the GRDC, the authors would like to thank them for their continued support. This research is part of a national GRDC project (CSE00059) being led by CSIRO and including colleagues at SARDI, NSW DPI, cesar and the University of Melbourne. Thanks to Michael Nash for earwig collection in SA. Thanks to Sarina MacFadyen, Jo Holloway, Hazel Parry and Dusty Severtson for input on experimental design and project management. Thanks to Isobel Roberts for general assistance in the field and lab. Contact details Matthew Binns CSIRO Ag & Food GPO Box 1700 Canberra ACT 2601 612 6246 4860 [email protected]
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CHAIR - JOHN BENNETT FIONA MARSHALL KATE WILSON Based at Lawloit, between Fiona has been farming with her Kate is a partner in a large grain Nhill and Kaniva in Victoria’s West husband Craig for 21 years at Mulwala producing operation in Victoria’s Wimmera, John, his wife Allison and in the Southern Riverina. They are Southern Mallee region. Kate and family run a mixed farming operation broadacre, dryland grain producers husband Grant are fourth generation across diverse soil types. The farming system is and also operate a sheep enterprise. Fiona farmers producing wheat, canola, lentils, lupins 70 to 80 percent cropping, with cereals, oilseeds, has a background in applied science and and field peas. Kate has been an agronomic legumes and hay grown. John believes in the education and is currently serving as a committee consultant for more than 20 years, servicing science-based research, new technologies member of Riverine Plains Inc, an independent clients throughout the Mallee and northern and opportunities that the GRDC delivers to farming systems group. She is passionate about Wimmera. Having witnessed and implemented graingrowers. He wants to see RD&E investments improving the profile and profitability of Australian much change in farming practices over the past promote resilient and sustainable farming grain growers. two decades, Kate is passionate about RD&E to systems that deliver more profit to growers and M 0427 324 123 E [email protected] bring about positive practice change to growers. ultimately make agriculture an exciting career path ROHAN MOTT M 0427 571 360 E [email protected] for young people. A fourth generation grain grower ANDREW RUSSELL M 0429 919 223 E [email protected] at Turriff in the Victorian Mallee, Andrew is a forth generation DEPUTY CHAIR - MIKE MCLAUGHLIN Rohan has been farming for more grain grower and is currently the Mike is a researcher with the than 25 years and is a director of Mott Managing Director and Shareholder University of Adelaide, based at the Ag. With significant on-farm storage investment, of Lilliput AG and a Director and Waite campus in South Australia. Mott Ag produces wheat, barley, lupins, field Shareholder of the affiliated Baker Seed Co - a He specialises in soil fertility and peas, lentils and vetch, including vetch hay. family owned farming and seed cleaning business. crop nutrition, contaminants in fertilisers, wastes, Rohan continually strives to improve productivity He manages the family farm in the Rutherglen soils and crops. Mike manages the Fertiliser and profitability within Mott Ag through area, a 2,500 ha mixed cropping enterprise and Technology Research Centre at the University of broadening his understanding and knowledge also runs 2000 cross bred ewes. Lilliput AG Adelaide and has a wide network of contacts and of agriculture. Rohan is passionate about consists of wheat, canola, lupin, faba bean, triticale collaborators nationally and internationally in the agricultural sustainability, has a keen interest in and oats and clover for seed, along with hay fertiliser industry and in soil fertility research. new technology and is always seeking ways to cropping operations. Andrew has been a member improve on-farm practice. M 0434 765 574 of GRDC’s Medium Rainfall Zone Regional E [email protected] M 0429 701 170 E [email protected] Cropping Solutions Network and has a passion PETER KUHLMANN RICHARD MURDOCH for rural communities, sustainable and profitable agriculture and small business resilience. Peter is a farmer at Mudamuckla Richard along with wife Lee-Anne, T 0417 401 004 E [email protected] near Ceduna on South Australia’s son Will and staff, grow wheat, canola, Western Eyre Peninsula. He uses lentils and faba beans on some LUCY BROAD challenging soil types at Warooka liquid fertiliser, no-till and variable rate Lucy Broad is the General on South Australia’s Yorke Peninsula. They also technology to assist in the challenge of dealing Manager of the Grains Research and operate a self-replacing Murray Grey cattle herd with low rainfall and subsoil constraints. Peter has Development Corporation’s (GRDC) and Merino sheep flock. Sharing knowledge and been a board member of and chaired the Eyre Grower Communication and Extension strategies with the next generation is important Peninsula Agricultural Research Foundation and business group. Lucy holds a Bachelor of Science to Richard whose passion for agriculture has the South Australian Grain Industry Trust. in Agriculture, majoring in agronomy, and prior to extended beyond the farm to include involvement M 0428 258 032 E [email protected] working at the GRDC spent the last 13 years as in the Agricultural Bureau of SA, Advisory Board of Director and then Managing Director of Cox Inall JON MIDWOOD Agriculture SA, Agribusiness Council of Australia Communications and Cox Inall Change, Australia’s Jon has worked in agriculture SA, the YP Alkaline Soils Group and grain largest and leading public relations agency for the past three decades, both marketing groups. working in the Agribusiness and Natural Resource in the UK and in Australia. In 2004 he M 0419 842 419 E [email protected] Management arena. Her entire career has been moved to Geelong, Victoria, MICHAEL CHILVERS in communications, first with the Australian and managed Grainsearch, a grower-funded Michael runs a collaborative Broadcasting Corporation and then overseeing company evaluating European wheat and family farming enterprise at Nile in communications and behaviour change barley varieties for the high rainfall zone. the Northern Midlands of Tasmania strategies for clients across the agriculture, In 2007, his consultancy managed the commercial (with property also in northern NSW) natural resource management, government contract trials for Southern Farming Systems (SFS). having transitioned the business from a dryland and not-for-profit sectors. In 2010 he became Chief Executive of SFS, grazing enterprise to an intensive mixed farming T 02 6166 4500 E [email protected] which has five branches covering southern enterprise. He has a broad range of experience Victoria and Tasmania. In 2012, Jon became a from resource management, strategic planning member of the GRDC’s HRZ Regional Cropping and risk profiling to human resource management Solutions Network. and operational logistics, and has served as a M 0400 666 434 E [email protected] member of the the High Rainfall Zone Regional Cropping Solutions Network for the past six years. M 0409 974 556 E [email protected] T +61 8 8198 8407 P Grains Research and Development Corporation (GRDC) | Level 1 | 187 Fullarton Road, Dulwich 5065, South Australia
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The RCSN initiative was established to identify priority grains industry issues and desired HIGH RAINFALL ZONE LEAD: outcomes and assist the GRDC in the development, delivery and review of targeted RD&E CAM NICHOLSON activities, creating enduring profitability for Australian grain growers. The composition and Cam is an agricultural consultant leadership of the RCSNs ensures constraints and opportunities are promptly identified, and livestock producer on Victoria’s captured and effectively addressed. The initiative provides a transparent process that will Bellarine Peninsula. A consultant for guide the development of targeted investments aimed at delivering the knowledge, tools or more than 30 years, he has managed technology required by growers now and in the future. Membership of the RCSN network several research, development and extension comprises growers, researchers, advisers and agribusiness professionals. The three networks programs for organisations including the GRDC are focused on farming systems within a particular zone – low rainfall, medium rainfall and (leading the Grain and Graze Programs), Meat and Livestock Australia and Dairy Australia. Cam high rainfall – and comprise 38 RCSN members in total across these zones. specialises in whole-farm analysis and risk REGIONAL CROPPING SOLUTIONS NETWORK SUPPORT TEAM management. He is passionate about up-skilling growers and advisers to develop strategies and SOUTHERN RCSN CO-ORDINATOR: LOW RAINFALL ZONE AND MEDIUM make better-informed decisions to manage risk – JEN LILLECRAPP RAINFALL ZONE LEAD: critical to the success of a farm business. Cam is Jen is an experienced JOHN STUCHBERY the program manager of the Woady Yaloak extension consultant and partner in John is a highly experienced, Catchment Group and was highly commended in a diversified farm business, which business-minded consultant with a the 2015 Bob Hawke Landcare Awards. includes sheep, cattle, cropping and track record of converting evidence M 0417 311 098 E [email protected] viticultural enterprises. Based at Struan in South based research into practical, Australia, Jen has a comprehensive knowledge profitable solutions for grain growers. Based at of farming systems and issues affecting the Donald in Victoria, John is well regarded as an profitability of grains production, especially in applied researcher, project reviewer, strategic the high rainfall zone. In her previous roles as thinker and experienced facilitator. He is the a district agronomist and operations manager, founder and former owner of JSA Independent she provided extension services and delivered a (formerly John Stuchbery and Associates) and is range of training programs for local growers. Jen a member of the SA and Victorian Independent was instrumental in establishing and building the Consultants group, a former FM500 facilitator, a MacKillop Farm Management Group and through GRDC Weeds Investment Review Committee validation trials and demonstrations extended member, and technical consultant to BCG-GRDC the findings to support growers and advisers in funded ‘Flexible Farming Systems and Water Use adopting best management practices. She has Efficiency’ projects. He is currently a senior provided facilitation and coordination services for consultant with AGRIvision Consultants. the high and medium rainfall zone RCSNs since M 0429 144 475 E [email protected] the initiative’s inception.
M 0427 647 461 E [email protected]
LOW RAINFALL ZONE CO-LEAD: BARRY MUDGE Barry has been involved in the agricultural sector for more than 30 years. For 12 years he was a rural officer/regional manager in the Commonwealth Development Bank. He then managed a family farming property in the Upper North of SA for 15 years before becoming a FIGURE T consultant with Rural Solutions SA in 2007. He is GRDC now a private consultant and continues to run his R C S N family property at Port Germein. Barry has expert and applied knowledge and experience in RCSN agricultural economics. He believes variability in agriculture provides opportunities as well as High Rainfall Medium Rainfall Low Rainfall challenges and should be harnessed as a driver Members of profitability within farming systems. Barry was To contact your nearest RCSN member go to a previous member of the Low Rainfall RCSN https://grdc.com.au/About-Us/Our-Grains-Industry/Regional-Cropping-Solutions-Networks and is current chair of the Upper North Farming Systems group.
M 0417 826 790 E [email protected]
10190 GRDC South RCSN 2019.indd 1 15/01/2019 9:50 AM SOUTHERN REGION
ADELAIDE Level 1 187 Fullarton Road P: (08) 8198 8400 DULWICH SA 5065 E: [email protected]
APPLIED R&D GROUP
SENIOR REGIONAL BUSINESS SUPPORT CONTRACT CONTRACT MANAGER SOUTH TEAM LEADER ADMINISTRATOR AND TEAM Craig Ruchs Amanda Kendall Mark Waterhouse ADMINISTRATOR [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Claire West M: +61 4 7771 0813 P: +61 8 8198 8406 P: +61 8 8198 8402 [email protected] P: +61 8 8198 8401
MANAGER AGRONOMY, MANAGER AGRONOMY, NATIONAL MANAGER CROP SOILS AND FARMING SOILS AND FARMING WEEDS PROTECTION SYSTEMS (Agronomy & SYSTEMS (Soils & Jason Emms OFFICER SOUTH Farming Systems) Nutrition) [email protected] Vacant Andrew Etherton Stephen Loss M: +61 439 549 950 [email protected] [email protected] M: +61 4 0850 5566 M: +61 (0)408 412 453
GENETIC AND ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES (GET) GROUP
SENIOR MANAGER NATIONAL SENIOR MANAGER NATIONAL ENABLING TECH NVT CONTRACT ENABLING MANAGER NATIONAL VARIETY TRIALS CONTRACT ADMINISTRATOR TECHNOLOGIES VARIETY TRIALS (NVT) SOUTH ADMINISTRATOR Jennifer Heath Tom Giles Sean Coffey Rob Wheeler Cindy Hall Jennifer [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] M: [email protected] [email protected] P: +61 8 8198 8403 M: +61 4 1788 9860 +61 4 2865 2226 M: +61 4 0114 8935 P: +61 8 8198 8407
GROWER COMMUNICATIONS AND EXTENSION GROUP (^based in HORSHAM OFFICE)
GROWER RELATIONS GROWER RELATIONS GROWER RELATIONS COMMUNICATIONS MANAGER MANAGER MANAGER^ MANAGER SOUTH Darren Arney Randall Wilksch Courtney Ramsey Sharon Watt [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] M: +61 4 4787 7178 M: +61 4 3776 9098 M: +61 4 2827 4018 M: +61 4 0967 5100
BUSINESS AND COMMERCIAL GROUP
NATIONAL HEAD OF MANAGER BUSINESS BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT AND DEVELOPMENT COMMERCIALISATION Ron Osmond Fernando Felquer [email protected] M: [email protected] +61 4 0000 2640 M: +61 413 511 412
GENETIC AND ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES GROUP (MELBOURNE OFFICE)
NATIONAL MANAGER NATIONAL NVT NVT SYSTEMS SYSTEMS OFFICER Neale Sutton Ben O’Connor [email protected] M: Ben.O'[email protected] +61 438 579 992 M: +61 499 887 749 JOIN THE CONVERSATION
@theGRDC Get the latest info on GRDC’s research, news and events. Join an online community of thousands of grain growers, researchers and advisers from all over Australia.
P Level 4 | 4 National Circuit, Barton ACT 2600 | PO Box 5367, Kingston ACT 2604 T +61 2 6166 4500 F +61 2 6166 4599 E [email protected] GRDC Grains Research Update DERRINALLUM
Acknowledgements
The ORM team would like to thank those who have contributed to the successful staging of the Derrinallum GRDC Grains Research Update:
• The local GRDC Grains Research Update planning committee that includes both government and private consultants and GRDC representatives.
• Partnering organisation: SFS
2019 DERRINALLUM GRDC GRAINS RESEARCH UPDATE 55 WE LOVE TO GET YOUR FEEDBACK
Prefer to provide your feedback electronically or ‘as you go’? The electronic evaluation form can be accessed by typing the URL address below into your internet browsers: www.surveymonkey.com/r/Derrinallum-GRU
To make the process as easy as possible, please follow these points:
• Complete the survey on one device
• One person per device
• You can start and stop the survey whenever you choose, just click ‘Next’ to save responses before exiting the survey. For example, after a session you can complete the relevant questions and then re-access the survey following other sessions.
2019 DERRINALLUM GRDC GRAINS RESEARCH UPDATE 56 2019 Derrinallum GRDC Grains Research Update Evaluation
1. Name
ORM has permisssion to follow me up in regards to post event outcomes.
2. How would you describe your main role? (choose one only) ❑ Grower ❑ Grain marketing ❑ Student ❑ Agronomic adviser ❑ Farm input/service provider ❑ Other* (please specify) ❑ Farm business adviser ❑ Banking ❑ Financial adviser ❑ Accountant ❑ Communications/extension ❑ Researcher
Your feedback on the presentations For each presentation you attended, please rate the content relevance and presentation quality on a scale of 0 to 10 by placing a number in the box (10 = totally satisfactory, 0 = totally unsatisfactory).
3. Improving the establishment of canola – what factors matter most: Col McMaster
Content relevance /10 Presentation quality /10
Have you got any comments on the content or quality of the presentation?
4. Super high oleic oil safflower: David Hudson
Content relevance /10 Presentation quality /10
Have you got any comments on the content or quality of the presentation?
5. Harvest weed seed control: James Manson
Content relevance /10 Presentation quality /10
Have you got any comments on the content or quality of the presentation?
6. Focus on earwigs: Matthew Binns
Content relevance /10 Presentation quality /10
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2019 DERRINALLUM GRDC GRAINS RESEARCH UPDATE 57 7. ‘Strip & disc’ farming – a grower’s experience: Ted Langley
Content relevance /10 Presentation quality /10
Have you got any comments on the content or quality of the presentation?
Your next steps 8. Please describe at least one new strategy you will undertake as a result of attending this Update event
9. What are the first steps you will take? e.g. seek further information from a presenter, consider a new resource, talk to my network, start a trial in my business
Your feedback on the Update 10. This Update has increased my awareness and knowledge of the latest in grains research Neither agree Strongly agree Agree Disagree Strongly disagree nor Disagree ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑ 11. Overall, how did the Update event meet your expectations? Very much exceeded Exceeded Met Partially met Did not meet ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑ Comments
12. Do you have any comments or suggestions to improve the GRDC Update events?
13. Are there any subjects you would like covered in the next Update?
Thank you for your feedback.
2019 DERRINALLUM GRDC GRAINS RESEARCH UPDATE 58