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CONTENTS

Why Study ? ...... 5 How to Use This Guide ...... 6

Lesson 1: Olden Times, Gaea, The Titans, Cronus (pp. 9-15) ...... 8 Lesson 2: and his Family (pp. 16-21) ...... 10 Lesson 3: Twelve Golden Thrones (pp. 22-23) ...... 12 Lesson 4: Hera, Hephaestus (pp. 24-29) ...... 14 Lesson 5: Aphrodite, , (pp. 30-37) ...... 16 Review Lesson: Lessons 1-5 ...... 18

Lesson 6: Poseidon, Apollo (pp. 38-43) ...... 26 Lesson 7: , (pp. 44-55) ...... 28 Lesson 8: Hades, Persephone (pp. 56-63) ...... 30 Lesson 9: Dionysus (pp. 64-69) ...... 32 Lesson 10: Minor Gods, Prometheus (pp. 70-73) ...... 34 Review Lesson: Lessons 6-10 ...... 36

Lesson 11: Pandora, (pp. 74-79) ...... 44 Lesson 12: Eos, Helios, Selene (pp. 80-89) ...... 46 Lesson 13: Pan, Echo, Syrinx (pp. 90-95) ...... 48 Lesson 14: Centaurs, (pp. 96-99) ...... 50 Lesson 15: The Nine Muses, (pp. 100-107) ...... 52 Review Lesson: Lessons 11-15 ...... 54

Lesson 16: Europa and , Tantalus and (pp. 108-113) ...... 62 Lesson 17: Danaüs, , and the (pp. 114-122) ...... 64 Lesson 18: Midas, Sisyphus, , Melampus (pp. 123-131) ...... 66 Lesson 19: Hercules, Part I (pp. 132-139) ...... 68 Lesson 20: Hercules, Part II (pp. 140-147) ...... 70 Review Lesson: Lessons 16-20 ...... 72

Lesson 21: (pp. 148-157) ...... 80 Lesson 22: Oedipus (pp. 158-161) ...... 82 Lesson 23: and the (pp. 162-175) ...... 84 Lesson 24: Calydonian Boar Hunt; Apples of Love, Discord (pp. 176-181) ...... 86 Lesson 25: Helen of Troy (pp. 182-189) ...... 88 Review Lesson: Lessons 21-25 ...... 90 Final Review ...... 98

Appendix Drill Questions for Greek Mythology ...... 104 Greek Myths Lists ...... 107 Master Map ...... 108 D’Aulaires’ Pronunciation Guide ...... 109

Tests ...... 113 Test Keys ...... 141

3 LESSON 1: Olden Times, Gaea, The Titans, Cronus (pp. 9-15)

LESSON 1: Olden Times, Gaea, The Titans, Cronus (pp. 9-15)

FACTS TO KNOW 1. Gaea – Mother Earth, mother of all living things 2. Uranus – Father Sky 3. Titans & Titanesses – fi rst children of Earth and Uranus; giants 4. Cyclopes – one-eyed children of Earth and Uranus 5. Tartarus – the deepest, darkest pit of the earth 6. Cronus – youngest Titan; overcame Uranus 7. Rhea – wife and sister of Cronus; a Titaness 8. Zeus – youngest child of Cronus; king of gods 9. Crete* – island where Zeus was raised * Asterisk indicates map locations.

VOCABULARY 1. magnifi cent to behold ______superb, wonderful 2. warm and bountiful mother ______plentiful, abundant 3. lord of the universe ______milky way galaxy, the world 4. tremendously strong smiths ______extremely, immensely 5. looked at them with disgust ______strong dislike 6. of hardest fl int ______a hard stone 7. she fashioned a sickle ______curved metal blade with a short handle 8. out of her crevices ______narrow openings, cracks 9. his monstrous brothers ______gigantic, unnatural 10. But Rhea mourned [mourn] ______to express sorrow or grief

COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS 1. How were the Greek gods similar to mortals in olden times? How were they diff erent? ______The Greek gods looked and acted like people, but were taller, more handsome, and ______could do no wrong. (p. 9) ______

8 Lesson 1: Olden Times, Gaea, The Titans, Cronus (pp. 9-15) ACTIVITIES 2. What did Uranus do to upset Mother Earth? ______Uranus seized his children and threw them into Tartarus. (p. 12) 1. The Greek Golden Age was during ______the reign of Cronus. A golden age 3. Name all the children of Gaea and Uranus. is associated with harmony among ______6 Titans & 6 Titanesses, 3 Cyclopes, 3 sons with 50 heads and 100 arms (p. 12) men and with the natural world. ______2. The perceived their gods 4. Who became the lord of the Universe after Uranus, and how did he get this position? to be in the image of men, and Cronus became the lord of the Universe by daring to obey his mother and taking a ______conversely, men in the image of sickle to his father, Uranus. (p. 12) ______their gods. They perceived that ______there was something greater than 5. What did Cronus do to all of his children? Why? and beyond the self. ______Cronus swallowed the newborns in fear that they would one day overthrow him. (p. 14) ______3. Persons or groups use the name 6. How did Rhea and Mother Earth fool Cronus? “Titan” to project an image of great ______When Rhea’s sixth child was born, Rhea wrapped a rock in baby clothes and tricked power and size. An example is the ______Cronus into swallowing the rock instead of the newborn. Rhea then hid the baby in a Tennessee Titans football team. ______secret cave on the Island of Crete. (p. 15) Powerful men such as John D. ______Rockefeller and Andrew Carnegie ______are metaphorically called “titans.” 7. Who was the sixth child of Rhea, hidden in youth? ______Zeus (p. 16)

ACTIVITIES Identify: • p. 11 – Mother Earth and Father Sky. Why are there stars in their eyes? • p. 13 – Mother Earth, Uranus, Cyclopes, Titans, Titanesses, Cronus, 100-eyed children. What is Cronus doing? What is Uranus doing? • p. 14 – Cronus. What is he doing? What is in his stomach? Where is his sickle? • p. 15 – Rhea, Zeus. Why is she running away? • Map – Crete 1. When was the Greek Golden Age? What are the characteristics of a golden age? 2. How did the Greeks perceive their gods? 3. Think of some modern things that have the name Titan. Why is that name used?

Lesson 1: Olden Times, Gaea, The Titans, Cronus (pp. 9-15) 9

QUESTIONS TO MARK FOR REVIEW & MASTERY Students should mark the following items in their study guides, which they will be responsible for on their test: Facts to Know: Gaea, Uranus, Cronus, Zeus, Crete Vocabulary: bountiful Comprehension Questions: #5, 7 Geography: Crete

Lesson 1: Olden Times, Gaea, The Titans, Cronus (pp. 9-15) 9 LESSON 13: Pan, Echo, Syrinx (pp. 90-95)

LESSON 13: Pan, Echo, Syrinx (pp. 90-95)

FACTS TO KNOW 1. Pan – god of nature 5. Syrinx – Pan’s fi rst instrument 2. sileni – old satyrs 6. Daphne – nymph; was turned into a laurel tree 3. Echo – nymph who fell in love with 7. Ladon – river-god; Daphne’s father 4. Narcissus – loved himself so much he died 8. laurel wreath – highest honor a hero could receive VOCABULARY 1. he cavorted [cavort] through glades ______to prance, romp, frolic; to dance around 2. a venomous water snake______poisonous 3. Echo detained [detain] her so long ______to hold back 4. with idle chatt er ______of no value; insignifi cant 5. spellbound by the handsome stranger ______fascinated, enchanted 6. the realm of the dead ______kingdom, domain 7. grieved and pined [pine] ______to sulk, languish 8. a plaintive whistling sound ______sorrowful, mournful, sad 9. the melodious voice ______full of melody; pleasing to hear 10. beseeching [beseech] her to stop ______to urgently beg

COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS 1. Describe Pan. How could one tell what mood he was in? ______Pan had goat legs, pointed ears, a small pair of horns, and was covered with dark ______shaggy hair. When he was in a good mood, he played on his shepherd’s pipe, and ______nymphs and satyrs danced behind him. When he was sad, he went off by himself and ______hid in a cool cave. (p. 90) 2. What were some of the punishments nymphs dealt if disrespected? ______If a woodchopper did not fi rst ask permission to chop down a healthy tree, a nymph ______might send out a swarm of bees to sting him or she might turn the ax in his hands ______so he would cut his own leg instead of the tree trunk. If a thirsty hunter drank from a ______spring without asking permission, a nymph might send a venomous water snake to bite ______him, or she might poison the water to make him sick. (p. 92)

48 Lesson 13: Pan, Echo, Syrinx (pp. 90-95) ACTIVITIES 3. Why and how was Echo punished by Hera? ______Hera, expecting to catch Zeus playing with the nymphs, was enraged because Echo 2. Common and well-known ______tied her up with idle chatter and gave Zeus a chance to escape. Hera punished Echo members of the narcissus family ______by taking from her the ability to form her own words. Echo could thereafter only repeat are the jonquil and the daffodil, ______the words of others. (p. 92) especially the kind with heavily 4. Describe Narcissus and how he died. scented white flowers. ______Narcissus was so handsome that he fell in love with his own image. Gazing at himself ______in a pool, he forgot to eat and drink, and he wasted away and died. (p. 92) ______5. What happened to Echo? ______A narcissus fl ower grew where Narcissus had been sitting. Echo stood beside the ______fl ower grieving until she, too, faded away, all but her voice. (p. 92) ______6. Describe the nymph that Apollo loved. ______Apollo fell in love with Daphne, who had a cold heart and vowed never to marry. She ______had lovely golden hair, and as she fl ed from Apollo, she became even more beautiful, ______with her hair fl owing behind her. (p. 94) 7. Why was Daphne turned into a laurel tree? ______As Daphne ran away from Apollo, she asked her father, the river-god Ladon, to save ______her. He had no time to rise out of the riverbed, so he turned her toes into the roots ______and her arms into the branches of a laurel tree. Daphne said she would rather be an ______unmoving tree than the bride of Apollo. (p. 95) ______8. What was the greatest honor an artist, athlete, or hero could be given? ______The greatest honor for artists, athletes, and heroes was a crown of laurel leaves from ______Apollo’s sacred tree. (p. 95)

ACTIVITIES Identify: • pp. 90-91 – Pan, Hermes • p. 94 – Pan, Syrinx, Ladon, Apollo, Daphne, • p. 93 – Narcissus, Pan, Echo laurel tree 1. Look up the word narcissist in the dictionary. Write down the meaning and one synonym. 2. Research narcissus fl owers. What are the most common varieties?

Lesson 13: Pan, Echo, Syrinx (pp. 90-95) 49

QUESTIONS TO MARK FOR REVIEW & MASTERY Students should mark the following items in their study guides, which they will be responsible for on their test: Facts to Know: Pan, Echo, Narcissus, Daphne, laurel wreath Vocabulary: spellbound, plaintive, beseeching Comprehension Questions: #7

Lesson 13: Pan, Echo, Syrinx (pp. 90-95) 49 LESSON 24: Calydonian Boar Hunt; Apples of Love, Discord (pp. 176-181)

LESSON 24: Calydonian Boar Hunt; Apples of Love, Discord (pp. 176-181)

FACTS TO KNOW 1. – skilled spear-thrower; killed Calydonian Boar 2. – fastest runner in ; won the great Calydonian Boar hunt 3. Melanion – cleverly won Atalanta with apples of love 4. – married to Thetis; father of 5. Thetis – a Nereid; mother of Achilles 6. Paris – judge of beauty contest 7. Helen of (Troy) – Queen of Sparta; most beautiful woman on earth 8. apples of love – apples used by Melanion to win Atalanta 9. apple of discord – apple thrown by Eris at the wedding of Peleus and Thetis 10. Eris – spirit of strife; goddess of discord

VOCABULARY 1. tusks as big as an elephant’s ______elongated pointed teeth extending beyond the mouth 2. bristles as sharp as steel ______short, stiff hair 3. She ran swiftly hither and thither ______this way and that way 4. they said, smiling maliciously ______with intent to do harm or evil 5. his taunting uncles______reproaching in a mocking way 6. caught her in a snare ______a trap involving a noose 7. her foster father ______acting as a parent but not related by blood 8. would forfeit his life ______to surrender, to give up 9. spirit of strife ______bitter confl ict 10. apple of discord ______tension due to lack of agreement

COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS 1. How did the Calydonian Boar come to live in Meleager’s father’s kingdom? ______The king of Calydonia forgot to include Artemis when sacrifi cing to the gods. In ______revenge, the goddess sent a gigantic boar to ravage the kingdom. (p. 176) 2. What pair stopped and killed the Calydonian Boar? ______Atalanta shot an arrow that stopped the , and then Meleager leaped forward ______and hurled his spear at it to kill it for good. (p. 177)

86 Lesson 24: Calydonian Boar Hunt; Apples of Love, Discord (pp. 176-181) 3. How did Meleager’s mother kill her son? Why did she kill him? ACTIVITIES ______Meleager’s mother threw the magic log that held Meleager’s life into a fi re, and he Identify p. 181: Aphrodite promises burned to death. She burned the log in a rage after learning that Meleager had killed ______him the most beautiful woman as a her brothers. (p. 177) ______wife, but the most beautiful woman 4. How did Melanion win the race against Atalanta? is Helen, and she is already married ______Melanion tricked Atalanta by throwing three glittering golden apples of love during the ______race to distract her and slow her down. (p. 179) to Menelaus. ______5. Contrast the apple of discord with the apples of love. Detail the events caused by each. ______The apples of love glittered beautifully and caused Atalanta to fall in love with ______Melanion. The apple of discord caused an argument between Hera, Aphrodite, and ______Athena, broke up a wedding, and caused a heated dispute. (p. 179) 6. Who fought over the apple thrown by Eris, and why? ______Hera, Aphrodite, and Athena fought over the apple. When Eris threw the apple, she ______exclaimed that it was for the “fairest of the goddesses.” (p. 179) ______7. What was Achilles’ vulnerable body part? Why was it vulnerable? ______Achilles’ heel was vulnerable because his mother held him by the heel over the sacred ______fi re of immortality as a child. Because his heel was never exposed to the fi re, it was ______vulnerable and could cause him mortal death. (p. 180) ______8. Who did Paris judge to be the most beautiful and award with the golden apple? Why? ______Paris was young and loved beauty more than power or wisdom, so he judged ______Aphrodite over Hera and Athena to be the most deserving of the apple. (p. 180) ______

ACTIVITIES Identify: • p. 176 – Calydonian Boar, Atalanta, Meleager, Peleus • p. 178 – Which apple is in the picture? Who is fi ghting over it? • p. 181 – Paris, Hermes, apple of discord, Aphrodite, Athena, Hera. What is the foreseeable problem that arises by Paris’ selection? Why? • Map – Thessaly

Lesson 24: Calydonian Boar Hunt; Apples of Love, Discord (pp. 176-181) 87

QUESTIONS TO MARK FOR REVIEW & MASTERY Students should mark the following items in their study guides, which they will be responsible for on their test: Facts to Know: all Vocabulary: snare, forfeit, discord Comprehension Questions: #7

Lesson 24: Calydonian Boar Hunt; Apples of Love, Discord (pp. 176-181) 87