Perception and Preference of Medical and Dental students JKCD September 2019, Vol. 9, No. 3

PERCEPTION AND PREFERENCE OF MEDICAL AND DENTAL STUDENTS TOWARDS TEACHING AIDS IN GANDHARA UNIVERSITY

Yasir mehmood1, Nighat Musa2, Irfan ullah3, Shandana Amirzadah4, Muhammad Zubair3, Sadaf Bilal5 1 Department of Community , Kabir Medical College, Gandhara University, Peshawar 2 Department of Community Medicine Gajju Khan Medical College, Sawabi 3 Fourth year MBBS student, Kabir Medical College, Gandhara University, Peshawar 4 Department of Oral Pathology, Sardar Begum Dental College, Peshawar 5 Department of Community Medicine Northwest School of Medicine Peshawar

Available Online 30-September 2019 at http://www.jkcd.edu.pk DOI: https://doi.org/10.33279/2307-3934.2019.9123 Abstract Objective: To find out the Perception and Preference of medical and dental Students towards teaching aids in Gandhara University and barriers in teaching aids Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out on medical and dental students of Kabir medical college and Sardar Begum Dental College Peshawar from Oct 2018 to Feb 2019 using a stratified sampling technique to collect a sample of 358 medical and dental students. A self-administered questionnaire was used. Data collected were entered and analyzed by using SPSS 21. Results: Out of 358, 246 (68.7%) preferred White Board as teaching aids, followed by PowerPoint 95 (26.5%) and overhead projector 17 (4.7%). For better understanding, retention of information, concept, and more interactive lecture, the white Board was preferred. The perception of students about PowerPoint presentation is that it is good, which stresses an essential point, well organized and suitable for showing a diagram. Barriers found ineffective PowerPoint presentation was many words per line, many lines per slide and very fast flow while barriers about White Board is slow, handwriting issue, and visibility problem. The overhead projector was found boring for students. Conclusion: Student emphasis on Whiteboard presentation and were found unsatisfied with PowerPoint fast slide move and poor slides preparation of having many lines per slide. Keywords: Multimedia, Teaching aids, perception, Preference, Medical students, Dental students

INTRODUCTION intellectual process by which learner gains clinical knowledge, does reasoning, develops psychomotor Teaching and learning is an active process that skills, and incorporates behavioral knowledge which goes hand in hand. Facilitation and assistance in is a need of professionalism.1,2 Auditory and visual learning are given by teaching while learning is an senses are used to grasp information from lectures.3 Correspondence: In the acquisition of motor skills, observational Dr. Yasir Mehmood learning has a major contribution. It also provides Associate Professor Department of Community Medicine, an advantage to a large batch of students.4 Kabir Medical College, Gandhara University, Peshawar. Email: [email protected]: +92-3009594441 In Asian medical training, a teacher has played

Available Online at http://www.jkcd.edu.pk DOI: https://doi.org/10.33279/2307-3934.2019.9123 1 Perception and Preference of Medical and Dental students JKCD September 2019, Vol. 9, No. 3 a pivotal role but depends on hospital-based train- A Cross-sectional study was carried out in med- ing. is not different in this aspect because ical and dental students of Kabir Medical College Pakistan is a developing third world country with an and Sardar Begum Dental College, respectively. ordinary educational system. For a better educational The study period was from Oct 2018 to Feb 2019. A system, many courses are reworked, particularly that stratified sampling technique was used. The sample of medicine, to meet the gold standard.5 The lecture was 358 medical and dental students. A pilot study should befit the level of the student. The method of carried on 10% of the sample to check the feasibil- lecture delivery, along with teaching aids, can be ity and irrelevant questions. First-year MBBS and changed for better suit.6 BDS students were excluded from the study. Ethical approval was taken from the Community Medicine A healthy teacher-student interaction is ob- Department of Kabir Medical College. Data was col- tained through traditional chalk-talk methodology; lected on a structured questionnaire. The self-admin- the effectiveness of this interaction declines as the istered technique was used to fill the questionnaire. number of students increases.7 Gupta et al. show that The questionnaire consists of students’ demography, traditional programs of teaching medical students preference, perception of students regarding the use do not have a better learning outcome. It is a crux of teaching aids, and barriers in teaching aids. SPSS for medical educationalists.8 Active participation in version 21 was used for analysis. lecture bears fruitful outcomes than passive lectur- ing.9 Cost is an entity to be looked out when active RESULTS learning, and the use of multimedia is adopted. The Out of a sample of 358, 229 (64%) were from conventional mode of learning has a lesser influence Kabir Medical College, and the remaining 129 (36%) on medical students and do not have lifelong imprints from Sardar Begum Dental College Peshawar, age of learning.10 between 18 and 30 years (mean age 21.8715 years Other studies have revealed that in conventional ±1.465 SD). The majority (N=246, 68.7%) of stu- teaching methods, pupils create new ideas by refining dents preferred whiteboard presentation, whereas their existing concepts. However, if the instructor is 95 (26.5%) and 17(4.7%) prefer PowerPoint pre- weak in lecture delivery or the length of the lecture is sentations and overhead projectors, respectively. that more students get bored.11 Biochemical concepts [Figure 01]. were acceptable by Problem based learning (PBL) 229 out of 358 were from MBBS, 58 (25.3%) method of teaching by most students.12 Larger groups from 2nd year, 64 (27.4%) from 3rd year, 50 of students may get better motor skills, but the prob- (21.8%%) from 4th year and 57 (24.9%) from final lem here is that the teacher gives a one-sided talk, year. The remaining 129 (36%) were BDS students, not a dialogue, and students cannot be encouraged 38 (29.5%) were from 2nd year, 40 (31%) 3rd year to talk (Pygmalion Effect).13 and 51(39.5%) 4th year, respectively. Most of the Many studies carried out in medical and dental MBBS students preferred White Board, and the num- students of Pakistan, and other countries show dif- bers are 180 (78.6%), 66 (51.2%) of dental student ferent results between PowerPoint, Over-Head-Pro- preferred whiteboard while remaining 33 (14.4%) jector, and Whiteboard. This study has not been con- medical and 62 (48.1%) dental students prefer pre- ducted in medical and dental students of Peshawar. sentation respectively. Whereas fewer students prefer This study is conducted to collect data regarding overhead projector, 16 (07%) Medical and 1 (0.8%) students’ perceptions and preferences in lectures dental students respectively. delivered either by PowerPoint Presentation, More than 25 % of students strongly agree that Over-Head-Projector, and Whiteboard. PowerPoint is exciting and better for showing dia- The study aims to find out the Perception and grams. Whereas more than 40% of students strongly Preference of medical and dental Students towards agree with a whiteboard as, through it, the subject is teaching aids in Gandhara University and barriers better understood and retained in the brain. Students in teaching aids. rated whiteboard high for helping in taking notes and problem solving, maintaining attention in lectures MATERIALS AND METHODS and making student-teacher interaction [Table 01]

Available Online at http://www.jkcd.edu.pk DOI: https://doi.org/10.33279/2307-3934.2019.9123 2 Perception and Preference of Medical and Dental students JKCD September 2019, Vol. 9, No. 3

Barriers found in PowerPoint presentation were it is quick, poor color schemes that are not attractive. Students consider that whiteboard is time-consum- ing, slow and visibility issues may be the barriers. Whereas overhead projector is boring, and issues with the quality of transparencies are their [Table 02]. 60.43 % and PowerPoint Presentation prefers blackboard by 39.5% of students. In blackboard, students are attentive, take interest and can cope with the teacher’s pace of the lecture. Also, via blackboard, problems are solved much better, and Figure No. 1: Students` preference toward Teaching aids

Table 1: Students perception (in %age) regarding Teaching aids

Strongly Strongly Teaching aids Students Opinion Agree No opinion Disagree agree disagree WB Understanding subject better 46.1% 44.4% 3.6% 4.7% 1.1% WB Better retention of information 41.1% 42.5% 8.4% 7% 1.1% WB Keep you concentrated 41.1% 40.5% 10.1% 7% 1.4% WB Help in taking notes easily 32.7% 41.6% 9.8% 14.2% 1.7% WB Provide better concept 39.4% 40.5% 10.3% 7% 2.8% WB Engage you actively 38.8% 39.9% 9.5% 8.9% 2.8% WB Problem solving better 34.4% 43.9% 11.2% 7.8% 2.8% WB Best mode to recall tough points 32.7% 38.8% 12.3% 13.1% 3.1% WB Were well organized 25.4% 36% 13.7% 20.4% 4.5% WB Stress on important point 33.2% 41.1% 10.3% 11.2% 4.2% WB More interactive 36.9% 43.3% 9.2% 8.4% 2.2% PPT Generate interest 32.3% 29.1% 12.6% 17.9% 7.8% PPT Good for showing diagrams 38.3% 43.9% 7.3% 8.1% 2.5% PPT Can go in depth of subject 24.6% 36.9% 14% 17.6% 7% PPT Make lectures interested 27.4% 36.3% 10.9% 18.4% 7% WB= Whiteboard, PPT= PowerPoint presentation

Table 2: Barriers in teaching aids

Teaching aids Barriers Yes (%) No (%) PPT PPT is too fast 306 (85.5%) 52 (14.5%) PPT Too many words per line 228 (63.7%) 130 (36.3%) PPT Too many lines per slide 235 (65.6%) 123 (34.4%) PPT Poor color scheme 189 (52.8%) 169 (47.2%) WB Time consuming 242 (67.6%) 116 (32.4%) WB Visibility problem 221 (61.7%) 137 (38.3%) WB Slow method 223 (62.3%) 135 (37.7%) OHP Hand writing issue 229 (64%) 129 (36%) OHP Boring 265 (74%) 93 (26%) OHP Visibility of transparencies issue 254 (70.9%) 104 (29.1%) WB= White Board, PPT=PowerPoint presentation, OHP= Overhead projector

Available Online at http://www.jkcd.edu.pk DOI: https://doi.org/10.33279/2307-3934.2019.9123 3 Perception and Preference of Medical and Dental students JKCD September 2019, Vol. 9, No. 3 important points are stressed. (14) The present study Whiteboards should be used along with powerpoint shows preference toward whiteboard by 68.7% of presentations. It increases student-teacher interac- students and 26.5 % toward PPT. 46.1% and 34.4% tion. Over-head-projector should not have opted as of students strongly agree that understanding subject the latest and effective teaching methods are present and the solving problem is better when a lecture is and should be opted. given through whiteboard, and 33.2 % of students REFERENCES strongly sure that Whiteboard stress on essential points. 1. Nuhu S, Adamu LH, Buba MA, Garba SH, Dalori BM, Yusuf AH. Gender preference between traditional and DISCUSSION PowerPoint methods of teaching gross anatomy. Journal of education and health promotion. 2018;7. Baxi et al. cited that PPT helps in explain- ing the diagram and complicated graph, whereas 2. Meo SA, Shahabuddin S, Al Masri AA, Ahmed SM, Aqil M, Anwer MA, et al. Comparison of the impact of whiteboards help in teacher-student interaction and powerpoint and chalkboard in undergraduate medical making attention in lectures. The same was found in teaching: An evidence-based study. J Coll Physicians our study that 38.3% of students strongly agree, and Surg Pakistan. 2013;23(1):47–50. 43.9% agree with PowerPoint is good for showing 3. Seth V, Upadhyaya P, Ahmad M, Moghe V. PowerPoint 15 diagrams. or chalk and talk: Perceptions of medical students versus Whiteboard heartens the students’ teacher inter- dental students in a medical college in India. Advances in Medical Education and Practice. 2010;1:11. action and taking notes.16,17 In the present study, the student considers whiteboard lecture as a method 4. Mahling M, Münch A, et al. Basic life support is effec- during which essential points are taken easily, de- tively taught in groups of three, five, and eight medical students: a prospective, randomized study. BMC medical velops interaction with teacher, concept, and subject education. 2014 Dec;14(1):185. is clearly understood. 5. Manzar B, Manzar N. To determine the level of satisfac- Whiteboard stresses essential points, but the tion among medical students of a public sector medical issue is with poor handwriting. PowerPoint presen- university regarding their academic activities. BMC tations are well organized, but students are passive research notes. 2011 Dec;4(1):380. during PPT lecture,18 same study finding was found 6. Kumar M, Saxena I, Kumar J, Kumar G, Kapoor S. in this study as well. Assessment of lecture strategy with different teaching aids. Journal of clinical and diagnostic research: JCDR. A study done on 1st-year medical students, 2015 Jan;9(1): CC01. the students responded that using blackboard is 7. Naqvi SH, Mobasher F, Afzal MAR, Umair M, Naeem time-consuming; the same response was seen in Kohli A, Hussain Bukhari M. Effectiveness of teach- this study. Study results showed that 67% of stu- ing methods in a medical institute: Perceptions of dents highlight the time-consuming feature of white medical students to teaching aids. J Pak Med Assoc. board.19 2013;63(7):859–64 Different studies showed that powerpoint presen- 8. Gupta S, Gupta AK, Verma M, Kaur H, Kaur A, Singh K. The attitudes and perceptions of medical students tations do take time for set up projector/computer, towards basic science subjects during their clinical interruption of lecture due to power failure, and loss years: A cross-sectional survey. International Journal of of attention of students during the lecture. Almost Applied and Basic Medical Research. 2014 Jan;4(1):16. the same findings were seen in this study. Students 9. Moreno-López LA, Somacarrera-Pérez ML, Díaz-Ro- agreed that the loss of attention is there, and its also dríguez MM, Campo-Trapero J, Cano-Sánchez J. not easy to take notes.20 Problem-based learning versus lectures: Comparison of academic results and time devoted by teachers in a CONCLUSION course on in Special Patients. Med Oral Patol Most of the students emphasized the use of a Oral Cir Bucal. 2009;14(11):583–7 whiteboard presentation. Students of both medical 10. Nandi PL, Chan JN, Chan CP, Chan P, Chan LP. Un- colleges were found to be moderately satisfied dergraduate medical education: comparison of prob- with PowerPoint. The majority disliked the use of lem-based learning and conventional teaching. Hong Kong Med J. 2000;6(3):301–6. Over-head-Projector and transparencies in lectures.

Available Online at http://www.jkcd.edu.pk DOI: https://doi.org/10.33279/2307-3934.2019.9123 4 Perception and Preference of Medical and Dental students JKCD September 2019, Vol. 9, No. 3

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Available Online at http://www.jkcd.edu.pk DOI: https://doi.org/10.33279/2307-3934.2019.9123 5