DOCSLIB.ORG

Cranberry Extract 25% Proanthocyanidins

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Cranberry Extract 25% Proanthocyanidins Cranberry extract 25% Proanthocyanidins Cambridge Commodities Chemwatch Hazard Alert Code: 2 Part Number: P31139 Issue Date: 10/09/2020 Version No: 1.1.23.11 Print Date: 28/09/2021 Safety data sheet according to REACH Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006, as amended by UK REACH Regulations SI 2019/758 S.REACH.GB.EN SECTION 1 Identification of the substance / mixture and of the company / undertaking 1.1. Product Identifier Product name Cranberry extract 25% Proanthocyanidins Chemical Name Not Applicable Synonyms Not Available Chemical formula Not Applicable Other means of P31139 identification 1.2. Relevant identified uses of the substance or mixture and uses advised against A flavonoid. Many of the biological effects of flavonoids appear to be related to their ability to modulate a number of cell-signaling cascades. Flavonoids have been shown to exhibit antiallergic, antimicrobial, antiinflammatory, antithrombogenic, antidiabetic, anticancer, antitumorigenic, and antimutagenic and neuroprotective activities through different mechanisms of action in vitro and in animal modes.Flavonoids are regarded as vitamins that are important in the regulation of oxidative stress and act as antioxidants. Flavonoids potentially prevent cancer, heart disease, bone loss, and a number of other diseases Flavonoids are able to reduce plasma levels of low-density lipoproteins, inhibit platelet aggregation, and reduce cell proliferation. These properties result, inter alia, from their mechanisms of action: inhibiting the cell cycle, diminishing oxidative stress, improving detoxification enzymes, inducing apoptosis, and stimulating the immune system. The parent compound , flavanone, is involved in several enzymatic reactions to yield several different flavonoid sub-classes or types, e.g., flavones, flavonols, flavanonols (dihydroflavonols), isoflavones, and anthocyanins. Antioxidant activity Flavonoids are characterized by a molecular frame of two phenyl rings linked by a three carbon chain, making them good Relevant identified uses electron donators or acceptors. Their anti-oxidant capacity depends on this framework, the number and pattern of substitutions (primarily with hydroxyl groups), their ability to chelate with metal ions, and on their specific environment. Flavonoids can readily combine with free radicals, including reactive oxygen species (*ROS) by way of the hydroxyl groups on their structure, ultimately forming resonance-stabilized phenoxyl radicals.The antioxidant properties of flavonoids are related to their potential to prevent disorders associated with oxidative stress caused by free radicals and other reactive oxygen species (ROS). Flavonoids are phytamines with a common chemical structure and a broad range of activities, the most prominent being their radical scavenging ability. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) damage cells by different mechanisms. Direct cytotoxic effects include destruction of the cell membrane by causing radical chain reactions or induction of mutagenic changes in the nuclear and mitochondrial DNA. Indirect changes involve modification of intracellular signal transduction pathways that regulate inflammatory or proliferative activities. Hyperglycaemia results in the generation of free radicals, which may lead to disruption of cellular functions, oxidative damage to cell membranes and enhanced susceptibility to lipid peroxidation. Product code: P31139 Version No: 1.1.23.2 Page 1 of 27 S.REACH.GB.EN Lancaster Way Business Park Safety Data Sheet (Conforms to Regulation (EU) No 2020/878) Ely, Cambridgeshire, CB6 3NX, UK. Chemwatch: 9-775582 +44 (0) 1353 667258 Issue Date: 10/09/2020 [email protected] Print Date: 28/09/2021 www.c-c-l.com Reactive oxygen species (ROS) refers to a diverse group of reactive, short-lived, oxygen-containing species, such as superoxide (O2• -), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), hydroxyl radical (• OH), singlet oxygen (1O2), and lipid peroxyl radical (LOO• ). ROS serve as second messengers for cellular signaling . However, excessive production of ROS results in oxidative stress and damage to DNA, lipids, and protein that is involved in cancer as well as cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases It is believed that flavonoids could behave as antioxidants or pro-oxidants, depending on the concentration and the source of the free radicals. Structures essential to flavonoid's antioxidant activity: 3', 4' hydroxylation, the presence of a double bond between carbons 2 and 3, and a carbonyl group on carbon 4 . The hydrogen atom from an aromatic hydroxyl group can be donated to free radicals. Pro-oxidant activity: Although the ability of flavonoids to protect cells from oxidative stress has been well-documented, there is increasing evidence for their pro-oxidant property . The pro-oxidant activity of flavonoids may be related to their ability to undergo autoxidation catalyzed by transition metals to produce superoxide anions . In other reports, however, it was observed that the phenol rings of flavonoids are metabolized by peroxidase to form pro-oxidant phenoxyl radicals, which are sufficiently reactive to co-oxidize glutathione (GSH) or nicotinamide-adenine hydrogen (NADH) accompanied by extensive oxygen uptake and ROS formation . The structure- activity relationship study on pro-oxidant cytotoxicity of flavonoids shows that flavonoids with a phenol ring are generally more bioactive than the catechol ring-containing ones . Cytotoxicity induced by flavonoids is correlated with their electrochemical oxidation susceptibility and lipophilicity Anti-cancer activity: Plant flavonoids have been shown to decrease the risk of development of cancers and have been widely researched for chemoprevention. An epidemiological study in men has indicated the consumption of five flavonoids including apigenin, myricetin, quercetin, kaempferol, and luteolin decreases the incidence of all types of cancer, as well as the mortality from gastrointestinal and respiratory cancers One study also reported that, in both women and men, consuming a diet rich in flavonoids decreases the risk of cancers, more so in lung cancer, over a 24-year-long follow-up period. Flavonoids have been found to inhibit the proliferation of many cancer cells by arresting cell cycle progression either at the G1/S or G2/M checkpoint . The G1 cell cycle arrest is associated with inhibition of the cyclin dependent(CDK2) activity in melanoma and colorectal cancer cells. This arrest is achieved by up-regulation of the CDK inhibitors p27/kip1 and p21/waf1, or direct inhibition on the CDK2 activity Carcinogens activate cell survival pathways such as NF-kB and MAPK during the course of carcinogenesis; these pathways could be additional targets for flavonoids in anti-carcinogenesis Phyto-oestrogen activity: Flavonoids are naturally occurring phytoestrogens because they can bind to estrogen receptors (ERs) and activate their signaling pathways Flavonoids bind and activate ERs when estrogen is deficient. However, due to their relative weak estrogenic activity they may function as anti-estrogenic agents through competition with natural estrogens for binding to ERs Another mechanism of anti-estrogenic activity iinvolves inhibition of aromatase whose function is to aromatize androgens and produce estrogens . Additionally, one flavonoid, luteolin, reduces the ER expression level through inhibiting transcription of the ER gene or potentiating degradation of the ER protein. Finally, some alternative signaling mechanisms unrelated to ERs could also be involved . Although the interaction of estrogen agonists and antagonists with the ER is a primary event in estrogen action, mammalian cells contain a second binding site (type II site) for estrogen to control cell growth, which resides in endogenous proteins such as histone . Luteolin was found to bind to nuclear type II sites irreversibly and to compete for estradiol binding to these sites The etiology of breast, prostate, ovarian, and endometrial cancers is associated with estrogen activity. Flavonoids,are able to inhibit DNA synthesis and proliferation in mammary epithelial cells and breast cancer cells induced by estrogens, both in vitro and in vivo . Suppressing estrogen-induced cancer cell proliferation may contribute to flavonoids therapeutic and preventive activities against estrogen-associated cancer. Epidemiological studies suggest that dietary intake of flavonoids is inversely associated with risk of lung, prostate, stomach, and breast cancer in humans. Dietary intake of flavonols and flavones was found to be inversely associated with the risk of lung cancer. It should be noted that mixed bioactive compounds, such as different flavonoids that exist in foods, may impact each others’ biological effects. Lifestyle differences of the subjects in a study may interfere with the results. Furthermore, variations in epidemiological studies, including differences in questionnaire design, databases for flavonoid content in foods, and methods for data analysis, may substantially vary the outcomes of different studies. Thus, caution should be exercised when interpreting epidemiological study results Anti-inflammatory activity: Experiments with animals show that some flavonoids suppresses lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or bacteria-induced inflammation in vivo . LPS-induced-high mortality was effectively alleviated by luteolin, which is associated with reduction of LPS-stimulated TNFalpha release in serum and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression in the liver . Inflammation is one of the body's defense mechanisms that guard
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Metabolomics Reveals the Molecular Mechanisms of Copper Induced
    Article Cite This: Environ. Sci. Technol. 2018, 52, 7092−7100 pubs.acs.org/est Metabolomics Reveals the Molecular Mechanisms of Copper Induced Cucumber Leaf (Cucumis sativus) Senescence † ‡ § ∥ ∥ ∥ Lijuan Zhao, Yuxiong Huang, , Kelly Paglia, Arpana Vaniya, Benjamin Wancewicz, ‡ § and Arturo A. Keller*, , † Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China ‡ Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5131, United States § University of California, Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States ∥ UC Davis Genome Center-Metabolomics, University of California Davis, 451 Health Sciences Drive, Davis, California 95616, United States *S Supporting Information ABSTRACT: Excess copper may disturb plant photosynthesis and induce leaf senescence. The underlying toxicity mechanism is not well understood. Here, 3-week-old cucumber plants were foliar exposed to different copper concentrations (10, 100, and 500 mg/L) for a final dose of 0.21, 2.1, and 10 mg/plant, using CuSO4 as the Cu ion source for 7 days, three times per day. Metabolomics quantified 149 primary and 79 secondary metabolites. A number of intermediates of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle were significantly down-regulated 1.4−2.4 fold, indicating a perturbed carbohy- drate metabolism. Ascorbate and aldarate metabolism and shikimate- phenylpropanoid biosynthesis (antioxidant and defense related pathways) were perturbed by excess copper. These metabolic responses occur even at the lowest copper dose considered although no phenotype changes were observed at this dose. High copper dose resulted in a 2-fold increase in phytol, a degradation product of chlorophyll.
    [Show full text]
  • Studies of the Effects of Flavonoids on Roentgen Irradiation Disease
    STUDIES OF THE EFFECTS OF FLAVONOIDS ON ROENTGEN IRRADIATION DISEASE. II. COMPARISON OF THE PROTECTIVE INFLUENCE OF SOME FLAVONOIDS AND VITAMIN C IN DOGS John B. Field, Paul E. Rekers J Clin Invest. 1949;28(4):746-751. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI102127. Research Article Find the latest version: https://jci.me/102127/pdf STUDIES OF THE EFFECTS OF FLAVONOIDS ON ROENTGEN IRRADIATION DISEASE. II. COMPARISON OF THE PROTECTIVE INFLUENCE OF SOME FLAVONOIDS AND VITAMIN C IN DOGS' By JOHN B. FIELD 2 AND PAUL E. REKERS (From the Department of Radiation Biology, University of Rochester, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York) (Received for publication February 22, 1949) The nature of dietary factors contributing to Thus, it has been proposed that rutin either de- the maintenance of vascular integrity has not, creases the rate of vascular disintegration, or in- as yet, been satisfactorily elucidated. However, creases its repair (12). vitamin C appears to play a specific role (1-3) by The purpose of this report is to summarize functioning in some manner to incorporate the vas- briefly observations on the activity of other sub- cular cement substance. The significance of other stances of the flavonoid and related groups and agents in alleviating "vascular purpura" has re- to indicate the relationship of these substances mained inconclusive. with vitamin C in the irradiated dog. It has been claimed that "vascular permeability" is dependent upon regulation by the entire class of METHODS "vitamin P" substances. Since 1936, the experi- Dogs of the beagle strain, identical to those utilized in mental device of eliminating "vitamin P" from the the previous study (12) were used throughout.
    [Show full text]
  • European Patent Office of Opposition to That Patent, in Accordance with the Implementing Regulations
    (19) TZZ _¥_T (11) EP 2 791 366 B1 (12) EUROPEAN PATENT SPECIFICATION (45) Date of publication and mention (51) Int Cl.: of the grant of the patent: C12R 1/01 (2006.01) A01H 3/00 (2006.01) 26.04.2017 Bulletin 2017/17 (86) International application number: (21) Application number: 12805902.9 PCT/US2012/070036 (22) Date of filing: 17.12.2012 (87) International publication number: WO 2013/090884 (20.06.2013 Gazette 2013/25) (54) BRADYRHIZOBIUM STRAINS BRADYRHIZOBIUM STÄMME SOUCHES DE BRADYRHIZOBIUM (84) Designated Contracting States: • SUGAWARA MASAYUKI ET AL: "Functional Role AL AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB of Bradyrhizobium japonicum Trehalose GR HR HU IE IS IT LI LT LU LV MC MK MT NL NO Biosynthesis and Metabolism Genes during PL PT RO RS SE SI SK SM TR Physiological Stress and Nodulation", APPLIED ANDENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, vol. 76, (30) Priority: 16.12.2011 US 201161576470 P no. 4, February 2010 (2010-02), pages 1071-1081, XP002694519, (43) Date of publication of application: • STREETER J G: "Effect of trehalose on survival 22.10.2014 Bulletin 2014/43 of Bradyrhizobium japonicum during desiccation.", JOURNAL OF APPLIED (73) Proprietors: MICROBIOLOGY 2003, vol. 95, no. 3, 2003, pages • Novozymes Bioag A/S 484-491, XP002694520, ISSN: 1364-5072 2880 Bagsvaerd (DK) • CYTRYN EDDIE J ET AL: "Transcriptional and • Novozymes Biologicals, Inc. physiological responses of Bradyrhizobium Salem, VA 24153 (US) japonicum to desiccation-induced stress.", JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY OCT 2007, vol. (72) Inventors: 189, no. 19, October 2007 (2007-10), pages • KANG, Yaowei 6751-6762, XP002694521, ISSN: 0021-9193 Christiansburg, VA 24073 (US) • MARY P ET AL: "Differences among Rhizobium • TRAN, Anh melilotiand Bradyrhizobium japonicum strains in Roanoke, VA 24019 (US) tolerance to desiccation and storage at different • SEMONES, Shawn relative humidities", SOIL BIOLOGY AND Salem, VA 24153 (US) BIOCHEMISTRY,PERGAMON, OXFORD,GB, vol.
    [Show full text]
  • Cyanidin-3-O-Glucoside Is an Important Anthocyanin in Several Clones of Vitis Vinifera L
    LOGAN ET AL., CYANIDIN-3-O-GLUCOSIDE IN PINOT NOIR FRUITS AND WINE, P.1 CYANIDIN-3-O-GLUCOSIDE IS AN IMPORTANT ANTHOCYANIN IN SEVERAL CLONES OF VITIS VINIFERA L. PINOT NOIR FRUITS AND RESULTING WINE FROM MICHIGAN AND NEW ZEALAND. Gerard A. LOGAN 1* , G. Stanley HOWELL 2, Muraleedharan G. NAIR 3 1* Corresponding Author: Gerard A. Logan [Tel.: +64 6 974 8000, Ext.: 5832; Fax.: +64 6 974 8910; E-mail.: [email protected] ]. Lecturer in Viticulture, School of Viticulture & Wine, Faculty of Science & Technology, Eastern Institute of Technology, Gloucester Street, Private Bag 1201, Taradale, Hawkes Bay, New Zealand. 2 G. Stanley Howell, Emeritus Professor, Program of Viticulture and Enology, Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA. 3 Muraleedharan G. Nair, Professor, Bioactive Natural Products and Phytoceuticals, Department of Horticulture and National Food Safety and Toxicology Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA. Abstract In the cool winegrowing regions of Michigan, USA and Canterbury, New Zealand, Vitis vinifera L. Pinot noir is an economically important red winegrape cultivar. Both regions have problems with the color of Pinot noir wines based on anthocyanin concentration. Thus, anthocyanin concentration of V. vinifera L. Pinot noir fruit was investigated using three clones and two growing locations, Canterbury, New Zealand and Michigan, USA. Wines were made from Michigan sample vines, and analyzed for anthocyanin. Utilizing HPLC (High Pressure Liquid Chromatography) techniques, the five main anthocyanins (1-5), in the fruit and wine were identified and quantified based on cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (4, C3G), and total anthocyanin concentration in grapes and wine was compared.
    [Show full text]
  • GRAS Notice (GRN) No.901, Glucosyl Hesperidin
    GRAS Notice (GRN) No. 901 https://www.fda.gov/food/generally-recognized-safe-gras/gras-notice-inventory ~~~lECTV!~ITJ) DEC 1 2 20,9 OFFICE OF FOOD ADDITI\/c SAFETY tnC Vanguard Regulator~ Services, Inc 1311 Iris Circle Broomfield, CO, 80020, USA Office: + 1-303--464-8636 Mobile: +1-720-989-4590 Email: [email protected] December 15, 2019 Dennis M. Keefe, PhD, Director, Office of Food Additive Safety HFS-200 Food and Drug Administration 5100 Paint Branch Pkwy College Park, MD 20740-3835 Re: GRAS Notice for Glucosyl Hesperidin Dear Dr. Keefe: The attached GRAS Notification is submitted on behalf of the Notifier, Hayashibara Co., ltd. of Okayama, Japan, for Glucosyl Hesperidin (GH). GH is a hesperidin molecule modified by enzymatic addition of a glucose molecule. It is intended for use as a general food ingredient, in food. The document provides a review of the information related to the intended uses, manufacturing and safety of GH. Hayashibara Co., ltd. (Hayashibara) has concluded that GH is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) based on scientific procedures under 21 CFR 170.30(b) and conforms to the proposed rule published in the Federal Register at Vol. 62, No. 74 on April 17, 1997. The publically available data and information upon which a conclusion of GRAS was made has been evaluated by a panel of experts who are qualified by scientific training and experience to assess the safety of GH under the conditions of its intended use in food. A copy of the Expert Panel's letter is attached to this GRAS Notice.
    [Show full text]
  • Everything Added to Food in the United States (EAFUS)
    Everything Added to Food in the United States (EAFUS) A to Z Index Follow FDA FDA Voice Blog Most Popular Searches Home Food Drugs Medical Devices Radiation-Emitting Products Vaccines, Blood & Biologics Animal & Veterinary Cosmetics Tobacco Products Everything Added to Food in the United States (EAFUS) FDA Home Everything Added to Food in the United States (EAFUS) Everything Added to Food in the United States (EAFUS) - The list below is an alphabetical inventory representing only five of 196 fields in FDA/CFSAN's PAFA database. Definitions of the labels that are found in the inventory are: Label Definition DOCTYPE An indicator of the status of the toxicology information available for the substance in PAFA (administrative and chemical information is available on all substances): A Fully up-to-date toxicology information has been sought. S P E There is reported use of the substance, but it has not yet been assigned for toxicology literature search. A F N There is reported use of the substance, and an initial toxicology literature search is in progress. E W NI Although listed as a added to food, there is no current reported use of the substance, and, therefore, L although toxicology information may be available in PAFA, it is not being updated. N There is no reported use of the substance and there is no toxicology information available in PAFA. U L B The substance was formerly approved as a food additive but is now banned; there may be some toxicology A data available. N DOCNUM PAFA database number of the Food Additive Safety Profile volume containing the printed source information concerning the substance.
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluation of Anticancer Activities of Phenolic Compounds In
    EVALUATION OF ANTICANCER ACTIVITIES OF PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS IN BLUEBERRIES AND MUSCADINE GRAPES by WEIGUANG YI (Under the Direction of CASIMIR C. AKOH) ABSTRACT Research has shown that diets rich in phenolic compounds may be associated with lower risk of several chronic diseases including cancer. This study systematically evaluated the bioactivities of phenolic compounds in blueberries and muscadine grapes, and assessed their potential cell growth inhibition and apoptosis induction effects using two colon cancer cell lines (HT-29 and Caco-2), and one liver cancer cell line (HepG2). In addition, the absorption of blueberry anthocyanin extracts was evaluated using Caco-2 human intestinal cell monolayers. Polyphenols in three blueberry cultivars (Briteblue, Tifblue and Powderblue), and four cultivars of muscadine (Carlos, Ison, Noble, and Supreme) were extracted and freeze dried. The extracts were further separated into phenolic acids, tannins, flavonols, and anthocyanins using a HLB cartridge and LH20 column. In both blueberries and muscadine grapes, some individual phenolic acids and flavonoids were identified by HPLC with more than 90% purity in anthocyanin fractions. The dried extracts and fractions were added to the cell culture medium to test for cell growth inhibition and induction of apoptosis. Polyphenols from both blueberries and muscadine grapes had significant inhibitory effects on cancer cell growth. The phenolic acid fraction showed relatively lower bioactivities with 50% inhibition at 0.5-3 µg/mL. The intermediate bioactivities were observed in the flavonol and tannin fractions. The greatest inhibitory effect among all four fractions was from the anthocyanin fractions in the three cell lines. Cell growth was significantly inhibited more than 50% by the anthocyanin fractions at concentrations of 15-300 µg/mL.
    [Show full text]
  • Analysis of the Binding and Interaction Patterns of 100 Flavonoids with the Pneumococcal Virulent Protein Pneumolysin: an in Silico Virtual Screening Approach
    Available online a t www.scholarsresearchlibrary.com Scholars Research Library Der Pharmacia Lettre, 2016, 8 (16):40-51 (http://scholarsresearchlibrary.com/archive.html) ISSN 0975-5071 USA CODEN: DPLEB4 Analysis of the binding and interaction patterns of 100 flavonoids with the Pneumococcal virulent protein pneumolysin: An in silico virtual screening approach Udhaya Lavinya B., Manisha P., Sangeetha N., Premkumar N., Asha Devi S., Gunaseelan D. and Sabina E. P.* 1School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore - 632014, Tamilnadu, India 2Department of Computer Science, College of Computer Science & Information Systems, JAZAN University, JAZAN-82822-6694, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. _____________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT Pneumococcal infection is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality among children below 2 years of age in under-developed countries. Current study involves the screening and identification of potent inhibitors of the pneumococcal virulence factor pneumolysin. About 100 flavonoids were chosen from scientific literature and docked with pnuemolysin (PDB Id.: 4QQA) using Patch Dockprogram for molecular docking. The results obtained were analysed and the docked structures visualized using LigPlus software. It was found that flavonoids amurensin, diosmin, robinin, rutin, sophoroflavonoloside, spiraeoside and icariin had hydrogen bond interactions with the receptor protein pneumolysin (4QQA). Among others, robinin had the highest score (7710) revealing that it had the best geometrical fit to the receptor molecule forming 12 hydrogen bonds ranging from 0.8-3.3 Å. Keywords : Pneumococci, pneumolysin, flavonoids, antimicrobial, virtual screening _____________________________________________________________________________________________ INTRODUCTION Streptococcus pneumoniae is a gram positive pathogenic bacterium causing opportunistic infections that may be life-threating[1]. Pneumococcus is the causative agent of pneumonia and is the most common agent causing meningitis.
    [Show full text]
  • Interpretive Guide
    INTERPRETIVE GUIDE Contents INTRODUCTION .........................................................................1 NUTREVAL BIOMARKERS ...........................................................5 Metabolic Analysis Markers ....................................................5 Malabsorption and Dysbiosis Markers .....................................5 Cellular Energy & Mitochondrial Metabolites ..........................6 Neurotransmitter Metabolites ...............................................8 Vitamin Markers ....................................................................9 Toxin & Detoxification Markers ..............................................9 Amino Acids ..........................................................................10 Essential and Metabolic Fatty Acids .........................................13 Cardiovascular Risk ................................................................15 Oxidative Stress Markers ........................................................16 Elemental Markers ................................................................17 Toxic Elements .......................................................................18 INTERPRETATION-AT-A-GLANCE .................................................19 REFERENCES .............................................................................23 INTRODUCTION A shortage of any nutrient can lead to biochemical NutrEval profile evaluates several important biochemical disturbances that affect healthy cellular and tissue pathways to help determine nutrient
    [Show full text]
  • A Biochemical Survey of Some Mendelian Factors for Flower Colour
    A BIOCHEMICAL 8UP~VEY OF SOME MENDELIAN FACTOI%S FO].~ FLOWEP~ COLOU~. BY ROSE SCOTT-MONCI~IEFF. (John Inncs Horticultural Institution, London.) (With One Text-figure.) CONTENTS. PAGE P~rb I. Introductory ].17 (a) The plastid 1)igmenl~s ] 21 (b) The a,n~hoxan~hius: i~heir backgromld, co-pigment and interaction effecbs upon flower-colour v~ri~bion 122 (c) The ani~hocyauins ] 25 (c) Col[oidM condition . 131 (f) Anthoey~nins as indic~bors 132 (g) The source of tim ~nl;hoey~nins 133 ]?ar[ II, Experimental 134 A. i~ecen~ investigations: (a) 2Prim,ula si,sensis 134- (b) Pa,l)aver Rhoeas 14.1 (c) Primuln aca.ulis 147 (d) Chc.l)ranth'ss Chci,rl 148 (e) ltosa lmlyanlha . 149 (f) Pelargonium zomdc 149 (g) Lalh,ymts odor~,l,us 150 (h) Vcrbom, hybrids 153 (i) Sl;'e2)loca~'])uG hybrids 15~ (j) T'rol)aeolu,m ,majors ] 55 ]3. B,eviews of published remflts of bhe t~u~horand o~hers.. (a) Dahlia variabilis (Lawreuce and Scol,~-Monerieff) 156 (b) A.nlb'rhinum majors (Wheklalo-Onslow, :Basseb~ a,nd ,~cobb- M.oncrieff ) 157 (c) Pharbilis nil (I-Iagiwam) . 158 (d) J/it& (Sht'itl.er it,lid Anderson) • . 159 (e) Zect d]f.ctys (~&udo, Miiner trod 8borl/lall) 159 Par~, III. The generM beh~wiour of Mendelian £acbors rot' flower colour . 160 Summary . 167 tLefermmes 168 I)AI~T I. II~TI~O])UOTOnY. Slm~C~ Onslow (1914) m~de the first sfudy of biochemica] chal~ges in- volved in flower-eolour va,riadon, our pro'ely chemical knowledge of bhe 118 A Bio&emical Su~'vey oI' Factor's fo~ • Flowe~' Colou~' anthocya.nin pigments has been considerably advanced by the work of Willstgtter, P~obinson, Karrer and their collaborators.
    [Show full text]
  • Anthocyanin Pigments: Beyond Aesthetics
    molecules Review Anthocyanin Pigments: Beyond Aesthetics , Bindhu Alappat * y and Jayaraj Alappat y Warde Academic Center, St. Xavier University, 3700 W 103rd St, Chicago, IL 60655, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] These authors contributed equally to this work. y Academic Editor: Pasquale Crupi Received: 29 September 2020; Accepted: 19 November 2020; Published: 24 November 2020 Abstract: Anthocyanins are polyphenol compounds that render various hues of pink, red, purple, and blue in flowers, vegetables, and fruits. Anthocyanins also play significant roles in plant propagation, ecophysiology, and plant defense mechanisms. Structurally, anthocyanins are anthocyanidins modified by sugars and acyl acids. Anthocyanin colors are susceptible to pH, light, temperatures, and metal ions. The stability of anthocyanins is controlled by various factors, including inter and intramolecular complexations. Chromatographic and spectrometric methods have been extensively used for the extraction, isolation, and identification of anthocyanins. Anthocyanins play a major role in the pharmaceutical; nutraceutical; and food coloring, flavoring, and preserving industries. Research in these areas has not satisfied the urge for natural and sustainable colors and supplemental products. The lability of anthocyanins under various formulated conditions is the primary reason for this delay. New gene editing technologies to modify anthocyanin structures in vivo and the structural modification of anthocyanin via semi-synthetic methods offer new opportunities in this area. This review focusses on the biogenetics of anthocyanins; their colors, structural modifications, and stability; their various applications in human health and welfare; and advances in the field. Keywords: anthocyanins; anthocyanidins; biogenetics; polyphenols; flavonoids; plant pigments; anthocyanin bioactivities 1. Introduction Anthocyanins are water soluble pigments that occur in most vascular plants.
    [Show full text]
  • Untargeted Metabolomics of Purple and Orange-Fleshed Sweet Potatoes
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Untargeted metabolomics of purple and orange‑feshed sweet potatoes reveals a large structural diversity of anthocyanins and favonoids Alexandra A. Bennett1,3,4, Elizabeth H. Mahood1,4, Kai Fan2 & Gaurav D. Moghe 1* Anthocyanins are economically valuable phytochemicals of signifcant relevance to human health. Industrially extracted from multiple fruit and vegetable sources, anthocyanin yield and profles can vary between sources and growing conditions. In this study, we focused on three purple‑feshed and one orange‑feshed cultivars of sweet potato—a warm‑weather, nutritious crop of substantial interest to growers in northern, cooler latitudes—to determine the yield and diversity of anthocyanins and favonoids. Acidifed ethanol extraction of lyophilized roots yielded ~ 800 mg average anthocyanins/100 g dry weight from all three cultivars. UHPLC‑DAD‑Orbitrap analysis of sweet potato extracts identifed 18 high‑confdence, mostly acylated peonidin and cyanidin derivatives contributing to > 90% of the total anthocyanin signal. Further assessment of the untargeted Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry data using deep learning and molecular networking identifed over 350 favonoid peaks with variable distributions in diferent sweet potato cultivars. These results provide a novel insight into anthocyanin content of purple‑feshed sweet potatoes grown in the northern latitudes, and reveal the large structural diversity of anthocyanins and favonoids in this popular crop. Anthocyanins are water-soluble phytochemical pigments of signifcant health and economic value, which belong to a class of polyphenolic compounds called favonoids. Found in many fruits and vegetables, favonoids possess antioxidant activities of beneft in managing ageing, stress, cancer and other health conditions, which makes them desirable for cosmetic, nutritional and health industry applications1–3.
    [Show full text]