16 Bull. Hist. Chem. 24 (1999)

SAMUEL PARSONS MULLIKEN: PIONEER IN ORGANIC QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS

vd . Ad, Unvrt f Mhtt, Ahrt

Introduction fr brprt h Shl n 88, S rd fr t r n ll pthr hp. Wth th hlp Mt htr jr n th dd fr th 0 f n f th frt Whlrht Sntf nd hlr thrh th 0 rbr th rn lttv hp (6, h ntrd MI n th fll f 88. S nl lbrtr— fndl, thr. lnt frnd nd fll brprt ntv, Arthr Whtvr th rlltn, "rn l" rvd nd A , l ntrd MI tht fll. ntn t rv n prp, t ntbl th d Mlln, rvd Whlrht hlrhp vlpnt f rtl thnn nd ll nl ll. nd tdd htr. A ntr, nd Stt rn lttv nl n t Mlln prfrd hl xprnt tthr t th rn htr lrl n Arn n bth thr fl h, t t th d f vntn, bn n th lt nntnth ntr b r. thr prnt (4. Sl rn Mlln t th Mhtt Inttt f hnl (MI (, 2. Mlln pnt t f h Graduate School rr rrhn, thn, nd rtn b bt rn l t MI. h ppr dtl th pnrn Aftr rdtn n htr fr MI n 88, S rl f rfr Mlln n th dvlpnt f tht htr t th Unvrt f Cnnnt fr n tt rn lttv nl nd prnt r n Atnt n Chtr. , tthr th rltd pt f h d lf. An rlr pbl fll MI rdt Arthr A. (86, At tn n E UCEUS, th ffl pbltn f th . Gll (86, nd rdr . llrd (8, thn trv rthtrn Stn f th Arn Chl S ld t Grn t pr rdt td. Althh h t, lthh thn n th dvlpnt f rn rnll ntndd t r n Adlf vn r lb l, nl dvtd t Mlln prnl lf n Mnh, S vntll nrlld t th Unvrt f nd prfnl rr (. pz t r ndr th drtn f hnn Wln. Mlln rvd h r. n htr n Early in Newburyport, Massachusetts th r f 80 nd rtrnd t Ar (, 8. S pnt th ntr f 80 ndtn phl Sam Mulliken was born in the home t 46 h hl rrh t MI. In prn 8 h btnd Strt n brprt n br , 864. rl ptn ll n Chtr t th nl tblhd ntrt n htr r fr rdn "Cnvrtn Clr Unvrt n Wrtr, Mhtt (. r n Chtr" b n Mrl, th b tht bth n th 82 d r h rd t rn Mr h fthr, M Mlln, nd h n, brt (h Cll At n Chtr, thn rtrnd t Clr tr bl rz, 66, rd (4, . Aftr rdtn t r bth Intrtr n Orn Chtr nd Bull. Hist. Chem. 24 (1999) 17

Acting Head of the Chemistry Department from 1892- .....comprises practice in the methods of ultimate 94. While at Clark he conducted and directed research analysis, exercises in the preparation of a variety of typical organic substances, and a series of experi- on the electrolysis of organic compounds (10). Subse- ments illustrating the characteristic reactions of the quently, he worked for a year as a Research Assistant in different classes of substances and their identifica- Oliver Wolcott Gibbs' private laboratory in Newport, tion and separation (emphasis added by author). Rhode Island. In the Fall of 1895 Sam accepted an ap- The "series of experiments" highlighted the descriptive pointment as Instructor in the Chemistry Department at chemistry of the organic functional groups and the "iden- MIT (11, 12). While at MIT he was promoted to Assis- tification and separation" illustrated a practical use of tant Professor in 1905, Associate Professor in 1913, and this knowledge. Thus the emphasis on descriptive chem- Professor in 1926 (13). istry and practical use initiated in the inorganic qual course was applied to the organic laboratory course. The Massachusetts Institute of - The 1896-97 MIT Annual Report states (20): Early Years and Arthur A. Noyes the special course of laboratory experiments on the detection and separation of the various classes of Arthur A. Noyes had been in the MIT chemistry depart- organic compounds, inaugurated last year ... has been ment for five years when Mulliken returned as a faculty considerably extended and improved by the publica- member in 1895. Noyes, though initially trained as an tion of textbook to accompany it. So far as is known, organic chemist, soon embraced physical chemistry a course of this kind is not as yet presented by any while simultaneously developing a life-long interest in other institution. The success which has attended its inorganic qualitative analysis. As early as 1892 Noyes introduction here, is, therefore, worthy of special published a set of notes for the inorganic qual class at notice. MIT (14). He wrote these because the available texts were either too brief or too encyclopedic for the under- Organic qualitative analysis as a part of the graduate laboratory (15). In the preface to the third edi- chemistry curriculum was born tion of the notes, written in 1897, he stated (16): The exact date on which these changes came into effect ....qualitative analysis is a satisfactory method of is difficult to determine because the inclusion of events teaching a part of descriptive chemistry chiefly be- cause it unites into a connected in official catalogs and reports often follows their ac- whole a great variety of isolated tual implementation. However, facts, and because it makes evident the facts that the accompanying to the student a practical use of the textbook was published in 1896 information presented to him. (21), and that the 1896-7 annual In further pursuance of this dual report contains a discussion of the "descriptive chemistry" and "prac- altered course suggest that the tical use" approach, Noyes and the change was made in the fall of newly appointed Sam Mulliken set 1896. The fact that a description out at once to revamp the organic of the revised laboratory program laboratory (17). As a result of their first appeared in the 1897-8 cata- work, the descriptions of the or- log is explained by the early pub- ganic laboratory changed, reflect- lication date of the catalog. It is ing the shift in pedagogical philoso- reasonable to conclude that phy. In the 1896-97 MIT catalog Mulliken and Noyes began their the organic laboratory is described collaboration on organic qual as as including (18): soon as Mulliken arrived in the fall of 1895, if not before. the methods of ultimate analysis, followed by exercises in the prepa- ration of a variety of typical or- The First Textbook ganic substances and in original research. brtr Éxprnt n th In the following year the catalog Cl tn nd Idntf tn f Orn Sbtn, pub- read (19): Samuel P. Mulliken, MIT 8 ll. t. Ch. 24 (

lhd n 86 b nd Mlln (2, th frt any organic compound may be accurately iden- tt trtnt f rn lttv nl d tified in much less time than by determining its com- nd fr th d lbrtr. In th prf t t position by combustion, etc. thrd dtn t ttd tht th (22: In 04, ftr ht r f pntnl dtld lb .....supplement to the ordinary course of instruction rtr r, Mlln pblhd A Mthd fr th Idn in preparation work (and).... although the primary tftn f r Orn Cpnd l I (28). purpose of the experiments ... is to illustrate the char- h vl ntn dtld drptn f thd acteristic reactions of organic compounds, their ana- lytical significance is a feature of no slight impor- tance .... h drptv nd prtl pt f th r r dtntvl dffrnt fr th l rtn rn ntht thd f th t. tbl, Ir n ndd th txt, ttn tht b drv n "t t nt rt, t r hnll ... tht n pnn tn f th nd" nd d nt. ntd th nd Mlln txt n th lttr t r nd td tht t "ll b f rv" (23). h Mlln frt, brf fr nt n f trt pnnn th nxt 26 r, n hh h tlnd th nl nd dntftn f pr rn pnd. ntrt n rn pnd dntf tn vntll trnd h ntr prfnl tv t trd th ffrt. dvlpd nd tht r n ndrrdt nd rdt rn lttv nl h th tdnt rd n pplbl lbrtr thn nd h ltd h rtn nd pn tvt t th rn lttv nl vl h rrhn nd bt t pblh.

h Mlln Sh fr th Idntftn f r Orn Cpnd A. A. Noyes fr th tt dntftn f rn pnd In th lt 80 Mlln rrh ffrt hftd ntnn rbn nd hdrn r rbn, hdrn, pltl t h rn l r. nfrn pr nd xn. It l nld drptn f bt 2,00 nttn nd pbltn nldd ppr n th d pr rn pnd pd f th lnt. ttn f thl lhl ln (24, nd n xtr h thd bd lrl n hl rtn, l (2 nd th dttn f th ntr rp (26. Aftr thh tt fr phl prprt r nldd. bt 00 h ppr t hv bndnd pblhn Sbnt Mlln "Mthd" vl flld: prt jrnl rtl n nl nd l rtn, l I (2 n 0 dl th rl dtff ptn ntd t pblh th prt f jr r l II (0 n 6 ntn drptn f rn n tt rn lttv nl. pnd ntnn ntrn nd l IV (31) n In brr f 0, t tn f th rtht 22 pltn f rn pnd ntnn rn Stn f th Arn Chl St, Mlln lnt thr thn rbn, hdrn, xn, nd n tlnd h rn lttv nl h n n trn. h lftn h, ltr nn th ddr nttld " M n Unnn Orn C "Mlln Sh," dvlpd n th "Mthd" b th frt prhnv, systematic pnd t b Idntfd?" td in th nt f pprh th tn ln tht (2: t dntf rn pnd b hl rtn nd phl prprt. h "Mthd" b r rnnd fr thr xtnv pltn f prprt

t ll. t. Ch. 24 (

f rn pnd, th thrhn th hh ll f phl prprt nd nfrtn tt tblh th lttv h r drbd nd ttd, nd pnd dntt (4. th r tn t drb prl th rlt (2. rr t th pbltn f th Mlln Sh n h Mlln l h bd n th f 04 th nl thd fr dntftn f prvl hl rtn nd phl prprt t t hrtrzd rn pnd b prl fr rz nnn rn pnd nt rdr, brdr, l dtrntn fr btn nl, lnth nr, nd dvn. It prvd ddtnl dntf nd ntv pr. Mlln ndrd h h tn tt t nfr pf pnd r p. r fl t prtn ht b t dd nt Mlln prd h lttv nl lf rl n btn nl, rtl ndtd tn th Crl nn lftn h d n n rn lbrtr, nd nd l t thn vlpd fr lvn thn. d h h (: vlbl thd (. dnd t r fr th rbn pnd h bjt ttr f th th rttn b h n th dvnt hh hv bn lrd ln drrdt tdnt h th vltn f Mlln njd n tn nd thr brnh f trl tr thrh th f ttzd drptn f nl h. nnn n 8, h tdnt x lnt hrtrt. plrd th fln f rnt h d, lf r d (6, nd tl hlrd ( n lfn r It nt rprn thrfr, tht Mlln rpd r n pnd. It ld ppr tht, drn th t, n pnd nt rdr, brdr, nr, dv h nd h tdnt xprntd n dtrnn t n, nd p. bl rnt t dtnh n jr rp, r ht In Mlln rn l h, rn r ltr lld rdr nd nr, f rn pnd r rpd nt rdr bd n thr ln pnd. tr tdnt rrh b ht r tl ptn, nd nt nr bd n hl r fd n dln th dntftn f pf tn tt. h p r hl btn thn pnd r p thn nr. r xpl, rd h n r rrnd b rdl dtrnd r n dvlpn thd fr th dntftn f phl ntnt h bln r ltn pnt. h th r prtnt rbhdrt nd ld (8 nr r bdvdd nt dvn tht rprnt l rltd n plt h fr th ndvdl dnt d r ld. h h bn th r f rd ftn f n rbhdrt. h h prvdd nl tt ppld n hrrhl fhn, t dtrn h f th frr fr th dntftn f Ordr I, th rdr f th p. l I dl nl th Or Gn II pnd—th rbhdrt. S n dr I—tht , C, r C, , O —pnd. l II drrdt tdnt r nldd b n n th dl th Ordr II pnd, ntnn C, , , O. prf t l I nd II f th Mthd r. h l I dl th Ordr III, I, nd II f ndrrdt n th rrh ntl b pnd ntnn hlrn, brn, dn nd lfr, MI rdd vr f tr nd n dtrt rptvl, n ddtn t C, , nd O, nd vrl f drn th t Mlln tvl prn th d th "hhr rdr" hh ntn vr bntn tl f th h. f ddtnl lnt. r xpl, Ordr ntn hlrn nd ntrn n ddtn t C, , nd O. l Other Organic Qual Schemes III, hh dl th rl d, nt n ntrl prt f th Mlln lttv nl h. Shrtl ftr Mlln pnrn pbltn pprd n 04, thr pt frth thr n rn lttv On t rdr tblhd, pnd thn nl h. On f th t fl tht pld nt n b ndtn r f prrtzd tht n 20 b Olvr K t th Unvrt f tt n n. r ntn, fr n Ordr I Illn (. bd h h n th lblt l pnd, th nn nr tt dtnh n ld ftn f rn pnd nt vn rp, nd hd, rbhdrt, d, phnl, tr, nhdrd, bnt dntftn b phl nd hl prp tn, lhl, nd hdrrbn. Aftr th rdr rt nd drvtv prprtn. K pblhd h nd n r dtrnd, th bln r ltn pnt h n 22 n b nttld Qualitative Organic f th p prd th th f nn p Analysis — An Élementary Course in The Identification ltd n th rdr nd n ntnd n th x of Organic Compounds (. In th prf t th b tnv lt prvdd n th b. nll, xntn h tt tht(40: 20 Bull. Hist. Chem. 24 (1999)

The chemist to whom most credit is due for the de- "Mulliken-Huntress" scheme for use by MIT students velopment of organic qualitative analysis is Profes- Although intended for MIT students, the sor S. P. Mulliken. Mulliken-Huntress lab manual was used by many other colleges In the same preface he refers to Mulliken as "the pio- (48). In the early 1950s Huntress passed on the neer in the field." Indeed, Mulliken was the pioneer in to the scheme to Dr. Edward R. Atkinson, his former the field but it was Kamm's solubility approach that doctoral student (Ph.D. 1936) and Mulliken's former quickly emerged as the organic qual scheme used in lab assistant in 1933 (45). Dr. Atkinson re- colleges and universities tains these rights to this day, around the country. In the although he has not revised or preface to the second edition republished the scheme. of his book, Kamm men- tions over twenty organic In the final analysis it ap- chemistry teachers from pears that the reasons the around the country who used Mulliken, later the his first edition, and who Mulliken-Huntress organic qual scheme provided suggestions for the never gained wide popularity second (41). On the contrary, were many. The original Mulliken's "Methods" "Methods" books were not in- books, although frequently tended for undergraduate labo- used as references (42), were ratory instructional use, but rarely assigned as laboratory rather for professional analysts texts. and as reference works (49). Contemporary texts used in the In 1935 Ralph Shriner Ernest H. Huntrees undergraduate laboratory, for and Reynold Fuson, both instance, Clarke's Handbook of from the University of Illinois, published their text, The Organic Analysis, were comprehensive, single volumes Systematic Identification of Organic Compounds- A containing tables of only the most common organic com- Laboratory Manual, which was based on Kamm's origi- pounds (50). By the time Huntress condensed the "Meth- nal solubility scheme (43). Shriner and Fuson's sev- ods" texts into a practical, single volume manual of pro- enth edition (with co-authors) is still used in some col- cedures, the Shriner and Fuson text was widely avail- leges today. However, the increased availability and able. Further, the Huntress-Mulliken manual was pub- usefulness of spectroscopic methods beginning in the lished locally and primarily known by word of mouth late 1960's resulted in the end of the organic qual course, (45,51). It contains neither discussion of mixture sepa- as it was known in the first half of the century. ration nor student problems, unlike the Shriner and Fuson text, which was marketed nationally. Furthermore, the In 1929 Mulliken invited his MIT chemistry de- latter text relied more extensively on derivative prepa- partment colleague, Ernest H. Huntress, to work with ration than on the extensive compilation of information him in both revising the "Methods" books and condens- about individual organic compounds found in the ing their analytical procedures into a manual suitable Mulliken-Huntress manual. For all these reasons, the for use in the undergraduate laboratory. Huntress par- popularity of the Shriner and Fuson text rose and that of tially accomplished the first of these tasks by revising Mulliken-Huntress faded. Later editions of the Shriner Mulliken's Volume I, which was published in 1941 (44). and Fuson text are in use today while the Mulliken Huntress worked essentially alone in this effort because "Methods" texts and the Mulliken-Huntress manual are of Mulliken's death in 1934. Volumes II and III were rarely found. never revised. Huntress did, however, update Volume IV during World War II because of the growth in the number of higher order compounds and the specific in- Dye Chemistry terest of the Chemical Warfare Service in Order III chlo- rine-containing compounds (45). This new volume, Mulliken had a life-long interest in dye chemistry and entitled Organic Chlorine Compounds, was published consulted in the dye industry. This interest likely de- in 1948 (46). During the 1930s Huntress also produced veloped because of the timely importance of the textile and locally published a laboratory manual based on the industry in his Newburyport home town, the applied ll. t. Ch. 24 ( 2

ntr f htr tht t MI, nd th ft tht n l tn. l nll ptd dntr MI tdnt r pld n th txtl ndtr. tv rpnblt. On h ptn d f h nrb t f ll nd rn r r MI Undrrdt Orn Chtr vn fr nnd fr thr txtl ll, nd ll h t 2 t 4, hn h drtd th ndrrdt n th ll xtl Inttt nd th f txtl d trtnl r (,4. In , S d t thrt, Oln. S dvlpd nd tht p jdnt n n MI ndrrdt h ht r n d htr t MI, nd h rlrl t vr fr th rn htr rrnt. l tdnt n fld trp t txtl pn n rn tnt t rnt h vr, blvn tht th rr prt f th r. lntndn ntrt n d nt hld b flflld, h t th th tdnt nd vdnd n "Mthd" l III tht dl th vntll lld h t t th r fnl x th lttv nl f rl dtff. ntn. h tdnt pd nd S pprvd th vr Mlln hd n ntntn f rtn prt vl (. h tdnt brt rn Wdrd, nd n n th dntftn f rl dtff (2 bt n ld dn tht Mlln dn n th pprntl pr ndd dd tht th vntr rrntd f ffnt pr tn t pt d h th r n pltn Sprn f 4 l II. Indd, l S ld III pprd x nd trd, r bfr l II rlrl fll An xplntn t n lp n h th dtff vl h Mrr prd nd hr n h f pltd prr t l f n II pn t p 4440 t MI. ltn. Mlln lt tht hv bn prrd b drn th td r t hlp 4 th Arn txtl n d r dtr n th dntf nd thn t tn f rl d h nd tff r t hv lv f b bn tht Mlln n n fr MI fr th tndd t nld th MI Chtr prtnt lt r 00 nldn fll f 4. dtff prt f l Elln Sll hrd II bt dtrnd rn h tht th ld b r fftvl trtd prtl. frt lv n tntl rnt fr bth th nr r t b th fll f 8 h hd rd fr Chl Wrfr fnd n Chptr On f Mthd — l III. Srv. In th r f 4 h ntrtd rht fvr nd hptlzd n brprt. dd t h tr Yr h f rnr thrb n Otbr 24, 4 nd brd t th O ll Ctr n brprt. Mn MI htr dprtnt f rn h r f thn t MI, Mlln tht lt ttndd th fnrl. n MI flt rvd r n ndrrdt rn htr, lttv pllbrr: rdr G. K, At . Gll, rn nl, htr f d nd dtff, nd . rr, Arthr A. lnhrd, Avr A. htrl htr. Otd th lr S Ahdn, nn . v, Avr A. Mrtn, Ernt tv n th prfnl htr t Alph Ch . ntr, . A. Ml, nd brt . Artrn S, rvd n vrl MI tt h th (6,. S tbtn nrvd th h prf Ctt n trnn Offl MI Clr, nd nl hvnt, nldn h r. fr pz nd rprntd h rdtn l f 88 t Aln Cn pt h hld t MI. 22 Bull. Hist. Chem. 24 (1999)

Upon his death in 1934, Mulliken's professional Chemists and Chemical Engineers, W. . Ml, Ed., belongings in Room 4-440 at MIT passed on to his fac- Arn Chl St, Whntn, C, 6, ulty colleague and organic qualitative analysis collabo- 4. 4. A. A. , Notes on Qualitative Analysis, rator Ernest H. Huntress. Over the next several years dd rnt n C.. tn, MA, 82. Huntress gradually disposed of the voluminous chemi- . A. A. , A Detailed Course of Qualitative Analy- cal samples Sam had stored there. Today, after renova- sis, MI, tn, MA, 84. tions at MIT, no trace of Mulliken's office and labora- 6. A. A. , A Detailed Course of Qualitative Analy- tory space remains. There is, however, a photograph, sis, Mlln C., tn, MA, 8, 6. r 1899-1900, of the MIT Chemistry Department in . Ann, "Sl . Mlln, 8644," Tech. a lobby on the first floor of Building 4 honoring Ellen Rev., , 37, 04. Swallow Richards. Samuel Parsons Mulliken is in the 8. MI, 32nd Annual MIT Catalogue 1896-97, hn Wl second row, third from the right, directly behind Mrs. n & Sn, Cbrd, MA, 8, 6. 33rd Annual MIT Catalogue 1897-98, ll Richards (58). . MI, nd Chrhll r, tn, MA, 88, 84. NOTE: A complete listing of the publications of 20. f. 8, p 64. Samuel Parsons Mulliken and a listing of his known stu- 2. A. A. nd S. . Mlln, Laboratory Experiments dents and their thesis titles are available from the author on the Class Reaction and Identification of Organic Sub- stances, MI, tn, MA, 86. upon request. 22. A. A. nd S. . Mlln, Laboratory Experiments on the Class Reaction and Identification of Organic Sub- stances 3/e, Chl blhn C., Etn, A, , . EEECES A OES 2. I. n, A. Chem. J., 88, 20, 2. . . S. rbll nd A. . rbll, The History of Organic 24. S. . Mlln nd . Sddr, "A Spl Clr Am. Chem. J., 8, 21, Chemistry in the - 1873-1953, l b tn fr Mthl Alhl," 266 lhr, hvll, , 86, 808. 2. S. . Mlln nd . Sddr, "h ttn f M 2: . . Shrnr, "Qlttv Orn Anl n h 2. Am. Chem. J., 00, 24, 444 rnn f Orn Cht," J. Chem. Educ., 0, thl Alhl n Mxtr," , 6. 42. . . . Ad, "Sl . Mlln — thr f Qlt 26. S. . Mlln nd E. . rr, "tn fr th Am. Chem. J., 21, tv Orn Chtr nd f bl rz Wnnr b ttn f th tr Grp," 8, rt S. Mlln," THE NUCLEUS, , (, 6. 226. Minutes of the Northeastern Section of 4. A. A. Ahdn, "Sl rn Mlln, 8644," 2. M. C, n the ACS, 8808, Mtn f brr 2,0, 8 THE NUCLEUS, , 2(4, 80. 4. [Avlbl fr r. Mrn Sn, rhvt f th . . S. Mlln, Life of A Scientist, Sprnrrl, Yr, 8, . rthtrn Stn, Cll, Wtn, MA] 28. S. . Mlln, A Method for the Identification of Pure 6. . Crrr, The History of Newburyport, Massachusetts, Organic Compounds - Volume I, hn Wl, Yr, 1764-1905, phr blhn C., Srrth, , 8 (rprnt f 0 dtn, . 04. f. 28, l. III, 0. . . . v, "Sl rn Mlln," Ind. Eng. Chem. 2. News Ed., 4, 2(0, 8. 0. f. 28, l. II, 6. 8. . . v, "Sl rn Mlln (8644," . f. 28, l. I, 22. Ann, "Sl rn Mlln," h tnl Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., 6, 0(0, 606. 2. Enlpd f Arn rph, . Wht . S. . Mlln, ttr t G. Stnl ll dtd nr ,8, Clr Unvrt Arhv, Wrtr, MA, x nd C., Yr, 6, l. , . f. 28, p v. , ldr 4. . f. 28, p 8. 0. . . n, "h rt lf Cntr f Chtr t 4. . f. 28, p v. Clr Unvrt," Bull. Hist. Chem., , , . . M. , h Eplnt f Sd, tr . Mhtt Inttt f hnl, Annual Report 6. Ad nd n Slfr Ad Grp nt n of the President and Treasurer, Unvrt r, C Qlttv Orn Anl, .S. h, MI, 8. brd, MA, 86, 2. C. W. . t, U f rn, rr Chlrd nd 2. A. A. lnhrd, Dictionary of American Biographies, . Atl Chlrd n Qlttv Anl, .S. h, Chrl Srbnr Sn, Yr, 44, l. I, Spplnt On, 0. MI, 8. . . . rbl, "Sl rn Mlln," n American Bull. Hist. Chem. 24 ( 2

38. R. Rickards, A Method for the Identification of the More 49. S. M. McElvain, The Characterization of Organic Com- Important Carbohydrates and Glucosides, B.S. Thesis, pounds, Macmillan, New York, 1945, v. MIT, 1899. 50. H. T. Clarke, A Handbook of Organic Analysis - Quali- 39. O. Kamm, Qualitative Organic Analysis — An Elemen- tative and Quantitative, Edward Arnold, London, 1926, tary Course in the Identification of Organic Compounds, 4/e. Wiley & Sons, New York, 1922. 51. E. R. Atkinson, personal communication, 1999. 40. Ref. 39, p vii. 52. Ref. 29, p . 41. Ref. 39, p v. 53. Anonymous, Tech. Rev., 2, 27, 8. 42. A. T. Bawden, "Qualitative Organic Analysis in the El- 54. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, President's Re- ementary Organic Course," J. Chem. Educ., 2, 4, port 1934-1935, Technology Press, Cambridge, MA, I529-1531. 1935, 97. 43. R. L. Shriner and . C. Fuson, The Systematic Identifi- 55. E. R. Atkinson, personal interviews by author, June 18 cation of Organic Compounds - A Laboratory Manual, and August 14, 1996. Wiley & Sons, New York, 1935. [Current edition: R. L. 56. Newburyport Daily News, October 25, 1934, 1. Shriner, C. Hermann, T. C. Morrill, D. Y. Curtin, and R. 57. Ref. 56. October 29, 1934, 1. C. Fuson, The Systematic Identification of Organic Com- 58. M. Yeates, Keeper of Historical Records, MIT Museum, pounds, 7th ed., Wiley & Sons, New York, 1997]. Personal interview by author, October 17, 1996. Writ- 44. E. H. Huntress and S. P. Mulliken, Identification of Pure ten notes available from author. Organic Compounds -- Tables of Data on Selected Com- pounds of Order I, Wiley & Sons, New York, 1941. 45. E. R. Atkinson, "Organic Qual — II," THE NUCLEUS, ABOUT THE AUTHOR , 57(5), 6-8; See also Dr. Atkinson's other articles on this topic in THE NUCLEUS, , 57(4) and 57(6)). vd . Ad, Snr trr, prtnt f Ch 46. É. H. Huntress, Organic Chlorine Compounds, Wiley & trG, Unvrt of Mhtt, Ahrt, MA Sons, New York, 1948. 000, dh..d, h ntnn n Systematic Course 47. S. P. Mulliken and E. H. Huntress, A trt n th htr f US d htr. of Instruction in The Identification of Organic Com- pounds, Lew A. Cummings Co., Cambridge, MA, 1937. 48. Ref. 44, p. vi.

BSHS IVAN SLADE PRIZE

h rth St fr the tr f Sn pld t nnn th nrtn f n prz generously donated by one of its members, Dr. Ivan Slade. The competition will take place biennially, and the prize of GBP 300 is offered for an essay (published or npblhd tht a critical contribution to the history of science. Examples would be scholarly work that critically engages a prevalent interpretation of a historical episode, scientific innovation, or scientific contro- versy. The prize will be awarded for the first tune in 1999. Submissions are now invited. There is no age limit, and entry is not limited to members of BSHS or UK citizens. Entries should be in English and should have been published or written in the two years prior to the closing date. They should not exceed 0,000 words in length and should be accompanied by an abstract of 500 words. 'Three copies of the essay and abstract should be sent to the BSHS. Secretary, Dr. Jeff Hughes, CHSTM, Maths Tower, University of Manchester, Manchester. M13 9PL, to arrive by October 31, 1999.