sign in sign up
<<
Home , Canadian values, Douglas Treaties, Gradual Civilization Act, Great Peace of Montreal, High Arctic relocation, Historica Canada

1763 1812 – 1814 ntroduction 1613 King George III of Britain declares The sees tens of thousands of Indigenous people fight for their land, The Two-Row Wampum (Kaswentha) establishes Indigenous nations tell their 18,000–10,000 BCE c. 1450 1615 1701 1754–1763 over east of 1791 independence, and culture, as allies of either Great Britain or the . In British Irrefutable archeological evidence of The Haudenosaunee Confederacy ( the Covenant Chain, a series of agreements The first European Three dozen Indigenous groups and the The Seven Years War begins in North Haida chief Koyah organizes own stories about the origins c. 1500 the Appalachian Mountains. His Royal North America, the Western Confederacy, led by Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa, plays a human occupation in the northern half of 500–1200 League), organized by Dekanahwideh Estimates for the Indigenous population in between the Haudenosaunee Confederacy and missionaries (Récollets French colonial government sign the America. Hostilities between the French the first of many attacks on of the world and their place Proclamation gives limited recognition crucial role in protecting Upper and Lower from American invasion. By the end of North America, including in the Tanana Developed communities on the (the Peacemaker) and Hiawatha, tries to what would become Canada range from European representatives. They agree to work and later Jesuits) arrive Great Peace of Montréal, forging peaceful and English centred in Europe (beginning the British, who had begun in it; all claim their ancestry 2300–1000 BCE of title to Indigenous communities and hostilities, almost 10,000 Indigenous people had died from wounds or disease. The River Valley (Alaska), Haida Gwaii (British Northeast Woodlands Plains employ to share provide a peaceful and equitable means to 200,000 to 500,000 people, though some toward peace as well as economic, political, to convert Indigenous relations that end nearly a century of war in 1756), but the fight for control of North coastal explorations in an dates to time immemorial. provides guidelines for negotiating of Ghent, which is supposed to return lands and “all possessions, rights and privileges” Columbia), Vermilion Lakes (), and Indigenous groups introduce territory with humans and non- resolve disputes among member nations in suggest it was as high as 2.5 million, with and cultural sovereignty; gift exchanges honour populations to between the Haudenosaunee and the America, with Indigenous allies on both emergent west coast fur his timeline is designed to At the same time, there is treaties on a nation-to-nation basis. to affected by the war, is ignored. accompany ’s Debert (). agriculture. human beings. the lower . between 300 and 450 languages spoken. promises and renew alliances. Catholicism. French (and their Indigenous allies). sides, starts in 1754. trade. Indigenous Perspectives considerable archeological Education Guide, which includes debate about when humans lesson plans and classroom activities first came to North America, based on the Historical Thinking though broad assumptions Concepts. Download the Guide at 10,000–2000 BCE 2000–200 BCE c. 1000 1493 1500–1530s 1600s 1670 1600s and 1763 1784 1828 education.historicacanada.ca. suggest waves of migration Settlements and communities Indigenous groups on the west coast Norse explorers meet “Skraelings” The papal bull Inter Caetera — the “Doctrine of Continual contact between Indigenous technology and knowledge of hunting, The Hudson’s Bay Company is established Tuberculosis, smallpox, and measles Pontiac’s Resistance provides a strong show The Haldimand Proclamation The Mohawk Institute opens from northeastern Asia, are present almost everywhere in what establish sedentary living, hierarchical (possibly Dorset, , Thule, or ) Discovery” — is decreed a year after Christopher European fishermen and trapping, guiding, food, and disease prove crucial by English Royal Charter, forming a spread, intentionally or inadvertently, of Indigenous unity. Under the leadership grants land, negotiated nine in , Note: This timeline presents key events by both land bridge and developments in Indigenous is now Canada. From coast to coast chiefdoms, and stratified communities. on Baffin Island and Newfoundland and Columbus’ first voyage to America. Made without Indigenous peoples on the to the survival of Europeans and early colonial monopoly and increasing the volume of across North America, devastating of Ottawa chief Obwandiyag (Pontiac), an years earlier by (), as a day school for history in what is now Canada, from and boat, between to coast, Indigenous peoples adapt All have recognizable governments, Labrador. They exchange goods, but consulting Indigenous populations nor with any Atlantic coast begins. economy and society, particularly in the supply goods in the . Indigenous populations. Indigenous alliance tries to resist European Thayendanegea boys from the Six Nations time immemorial to present. While 30,000 and 13,500 to their surroundings and establish intellectual traditions, spiritual and hostility and violence prevent lasting Norse recognition of their rights, it is the means by which of beaver pelts and other furs. The establishment occupation by ridding the lower Great Lakes (Joseph Brant), to Reserve. In 1831, it begins no timeline can be exhaustive in years ago. complex religious, artistic, and literary educational practices, and sophisticated settlement. Europeans claim legal title to the “new world.” of alliances gives Indigenous peoples access to region of English and soldiers. the Haudenosaunee to operate as a Residential its coverage, it provides a broad chronological overview to support practices as well as economic, social, implements. European weaponry and other goods. Confederacy in School with the goal of educators and students. and political structures. return for helping assimilating Indigenous Britain during the children. It is the precursor to A project of 1922 The Story of a National American the more elaborate system of Crime, published by Dr. Revolution. Residential Schools. With support from 1871–1921 P.H. Bryce, Chief Medical The 11 are signed Officer for Canada’s

1867 by the Canadian government and Department of the Interior The British North America Act creates the Dominion of Indigenous nations. These treaties, still and Indian Affairs, argues 1969–1970 1850–1854 Canada. Colonial responsibility for Indigenous peoples A federal White Paper on Indian Affairs controversial and contested today, make that Indigenous people’s The Robinson-Superior and and lands is transferred to the new federal government, 1951 proposes abolishing the , Indian 1971 vast areas of traditional Indigenous health is being ignored in Robinson-Huron treaties are signed in what under the Department of the Interior. 1914–1918 1929 Indigenous lobbying leads to Indian Act status, and reserves, and transferring The Inuit Tapirisat of Canada, territory available for white settlement Residential Schools and Indian Hospitals, Complaints about Inuit not bearing traditional is now Ontario, as are the in 1880 1860s–1900 Between 4,000 and 6,000 Indigenous amendments that give elected band 1954 responsibility for Indian affairs to the renamed and development in exchange for a Inuit across the suffer in violation of treaty pledges. Christian names arise, beginning decades of 1950s and 1960s what is now . The controversial An amendment to the Indian Act people serve in the Canadian military councils more powers, award women the Elsie Marie Knott becomes the first Sled dogs are killed as part of the provinces. In response, Chief Harold in 2001, is formed as a national system of reserves (treaty lands), cash greatly from malnutrition and government labelling strategies to ease the agreements allow for the exploitation of natural formally disenfranchises and during the First World War. They are right to vote in band elections, and lift female chief of a First Nation in Canada Sled Dog Slaughter, a government Cardinal writes the Red Paper, calling organization advocating for self- payments, access to agricultural tools, starvation as marine mammals, recording of census information and entrench resources on vast swaths of land in return for disempowers Indigenous women by denied veterans’ benefits on their return, the ban on the potlatch and sun dances. when she is elected to lead the assimilationist initiative to force the for recognition of Indigenous peoples government, social, economic, and hunting and fishing rights. Elders on which they rely for food, plummet federal authority in the North. Among the failed annual cash payments, and make evident the declaring they “cease to be an Indian despite many winning military awards, like Some soldiers who fought alongside () Curve Lake First Inuit of Northern Québec to deny their as “Citizens Plus.” The government later environmental, health, and political note that the initial spirit and intent of under pressure from European whalers, initiatives are metal discs with ID numbers, and differing understandings of land ownership and in any respect” if they marry “any other Francis Pegahmagabow, whose medals Indigenous men and women support the Nation near Peterborough, Ontario. She nomadic lifestyle and move them withdraws the proposal after considerable welfare of Inuit in Canada, and the treaties have been disregarded. who also introduce many diseases. Project Surname. relationship-building through treaties. than an Indian, or a non-treaty Indian.” are pictured above. change. holds the position for 16 years. away from their traditional lands. opposition from Indigenous organizations. preservation of language and history.

1857 1869–1870 1876 1883 1885 1923 1939–1945 1953 1960 1960s–1980s 1970s 1973 The is passed by the The Red River Resistance sees the The Indian Act is passed by the Government Prime Minister John A. Macdonald authorizes the The Métis and their allies lead the five-monthNorthwest Resistance Cayuga Chief Deskaheh Between 5,000 and 8,000 Indigenous In the , the Status Indians receive the right to Thousands of Indigenous Eastern Arctic Inuit of the The Supreme Court Province of Canada to encourage assimilation Métis and First Nations allies defend of Canada on the premise that economic, creation of Residential Schools, run by Christian against the federal government in what is now and Alberta. Anxious about (Levi General) soldiers fight for Canada in the federal government forcefully moves vote in federal elections, no longer children are taken from their begin of Canada agrees that of Indigenous peoples to Euro-Canadian values. the from the federal social, and political regulation of First Nations churches, to force Indigenous children to assimilate to white settlers and government encroachment on their lands, the Métis form a second campaigns to have Second World War, serving in all 87 Inuit from in northern losing their status or in the families and communities by discussions about forming Indigenous peoples held peoples (and lands) would facilitate assimilation. Indigenous men over 21 and “sufficiently government’s attempt to transfer Euro-Canadian culture and practices. provisional government in the region, again led by Louis Riel. The Métis Bill of Rights 1919 the League of Nations major battles and campaigns. Québec to Ellesmere and Cornwallis process. provincial and federal social an Inuit territory. title to land before European advanced” in their education can be Rupert’s Land to Canada without Many subsequent amendments further restrict demands improved treatment for all residents of the region, including land rights, political The League of Indians forms to recognize the Six Most do not receive the same Islands. The relocation is part of the workers and placed in foster or colonization, that this title enfranchised and given 50 acres of land. Few consultation. Fearing a deluge of their rights and freedoms. Changes include representation, and better education. As calls go unheeded, the Métis, led by Gabriel advocate for improved living Nations of Grand River support or compensation government’s effort to secure northern adoption homes, often with non- existed in law, and that it take the offer, in part because it means settlers and trying to safeguard their banning hereditary chiefdoms and other forms Dumont, take military action, but federal troops prevail. Riel is hanged for treason and Cree conditions and the protection of as a sovereign nation. as other veterans upon territorial sovereignty during the Indigenous families. The number continues unless specifically losing their treaty rights. lands and culture, the Métis – led by of governance; expropriating reserve lands for chiefs Mistahimaskwa () and Pitikwahanapiwiyin (Poundmaker) are imprisoned. and practices. returning home. Cold War. Adequate support for the taken from their birth families extinguished. Named for Louis Riel – establish a Provisional public purposes; requiring permission to be Though its effectiveness is weakened communities does not follow. in the “” varies by Nisga’a chief Frank Calder, Government to coordinate the off-reserve in some provinces; prohibiting the by government harassment, police province, but the practice occurs the Calder Case forces the resistance and lead an uprising. In the potlatch and sun dances; requiring attendance surveillance, and disunity among often on the Prairies. government to adopt new wake of the armed conflict, Riel flees at Residential School; revoking Indian status Indigenous groups, it forms the basis The process is emotionally policies to negotiate land to the United States. White settlement when enfranchised; and requiring the consent for Indigenous political traumatic for parents and leaves claims with Indigenous continues to expand westward. of the Superintendent of Indian Affairs before organizing in the future. many children with a lost peoples not covered by

Promises to protect Métis rights hiring lawyers to initiate land claims in the courts. 2005 sense of cultural identity. treaties. The follows 18 months are ignored. of consultation among federal, provincial, 1974 1985 1990 1990s–2000s territorial, and Indigenous leaders on health, 2008 2015 The Native Women’s Association of 1980–1981 1982 The Indian Act is amended to address discrimination The collapses when The Supreme Court makes several key decisions respecting Indigenous people, education, social, and economic improvements Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada formally The Indian Residential School 2016 Canada is established to advocate for the Activists travel by train from Vancouver to The Assembly of First Nations is formed faced by First Nations women who face the loss of , the lone First Nations 1996 including but not limited to: 1) a 1997 ruling that traditional for Indigenous peoples. While 5 billion dollars acknowledges Supreme Court rulings on ’s “duty 2012 Truth and Reconciliation Commission An Inquiry into social, political, and economic welfare of Ottawa aboard the “Constitution Express” to out of the National Indian Brotherhood to their Indian status if they marry non-status Indians. member in the legislature, blocks The closure of Gordon Residential and title cannot be extinguished by the British Columbia government and validating is promised, no formal agreement on how to consult” and, if appropriate, accommodate when the Four women start as a national (and issues its final report, documenting the Missing and Indigenous women and girls. It promotes raise awareness about the lack of recognition promote the interests of First Nations in the This change occurs when Sandra Lovelace Nicholas, a its passage, citing the accord’s failure to School in Punnichy, Saskatchewan, oral testimony as a source of evidence; and 2) a 2003 ruling prescribing three to dispense the money is reached. A federal Crown considers initiating activities or decisions – often online) movement of marches and teach-ins, raising experiences of approximately 150,000 Murdered Indigenous education, challenges discriminatory of Indigenous rights in the proposed Canadian realm of self-government, respect for treaty Wolastoqiyik () woman from , consult with First Nations or recognize their marks the end of the Residential School conditions for Métis status: self-identification as a Métis individual; ancestral election is called, and the Accord is not dealing with natural resource extraction – that might impact awareness of Indigenous rights and advocacy for Residential School students and Women and Girls is launched in response to calls for action policies, and works to reduce inequality. constitution. rights, education, health, land, and resources. brings her case to the UN Human Rights Committee. constitutional rights. system in Canada. connection to a historical Métis community; and acceptance by a Métis community. implemented by the new government. Indigenous peoples’ treaty rights. self-determination. Survivors. from families, communities, and organizations.

1976 1982 1984 1980s–1990s 1993 1996 2000 2006 2008 2015 2016 2016 An anti-sealing campaign led by The Canadian Constitution is patriated, The and the Several politically charged standoffs occur on disputed lands. More than 800 Inuit and the governments of the Northwest The final report of theRoyal Commission on The terms of the Nisga’a Final The Inuit Land Claims Prime Minister Stephen Harper issues a statement Chief Justice In Daniels et al. v. Canada, the Supreme Canada officially signs the 2007 Greenpeace attacks Inuit hunting and thanks to the advocacy of Indigenous federal government people are arrested during the “War in the Woods” when Tla-o-qui-aht and Territories and Canada sign the Aboriginal Peoples is published. It recommends Agreement come into effect, granting Agreement comes into effect, of apology to former students of Residential Schools Beverley McLachlin notes that the mistreatment Court rules that Métis and non-status UN Declaration on the Rights practices, economically devastating peoples, Section 35 recognizes and sign the Inuvialuit environmentalists fight to protect ancient forests from loggers inClayoquot Sound, Land Claims Agreement, the largest in a public inquiry into the effects of Residential the Nisga’a $196 million over 15 years addressing ownership of land and in Canada for the harm caused by assimilationist of Indigenous peoples is the “most glaring Indigenous peoples are “Indians” of Indigenous Peoples, which Inuit communities for years. Greenpeace affirms and treaty rights. Final Agreement, British Columbia. The Oka Crisis sees Mohawk activists clash with Québec provincial Canada’s history. A new territory, Nunavut, Schools and calls for improved relations between plus communal self-government and resources in James Bay, Hudson Bay, goals, abuse, and cultural loss. Prime Minister blemish on the Canadian historic record.” within the meaning of s. 91:24 of the recognizes Indigenous peoples’ publicly expresses regret in 2014. Later, Section 37 is amended, obligating a massive Western police for 78 days. Tensions over the Kettle and Stony Point First Nation occupation is created from the central and eastern governments, Indigenous peoples, and non- control of natural resources in parts of Hudson Strait, and Ungava Bay, as well extends the apology in 2017 to She further states that assimilationist efforts Constitution Act, 1867. Like the Inuit, they rights to self-determination, cultural the federal and provincial governments Arctic land claim. at Ipperwash Provincial Park contribute to protestor Dudley George’s death at the portions of the N.W.T. in 1999. Indigenous . northwestern British Columbia. as part of northern Labrador. students of Residential Schools in Newfoundland constitute “.” are not included under the Indian Act. practices, land, and security. to consult with Indigenous peoples on hands of an Ontario Provincial Police officer. and Labrador. outstanding issues. Images: Mi’kmaq petroglyph in Kejimkujik National Park, N.S. (Nova Scotia Museum/P179/59.60.2/N-19,345); The Royal Proclamation of 1763 (LAC/13-26/no. 1386632); Joseph Tayadaneega called the Brant by George Romney, 1779 (LAC/C-040834); The Meeting of Brock and Tecumseh by Lorne K. Smith, c. 1920 (LAC/C-011052); Councillors of the Provisional Government of the Métis Nation, 1870 (LAC/PA-012854); Quewich and his children, Qu’Appelle Industrial School, c. 1900 (Saskatchewan Archives Board/R-A22202 #23965); Indian Treaties, from The National Atlas of Canada, 5th Edition, 1991 (Licensed under the Open Government Licence - Canada, Natural Resources Canada); “A young Aboriginal boy before entering school” and “A young Aboriginal boy after entering school” (Provincial Archives of Saskatchewan/R-A8223-1 and R-A8223-2); Métis leader Louis Riel, c. 1879-1885 (LAC/C-052177); Pegahmagabow’s Medal Set (CWM/20040035-001); Conference of League of Indians of , Thunderchild reserve, Saskatchewan, 1921 (Glenbow Archives/NA-928-1); P. H. Bryce, The Story of a National Crime, 1922 (Internet Archive); Inuit identification tag, front and back (Canadian Museum of History/IV-C-4496/D2002-013170 and D2002-013171); Sergeant with his brother, Private Morris Prince, 1945 (LAC/PA-142289); In Hiawatha Council Hall on occasion of federal by-election (LAC/PA-123915); NWAC Logo (The Native Women’s Association of Canada); Senator Sandra M. Lovelace Nicholas (The Office of Senator Sandra Lovelace Nicholas); Gordon Indian Residential School, Punnichy, Saskatchewan, c. 1930 (Anglican Church of Canada Archives/P75-103-S7-151); Cree youth walkers arrive in Ottawa (Dreamstime.com/Paul Mckinnon/30051673);Resilience by Jasmine Wemigwans, 2016 (Indigenous Arts and Stories and Historica Canada); Morning Star by Alex Janvier, 1993 (Canadian Museum of History/VI-D-276/IMG2009-0085-0001-Dm); Totem Pole in Stanley Park, Vancouver (Dreamstime.com/Jerry Coli/45960383).