Key Moments in Indigenous History

1763 1812 – 1814 ntroduction 1613 King George III of Britain declares The War of 1812 sees tens of thousands of Indigenous people fight for their land, The Two-Row Wampum (Kaswentha) establishes Indigenous nations tell their 18,000–10,000 BCE c. 1450 1615 1701 1754–1763 dominion over North America east of 1791 independence, and culture, as allies of either Great Britain or the United States. In British Irrefutable archeological evidence of The Haudenosaunee Confederacy (Iroquois the Covenant Chain, a series of agreements The first European Three dozen Indigenous groups and the The Seven Years War begins in North Haida chief Koyah organizes own stories about the origins c. 1500 the Appalachian Mountains. His Royal North America, the Western Confederacy, led by Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa, plays a human occupation in the northern half of 500–1200 League), organized by Dekanahwideh Estimates for the Indigenous population in between the Haudenosaunee Confederacy and missionaries (Récollets French colonial government sign the America. Hostilities between the French the first of many attacks on of the world and their place Proclamation gives limited recognition crucial role in protecting Upper and Lower Canada from American invasion. By the end of North America, including in the Tanana Developed communities on the (the Peacemaker) and Hiawatha, tries to what would become Canada range from European representatives. They agree to work and later Jesuits) arrive Great Peace of Montréal, forging peaceful and English centred in Europe (beginning the British, who had begun in it; all claim their ancestry 2300–1000 BCE of title to Indigenous communities and hostilities, almost 10,000 Indigenous people had died from wounds or disease. The Treaty River Valley (Alaska), Haida Gwaii (British Northeast Woodlands Plains employ treaties to share provide a peaceful and equitable means to 200,000 to 500,000 people, though some toward peace as well as economic, political, to convert Indigenous relations that end nearly a century of war in 1756), but the fight for control of North coastal explorations in an dates to time immemorial. provides guidelines for negotiating of Ghent, which is supposed to return lands and “all possessions, rights and privileges” Columbia), Vermilion Lakes (Alberta), and Indigenous groups introduce territory with humans and non- resolve disputes among member nations in suggest it was as high as 2.5 million, with and cultural sovereignty; gift exchanges honour populations to between the Haudenosaunee and the America, with Indigenous allies on both emergent west coast fur his timeline is designed to At the same time, there is treaties on a nation-to-nation basis. to Indigenous peoples affected by the war, is ignored. accompany Historica Canada’s Debert (Nova Scotia). agriculture. human beings. the lower Great Lakes region. between 300 and 450 languages spoken. promises and renew alliances. Catholicism. French (and their Indigenous allies). sides, starts in 1754. trade. Indigenous Perspectives considerable archeological Education Guide, which includes debate about when humans lesson plans and classroom activities first came to North America, based on the Historical Thinking though broad assumptions Concepts. Download the Guide at 10,000–2000 BCE 2000–200 BCE c. 1000 1493 1500–1530s 1600s 1670 1600s and 1700s 1763 1784 1828 education.historicacanada.ca. suggest waves of migration Settlements and communities Indigenous groups on the west coast Norse explorers meet “Skraelings” The papal bull Inter Caetera — the “Doctrine of Continual contact between Indigenous technology and knowledge of hunting, The Hudson’s Bay Company is established Tuberculosis, smallpox, and measles Pontiac’s Resistance provides a strong show The Haldimand Proclamation The Mohawk Institute opens from northeastern Asia, are present almost everywhere in what establish sedentary living, hierarchical (possibly Dorset, Inuit, Thule, or Beothuk) Discovery” — is decreed a year after Christopher European fishermen and trapping, guiding, food, and disease prove crucial by English Royal Charter, forming a spread, intentionally or inadvertently, of Indigenous unity. Under the leadership grants land, negotiated nine in Brantford, Upper Canada Note: This timeline presents key events by both land bridge and developments in Indigenous is now Canada. From coast to coast chiefdoms, and stratified communities. on Baffin Island and Newfoundland and Columbus’ first voyage to America. Made without Indigenous peoples on the to the survival of Europeans and early colonial monopoly and increasing the volume of across North America, devastating of Ottawa chief Obwandiyag (Pontiac), an years earlier by (Ontario), as a day school for history in what is now Canada, from and boat, between to coast, Indigenous peoples adapt All have recognizable governments, Labrador. They exchange goods, but consulting Indigenous populations nor with any Atlantic coast begins. economy and society, particularly in the supply goods in the fur trade. Indigenous populations. Indigenous alliance tries to resist European Thayendanegea boys from the Six Nations time immemorial to present. While 30,000 and 13,500 to their surroundings and establish intellectual traditions, spiritual and hostility and violence prevent lasting Norse recognition of their rights, it is the means by which of beaver pelts and other furs. The establishment occupation by ridding the lower Great Lakes (Joseph Brant), to Reserve. In 1831, it begins no timeline can be exhaustive in years ago. complex religious, artistic, and literary educational practices, and sophisticated settlement. Europeans claim legal title to the “new world.” of alliances gives Indigenous peoples access to region of English settlers and soldiers. the Haudenosaunee to operate as a Residential its coverage, it provides a broad chronological overview to support practices as well as economic, social, implements. European weaponry and other goods. Confederacy in School with the goal of educators and students. and political structures. return for helping assimilating Indigenous Britain during the children. It is the precursor to A project of 1922 The Story of a National American the more elaborate system of Crime, published by Dr. Revolution. Residential Schools. With support from 1871–1921 P.H. Bryce, Chief Medical The 11 Numbered Treaties are signed Officer for Canada’s 1867 by the Canadian government and Department of the Interior The British North America Act creates the Dominion of Indigenous nations. These treaties, still and Indian Affairs, argues 1969–1970 1850–1854 Canada. Colonial responsibility for Indigenous peoples A federal White Paper on Indian Affairs controversial and contested today, make that Indigenous people’s The Robinson-Superior and and lands is transferred to the new federal government, 1951 proposes abolishing the Indian Act, Indian 1971 vast areas of traditional Indigenous health is being ignored in Robinson-Huron treaties are signed in what under the Department of the Interior. 1914–1918 1929 Indigenous lobbying leads to Indian Act status, and reserves, and transferring The Inuit Tapirisat of Canada, territory available for white settlement Residential Schools and Indian Hospitals, Complaints about Inuit not bearing traditional is now Ontario, as are the Douglas treaties in 1880 1860s–1900 Between 4,000 and 6,000 Indigenous amendments that give elected band 1954 responsibility for Indian affairs to the renamed Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami and development in exchange for a Inuit across the Arctic suffer in violation of treaty pledges. Christian names arise, beginning decades of 1950s and 1960s what is now British Columbia. The controversial An amendment to the Indian Act people serve in the Canadian military councils more powers, award women the Elsie Marie Knott becomes the first Sled dogs are killed as part of the provinces. In response, Cree Chief Harold in 2001, is formed as a national system of reserves (treaty lands), cash greatly from malnutrition and government labelling strategies to ease the agreements allow for the exploitation of natural formally disenfranchises and during the First World War. They are right to vote in band elections, and lift female chief of a First Nation in Canada Sled Dog Slaughter, a government Cardinal writes the Red Paper, calling organization advocating for self- payments, access to agricultural tools, starvation as marine mammals, recording of census information and entrench resources on vast swaths of land in return for disempowers Indigenous women by denied veterans’ benefits on their return, the ban on the potlatch and sun dances. when she is elected to lead the assimilationist initiative to force the for recognition of Indigenous peoples government, social, economic, and hunting and fishing rights. Elders on which they rely for food, plummet federal authority in the North. Among the failed annual cash payments, and make evident the declaring they “cease to be an Indian despite many winning military awards, like Some soldiers who fought alongside Anishinaabe (Ojibwe) Curve Lake First Inuit of Northern Québec to deny their as “Citizens Plus.” The government later environmental, health, and political note that the initial spirit and intent of under pressure from European whalers, initiatives are metal discs with ID numbers, and differing understandings of land ownership and in any respect” if they marry “any other Francis Pegahmagabow, whose medals Indigenous men and women support the Nation near Peterborough,

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