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Degradation of Cyclohexane and Cyclohexanone by Bacillus Lentus Strain LP32
Vol. 12(47), pp. 6632-6635, 20 November, 2013 DOI: 10.5897/AJB2013.13137 ISSN 1684-5315 ©2013 Academic Journals African Journal of Biotechnology http://www.academicjournals.org/AJB Full Length Research Paper Degradation of cyclohexane and cyclohexanone by Bacillus lentus strain LP32 Bolanle O. Opere, Oluwafemi S. Obayori* and Adebanji A. Raji Department of Microbiology, Lagos State University, Ojo, Lagos, Nigeria. Accepted 10 October, 2013 A Gram-positive bacterium, Bacillus lentus LP32, originally isolated on the basis of its ability to utilise pyrene as sole source of carbon was found to be able to grow luxuriantly on alicyclic compounds as sole substrates. It showed poor growth on anthracene, naphthalene, 1-naphthol and phenanthrene. Growth rate on cyclohexane was 1.32 d-1, while doubling time was 0.76 d. The corresponding values for growth on cyclohexanone were 0.77 d-1 and 1.29 d, respectively. Within 10 days, the amount of cyclohexane in culture reduced from 317.62 to 102.55 mgl-1, then to 23.04 mgl-1 on day 18. On cyclohexanone, substrate concentration decreased from 287.56 mgl-1 to 101.66 mgl-1 in 10 days before declining to 24.21 mgl-1 on day 18. The rate of degradation when growing on cyclohexane was 23.50 mgl-1d-1 in the first 10 days and 9.93 mgl-1d-1 between day 10 and day 18, with 67.71% degradation in 10 days and overall percentage degradation of 92.43%. On cyclohexanone, the corresponding values were 18.59 and 9.68 mg l-1d-1 as well as 64.65 and 91.58%, respectively. -
EPA's Dsstox Database: History of Development of a Curated Chemistry
EPA Public Access Author manuscript Comput Toxicol. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2021 January 07. About author manuscripts | Submit a manuscript Published in final edited form as: EPA Author Manuscript Author EPA Manuscript Author EPA Comput Toxicol Manuscript Author . EPA 2019 November 1; 12: . doi:10.1016/j.comtox.2019.100096. EPA’s DSSTox database: History of development of a curated chemistry resource supporting computational toxicology research Christopher M. Grulkea, Antony J. Williamsa, Inthirany Thillanadarajahb, Ann M. Richarda,* aNational Center for Computational Toxicology, Office of Research & Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Mail Drop D143-02, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA bSenior Environmental Employment Program, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA Abstract The US Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) Distributed Structure-Searchable Toxicity (DSSTox) database, launched publicly in 2004, currently exceeds 875 K substances spanning hundreds of lists of interest to EPA and environmental researchers. From its inception, DSSTox has focused curation efforts on resolving chemical identifier errors and conflicts in the public domain towards the goal of assigning accurate chemical structures to data and lists of importance to the environmental research and regulatory community. Accurate structure-data associations, in turn, are necessary inputs to structure-based predictive models supporting hazard and risk assessments. In 2014, the legacy, manually curated DSSTox_V1 content was migrated to a MySQL data model, with modern cheminformatics tools supporting both manual and automated curation processes to increase efficiencies. This was followed by sequential auto-loads of filtered portions of three public datasets: EPA’s Substance Registry Services (SRS), the National Library of Medicine’s ChemID, and PubChem. -
Nomenclature Cyclic Aliphatic Hydrocarbons Are Named By
An alicyclic compound is an organic compound that is both aliphatic and cyclic. They contain one or more all-carbon rings which may be either saturated or unsaturated, but do not have aromatic character. Alicyclic compounds may have one or more aliphatic side chains attached. The simplest alicyclic compounds are the 1. monocyclic cycloalkanes: cyclopropane, cyclobutane, cyclopentane, cyclohexane, cyclohepta ne, cyclooctane, and so on. 2. Bicyclic alkanes include bicycloundecane, decalin, and housane. 3. Polycyclic alkanes include cubane, basketane, and tetrahedrane. Spiro compounds have two or more rings that are connected through only one carbon atom. Nomenclature Cyclic aliphatic hydrocarbons are named by prefixing cyclo- to the name of the corresponding open-chain hydrocarbon having the same number of carbons as the ring. For example: Cyclopropane Cyclobutane Cyclopentane Cyclopentene Substituents on the ring- alkyl, groups, halogens- are named and their positions indicated by numbers. Chlorocyclopropane 1,1- Dimethylyclopentane 1,3-Dimethylcyclohexane CH3 CH3 Cl H3C CH3 In simple cycloalkenes and cycloalkynes the double and triply bonded carbons are considered to occupy positions 1 and 2. For example: 3-Ethylcyclopentene 1,3-Cyclohexadiene H3C For convenience, aliphatic rings are often represented by simple geometric figures: a triangle for cyclopropane, a square for cyclobutane, a pentagon for cyclopentane, a hexagon for cyclohexane and so on. It is understood that two hydrogens are located at each corner of the figure unless some other group is indicated. For example H3C cyclopentane 3-Ethylcyclopentene 1,3-Cyclopentadiene CH3 CH3 Cl CH Cyclohexane 3 1,3-Dimethylcyclohexane 2- Chloro-1-methylcyclohexane As usual alcohols are given the ending –ol, which takes priority over –ene and appears last in the name. -
Tamilnadu SSLC Science Lesson 11 – One Marks
www.usefuldesk.com Tamilnadu SSLC Science Lesson 11 – One Marks Choose the correct answer: 1. The molecular formula of an open chain organic compound is C3H6. The class of the compound is Alkane Alkene Alkyne Alcohol 2. The IUPAC name of an organic compound is 3 – Methyl butan – 1 – ol. What type compound it is? Aldehyde Carboxylic acid Ketone Alcohol 3. The secondary suffix used in IUPAC nomenclature of an aldehyde is -ol oic acid -al -one 4. Which of the following pairs can be the successive members of a homologous series? C3H8 and C4H10 C2H2 and C2H4 CH4 and C3H6 C2H5OH and C4H8OH 5. C2H5OH + 3O2 -> 2CO2 + 3H2O is a Reduction of ethanol Combustion of ethanol Oxidation of ethanoic acid Oxidation of ethanol 6. Rectified spirit is an aqueous solution which contains about _________ of ethanol. 95.5 % Website: www.usefuldesk.comFacebook: www.facebook.com/usefuldeskE-mail: [email protected] www.usefuldesk.com 75.5 % 55.5 % 45.5 % 7. Which of the following are used as anaesthetics? Carboxylic acids Ethers Esters Aldehydes 8. TFM in soap represents _______ content in soap. Mineral Vitamin Fatty acid Carbohydrate 9. Which of the following statements is wrong about detergents? It is a sodium salt of long chain fatty acids. It is sodium salts of sulphonic acids The ionic part in a detergent is –SO3 –Na+ It is effective even in hard water. Fill in the blanks: 1. An atom or a group of atoms which is responsible for chemical characteristics of an organic compound is called _______ Functional group 2. The general molecular formula of alkynes is ______ CnH2n-2 3. -
1 Effects Ethinyl Estradiol Ethinyl Estradiol & Its Effects On
1 Effects Ethinyl Estradiol Ethinyl Estradiol & Its Effects on Cardiovascular Health Mary Eilert Lourdes University Spring 2019 BIO 490 Section A Dr. Anjali Gray 2 Effects Ethinyl Estradiol ABSTRACT Combined hormonal birth control regulates the menstrual cycle in women by manipulating the hormonal level. Combined hormonal contraception utilizes progestin and Ethinyl estradiol, which are synthetics of progesterone and estrogen. These synthetic hormones help regulate ovulation in women and in turn menstruation. Venous thromboembolism (VTE), stroke, and myocardial infarction are all risk factors when taking combined hormonal contraception due to the chemical composition of Ethinyl estradiol. Ethinyl estradiol’s binding mechanism to an estrogen receptor causes clots and therefore a risk for cardiovascular disease. The dosage of Ethinyl estradiol is related to an increased risk for VTE, stroke, and myocardial infarction. Due to the increased threat to cardiovascular health, physicians should screen patient health history carefully when prescribing combined hormonal birth control. Analyzing the risk Ethinyl estradiol poses to cardiovascular health in women can be used to determine if combined hormonal birth control is the ideal choice for contraception. 3 Effects Ethinyl Estradiol INTRODUCTION Birth control, a contraceptive, is frequently prescribed to women of varying ages throughout the United States. Birth control can be used for its primary use as a contraceptive or prescribed as a means of lessening symptoms of reproductive diseases, such as endometriosis. Birth control comes in various forms and methods. Intrauterine devices (IUDs) and birth control implants are forms which are implanted into the women and rely on the release of hormones to regulate the menstrual cycle (Planned Parenthood). -
Facts on File DICTIONARY of CHEMISTRY
The Facts On File DICTIONARY of CHEMISTRY The Facts On File DICTIONARY of CHEMISTRY Fourth Edition Edited by John Daintith The Facts On File Dictionary of Chemistry Fourth Edition Copyright © 2005, 1999 by Market House Books Ltd All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher. For information contact: Facts On File, Inc. 132 West 31st Street New York NY 10001 For Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data, please contact Facts On File, Inc. ISBN 0-8160-5649-8 Facts On File books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk quantities for businesses, associations, institutions, or sales promotions. Please call our Special Sales Department in New York at (212) 967-8800 or (800) 322-8755. You can find Facts On File on the World Wide Web at http://www.factsonfile.com Compiled and typeset by Market House Books Ltd, Aylesbury, UK Printed in the United States of America MP PKG 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 This book is printed on acid-free paper. PREFACE This dictionary is one of a series designed for use in schools. It is intended for stu- dents of chemistry, but we hope that it will also be helpful to other science students and to anyone interested in science. Facts On File also publishes dictionaries in a variety of disciplines, including biology, physics, mathematics, forensic science, weather and climate, marine science, and space and astronomy. -
Routes of Oxytocin Administration for the Prevention of Postpartum Haemorrhage After Vaginal Birth
WHO recommendation on Routes of oxytocin administration for the prevention of postpartum haemorrhage after vaginal birth WHO recommendation on Routes of oxytocin administration for the prevention of postpartum haemorrhage after vaginal birth WHO recommendation on routes of oxytocin administration for the prevention of postpartum haemorrhage after vaginal birth ISBN 978-92-4-001392-6 (electronic version) ISBN 978-92-4-001393-3 (print version) © World Health Organization 2020 Some rights reserved. This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO licence (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO; https://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo). Under the terms of this licence, you may copy, redistribute and adapt the work for non-commercial purposes, provided the work is appropriately cited, as indicated below. In any use of this work, there should be no suggestion that WHO endorses any specific organization, products or services. The use of the WHO logo is not permitted. If you adapt the work, then you must license your work under the same or equivalent Creative Commons licence. If you create a translation of this work, you should add the following disclaimer along with the suggested citation: “This translation was not created by the World Health Organization (WHO). WHO is not responsible for the content or accuracy of this translation. The original English edition shall be the binding and authentic edition”. Any mediation relating to disputes arising under the licence shall be conducted in accordance with the mediation rules of the World Intellectual Property Organization (http://www.wipo.int/amc/en/ mediation/rules/). -
Hypermutation of DPYD Deregulates Pyrimidine Metabolism and Promotes Malignant Progression Lauren Edwards, Rohit Gupta, and Fabian Volker Filipp
Published OnlineFirst November 25, 2015; DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.MCR-15-0403 Genomics Molecular Cancer Research Hypermutation of DPYD Deregulates Pyrimidine Metabolism and Promotes Malignant Progression Lauren Edwards, Rohit Gupta, and Fabian Volker Filipp Abstract New strategies are needed to diagnose and target human the background mutation rate. Structural analysis of the DPYD melanoma. To this end, genomic analyses was performed to protein dimer reveals a potential hotspot of recurring somatic assess somatic mutations and gene expression signatures using mutations in the ligand-binding sites as well as the interfaces of a large cohort of human skin cutaneous melanoma (SKCM) protein domains that mediated electron transfer. Somatic muta- patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) project to tions of DPYD are associated with upregulation of pyrimidine identify critical differences between primary and metastatic degradation, nucleotide synthesis, and nucleic acid processing tumors. Interestingly, pyrimidine metabolism is one of the major while salvage and nucleotide conversion is downregulated in pathways to be significantly enriched and deregulated at the TCGA SKCM. transcriptional level in melanoma progression. In addition, dihy- dropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPYD) and other important Implications: At a systems biology level, somatic mutations of pyrimidine-related genes: DPYS, AK9, CAD, CANT1, ENTPD1, DPYD cause a switch in pyrimidine metabolism and promote NME6, NT5C1A, POLE, POLQ, POLR3B, PRIM2, REV3L, and gene expression of pyrimidine enzymes toward malignant pro- UPP2 are significantly enriched in somatic mutations relative to gression. Mol Cancer Res; 14(2); 196–206. Ó2015 AACR. Introduction Pyrimidine synthesis is a key metabolic bottleneck important for DNA replication in tumor cells and, therefore, represents a Cancer cells take advantage of distinct metabolic pathways valuable diagnostic and therapeutic target. -
Chebi: a Chemistry Ontology and Database
de Matos et al. Journal of Cheminformatics 2010, 2(Suppl 1):P6 http://www.jcheminf.com/content/2/S1/P6 POSTER PRESENTATION Open Access ChEBI: a chemistry ontology and database Paula de Matos*, A Dekker, M Ennis, Janna Hastings, K Haug, S Turner, Christoph Steinbeck From 5th German Conference on Cheminformatics: 23. CIC-Workshop Goslar, Germany. 8-10 November 2009 The bioinformatics community has developed a policy and identifier. A complete version is available with all of open access and open data since its inception. This is the ChEBI data properties such as synonyms, cross- contrary to chemoinformatics which has traditionally references, SMILES and InChI. Furthermore cross-refer- been a closed-access area. In 2004, two complementary ences in ChEBI have been extended to include BRENDA open access databases were initiated by the bioinfor- the enzyme database, NMRShiftDB the database for matics community, ChEBI [1] and PubChem. PubChem organic structures and their nuclear magnetic resonance serves as automated repository on the biological activ- (nmr) spectra, Rhea the biochemical reaction database ities of small molecules and ChEBI (Chemical Entities of and IntEnz the enzyme nomenclature database. Biological Interest) as a manually annotated database of ChEBI is available at http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi. molecular entities focused on ‘small’ chemical com- pounds. Although ChEBI is reasonably compact contain- Published: 4 May 2010 ing just over 18,000 entities, it provides a wide range of data items such as chemical nomenclature, an ontology References and chemical structures. The ChEBI database has a 1. Degtyarenko K, de Matos P, Ennis M, Hastings J, Zbinden M, McNaught A, strong focus on quality with exceptional efforts afforded Alcántara R, Darsow M, Guedj M, Ashburner M: ChEBI: a database and ontology for chemical entities of biological interest. -
UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE 2,349,232 MANUFACTURE of ALICYCLC COMPOUNDS Lloydi M
Patented May 16, 1944 2,349,232 UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE 2,349,232 MANUFACTURE OF ALICYCLC COMPOUNDS Lloydi M. Joshe, Hyattsville, Md., assignor to the United States of America as represented by Claude R. Wickard, Secretary of Agricult2 re, and his successors in office No Drawing. Applieation October 16, 194A, Seria No. 4:5,263 4. Caians. (CA. 260-666) (Granted under the act of March 3, 1883, as amended April 30, 1928; 3 (0. (G. 57) This application is made under the act of and that greater yields may be obtained with March 3, 1883, as amended by the act of April other compounds at higher temperatures. The 30, 1928, and the invention herein described, if temperature used, however, in any case should patented, may be manufactured and used by or not be so high as to have a destructive effect upon for the Government of the United States of the final product being formed. The pressures America, for governmental purposes Without the used also depend a great deal upon the character payment to me of any royalty thereon. of the diene being used, as well as the vessel in This invention relates to a news process for which the reaction is carried out. Generally, manufacturing organic compounds of the ali there is not a critical upper limit with respect to cyclic class. 0 pressure and, ordinarily, pressures above about In general, the process comprises reacting 1,000 pounds per Square inch at room tempera ethylene with a conjugated diene, also known as ture can be used to obtain satisfactory results. -
Organic Chemistry – Some Basic Principles & Techniques
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY – SOME BASIC PRINCIPLES & TECHNIQUES ORGANIC CHEMISTRY – SOME BASIC PRINCIPLES & TECHNIQUES ORGANIC What does the word ‘organic’ means ? Organic compounds are derived from living organisms. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY – SOME BASIC PRINCIPLES & TECHNIQUES ORGANIC CHEMISTRY It is the study of compounds extracted from living organisms. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY – SOME BASIC PRINCIPLES & TECHNIQUES Organic Compounds Contains carbon It shows catenation. (Ability of carbon atoms to combine, forming long chains) Organic Chemistry Carbon Chemistry ORGANIC CHEMISTRY – SOME BASIC PRINCIPLES & TECHNIQUES Introduction What are organic compounds ? Compounds which OrganicOrganic Inorganic contain carbon compoundscompounds compounds So, the correct CH NaCl classification of the 4C CH4 NaCl But …. C6HC12CO6H6 12O6 HClHCl compounds is H2SO4 C2HC5OH2H5 OH H2SO4 NaOH COC NaOH CO, CO2, metal carbonates and 2 CO COC 2 bicarbonates, cyanates are CCO inorganic compounds though Na2CCO3 Na CCO 2 3 they contains carbon, because these NaHCCO3 NaHCO 3 compounds do not follow the NHCCNO 4 NH4CNO properties of organic compounds. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY – SOME BASIC PRINCIPLES & TECHNIQUES Organic Inorganic Compounds Compounds Extracted from Study of non–living living organism organism such as e.g.- Sugar , Rocks, Urea , etc. minerals, etc. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY – SOME BASIC PRINCIPLES & TECHNIQUES In 1815 Berzelius Proposed that a vital force was responsible for the formation of organic compounds ORGANIC CHEMISTRY – SOME BASIC PRINCIPLES & TECHNIQUES In 1828 Wohler Synthesized first organic compound urea from inorganic compound. So, Vital force theory was disproved by Wohler NH4CNO H2N – C – NH2 (ammonium O cyanate) (Urea) (Inorganic) (Organic) ORGANIC CHEMISTRY – SOME BASIC PRINCIPLES & TECHNIQUES In 1845 Kolbe Synthesized acetic acid from its elements. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY – SOME BASIC PRINCIPLES & TECHNIQUES In 1856 Berthelot Synthesized methane. -
Inchi in the Wild: an Assessment of Inchikey Searching in Google Christopher Southan
Southan Journal of Cheminformatics 2013, 5:10 http://www.jcheminf.com/content/5/1/10 REVIEW Open Access InChI in the wild: an assessment of InChIKey searching in Google Christopher Southan Abstract While chemical databases can be queried using the InChI string and InChIKey (IK) the latter was designed for open- web searching. It is becoming increasingly effective for this since more sources enhance crawling of their websites by the Googlebot and consequent IK indexing. Searchers who use Google as an adjunct to database access may be less familiar with the advantages of using the IK as explored in this review. As an example, the IK for atorvastatin retrieves ~200 low-redundancy links from a Google search in 0.3 of a second. These include most major databases and a very low false-positive rate. Results encompass less familiar but potentially useful sources and can be extended to isomer capture by using just the skeleton layer of the IK. Google Advanced Search can be used to filter large result sets. Image searching with the IK is also effective and complementary to open-web queries. Results can be particularly useful for less-common structures as exemplified by a major metabolite of atorvastatin giving only three hits. Testing also demonstrated document-to-document and document-to-database joins via structure matching. The necessary generation of an IK from chemical names can be accomplished using open tools and resources for patents, papers, abstracts or other text sources. Active global sharing of local IK-linked information can be accomplished via surfacing in open laboratory notebooks, blogs, Twitter, figshare and other routes.