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Holocene and Pleistocene Gastropod Biodiversity in European Freshwater Ecosystems

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Holocene and Pleistocene Gastropod Biodiversity in European Freshwater Ecosystems HOLOCENE AND PLEISTOCENE GASTROPOD BIODIVERSITY IN EUROPEAN FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMS Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Naturwissenschaften an der Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz Institut für Erdwissenschaften vorgelegt von MSc. Elisavet Georgopoulou Graz, July 2016 PREFACE This thesis is part of the FWF project no. P25365-B25: “Freshwater systems in the Neogene and Quaternary of Europe: Gastropod biodiversity, provinciality, and faunal gradients” financed by the Austrian Science Fund. The project was held in the Natural History Museum of Vienna under the supervision of Priv. Doz. Dr. Mathias Harzhauser and in cooperation with Dr. Andreas Kroh, Dr. Oleg Mandic and Dr. Thomas A. Neubauer. The dissertation consists of six chapters and summarizes the results of the study of Quaternary gastropod biodiversity in freshwater ecosystems of Europe. Chapter 1 is a general introduction to the topic, including information on database setup and main objectives. Chapters 2 to 5 are the four scientific papers published or submitted for publication to peer- reviewed journals related to the project. They address the main scientific objectives set in Chapter 1. In Chapter 6, the collective results of these papers are summarized and discussed. Chapter 2: Georgopoulou, E., Neubauer, T.A., Harzhauser, M., Kroh, A., Mandic, O. 2015. An outline of the European Quaternary localities with freshwater gastropods: Data on geography and updated stratigraphy. Palaeontologia Electronica, 18.3.48A, 1–9. Chapter 3: Georgopoulou, E., Neubauer, T.A., Harzhauser, M., Kroh, A., Mandic, O. 2016. Distribution patterns of European lacustrine gastropods – a result of environmental factors and deglaciation history. Hydrobiologia, 775, 69–82. Chapter 4: Georgopoulou, E., Neubauer, T.A., Harzhauser, M., Kroh, A., Mandic, O. Beginning of a new age: How did freshwater gastropods respond to the Quaternary climate change in Europe? (Quaternary Science Reviews, in revision). Chapter 5: Neubauer, T.A., Harzhauser, M., Georgopoulou, E., Kroh, A., Mandic, O. 2015. Tectonics, climate, and the rise and demise of continental aquatic species richness hotspots. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 112 (37), 11478–11483. Elisavet Georgopoulou Vienna, 2016 ii Table of Contents Abstract ..................................................................................................................................... 1 Zusammenfassung.................................................................................................................... 3 Acknowlegedements ................................................................................................................. 5 CHAPTER 1: Introduction ..................................................................................................... 6 1.1. Long-lived lakes in Europe and gastropods .................................................................... 6 1.2. The FreshGEN database setup ....................................................................................... 9 1.3. Research objectives ....................................................................................................... 12 1.4. Rerefences ..................................................................................................................... 13 CHAPTER 2: An outline of the European Quaternary localities with freshwater gastropods: Data on geography and updated stratigraphy ............................................... 20 2.1. Abstract ......................................................................................................................... 20 2.2. Introduction ................................................................................................................... 20 2.3. Methods ......................................................................................................................... 22 2.4. Data design .................................................................................................................... 25 2.5. Acknowledgments ......................................................................................................... 27 2.6. References ..................................................................................................................... 28 2.7. Supplementary material................................................................................................. 32 2.7.1. Supplementary material 2.1 .................................................................................... 32 2.7.2. Supplementary material 2.2 .................................................................................... 32 CHAPTER 3: Distribution patterns of European lacustrine gastropods: a result of environmental factors and deglaciation history .................................................................. 33 3.1. Abstract ......................................................................................................................... 33 3.2. Introduction ................................................................................................................... 33 3.3. Methods ......................................................................................................................... 36 3.3.1. Dataset .................................................................................................................... 36 3.3.2. Reconstruction of the ice sheets ............................................................................. 36 3.3.3. Predictor variables .................................................................................................. 38 3.3.4. Data analysis ........................................................................................................... 39 3.4. Results ........................................................................................................................... 41 3.4.1. Gastropod community composition........................................................................ 41 3.4.2. Patterns of species richness and composition ......................................................... 41 3.5. Discussion ..................................................................................................................... 44 iii 3.5.1. Species richness ...................................................................................................... 44 3.5.2. Species composition ............................................................................................... 46 3.5.3. Synthesis ................................................................................................................. 48 3.6. Acknowledgments ......................................................................................................... 50 3.7. References ..................................................................................................................... 50 3.8. Supplementary material................................................................................................. 56 3.8.1. Appendix S3.1 ........................................................................................................ 56 3.8.2. Supplementary figures and tables ........................................................................... 63 CHAPTER 4: Beginning of a new age: How did freshwater gastropods respond to the Quaternary climate change in Europe? ............................................................................... 72 4.1. Abstract ......................................................................................................................... 72 4.2. Introduction ................................................................................................................... 73 4.3. Methods ......................................................................................................................... 74 4.3.1. Data evaluation and temporal subdivision.............................................................. 74 4.3.2. Species richness ...................................................................................................... 75 4.3.3. Species temporal turnover and range-through assumption..................................... 75 4.3.4. Range sizes and nestedness .................................................................................... 76 4.4. Results ........................................................................................................................... 77 4.5. Discussion ..................................................................................................................... 81 4.5.1. Patterns of species richness .................................................................................... 81 4.5.2. Temporal turnover .................................................................................................. 83 4.5.3. Nested patterns of species ranges ........................................................................... 84 4.5.4. Conclusions ............................................................................................................ 86 4.6. Acknowlegedements ..................................................................................................... 87 4.7. References ..................................................................................................................... 88 4.8. Supplementary material................................................................................................
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