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Thesis Tissue Electrophoresis For THESIS TISSUE ELECTROPHORESIS FOR GENERATION OF PORCINE ACELLULAR DERMAL MATRICES Submitted by Celso Duran, Jr. Graduate Degree Program in Bioengineering In partial fulfillment of the requirements For the Degree of Master of Science Colorado State University Fort Collins, Colorado Spring 2013 Master’s Committee: Advisor: Christopher Orton Lakshmi Prasad Dasi Susan P. James ABSTRACT TISSUE ELECTROPHORESIS FOR GENERATION OF PORCINE ACELLULAR DERMAL MATRICES Background: Acellular dermal matrices have several applications including treatment of burns, reconstructive surgery, and treatment of chronic ulcers. Xenogeneic acellular dermal matrices have the advantage of increased availability compared to matrices derived from human cadavers (i.e. allogeneic dermal matrices), however they have a higher potential for generating an inflammatory response in the recipient. One approach to creating an acellular dermal matrix is through chemical and detergent-based processes collectively known as decellularization. Concerns regarding the completeness of soluble protein and antigen removal associated with current detergent-based decellularization treatments have been raised. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of a standard detergent-based decellularization and a novel electrophoresis-based method at removing soluble protein and protein antigens. Hypothesis: I hypothesized that tissue electrophoresis would enhance the removal of soluble proteins and protein antigens from porcine dermis compared to a standard detergent- based decellularization protocol. Methods: Skin was harvested from 6 pig cadavers. A portion of skin from each pig was assigned to four treatment groups: 1. Epidermis removal without sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) (positive or untreated control) 2. Epidermis removal with 0.5% SDS (epidermis removal control) 3. Epidermis removal with 0.5% SDS and standard 0.5% SDS decellularization treatment with a 6 h passive diffusion washout period ii 4. Epidermis removal with 0.5% SDS and Tissue Electrophoresis-based decellularization (0.5% SDS, 2% agarose gel, and 0.5 Amp) for 6 h The completeness of soluble protein and antigen removal was evaluated by SDS-PAGE and immunoblot analysis, respectively. Rabbit anti-porcine and human IgG serums were the primary antibodies for immunoblot analysis. Results: Tissue electrophoresis decellularization increased removal of soluble proteins from porcine dermis when compared to standard passive detergent-based decellularization, based on SDS-PAGE analysis. Antigen removal, based on immunoblot analysis, was increased compared to untreated dermis, but was not significantly different between standard detergent- based and tissue electrophoresis-based decellularization treatments. Conclusion: Tissue electrophoresis enhances removal of soluble proteins from porcine dermis compared to standard detergent-based decellularization. This enhanced removal of soluble proteins may translate into reduced inflammatory response to xenogeneic acellular dermal matrices implanted into humans. Optimization of electrophoretic parameters may further increase the efficiency of tissue electrophoresis as a decellularization method. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 1 1.1: DERMAL MATRIX – DEFINITION & CLASSIFICATION ............................................ 1 1.2: CLINICAL APPLICATIONS .............................................................................................. 4 1.3: PROPERTIES OF AN IDEAL MATRIX.......................................................................... 13 1.4: DERMAL MATRICES AND THE IMMUNE RESPONSE ............................................. 13 1.5: DECELLULARIZATION OF PORCINE DERMAL MATRICES .................................. 18 CHAPTER 2: HYPOTHESIS AND SPECIFIC AIMS ................................................................ 23 CHAPTER 3: EXPRIMENTAL DESIGN AND METHODS ..................................................... 24 3.1: EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN - GROUPS AND NUMBER OF REPLICATES ................ 24 3.2: STATISTICAL ANALYSIS .............................................................................................. 24 3.3: PORCINE DERMIS DECELLULARIZATION TREATMENT METHODS ................. 24 CHAPTER 4: RESULTS .............................................................................................................. 30 4.1: SDS-PAGE ......................................................................................................................... 30 4.2: RABBIT ANTI-PORCINE SERUM IMMUNOBLOT (ACQUIRED IMMUNITY)....... 33 4.3: HUMAN IGG IMMUNOBLOT (NATURAL ANTIBODIES) ........................................ 36 4.4: TWO-WAY ANOVA ........................................................................................................ 39 CHAPTER 5: DISCUSSION ........................................................................................................ 40 5.1: SDS-PAGE ......................................................................................................................... 40 5.2 RABBIT SERUM (ACQUIRED IMMUNITY) ................................................................. 41 5.3: HUMAN IGG (NATURAL IMMUNITY) ........................................................................ 42 5.4 TWO-WAY ANOVA ......................................................................................................... 44 CHAPTER 6: SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS .................................................................... 45 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................. 46 iv CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1: DERMAL MATRIX – DEFINITION & CLASSIFICATION Dermis is one of three layers of the skin and gives skin its mechanical strength. Decellularized dermis is generated from human or animal cadaveric skin by removing the other skin layers (epidermis and hypodermis) and then treating the dermis to remove the native cellular component. Decellularized dermis yields a sheet of extracellular matrix (ECM) which is an appealing biomaterial for use in tissue engineering, regenerative medicine and reconstructive surgery. Additionally, ECM sheets can be used as a reinforcing ‘patch’ to repair complicated defect geometries and large damaged areas because of their physical properties (pliability, flexibility, and retractility).The ability of a dermis to promote cell adhesion and proliferation as well as its favorable physical properties make it appealing as a tissue engineering platform as well as a biomaterial for reconstructive surgery. Located between epidermis and hypodermis, the dermis is comprised of fibroblasts and dense ECM. The ECM is a complex network of various combinations of proteoglycans, hyaluronic acid, collagen, fibronectin, and elastin. ECM may assist healing by stimulating cell proliferation and differentiation, guiding cell migration, and modulating cellular response. Additionally, the ECM is responsible for the dermis’ mechanical integrity and elasticity. Below the dermis is the hypodermis, which consists of loose connective tissue comprised primarily by adipose tissue. The epidermis consists primarily of cells and is responsible for the barrier function of skin. Dermis can be harvested from human or animal tissues. The source of the tissue dictates its classification. The primary terms used to define the tissue source are autograft, allograft, and xenograft. A tissue obtained from one site and transplanted to another on the same patient is 1 known as an autograft. An allograft is obtained from a donor of the same species as the recipient. In contrast, a transplant from a species different from the recipient is a xenograft (i.e. dermis transplanted from pig to human). One approach to making a tissue-engineered dermis for use in humans is through ‘decellularization’ of xenogeneic tissues such as porcine dermis. The advantages of using a xenogeneic dermis include its biomechanical and structural appropriateness, and availability. Porcine dermis is a good candidate for use in humans because the arrangement and structure of their collagen matrix is similar. Porcine tissue is readily available and easily harvested, and while human derived dermis would be great to use, the main disadvantage of relying on human derived dermis is that the availability of the tissue is dependent on the organ bank 1.The limited availability of human tissue makes purchasing human dermis quite expensive. The use of a tissue-engineered dermal matrix is one of the alternative solutions that could alleviate the gap between organ supply and demand. Dermal matrices, commonly referred to in the literature as: dermal substitutes, acellular dermis, and biologic scaffolds, are a group of wound treatment materials derived from allogeneic or xenogeneic skin, that assist in wound closure and tissue reconstruction. A dermal matrix is made using a three-step method. First the epidermis is removed using a chemical process. The dermis then undergoes a decellularization process consisting of osmotic lysis of the cells, treatment with detergent to solubilize cell membranes and dissociate DNA from proteins, and finally a wash out treatment to remove any residual cellular elements or chemicals. Because of the dynamic nature of the wound healing process, it is important that the structure of the dermal substitute allows for proper interactions between cells, extracellular matrix
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