Science, Technology and Development ISSN : 0950-0707

A STUDY ON VIOLENT CRIMES IN CITY,

P. Mary Santhi* *Research Scholar, Department of Geography Periyar E.V.R. College (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli – 620 023 S. Balaselvakumar* *Assistant Professor, Department of Geography Periyar E.V.R. College (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli – 620 023 Affiliated to , Tiruchirappalli – 620 024 K. Kumaraswamy** **ICSSR Senior Fellow - Emeritus Professor **Department of Geography, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli – 620 024

ABSTRACT

This research is an attempt to examine the violent crimes in Tiruchirappalli city. It

reveals that the highest percentage of Cruelty by husband 36%. The year 2012 had recorded the

highest percentage of violent crimes i.e. about 21%. range had suffered maximum

violent crimes with 31% and violent crimes were mostly reported in Woraiyur and Srirangam

police stations of Srirangam range. Watching and observing the behaviours and actions of

criminals in the month of July, April and May, first week of Fridays and Sundays and during the

peak hours of 2.00 a.m. to 11.00 a.m. and guiding the youth and training the students through

education and various awareness programmes, intensified patrolling, security and other law

enforcement activities will bring down the violent crimes in the city.

KEYWORDS: violent crimes, year-wise, range-wise, police station-wise, hotspot

INTRODUCTION

Crime can take place anywhere and everywhere and anytime with anyone. Violent crimes

can happen in public spaces such as in the street, clubs and pubs, as well as at home or in the

workplace, and often the victims know the person who attacks them. A violent crime, a violent

felony, a crime of violence or crime of a violent nature is a crime in which an offender or

perpetrator uses or threatens to use force upon a victim. Violent crimes may, or may not, be

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committed with weapons. Depending on the jurisdiction, violent crimes may vary from homicide

to harassment. Typically, violent crimes can include assault, gun and knife crime, murder or

manslaughter kidnapping, sexual violence (such as rape or sexual assault), alcohol and drug-

related violence, gang violence, domestic violence. The police will record a crime as violent if

the offender intended or intends to physically harm you, regardless of whether or not it results in

a physical injury. There have been many studies concerned about the violent crimes such as

Omar Ibrahim Bani-Taha and Omair Shafiq (2020) have identified the spatial patterns and

predictions of violent crime trend; Beiji et al. (2017) have applied crime hotspot detection and

monitoring using violent Scene detection; Ted Robert Gurr (1981) has studied the geographical

distribution of crimes of violence; Conaway, M. R., and Lohr, S. L., (1994) discussed the

relation between the reporting of a violent crime to the police and previous victimizations;

Muhammad Amin, B., et al. (2014) explained the mass and social media depict rising

violent crime; Da Silva Filho, A. M., et al. (2021) analyzed the fluctuations in time series of

intentional lethal violent crime rates; Rotton, J., and Frey, J., (1985) assessed the relations

among, seasonal trends, family disturbances, and assaults against persons; Salomat, N., (2020)

examined the experience of victim prevention in violent crimes; Taghidizaj, R. A., (2021)

provided a model for explaining violence that feeds on the middle and macro analytical levels;

Swanson, J. W., et al. (2020) presented a survival analysis of long-term risk of firearm-related

and other violent crime; Goredema, C., et al. (2014) discussed the characteristics of the structure,

gang operating in murder, assault and theft; Alatrash, I., (2021) analyzed murder related to age

group, gender, and nature of work; Farida, F., and Kusriyah, S., (2021) identified and described

the legal protection of women perpetrators of the crime of abortion, victims of rape; Lolayekar,

A. P., et al. (2020) explored the reasons for the incidence of crime against women (rape,

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kidnapping, cruelty, dowry deaths, and molestation; Mary Santhi et al. (2020) have explained the

influences of seasons on violent crimes; Cotton 1986 have given an alternative theoretical

explanation is that hotter temperatures may decrease aggression of crimes under some

circumstances. Anderson C.A., (1989) studied that hotter temperatures are connected with higher

intensity of violence; Schinasi, L. H., and Hamra, G. B., (2017) analysed the impact of public

health temperature with violent crimes for temporal patterns of crime activity. Some of the

primary data points, ideas, and analysis for understanding the distribution, causes and effects of

violent crimes are examined in the above reviews. This research is also an attempt to investigate

and mapping violent crimes to reduce the incidence of crime in the city, especially crimes against

women.

STUDY AREA

The base map of Tiruchirappalli city was drawn from the Survey of (SOI)

Toposheets Nos. 58 J/9, 10, 13 and 14. The city lies between the latitudes 10° 43' 40''- 10° 53'

00'' North and the longitudes 78° 38' 14'' - 78° 48' 50'' East (Fig. 1). The Cauvery delta starts to

form 16 km west of the city where the river divided into two; the Cauvery and the Kollidam to

form the island of Srirangam. The topography of Tiruchirappalli city is relatively flat with an

average elevation of 88 metres from mean sea level. Some isolated hillocks are rising beyond the

surface, the topmost of which is the Rockfort. Its estimated age is 3,800 million years and it is

marked as one of the ancient rocks in the world. Other famous hillocks include the Golden Rock,

Khajamalai, and .

The river Cauvery and its distributary Kollidam facilitate Tiruchirappalli city also the city

is fertilised by the Uyyakondan, Kudamuritti and Koraiyar canals. The land closely adjoining the

Cauvery River, which crosses Tiruchirappalli city from west to east, consists of fertile alluvial

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soil deposits on which crops such as paddy, banana and sugarcane are cultivated and in dry soil,

finger millet and maize are cultivated nearby. Further south, the surface is enclosed by poor

quality black soil. A belt of rock known as the runs to the

northeast and the southeast of the city with layers of Achaean rocks, granite and gneiss covered

by a thin bed of conglomeratic laterite.

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METHODOLOGY

The violent crimes data such as murder, murder for gain and crime against women (Rape,

Kidnapping, Dowry death, Molestation and Cruelty by Husband) is collected from the

Commissioner’s Office of 18 Police Stations. These data were analysed and mapped range-wise,

year-wise, crime-wise and police station-wise for the years 2012 to 2017 to portray the violent

crimes in Tiruchirappalli city.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

CRIME-WISE ANALYSIS OF VIOLENT CRIMES

MURDER

Murder is considered the most serious form of homicide and it is the unlawful

premeditated killing of a human being by another.

The reason for murder varies from case to case and from scenario to scenario.

Moreover, the most common causes are dispute over wealth, property and women. In some

cases, sharp provocation becomes the explanation for the murder.

The purpose of the murder is largely the gain either from property, money, women or to

take revenge.

The analysis of the violent crimes in the city for the period 2012-2017 shows that of the

total crimes committed, 29% had been murder. The maximum rate of murder was recorded in

2017, which was 42% and minimum recorded in 2015, which was 21% (Table 1 & Fig. 2) and

the highest number (12) of murders had been registered in Cantonment and the lowest (02) in

Airport police stations (Fig. 3).

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Table 1 Violent Crimes in Tiruchirappalli City

Violent Crimes YEAR (in numbers & Percentage %) 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Total 25 20 23 14 15 15 112 Murder (30%) (25%) (35%) (21%) (26%) (42%) (29%) 1 1 1 3 0 0 6 Murder for gain (1%) (1%) (2%) (5%) (0%) (0%) (2%) 7 10 3 3 4 4 31 Rape (9%) (13%) (5%) (5%) (7%) (11%) (8%) 13 5 1 7 4 2 32 Kidnapping (16%) (6%) (2%) (11%) (7%) (6%) (8%) 3 0 0 3 2 0 8 Dowry death (4%) (0%) (0%) (5%) (4%) (0%) (2%) 9 18 10 7 9 6 59 Molestation (11%) (23%) (15%) (11%) (16%) (17%) (15%) 24 25 27 29 23 9 137 Cruelty by Husband (29%) (32%) (42%) (44%) (40%) (25%) (36%) Total 82 79 65 66 57 36 385

Fig. 2 Violent Crimes in Tiruchirappalli City

50

40

30

20

10 Violent Crimes inCrimes % Violent 0 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Murder Murder for Gain Rape Kidnapping Dowry Death Cruelty by Husband

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MURDER FOR GAIN

A murder committed for gain in the continuance of a burglary or theft carried out for

payment or discharged in presuming of gain because the death, obstructs or affects the sequence

of justice.

The study of the murders for gain in the city from 2012 to 2017 reveals that murders

committed for gain were 2% out of other violent crimes in the study area. The maximum rate of

murders for gain was recorded in 2015, which was 5% and the minimum was recorded in 2012

and 2013, which was 1%. It reveals that the city was not plagued by murder for gain in 2016 and

2017. One each murder for gain had been registered in Edamalaipattipudur, ,

Woraiyur, Government Hospital, Thillainagar, Fort, Sessions Court and K.K. Nagar police

stations.

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RAPE

Rape is forced sexual intercourse against the will of the victim (Parrot 1988). Rape is a

violent act, not just a sexual act. Sexual assault on women is a common phenomenon in our

country. Under sexual assault come eve-teasing, child sex abuse, rape, marital rape, and domestic

violence.

Of all crimes against women, rape is the most violent crime that is committed against

women. According to Section 375 of the Indian Penal Code, rape denotes illegal intercourse

carried out by a man with a woman without her lawful approval. Rape disgraces a woman's

humility.

After the rape, a woman lives a pitiful life, which consists of fright, unhappiness, guilt,

desire to commit suicide and social disgrace. In modern times, rape occurrences have enlarged

manifold. According to data, two women are raped in the country every hour. Every ten hours a

girl of 1-10 years is being raped in India.

After analysing the crime rape in Tiruchirappalli city from 2012-2017, it was found that

the total rape cases were 8% of all other violent crimes. The highest rate of rape was registered in

2013, which was 13% and the lowest recorded in 2014 and 2015 with 5% and the highest

number (8) of rapes had been registered in Cantonment and Fort ranges and the lowest (5) in

Golden Rock ranges

KIDNAPPING.

Kidnapping is carrying away of a person by compulsion, intimidation, or deceitfulness,

with the determination of causing him or her to be held up against his or her will.

Kidnapping may be carried out for ransom or political or other purposes. After studying

kidnapping cases in Tiruchirappalli city from 2012 to 2017, it was found that the total

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kidnapping cases were 8% out of all other violent crimes in the study area. The maximum rate

of kidnapping was recorded in 2012, which was 16% and minimum with 2% in 2014. It confirms

that the city was almost free from the crime of kidnapping in 2014 and the highest number (4) of

kidnappings had been registered in Golden Rock and the lowest (01) in Cantonment ranges.

Srirangam range was free from this crime.

DOWRY DEATH

Most dowry deaths occur when young women cannot tolerate the harassment,

persecution, torture and suffering. Therefore, they commit suicide by hanging themselves or

consuming poison. Dowry deaths also consist of bride burning where brides are drenched in

kerosene and set on fire by the husband or his relatives (Teays 1991).

While comparing dowry death with other violent crimes of the study area from 2012 to

2017, Total dowry deaths were 2% of all other violent crimes. The maximum rate of dowry death

had been recorded in 2015, which was 5% and the minimum was recorded in 2012 and 2016

with 4%. The city experienced no dowry death in the years 2013, 2014 and 2017. The highest

number (6) of dowry deaths had been registered in Srirangam and the lowest (01) in Golden

Rock ranges. Cantonment and Fort ranges were free from this crime (Fig. 3).

MOLESTATION

Molestation is the crime of sexual acts including touching of private parts, exposure of

genitalia, taking of pornographic pictures and stimulus of sexual acts by the molester or variation

of these acts by paedophiles. It has been revealed that mostly youngsters and middle-aged

persons commit molestation. It is normally, committed within the peer group in schools and

colleges, buses, railway stations, bus stands and at crowded places.

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From the year 2012 to 2017 of all the violent crimes in the study area, the maximum rate

of molestation had been registered in 2013 with 23% and the minimum in 2012 and 2015 with

11%. Total molestation recorded was 15% of all other violent crimes and the highest number (7)

of molestations had been registered in Cantonment and the lowest (01) in Fort ranges.

CRUELTY BY HUSBAND

Husband or a relative of the husband subjects a woman to cruelty. As per the law,

whoever is the husband or the relative of the husband of a woman endangering her

to cruelty shall be penalized with imprisonment for a term, which may extend to three years and

shall be liable to a fine.

After analysing the violent crimes in Tiruchirappalli city from 2012 to 2017, the total

cases of cruelty by husband were 36% out of all other violent crimes in the study area. The

maximum rate of cruelty by husband was recorded in 2015, which was 44% and the minimum

was in 2017 with 25%. The highest number (43) of cruelty by husband had been registered in

Srirangam and the lowest (15) in Golden Rock ranges.

YEAR-WISE ANALYSIS OF VIOLENT CRIMES CRIMES IN 2012

The total number of violent crimes recorded in 2012 was 82. Murder had registered the

maximum crime rate in the city with (30%), murder for gain recorded (1%) (Table 1 & Fig. 2)

rape (9%), kidnapping (16%), molestation (11%) and cruelty by husband 29%. In the year 2012,

dowry death recorded the least crime rate with (4%) and in the year 2012, the highest number

(17) of crimes had been registered in K.K. Nagar and the lowest (01) in Sessions Court police

stations (Fig. 4).

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CRIMES IN 2013

The total number of violent crimes recorded in 2013 was 79. Cruelty by husband had

registered the highest crime rate in the city with 32% as related to other violent crimes. Murder

with (25%), murder for gain registered (1%) rape (13%), kidnapping (6%), dowry death (0%)

and molestation (23%) and the highest number (19) of crimes had been registered in Woraiyur

and the lowest (02) in Sessions Court and Airport police stations in the same year.

CRIMES IN 2014

The total number of violent crimes recorded in 2014 was 65. Cruelty by husband had

registered the maximum crime rate in the city with 42%, as related to other violent crimes,

Murder (35 %) murder for gain recorded (2%), rape (5%), dowry death (0.0%) and molestation

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(15%), In the year 2014, kidnapping recorded the lowest crime rate (2%) and the highest number

(12) of crimes had been registered in Srirangam and Woraiyur and the lowest (01) in

Ariyamangalam, and Gandhi Market police stations.

CRIMES IN 2015

The total number of violent crimes recorded in 2015 was 66. Cruelty by husband had

registered the maximum crime rate in the city with 44%, as related to other violent crimes.

Murder (21%), murder for gain (5%), kidnapping and molestation had with (11%). In the year

2015, rape and dowry death recorded the lowest crime rate (5%) in the city and the year 2015,

the highest number (14) of crimes had been registered in Woraiyur and the lowest (01) in

Edamalaipattipudur and Airport police stations.

CRIMES IN 2016

The total number of violent crimes recorded in 2016 was 57. Cruelty by husband had

registered the highest crime rate in the city with 40 %, as compared to other violent crimes,

Murder (26%), murder for gain (0.0%), there was no record of murder for gain in the same year.

Rape (7%), kidnapping (7%), molestation (16 %), in the year 2016, dowry death recorded the

least crime rate (4%). In 2016, the highest number (12) of crimes had been registered in

Srirangam police station and the lowest (01) in Edamalaipattipudur police station.

CRIMES IN 2017

The total number of violent crimes recorded in 2017 was 36. murder had registered the

highest crime rate in the city with (42%), murder for gain (0%), There was no record of murder

for gain and dowry death in the same year, rape (11%), molestation (17%) and cruelty by

husband (25%). In the year 2017, kidnapping recorded the least rate (6%), the highest number

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(12) of crimes had been registered in KK Nagar, Golden Rock and Srirangam and the lowest (02)

in police stations.

RANGE-WISE ANALYSIS OF VIOLENT CRIMES

CANTONMENT RANGE

After studying the violent crime data of Cantonment range for the years 2012 to 2017, it

was found that the overall violent crimes in the study area were 29% (Table 2 & Fig. 5) and the

range suffered maximum of violent crimes in the year 2013 (33%) and 2014 (38%) and

experienced a little peace in the year 2017 (19%).

Table 2 Range & Year-Wise Violent Crimes in Tiruchirappalli City

YEARS Ranges 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Total

24 26 25 16 14 7 112 Cantonment (29%) (33%) (38%) (24%) (25%) (19%) (29%) 16 9 10 9 7 3 54 Golden Rock (20%) (11%) (15%) (14%) (12%) (8%) (14%) 24 21 7 17 16 14 99 Fort (29%) (27%) (11%) (26%) (28%) (39%) (26%) 18 23 23 24 20 12 120 Srirangam (22%) (29%) (36%) (36%) (35%) (33%) (31%)

82 79 65 66 57 36 Total 385 (21%) (20%) 17% (17%) (15%) (9%)

After studying each violent crime in the Cantonment range for the period 2012-2017, it

was found that the crime of murder was recorded 30%, (Table 3 & Fig. 6) murder for gain was

50%, rape was 32%, dowry death was 13%, molestation was 31%, kidnapping was 28%, cruelty

by husband was 27%. The range suffered maximum number of cruelty by husband (37) and

minimum by dowry death (1) and this range was recorded as the second-highest violent crime-

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prone area when compared to Golden Rock, Fort and Srirangam ranges. The highest number

(60) of crimes had been registered in K.K. Nagar and the lowest (17) in Sessions Court police

stations (Fig.7).

Fig. 5. Range & Year-Wise Violent Crimes in Tiruchirappalli City

40 35 30 25 20 15 10

Violent Crimes % in Crimes Violent 5 0 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Cantonment Golden Rock Fort Srirangam

GOLDEN ROCK RANGE

For the years 2012 to 2017, the crime data of Golden Rock range revealed that the overall

violent crime rate in the study area was 14%. The city had maximum crimes in the year 2012,

which was 20% and it had very few crimes in the year 2017, which was 8%.

After analysing each crime in the Golden Rock range from the year 2012 to 2017, it was

found that the crime of murder was 15%, murder for gain was 0.0, rape was 16%, dowry death

was 13%, molestation was 19%, kidnapping was 17% and cruelty by husband was 11%. The

range suffered the maximum number of murder (17) and the minimum number by dowry death

crime (1). This range was recorded as the lowest violent crime-prone area when compared to

Cantonment, Fort, and Srirangam ranges. In this range, the highest number (38) of crimes had

been registered in Golden Rock and the lowest (17) was recorded in Airport police stations.

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Table 3 Range & Crime -Wise Violent Crimes in Tiruchirappalli City

Ranges

Rape

Total

Death

Dowry

Cruelty

Murder

Murder

for Gain

by husband by

Molestation

Kidnapping 34 3 10 1 18 9 37 112 Cantonment (30%) (50%) (32%) (13%) (31%) (28 %) (27 %) (29%) Golden 17 5 1 11 5 15 54 0 Rock (15%) (16%) (13%) (19%) (16%) (11%) (14%) 25 1 9 16 6 42 99 Fort 0 (22%) (17%) (29%) (27%) (19%) (31 %) (26%) 36 2 7 6 14 12 43 120 Srirangam (32%) (33%) (23%) (75%) (24%) (38%) (31 %) (31%) Total 112 6 31 8 59 32 137 385

FORT RANGE

From the year 2012 to 2017, the overall violent crime rate in Fort range was 26%. The

range had maximum crimes in the year 2017, which was 39% and it had very few crimes in the

year 2014, which was 11%.

Fig. 6 Range & Crime -Wise Violent Crimes in Tiruchirappalli City

80 70 60 50 40 30

20 Violent Crimes in % in Crimes Violent 10 0 Murder Murder for Rape Dowry Molestation Kidnapping Cruelty by Gain Death Husband

Cantonment Golden Rock Fort Srirangam

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While studying each violent crime in the Fort Range from the year 2012 to 2017, it was

found that the crime of murder was 22%, murder for gain was 17%, rape was 29%, dowry death

was 0%, molestation was 27%, kidnapping was 19 %, cruelty by husband was 31% and the range

suffered the maximum number of crime by cruelty by husband (42) and minimum by murder for

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gain crime (1). This range was recorded as the second-lowest violent crime-prone area when

compared to Cantonment, Golden Rock and Srirangam ranges. The highest number (49) of

crimes had been registered in Fort and the lowest (19) was recorded in Palakkarai police stations

of this range.

SRIRANGAM RANGE

After analysing crime data of Srirangam Range for the period 2012-2017, it was found

that the overall violent crime rate was 31%. The range suffered maximum of violent crimes in

the year 2014 and 2015, which was 36% followed by 2016 with 35% and the lowest in the year

2012, which was 22%. This range was recorded as the highest violent crime-prone area except

2012 when compared to other ranges.

After studying each violent crime in the Srirangam Range for the period 2012-2017, it

was recorded that the crime of murder was 32.1%, murder for gain was 33%, Rape was 23%,

dowry death was 75%, molestation was 24%, kidnapping was 38% and cruelty by husband was

31. The range suffered maximum number of cruelty by husband (43) and minimum by murder

for gain (2). This range was recorded as the highest violent crime-prone area when compared to

Cantonment, Golden Rock and Fort ranges. The highest number (79) of crimes had been

registered in Woraiyur and the lowest (35) in Government Hospital police stations of this range.

POLICE STATION -WISE ANALYSIS OF VIOLENT CRIMES (RANGE- WISE) POLICE STATIONS IN CANTONMENT RANGE

The maximum rate of murder had been registered in Cantonment police station with 35%

followed by Edamalaipattipudur police station with 32% and the minimum rate of murder had

been registered in Sessions Court police station with 15%. The maximum murder for gain was

recorded in Sessions Court, Edamalaipattipudur and K.K. Nagar police stations with 33%, while

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Cantonment police station and AWPS Cantonment did not record the crime murder for gain

(Table 4).

The highest percentage of rape had been registered in AWPS Cantonment with 80%

followed by Cantonment police station with 20%. Edamalaipattipudur police station, Sessions

Court police station and K.K. Nagar police station reported nil crimes of rape. Regarding the

crime of dowry death, the maximum was recorded in K.K. Nagar police station with 100%,

while other police stations Cantonment, Edamalaipattipudur, Sessions Court and AWPS

Cantonment reported nil. The maximum number of kidnapping (women and girls) was recorded

in K.K. Nagar police station with 56%, the minimum number of kidnapping (women and girls)

was recorded at Cantonment police station and AWPS Cantonment with 11%. Sessions Court

police station reported no crime of kidnapping. The crime of molestation was the highest in

AWPS Cantonment with 39% followed by K. K. Nagar with 22%. Cantonment and Sessions

Court police stations reported the same percentage with 17% and the minimum was recorded at

Edamalaipattipudur police station with 6%. Cruelty by husband was reported 100% in AWPS

Cantonment and the other police stations Cantonment, Sessions Court, Edamalaipattipudur and

K.K. Nagar reported nil.

POLICE STATIONS IN GOLDEN ROCK RANGE

The murder had registered the highest crime in Golden Rock police station with 47%

followed by Ariyamangalam police station with 35% and the lowest in AWPS Golden Rock with

6%. From 2012 to 2017, this range did not suffer from the crimes, like murder for gain because

this crime was not reported in any of the police stations of this range.

The maximum rate of rape and dowry death had been registered in AWPS Golden Rock

with 100%, while other police stations Golden Rock range, Airport and Ariyamangalam reported

nil. The highest kidnapping (women and girls) was recorded in AWPS Golden Rock with 80%,

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the minimum was recorded in Airport police station with 20% and Golden Rock and

Ariyamangalam police stations reported nil crimes of kidnapping. The crime of molestation was

the highest in Ariyamangalam with 36% followed by AWPS Golden Rock with 27% and the

Golden Rock and Airport police stations reported 18%. Cruelty by husband was reported in

AWPS Golden Rock with 100% and in other police stations Golden Rock, Airport and

Ariyamangalam reported nil.

POLICE STATIONS IN FORT RANGE

The maximum rate of murder had been recorded in Gandhi Market police station with

44% followed by Fort police station with 32% and minimum had been registered in Palakkarai

police station with 24%. The maximum rate of murder for gain was recorded in Fort with 100%

while other police stations like Palakkarai, Gandhi Market and AWPS Fort did not experience

the crime of murder for gain.

The highest percentage of rape had been registered in AWPS Fort police station with

89%, Palakkarai police station reported the lowest with 11% and other two police stations Fort

and Gandhi Market reported nil crimes of rape. No police stations in Fort Range recorded the

crime of dowry death. Maximum number of Kidnapping (women and girls) was recorded in Fort

police station with 50% followed by AWPS Fort with 33%. The minimum was recorded in

Palakkarai police station with 17% while Gandhi Market police station reported nil crimes of

kidnapping. The crime of molestation was the highest in Gandhi Market with 44% followed by

Palakkarai police station with 38% and in Fort police station with 13% and the minimum was

recorded in AWPS Fort with 6%. The AWPS Fort reported the highest Cruelty by husband with

93% and the lowest in Palakkarai police station with 7%, while Fort and Gandhi Market police

stations reported nil crimes of cruelty by husband.

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POLICE STATIONS IN SRIRANGAM RANGE

The maximum rate of murder had been registered in Woraiyur police station with 31%

followed by Government Hospital police station with 28%, Thillainagar police station with 22%

and minimum had been registered in Srirangam police station with 19%. The crime of murder for

gain was recorded maximum in Thillainagar and Government Hospital with 50%, and other

police stations Srirangam, Woraiyur, AWPS Srirangam did not experience the crime of murder

for gain.

The highest percentage of rape had been reported in AWPS Srirangam with 86% and the

lowest was recorded in Government Hospital police station with 14% while Srirangam,

Thillainagar and Woraiyur police stations reported nil crimes of rape. 100% crimes of dowry

death were recorded in AWPS Srirangam while other police stations Srirangam, Thillainagar,

Woraiyur and Government Hospital reported nil crimes of dowry death. Maximum kidnapping

of women and girls was recorded in Woraiyur and Government Hospital police stations with

33% followed by Srirangam police station with 25%. Minimum was recorded in Thillainagar

police station with 8% while AWPS Srirangam reported nil crimes of kidnapping. The maximum

crimes of molestation cases were recorded in Government Hospital police station with 36%

followed by Woraiyur police station with 21% and the minimum was reported in Srirangam

police station, Thillainagar police station and AWPS Srirangam with 14 %. Cruelty by husband

was reported in AWPS Srirangam with 100% while the other police stations Srirangam,

Thillainagar, Woraiyur and Government Hospital reported nil.

ANALYSIS OF VIOLENT CRIMES WITHIN THE POLICE STATIONS (CRIME & YEAR-WISE)

Police station- wise each violent crime was compared with the total of the same crime

reported in all the police stations, accordingly, Cantonment police station reported the highest

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rate of murder with 11% followed by Gandhi Market, Edamalaipattipudur and Woraiyur police

stations with 10% and the lowest was reported in AWPS Golden Rock with 1% (Table 5). The

maximum number of murders recorded in Edamalaipattipudur and Government Hospital police

stations in the year 2012 and 2014 respectively. When comparing all the police stations within

the ranges, the crime murder was recorded the maximum in Srirangam range 32% and the

minimum in Golden Rock range 15% (Table 4). A remarkable decline in murder was noted from

2012 to 2017.

Murder for gain was reported in Sessions Court, K. K. Nagar, Edamalaipattipudur,

Thillainagar, Government Hospital and Fort police stations with 16.7%. The crime of murder for

gain was not reported in the rest of the police stations. The maximum number of murders for

gain was registered in 2012, 2013, 2014 and 2015. When looking at all the police stations within

the ranges, Cantonment range experienced the maximum crimes with 50% and the minimum was

Fort range with 17%. The city was almost free from the crime of murder for gain.

Police station- wise each violent was compared with the total of the same crime reported

in all the police stations, accordingly, AWPS Cantonment, AWPS Fort had reported the highest

rate of rape with 23%, and the lowest was reported in Palakkarai and Government Hospital

police stations with 3%. The maximum number of rape cases was reported in AWPS Fort in

2013. While comparing all the police stations within the ranges, Cantonment range with 32%

ranks the highest and the lowest was Golden Rock range with 16% in the crime of rape.

AWPS of Srirangam reported the highest percentage of dowry death with 75% and the

lowest was reported in K. K Nagar and AWPS Golden Rock police stations with 25%. The

maximum number of dowry death was reported in the years 2012, 2015 and 2016 in AWPS

Srirangam. When comparing all the police stations within the ranges, Srirangam range

Volume X Issue II FEBRUARY 2021 Page No : 413 Science, Technology and Development ISSN : 0950-0707

experienced the maximum crimes with 75%, the minimum was Fort and Golden Rock ranges

with 13%.

AWPS of Cantonment and Gandhi Market police station registered the maximum rate of

molestation with 12% and the lowest was reported in AWPS Fort and Edamalaipattipudur with

2%. The maximum number of molestation cases was reported in the year 2014 in AWPS

Cantonment. Range-Wise, Cantonment range with 31% ranks the highest and Golden Rock

range with 19% ranks the lowest in this crime.

K.K. Nagar police station reported the highest percentage of kidnapping with 16%

followed by AWPS Golden Rock, Woraiyur and Government Hospital police stations with 13%,

and the lowest was reported in Cantonment, AWPS Cantonment, Airport, Palakkarai and

Thillainagar police stations with 3%. Maximum kidnappings were reported in the year 2012 in

K. K. Nagar police station. When comparing all the police stations within the ranges, Srirangam

range experienced the maximum crimes with 38% and the minimum was Golden Rock range

with 16%.

AWPS of Srirangam reported the highest rate of cruelty by husband with 31% followed

by AWPS Fort with 28% and the lowest was reported in Palakkarai police station with 2%.

Maximum cruelty by husband cases was reported in the year 2015 in AWPS Srirangam. Range-

wise, Srirangam range with 31% ranks the highest in this crime followed by Fort range with 31%

and Golden Rock range was the lowest with 10.9%.

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Name of the Murder for Gain Dowry death police Murder Rape

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Total Total Total Total Station % % % % 1 Cantonment 4 2 3 3 0 0 2 35 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sessions Court 0 0 3 1 0 1 5 15 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 33 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Edamalaipattipud 1 ur 5 2 2 0 0 2 1 32 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 33 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 K.K. Nagar 2 2 1 0 1 0 6 18 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 33 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 AWPS- Cantonment 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 2 2 1 8 80 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 10 10 1 10 10 Total 1 6 9 4 1 3 4 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 3 0 2 2 1 2 2 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0

Molestation Name of the police Kidnapping – Women and Girls Cruelty by Husbands

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Total Total Total Station % % % Cantonment 1 1 0 1 0 0 3 17 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sessions Court 0 0 1 0 1 1 3 17 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Edamalaipattipudur 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 6 1 1 0 0 0 0 2 22 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 K.K. Nagar 1 2 1 0 0 0 4 22 3 0 0 1 1 0 5 56 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 AWPS- Cantonment 0 2 4 0 1 0 7 39 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 11 3 10 9 6 8 1 37 100

Total 2 6 6 1 2 1 18 100 5 1 0 1 1 1 9 100 3 10 9 6 8 1 37 100

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Name of the Murder for Gain Dowry death police Murder Rape

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Total Total Total Total Station % % % %

Goldenrock 1 2 2 0 2 1 8 47 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Airport 1 1 0 0 0 0 2 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Ariyamangalam 2 1 1 2 0 0 6 35 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 AWPS- 10 10 Goldenrock 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 2 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 10 0 10 10 Total 5 4 3 2 2 1 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 2 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0

Molestation Name of the police Kidnapping – Women and Girls Cruelty by Husbands

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Total Total Total Station % % % Goldenrock 1 0 0 1 0 0 2 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Airport 1 0 0 0 1 0 2 18 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ariyamangalam 0 0 2 2 0 0 4 36 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 AWPS- Goldenrock 1 0 0 1 1 0 3 27 2 2 0 0 0 0 4 80 3 3 3 1 3 2 15 100 Total 3 0 2 4 2 0 11 100 2 2 0 1 0 0 5 100 3 3 3 1 3 2 15 100

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Name of the Murder for Gain Dowry death police Murder Rape

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Total Total Total Total Station % % % % 10 Fort 1 1 1 0 3 2 8 32 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Palakkarai 1 0 0 1 2 2 6 24 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Gandhi Market 2 2 0 3 2 2 1 44 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

AWPS- Fort 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 1 3 8 89 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 10 10 10 10 Total 4 3 1 4 7 6 5 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 5 0 0 1 3 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Molestation Name of the police Kidnapping – Women and Girls Cruelty by Husbands

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Total Total Total Station % % % Fort 1 0 0 0 1 0 2 13 1 0 0 1 1 0 3 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Palakkarai 0 2 0 1 1 2 6 38 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 17 1 1 0 0 0 1 3 7 Gandhi Market 2 3 1 1 0 0 7 44 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 AWPS- Fort 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 6 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 33 12 7 4 9 5 2 39 93 Total 3 5 2 2 2 2 16 100 4 0 0 1 1 0 6 100 13 8 4 9 5 3 42 100

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Murder for Gain Dowry death Name of the police Murder Rape

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Total Total Total Total Station % % % %

Srirangam 1 1 1 1 2 1 7 19 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Thillainagar 1 2 1 0 2 2 8 22 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Woraiyur 2 2 3 2 1 1 11 31 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Government Hospital 1 2 5 1 0 1 10 28 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 50 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

AWPS- Srirangam 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 0 1 0 0 6 86 2 0 0 2 2 0 6 100

Total 5 7 10 4 5 5 36 100 1 0 1 0 0 0 2 100 2 3 0 1 1 0 7 100 2 0 0 2 2 0 6 100

Molestation Name of the police Kidnapping – Women and Girls Cruelty by Husbands

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Total Total Total Station % % % Srirangam 0 2 0 0 0 0 2 14 1 0 0 1 1 0 3 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Thillainagar 0 2 0 0 0 0 2 14 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Woraiyur 1 0 0 0 1 1 3 21 1 0 1 1 0 1 4 33 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Government. Hospital 0 1 0 0 2 2 5 36 0 1 0 2 1 0 4 33 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 AWPS- Srirangam 0 2 0 0 0 0 2 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 4 11 13 7 3 43 100 Total 1 7 0 0 3 3 14 100 2 2 1 4 2 1 12 100 5 4 11 13 7 3 43 100

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Table -5 Police Stations & Violent Crimes

Murde Cruelty Total Police Murder r for Rape Dowry Molestati Kidnappi by Crime Ranges

Stations gain death on ng husbands s % Crime – Wise Total with %

Cantonment 12 35 0 0 2 20 0 0 3 17 1 11 0 0 18 5 Sessions Court 5 15 1 33 0 0 0 0 3 17 0 0 0 0 9 2 Edamalaipattipudu 11 32 1 33 0 0 0 0 1 6 2 22 0 0 15 4 r K.K. Nagar 6 18 1 33 0 0 1 100 4 22 5 56 0 0 17 4

Cantonment AWPS Cantonment 0 0 0 0 8 80 0 0 7 39 1 11 37 100 53 14 Golden Rock 8 47 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 18 0 0 0 0 10 3 Airport 2 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 18 1 20 0 0 5 1 Ariyamangalam 6 35 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 36 0 0 0 0 10 3 AWPS Golden 1 6 0 0 5 100 1 100 3 27 4 80 15 100 29 8

Golden Rock Golden Rock Fort 8 32 1 100 0 0 0 0 2 13 3 50 0 0 14 4 Palakkarai 6 24 0 0 1 11 0 0 6 38 1 17 3 7 17 4

Fort Gandhi Market 11 44 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 44 0 0 0 0 18 5 AWPS Fort 0 0 0 0 8 89 0 0 1 6 2 12 39 93 50 12 Srirangam 7 19 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 14 3 25 0 0 12 3

Thillainagar 8 22 1 50 0 0 0 0 2 14 1 8 0 0 12 3 Woraiyur 11 31 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 21 4 33 0 0 18 5 Government 10 28 1 50 1 14 0 0 5 36 4 33 0 0 21 5

Srirangam Hospital AWPS Srirangam 0 0 0 0 6 86 6 100 2 14 0 0 43 100 57 15 Total 112 29 6 2 31 8 8 2 59 15 32 8 137 36 385 100

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CONCLUSION

The analysis shows a decline in violent crimes in the city was observed from 2012 to

2017 and again a subsequent rise in violent crimes in 2017. The year 2012 had recorded the

highest percentage of violent crimes i.e. about 21% and the lowest was recorded in 2017 i.e.

about 9%. Cruelty by husband was 36% and it was the highest crime rate and dowry death was

the lowest with 2% in the city. Murder with 29%, murder for gain with 6%, rape with 8%,

kidnapping with 8% and molestation with 15%, were also recorded. Significant changes were

found in the distribution and variation of violent crimes in the city.

Srirangam range had suffered maximum violent crimes with 31%, Cantonment range

with 29%, Fort range with 26%, and Golden Rock range experienced the lowest crime rate with

14%. Fort range suffered maximum violent crimes with 39%, in 2017. Cantonment range

recorded violent crimes with 38% in 2014. Srirangam range recorded 36% in 2014 and 2015.

Overall, Srirangam range recorded the highest rate of violent crimes and Golden Rock recorded

the lowest violent crimes compared to other ranges during the study period. Cruelty by husband

was recorded the highest in all the four ranges of the city. No significant difference was found

between the ranges in Tiruchirappalli city in the rate of violent crimes except dowry death.

Violent crimes murder and murder for gain were mostly reported in Woraiyur and

Srirangam police stations of Srirangam range, Cantonment, Fort and Sessions Court police

stations. Violent crimes were also mostly reported in AWPS Srirangam, AWPS Fort, AWPS

Cantonment and AWPS Golden Rock. The maximum number of violent crimes was recorded in

all the police stations of Srirangam range in 2015 and minimum was recorded in all the police

stations of Golden Rock range in 2017. There was a slight decline in violent crimes in

Tiruchirappalli city during the study period. Therefore, the study suggests that the number of

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police stations and their force to be increased in proportion to the population along with high-end

security system in the northern part of the city of Srirangam range especially in Woraiyur,

southwest of Cantonment Edamalaipattipudur and K. K. Nagar police stations of Cantonment

range and the central part of Gandhi Market in Fort range. These areas need intensified

patrolling, security and other law enforcement activities to bring down violent crimes. Regarding

violent crimes, the above-mentioned areas should be monitored closely especially during the

spring (July) and summer (April and May) seasons, in the first week (Fridays and Sundays) and

during the peak hours of 2.00 a.m to 11.00 a.m. These crime-prone areas should have a

mechanism to monitor the infrastructures in schools, colleges and workplaces for ensuring safety

and security of women. Helpline numbers, email and website address, toll-free emergency call

number, WhatsApp numbers of AWPSs should be displayed prominently in hospitals, schools,

colleges, workplaces of women and in all other appropriate places.

Women should be trained to be wary and sensitive to the signs of threat and suspicious

persons and fraudsters around them and to be very cautious about sharing any personal

information like mobile number, email, facebook, bank details, aadhaar number, photo etc. They

must carry a noise-making device, such as a whistle; use a non-lethal substance like chillies and

peppers against the attackers and use other self-defense techniques.

Other measures include zero tolerance towards sexual abuse; disciplinary action against

offenders; responding with compassion and care towards victims of sexual abuse; taking care

and addressing critical component of prevention; constituting an appropriate mechanism with

necessary infrastructure and time-bound procedure to redress cases of sexual abuse, and no

shielding any instance of abuse from prosecution by civil authorities.

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The City Police Administration should install and maintain CCTV cameras properly and

regularly in all police lockups and interrogation rooms as part of the police modernization and

scheme. They should also maintain the profile of the criminals and the methodology, which they

follow in committing crimes.

Another important aspect is early childhood moral education with the co-operation of

parents and this should play a vibrant and active role in the mental health development of

children. We can encourage people to pay more attention to educating themselves and becoming

productive and contributing members of society rather than becoming delinquents.

Identify and organize awareness programmes at ground level for those families who have

more than four members. Train and guide the youth and students of the city, particularly in the

age group of 20 years and above. The city police forces should watch and observe the behaviours

and actions of criminals, mainly those who have engaged in criminal activities for 2-4 years.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We express our sincere thanks to the Commissioner of Police and the police personnel of Tiruchirappalli city for providing the necessary data for this study.

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