DOCSLIB.ORG

State of the Environment Report on Biodiversity 2011 L

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
State of the Environment Report on Biodiversity 2011 L State of the Environment Report on Biodiversity 2011 L. Honnor, E. Batelaan and D. Zucchetto 10/109002 Contents: Executive Summary .................................................................................................................................... 1 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 2 1.1 Why Monitor The State Of The Environment? .................................................................................... 3 1.2 Approach Taken By This Report ......................................................................................................... 4 1.3 Indicators And State Of The Environment Reporting .......................................................................... 5 1.4 State Of The Environment Reporting And The Annual Resource Consents And Complaints Monitoring Reports .............................................................................................................................. 6 2. Biodiversity .............................................................................................................................................. 7 2.1 What Is Biodiversity? ........................................................................................................................... 7 2.2 Why Protecting Biodiversity Is Important............................................................................................. 7 2.2.1 Legal Mandate .............................................................................................................................. 8 2.2.2 Economic Benefits ...................................................................................................................... 11 2.2.3 Social Benefits ............................................................................................................................ 11 2.2.4 Cultural Benefits.......................................................................................................................... 11 2.2.5 Intrinsic Values............................................................................................................................ 12 2.3 Threats To Biodiversity ...................................................................................................................... 12 2.3.1 Habitat Loss And Fragmentation ................................................................................................ 12 2.3.2 Invasive Species ......................................................................................................................... 12 2.3.3 Over-exploitation ......................................................................................................................... 13 2.3.4 Pollution ...................................................................................................................................... 14 2.3.5 Climate Change .......................................................................................................................... 14 2.3.6 Spread Of Disease ..................................................................................................................... 15 2.3.7 Stochastic Catastrophic Disturbances ........................................................................................ 15 2.3.8 Small Population Size, And Restricted Distribution .................................................................... 16 2.3.9 Activity Specific Threats .............................................................................................................. 16 2.3.10 Lack of Management Sustainability .......................................................................................... 18 3. State Of Biodiversity ............................................................................................................................. 19 3.1 Ecosystems ....................................................................................................................................... 19 3.1.1 Land Cover Database ................................................................................................................. 19 3.1.2 Land Environments ..................................................................................................................... 23 3.1.3 Ecosystem Types........................................................................................................................ 28 3.1.4 Ecological Districts ...................................................................................................................... 29 3.1.5 Protected Natural Areas Programme ......................................................................................... 32 3.1.6 Threatened Environments .......................................................................................................... 35 3.2 Species .............................................................................................................................................. 37 3.2.1 Threatened Species .................................................................................................................... 37 3.2.2 Distribution .................................................................................................................................. 39 3.2.3 Status/Trend ............................................................................................................................... 47 4. Protected Areas ..................................................................................................................................... 51 4.1 Public Conservation Land (Department of Conservation) ................................................................. 51 4.1.1 Reserves ..................................................................................................................................... 51 4.1.2 Nga Whenua Rahui Kawenata ................................................................................................... 51 4.2 Whangarei District Council ................................................................................................................ 53 4.2.1 Whangarei District Council Reserves ......................................................................................... 53 4.2.2 Conservation Covenants ............................................................................................................ 53 4.3 Queen Elizabeth II National Trust Open Space Covenants .............................................................. 57 4.4 Northland Regional Council Community Pest Control Areas ............................................................ 61 4.5 Fish and Game New Zealand Wetlands........................................................................................... 61 4.6 New Zealand Native Forest Restoration Trust Reserve .................................................................... 62 4.7 Protected Area Network-New Zealand .............................................................................................. 62 5. Areas Receiving Active Management ................................................................................................. 63 5.1 Public Conservation Reserves .......................................................................................................... 63 5.2 Nga Whenua Rahui Kawenata .......................................................................................................... 67 5.3 Whangarei District Council ................................................................................................................ 67 5.3.1 Parks And Reserves .................................................................................................................. 67 5.3.2 Conservation Covenants ........................................................................................................... 67 5.3.3 Environmental Enhancement Fund ........................................................................................... 69 5.3.4 Environment Advice Fund ........................................................................................................... 69 5.4 QEII National Trust Open Space Covenants .................................................................................... 71 5.5 Northland Regional Council ............................................................................................................... 72 5.5.1 Environment Fund....................................................................................................................... 72 5.5.2 Community Pest Control Areas .................................................................................................. 73 5.6 Fish and Game New Zealand Wetlands ............................................................................................ 73 5.7 NZ Native Forest Restoration Trust Reserve .................................................................................... 74 5.8 Managed Areas Without Formal Protection ..................................................................................... 74 5.8.1 Landcare Groups ....................................................................................................................... 74 5.8.2 Coastcare Groups .....................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Escribe Agenda Package
    Whangarei District Council Meeting Agenda Date: 17 August, 2021 Time: 9:00 am Location: Council Chamber Forum North, Rust Avenue Whangarei Elected Members: Her Worship the Mayor Sheryl Mai (Chairperson) Cr Gavin Benney Cr Vince Cocurullo Cr Nicholas Connop Cr Ken Couper Cr Tricia Cutforth Cr Shelley Deeming Cr Jayne Golightly Cr Phil Halse Cr Greg Innes Cr Greg Martin Cr Anna Murphy Cr Carol Peters Cr Simon Reid For any queries regarding this meeting please contact the Whangarei District Council on (09) 430-4200. Pages 1. Karakia/Prayer 2. Declarations of Interest 3. Apologies 4. Decision Reports 4.1. Representation Review 2021 - Hearing Submissions to Initial 1 Proposal 5. Closure of Meeting Recommendations contained in the Council agenda may not be the final decision of Council. Please refer to Council minutes for final resolution. 1 4.1 Representation Review 2021 – Hearing of Submissions on the Initial Proposal Meeting: Whangarei District Council Date of meeting: 17 August 2021 Reporting officer: Emily Thompson (Manager Democracy and Assurance) Nicolene Pestana (Team Leader Democracy) 1 Purpose To receive and hear the submissions relating to the 2021 Representation Review Initial Proposal for representation arrangements for the 2022 triennial local government elections. 2 Recommendations That Council: 1. Receives and hear the submissions relating to the Representation Review Initial Proposal for representation arrangements for the 2022 triennial local government elections 2. Accepts for consideration by Council, any submissions identified as being received after the close of the submission period (30 July 2021) but prior to closure of this meeting. 3 Background The Local Electoral Act 2001 (LEA) requires local authorities to undertake a review of their representation arrangements at least once every six years to ensure the arrangements provide fair and effective representation for communities.
    [Show full text]
  • THE ALPINE FLORA of TIERRA DEL FUEGO by D. M. MOORE
    Anal. Inst. Bot. Cavanilles 32 (2): 419-440 (1975) THE ALPINE FLORA OF TIERRA DEL FUEGO by D. M. MOORE This paper is dedicated to Prof. S, Rivas Goday on his 70th birthday. Introduction Since the first known collection of Fuegian plants, made along^ the NW coast of Tierra del Fuego by George Handisyd in 1690 (More- ton-Middleton, 1909; Gunckel, 1971), more than 200 collectors have contributed to our knowledge of the flora of this region (Moore and Goodall, unpub.). Because of the importance of shipborne expeditions, most of the earlier studies were confined to coastal areas and fuller information on the interior did not become available until the expe­ ditions of Nordenskjold (Dusen, 1900), Skottsberg (1916) and Roivai- nen (1954) during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Since then there has, of course, been a continued accumulation of data on the flora and vegetation of Tierra del Fuego so that now, although many problems remain, the general characteristics are fairly clear. The mountainous regions of Tierra del Fuego are generally difficult of access and have uncertain and inclement weather so that even today many parts have not been visited by botanists. However, the travels of Alboff (1896, 1897), Dusen (1900), Gusinde (Skottsberg, 1926) and Skottsberg (1916) served to outline the general features of the alpine flora and these have been confirmed and amplified by more recent studies (Godley, 1960; Moore, 1969, 1970, 1971, etc; Moore and Goodall, 1973, 1974, etc.). In consequence, despite the inevitable lacunae in our knowledge, it seems appropriate to summarize current information on the alpine flora of Tierra del Fuego and this paper represents the first such attempt since that of Skottsberg (1916).
    [Show full text]
  • 11 Groundwater Resources
    11 GROUNDWATER RESOURCES Summary Objectives • Maintain groundwater quantity and quality to the extent that the use of the groundwater resources is sustainable. Pressures • There are currently 3747 bores registered with the council and 279 resource consents to take groundwater in Northland, which equates to a volume of 49,602 m3 of groundwater per day. This places a large demand on Northland’s groundwater resources. • Poorly constructed and maintained bores can result in groundwater contamination. • Changes in land use can not only result in an increase in the quantity of water taken from an aquifer but can also influence the amount of rainfall infiltrating into the aquifer (recharge) and groundwater quality. • The change in rainfall trends and temperature as a result of climate change is likely to result in decreased recharge to groundwater resources, and increased potential for saltwater intrusion in coastal aquifers. State • Due to the varying geology in Northland, there are a large number of aquifers scattered throughout the region. These aquifers include large sand and shell bed systems such as the Aupouri Peninsula to small alluvial aquifers such as Russell. • Groundwater quality at the majority of monitored sites meets the Drinking Water Standards for New Zealand 2005 (MoH 2005). The highest percentage of non- compliance with the drinking water standards for bacteria occurs in many of the coastal areas and in three of the volcanic aquifers: Ruatangata, Maunu and Maungakaramea. • The majority of sites that exceed the guidelines for manganese and iron are fed from sand and gravel aquifers, while all sites monitored meet the guideline for nitrate.
    [Show full text]
  • LAN.1 Landscapes and Features Index LAN.1 Landscapes
    LAN.1 Landscapes and Features Index LAN.1 Landscapes LAN.1.1 Description and Expectations LAN.1.2 Objectives LAN.1.3 Policies LAN.1.4 Guidance Note LAN.2 Eligibility and Notification Rules LAN.2.1 Eligibility Rules LAN.2.2 Notification Rules LAN.2.3 Landscape Evaluation Requirement LAN.3 Outstanding Natural Landscapes – Landuse Rules LAN.3.1 Permitted Activities LAN.3.1.1 General LAN.3.1.2 Buildings and Structures LAN.3.1.3 Earthworks LAN.3.1.4 Indigenous Vegetation Clearance LAN.3.2 Controlled Activities LAN.3.3 Restricted Discretionary Activities LAN.3.4 Discretionary Activities LAN.3.5 Non-Complying Activities LAN.3.6 Assessment Criteria LAN.4 Outstanding Natural Landscape - Subdivision LAN.4.1 Discretionary Activities LAN.4.2 Non-Complying Activities LAN.4.3 Assessment Criteria LAN.5 Outstanding Natural Features – Landuse LAN.5.1 Status of Activities in Outstanding Natural Features LAN.5.2 Permitted Activity Standards LAN.5.3 Restricted Discretionary Activities: Matters of Discretion LAN.5.4 Assessment Criteria LAN.6 Outstanding Natural Features - Subdivision LAN.6.1 Discretionary Activities LAN.6.2 Non-Complying Activities LAN.6.3 Assessment Criteria LAN.7 Assessment Criteria LAN.7.1 Assessment Criteria LAN.8 Schedule: Outstanding Natural Features LAN.8.1 Information Source LAN.8.2 Significance and Vulnerability LAN.8.3 Categories of Outstanding Natural Features LAN.8.4 Identified Outstanding Natural Features by Category LAN.1.1 Description and Expectations Landforms, the coast, rivers and wetlands, and vegetation, ranging from natural indigenous areas to cultivated pasture, combine to form a variety of landscapes within Whangarei District.
    [Show full text]
  • Co-Extinction of Mutualistic Species – an Analysis of Ornithophilous Angiosperms in New Zealand
    DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES CO-EXTINCTION OF MUTUALISTIC SPECIES An analysis of ornithophilous angiosperms in New Zealand Sandra Palmqvist Degree project for Master of Science (120 hec) with a major in Environmental Science ES2500 Examination Course in Environmental Science, 30 hec Second cycle Semester/year: Spring 2021 Supervisor: Søren Faurby - Department of Biological & Environmental Sciences Examiner: Johan Uddling - Department of Biological & Environmental Sciences “Tui. Adult feeding on flax nectar, showing pollen rubbing onto forehead. Dunedin, December 2008. Image © Craig McKenzie by Craig McKenzie.” http://nzbirdsonline.org.nz/sites/all/files/1200543Tui2.jpg Table of Contents Abstract: Co-extinction of mutualistic species – An analysis of ornithophilous angiosperms in New Zealand ..................................................................................................... 1 Populärvetenskaplig sammanfattning: Samutrotning av mutualistiska arter – En analys av fågelpollinerade angiospermer i New Zealand ................................................................... 3 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 5 2. Material and methods ............................................................................................................... 7 2.1 List of plant species, flower colours and conservation status ....................................... 7 2.1.1 Flower Colours .............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • On the Flora of Australia
    L'IBRARY'OF THE GRAY HERBARIUM HARVARD UNIVERSITY. BOUGHT. THE FLORA OF AUSTRALIA, ITS ORIGIN, AFFINITIES, AND DISTRIBUTION; BEING AN TO THE FLORA OF TASMANIA. BY JOSEPH DALTON HOOKER, M.D., F.R.S., L.S., & G.S.; LATE BOTANIST TO THE ANTARCTIC EXPEDITION. LONDON : LOVELL REEVE, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN. r^/f'ORElGN&ENGLISH' <^ . 1859. i^\BOOKSELLERS^.- PR 2G 1.912 Gray Herbarium Harvard University ON THE FLORA OF AUSTRALIA ITS ORIGIN, AFFINITIES, AND DISTRIBUTION. I I / ON THE FLORA OF AUSTRALIA, ITS ORIGIN, AFFINITIES, AND DISTRIBUTION; BEIKG AN TO THE FLORA OF TASMANIA. BY JOSEPH DALTON HOOKER, M.D., F.R.S., L.S., & G.S.; LATE BOTANIST TO THE ANTARCTIC EXPEDITION. Reprinted from the JJotany of the Antarctic Expedition, Part III., Flora of Tasmania, Vol. I. LONDON : LOVELL REEVE, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN. 1859. PRINTED BY JOHN EDWARD TAYLOR, LITTLE QUEEN STREET, LINCOLN'S INN FIELDS. CONTENTS OF THE INTRODUCTORY ESSAY. § i. Preliminary Remarks. PAGE Sources of Information, published and unpublished, materials, collections, etc i Object of arranging them to discuss the Origin, Peculiarities, and Distribution of the Vegetation of Australia, and to regard them in relation to the views of Darwin and others, on the Creation of Species .... iii^ § 2. On the General Phenomena of Variation in the Vegetable Kingdom. All plants more or less variable ; rate, extent, and nature of variability ; differences of amount and degree in different natural groups of plants v Parallelism of features of variability in different groups of individuals (varieties, species, genera, etc.), and in wild and cultivated plants vii Variation a centrifugal force ; the tendency in the progeny of varieties being to depart further from their original types, not to revert to them viii Effects of cross-impregnation and hybridization ultimately favourable to permanence of specific character x Darwin's Theory of Natural Selection ; — its effects on variable organisms under varying conditions is to give a temporary stability to races, species, genera, etc xi § 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Falkland Islands Species List
    Falkland Islands Species List Day Common Name Scientific Name x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 1 BIRDS* 2 DUCKS, GEESE, & WATERFOWL Anseriformes - Anatidae 3 Black-necked Swan Cygnus melancoryphus 4 Coscoroba Swan Coscoroba coscoroba 5 Upland Goose Chloephaga picta 6 Kelp Goose Chloephaga hybrida 7 Ruddy-headed Goose Chloephaga rubidiceps 8 Flying Steamer-Duck Tachyeres patachonicus 9 Falkland Steamer-Duck Tachyeres brachypterus 10 Crested Duck Lophonetta specularioides 11 Chiloe Wigeon Anas sibilatrix 12 Mallard Anas platyrhynchos 13 Cinnamon Teal Anas cyanoptera 14 Yellow-billed Pintail Anas georgica 15 Silver Teal Anas versicolor 16 Yellow-billed Teal Anas flavirostris 17 GREBES Podicipediformes - Podicipedidae 18 White-tufted Grebe Rollandia rolland 19 Silvery Grebe Podiceps occipitalis 20 PENGUINS Sphenisciformes - Spheniscidae 21 King Penguin Aptenodytes patagonicus 22 Gentoo Penguin Pygoscelis papua Cheesemans' Ecology Safaris Species List Updated: April 2017 Page 1 of 11 Day Common Name Scientific Name x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 23 Magellanic Penguin Spheniscus magellanicus 24 Macaroni Penguin Eudyptes chrysolophus 25 Southern Rockhopper Penguin Eudyptes chrysocome chrysocome 26 ALBATROSSES Procellariiformes - Diomedeidae 27 Gray-headed Albatross Thalassarche chrysostoma 28 Black-browed Albatross Thalassarche melanophris 29 Royal Albatross (Southern) Diomedea epomophora epomophora 30 Royal Albatross (Northern) Diomedea epomophora sanfordi 31 Wandering Albatross (Snowy) Diomedea exulans exulans 32 Wandering
    [Show full text]
  • Indicative DTT Coverage Whangarei (Parahaki)
    Tapuhi Motatau Taikirau Maromaku Puhipuhi Towai Akerama Kaimamaku Hukerenui Opuawhanga Whananaki Whananaki South Marlow Paiaka Waiotu Sandy Bay Whakapara Otanga Woolleys Bay Riponui Marua Matapouri Tanekaha Waipaipai Hikurangi Rocky Bay Otakairangi Glenbervie Forest Kaiatea Kauakaranga Aponga Purua Apotu Ngunguru Kiripaka Moengawahine Kauri Ruatangata East Ruatangata Matarau Ruatangata West Ngararatunua Glenbervie Kamo Springs Brynavon Horahora Kamo Whareora Tahere Tikipunga Otangarei Kokopu Kara Whau Valley Te Hihi Kensington Parahaki Pataua North Regent Pataua Waiparera Whangarei Poroti Pataua South Titoki Awaroa Creek Taiharuru Horahora Morningside Maunu Taraunui Raumanga Wharekohe Maungatapere Owhiwa Port Whangarei Rukuwai Waikaraka Toetoe Onerahi Parua Bay Tamaterau Otaika Valley Whatitiri Otaika Wheki Valley Manganese Point Otuhi Puwera Portland McLeod Bay Tangiteroria Waiotama Whangarei Heads One Tree Point Little Munroe Bay Pukehinau Oakleigh Marsden Bay Takahiwai McKenzie Bay Marsden Ocean Beach Urquharts Bay Tangihua Maungakaramea Mangapai Mata Moewhare Tauraroa Pukehuia Springfield Omana Parahaka Ruakaka Pikiwahine 0 2.5 5 Waiotira kilometers Waikiekie Ruarangi North River Waipu Okahu Taipuha Braigh Likely Coverage for Freeview HD Parahi Indicative DTT Coverage McCarrolls Gap Waipu Cove Very Likely Mareretu Rehia Whangarei (Parahaki) Likely Ararua Likely with high aerial Langs Beach Uncertain Coverage assumes the use of UHF aerial Whenuanuimeeting Freeview specifications. Wairere © Copyright Johnston Dick & Associates Ltd Ma Molesworth 2011 (All rights reserved). Paparoa Brynderwyn.
    [Show full text]
  • Natural Areas of Whangarei Ecological District (Summary And
    5. Summary and Conclusions The Protected Natural Area network in the Whangarei Ecological District is summarised in Table 1. A list of ecological units recorded in the Whangarei Ecological District and their current protection status is set out in Table 2 (page 258) and a summary of the site evaluations is given in Table 3 (page 288). TABLE 1. PROTECTED NATURAL AREA NETWORK IN THE WHANGAREI ECOLOGICAL DISTRICT (area given in ha). SITE NO. STATUS TOTAL TOTAL QEII WDC SR WM OTHER PROT. SITE (DOC) (DOC) (DOC) AREA AREA Forsythe Meander Q06/010 13 SL 13 27.5 Otakairangi Peat Bog Q06/133 266 266 315 Mount Hikurangi Q06/139 1.7 1.7 47.5 Wairua River Wildlife Q06/150 154 3.5 157.5 181.7 Management Reserve Mount Parakiore Q06/156 8 8 275.7 Waitaua Stream Q06/158 0.5 0.5 64.55 Hurupaki Cone Q06/163 32.38 19.3 52.04 72.3 Whangarei Falls Q06/166 14.9 14.9 37.1 Waitangi River Q06/174 7 7 68.3 Parahaki Q07/018 129 129 190.2 Old Parua Bay Road Bush Q07/019 5.69 5.69 36.3 Waimahanga Walkway Q07/020 2 2 13.3 Owhina Scenic Reserve Q07/021 3 3 20.8 Pukenui Forest Q07/022 12 920 593 CP 1525 2033 Otaika Valley Bush Q07/023 333 333 558.3 Maunu Mountain Q07/026 12.94 12.94 39.2 255 SITE NO. STATUS TOTAL TOTAL QEII WDC SR WM OTHER PROT. SITE (DOC) (DOC) (DOC) AREA AREA Whatitiri Scientific Q07/028 11.44 ScR 11.44 16.7 Reserve and Remnants Whatitiri Scenic Reserve Q07/029 9.6 1.7 11.3 20 and Remnants Maungatapere Mountain Q07/032 8.5 21 29.5 71.7 Maungatapere Walkway Q07/033 63 CC 63 553.8 Raumanga Valley Q07/048 2 2 72.5 Tatton Road Remnants Q07/049 4 4 85
    [Show full text]
  • 'Fallen Plumage': a History of Puhipuhi, 1865-2015
    Wai 1040, #A61 ‘Fallen Plumage’: A history of Puhipuhi, 1865-2015 Mark Derby A report commissioned by the Waitangi Tribunal Te Paparahi o Te Raki inquiry (Wai 1040) August 2016 Mark Derby, Fallen Plumage’: A History of Puhipuhi, 1865 – 2015 A The Author Tēnā koutou. My name is Mark Derby. I am a Pākehā of Irish descent, living in Wellington. I hold a Masters in New Zealand Studies, with honours in history and te reo Māori, awarded ‘with distinction’ by the Stout Centre for New Zealand Studies, Victoria University of Wellington. My thesis examined the 1916 arrest of Rua Kēnana by Police Commissioner John Cullen, who was formerly superintendent of the North Auckland police district, in which the Puhipuhi blocks lie. This was later published as The Prophet and the Policeman: the story of Rua Kenana and John Cullen (Nelson: Craig Potton, 2009). I was employed at the Waitangi Tribunal as a researcher and claims facilitator from 2003 to 2007. During that time I completed a commissioned scoping report, ‘‘Undisturbed Possession’ – Te Tiriti o Waitangi and East Coast Maori, 1840 – 1865’ (Wai 900, #A11). I have also worked for the Ministry for Culture and Heritage as a writer on Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand and have published widely on historical issues, both in this country and overseas.1 My research has also appeared in the form of conference papers and peer-reviewed journal articles, and contributions to films, TV series and museum exhibitions on New Zealand history.2 Each of these projects has drawn extensively on unpublished archival as well as secondary research sources.
    [Show full text]
  • A Palynological Study of Selected American Members of Oxalis L
    A PALYNOLOGICAL STUDY OF SELECTED AMERICAN MEMBERS OF OXALIS L. AZIEB A. WOLDETINSAE Assignment presented in partial fulfilment ofthe requirements for the degree of Masters of Science in the Faculty of Natural Sciences at the University of Stellenbosch Supervisors: Drs. L. L. Dreyer and E. M. Marais December 2003 Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za DECLARATION I, the undersigned, herby declare that the work contained in this assignment is my own original work and has not previously in its entirety or part been submitted at any university for a degree. A. A Woldetinsae Date 2 Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za SUMMARY Oxalis L. has two centres of diversity, one in South-Central America and the other in southern Africa. Previous palynological studies of southern Africa Oxalis revealed four main pollen types, namely rugulate-reticulate, micro-rugulate-spinate, reticulate and supra-areolate (Dreyer 1996). The reticulate pollen type is further divided into 15 subtypes, out of which five have a monotypic status. The supra-areolate pollen type is divided into four subtypes based on exine structure. The reticulate pollen type is the most common pollen type within the South African members of Oxalis. The three remaining main pollen types display more complex exine structures and are therefore considered more derived than the reticulate pollen type. The present study assessed the pollen of 50 American Oxalis species with three main objectives: 1. To observe pollen type variations among American members of Oxalis, 2. To compare pollen types from the two centres of diversity, and 3. To assess which centre of diversity house the palynologically more advanced species of Oxalis.
    [Show full text]
  • 3193VEA Otway Report PDF
    ANGAHOOK-OTWAY INVESTIGATION DISCUSSION PAPER VICTORIAN ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT COUNCIL SEPTEMBER 2003 WHAT IS VEAC? The Victorian Environmental Assessment Council was established in 2002 – under the Victorian Environmental Assessment Council Act 2001 – to replace the Environment Conservation Council (ECC) as the body providing the State Government with independent advice on strategic public land-use planning. The five members of VEAC are: (Chair) Dr Brian Robinson,AM, FTSE, B.Sc., Ph.D. – The former chair of the Environment Protection Authority; a wealth of experience in sustainable development and natural resources management. Dr Sarah Ewing, B.Sc (Hons), M.Sc., Ph.D., Grad. Dip. Ed. – Currently a member of the Victorian Catchment Management Council and formerly a deputy member of the Australian Landcare Council; many years experience in catchment and natural resource management issues. Mr Duncan Malcolm – Currently the Chairman of the Gippsland Coastal Board and Watermark Inc.; immediate past Chairman of Lakes and Wilderness Tourism Association, immediate past chair and current board member of Irrigation Association of Australia and member of Victorian Coastal Council. Dr David Mercer, BA (Hons), Ph.D., Dip.Ed. – Fellow of The Environment Institute of Australia and New Zealand; broad expertise in natural resource management, recreation and tourism and also highly regarded academic experience. Mrs Eda Ritchie, Grad. Dip. Bus. – Formerly a member of the Environment Conservation Council,Trust for Nature Board and the Chairperson of the Western Region Coastal Board; has a strong background in farming in Western Victoria. SUBMISSIONS INVITED Submissions are now invited from interested groups and individuals for consideration for the Draft Proposals Paper to be published early in 2004.
    [Show full text]