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Reinterpreting Kolkata's Heritage: a System- Cybernetic Approach for The International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management (IJAIEM) Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: [email protected] Volume 9, Issue 8, August 2020 ISSN 2319 - 4847 Reinterpreting Kolkata’s heritage: A system- cybernetic approach for the resurgence of tram as an eco-friendly mode of transport. Soumyadeep Dutta1, Amrita Das2 and Nilakash Dutta3 1Post Graduate Research Scholar, Department of Architecture, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 188, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata - 700032 2 Post Graduate Research Scholar, Department of Architecture, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 188, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata - 700032 3 Post Graduate Research Scholar, Department of Architecture, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 188, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata - 700032 ABSTRACT Tramways are regarded as one of the most profitable of all Light Rail Transit systems originated in early nineteenth century in Wales. These help in contributing smart growth patterns by promoting economic stewardship and increasing ridership besides boasting of a clean, green, no-residue medium of transport. Design wise, tramcars are comfortable and user-friendly having a low height boarding platform. India being under colonial rule experienced tram system as early as 1873 with Kolkata being the first city. The once flourishing network has been gradually reduced to a meagre existential formality being hampered with the uncontrolled expansion of the urban core and emergence of faster systems like the metro. With most developed cities around the world opting for trams as an alternative, Kolkata has backtracked gradually pushing the once flourishing system towards ‘extinction’. This paper aims to identify tram as a system along with its various subsystems for having a comprehensive apprehension of how environmental psychology can be effectively incorporated to identify the arguments and advocate strategies to reinterpret the user perception by various principles of environmental appraisal on two routes selected from survey to provide a consolidated scheme for the resurgence of tram system in the city of joy. Keywords:Environmental appraisal, LRT system, System-cybernetic approach, Urban mobility. 1. INTRODUCTION A system as defined by[1] is a group of interacting or interrelated entitiesthat form a unified whole. A system is delineated by its spatial and temporal boundaries, surrounded andinfluenced by its environment, described by its structure and purpose and expressed in its functioning. Systems theory is an interdisciplinary theory about the nature of complex systems in nature, society,and science, and is a framework by which one can investigate and/or describe any group of objects thatwork together to produce some result[2].It is multi-disciplinary in nature having taken ideas from various fields like architecture, geography, engineering along with the ethos of life and social wellbeing [3]. A system can be further subdivided into its constituent elements each having the capability to beanalyzed as an individual entity. These components form the subsystem which when collectively groupedtogether identifies itself as a system. Furthermore, a system can be controlled (cybernetic in nature) anduncontrolled. In a controlled system, information is discerned and the variations are realized in feedback tothe information. These variations are the detector, selector and effector functions of the system. Detectorplays the role of mutually exchanging information between systems. The selector is characterized by theprocedures that the system uses to determine judgements, and the effector is the mode through which systems exchange information. The primary question that arises is how can we incorporate environmental psychology to understand and analyze the existing arguments related to resurgence of trams as an eco-friendly mode od transport. Based on the analysis further strategies shall be formed to elucidate the matter. It must be kept in mind that tram here has been considered as a system and the surrounding built environment acts as the setting. Volume 9, Issue 8, August 2020 Page 21 International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management (IJAIEM) Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: [email protected] Volume 9, Issue 8, August 2020 ISSN 2319 - 4847 2. METHODOLOGY The whole perspective of this paper caters to a system-cybernetic approach for analyzing the arguments. A flowchart illustrated below clearly denotes the workflow stating the different cybernetic models involved in the study. Reinterpreting tram as an eco-friendly mode of transport Configurations of Tram as a probable Tram as an eco- Evolution of tram tram as a system generator of urban friendly mode of system in Kolkata magnet transport Analysis of tram as a system Environmental Psychology Environmental Appraisal Environmental Appraisal of tram as a system Brunswik Lens Model Case 1: Khidderpore - Esplanade (Route no – 36) Berlyne’s Collative Properties Case 2: Shyambazar – Esplanade (Route no- 5) Appleton’s Approach Suggestive Measures Figure 1Flow diagram indicating the research methodology (Source: Author) 3. ANALYSIS Trams are considered as a fairly simple system of transport. It consists of two coaches with head coach in front housing the engine and driver running along a track embedded in the street. Before the introduction of electric trams, they were usually driven by horse, steam and gas. Electricity in trams was first operational in 1880 in Sestroretsk near Saint Petersburg, Russia. The trams which use electric power are fed by the pantograph sliding on an overhead line. The line on which trams operate are known as tramways. They usually share the street with other users like pedestrians, motorized and non-motorized vehicles unless they have a grade separated right of way. This encourages a conflux of activities thereby enriching the perception of a place making it inviting and attractive for people. Referring to Heinz vonFoerster’s “order from noise” principle in 1960, trams have emerged as a cohesive system in the urban chaos Volume 9, Issue 8, August 2020 Page 22 International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management (IJAIEM) Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: [email protected] Volume 9, Issue 8, August 2020 ISSN 2319 - 4847 thereby justifying the principle that addition of noise makes it more likely for a system to evolve to a stable state. Table 1: Margin specifications SL. NO PARAMETERS DESCRIPTION Tramcar, Electric lines, Urban streets, Diversified network routes, Operating 1 Detector (D) body. 2 Selector (S) Alternate mode of transport, Operational costs, Simple and stable configuration. Pedestrians, Vehicular traffic, Passengers, Driver, Conductor, CTC staff, Shared 3 Effector (E) streets, Stakeholders. 3.1 Configurations of tram as a system Introduced as an experimental transport module in the urban setting, trams have survived the test of times. Gradually as the experiment proved successful, trams have undergone a transition from less stable to a more stable configuration. As we know evolution is asymmetrical in nature and cannot occur without instability, the case is no different for trams.Having seen so many developments over the years from being driven by horses to electricpower, the system according to the principle of selective retention has retained the stable configurations while eliminating the unstable ones. Thus, it is safe to say that trams are more of a generalized “continuous” system having a high rate of probability of transition under variable circumstances to achieve stability which is a factor of time. Figure 2Tram as a system under different settings (Source: Author) 3.2 Tram as a probable generator of urban magnet In the realm of transportation, tramways act as a possible generator of urban magnet triggering an urban transformation within the city precincts. The introduction of trams has brought about significant impact on the present transit system by unlocking potentials for city development. Tram corridors running within the urban fabric helps in connecting functional zones creating a dynamic network. Owing to the pedestrian scale, trams are able to harmoniously blend into the natural setting. They are also credited for imbibing a sense of place through the experience it provides to the users. Tramways does not require heavy infrastructure for its operation hence, can pass through roads of different hierarchy. This perpetually provides tourist and locals the ease of accessing attractive places. A tram ride is starkly different from other modes of transport as it is based more on perception than just an origin-destination service. Since the trams ply at such speed, riders are able to connect seamlessly with the built environment giving the brain ample time to form images. Hence, every journey leave behind several memories in the form of mental maps which invariably contributes in wayfinding. 3.3Tram as an eco-friendly mode of transport Pollution is regarded as a burning issue in the twenty first century. Dwindling natural resources has resulted in people opting for alternative solutions that safeguard our environment. Of all means of transport plying within the city, Volume 9, Issue 8, August 2020 Page 23 International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management (IJAIEM) Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: [email protected] Volume 9, Issue 8, August 2020 ISSN 2319 - 4847 tramways serve as a mobilitysolution that helps reduce pollution, traffic congestion and offers a stable configuration. This electrically
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