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Inconsistent Trafficking Obligations and How Guyana Got Caught in the Middle

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Inconsistent Trafficking Obligations and How Guyana Got Caught in the Middle View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Washington University St. Louis: Open Scholarship Washington University Global Studies Law Review Volume 17 Issue 2 2018 Inconsistent Trafficking Obligations and How Guyana Got Caught In the Middle Sarah Langer Washington University in St. Louis Follow this and additional works at: https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/law_globalstudies Part of the Family Law Commons, and the Human Rights Law Commons Recommended Citation Sarah Langer, Inconsistent Trafficking Obligations and How Guyana Got Caught In the Middle, 17 WASH. U. GLOBAL STUD. L. REV. 559 (2018), https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/law_globalstudies/vol17/iss2/12 This Note is brought to you for free and open access by the Law School at Washington University Open Scholarship. It has been accepted for inclusion in Washington University Global Studies Law Review by an authorized administrator of Washington University Open Scholarship. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INCONSISTENT TRAFFICKING OBLIGATIONS AND HOW GUYANA GOT CAUGHT IN THE MIDDLE INTRODUCTION Human trafficking is one of the greatest human rights issues facing the world today.1 Trafficking refers to the “recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having the control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation.”2 Coined “present-day slavery,” human trafficking presents a severe problem globally.3 By comparing today’s practices of trafficking to the atrocities of the Trans- Atlantic Slave Trade, advocates hope to bring this human rights issue to the forefront.4 1 See Top 10 Business & Human Rights Issues, INST. FOR HUMAN RIGHTS AND BUS., https://www.ihrb.org/library/top-10/top-ten-issues-in-2015 (last visited Dec. 26, 2017); see also Michelle A. Clark, Human Trafficking Casts Shadow on Globalization, YALE GLOB. ONLINE (Apr. 23, 2013), http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/human-trafficking-casts-shadow-globalization (“The problem is so extensive that every country in the world can be considered to be a country of origin, transit or destination”) [hereinafter “Clark”]; and see CLARE RIBANDO SEELKE, CONG. RESEARCH SERV., RL3320, TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN 1 (2016), https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33200.pdf [“hereinafter “SEELKE”]. 2 Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, Supplementing the United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime, art. 3, Nov. 15, 2000, 2237 U.N.T.S. 319 [hereinafter “Palermo Protocol (2000)”], http://www.osce.org/odihr/19223?download=true. Put more simply, trafficking is a pervasive modality of servitude that operates to transfer persons internationally and domestically for the purposes of forced labor such as, sexual exploitation, forced marriage, domestic servitude, and many other activities. U.N. OFFICE ON DRUGS & CRIME, GLOBAL REPORT ON TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS 60 (2009), http://www.unodc.org/documents/Global_Report_on_TIP.pdf [hereinafter UNODC GLOBAL REPORT (2009)]. In the United States, men, women and children are trafficked into the country from all over the world. Trafficking occurs not only internationally and trans-continentally or cross-border, but it also presents domestically within the country. Id. See also Devin Brewer, Globalization and Human Trafficking, TOPICAL RES. DIGEST: HUM. RTS. AND HUM. TRAFFICKING, at 46, http://www.du.edu/korbel/hrhw/researchdigest/trafficking/Globalization.pdf (last visited Dec. 26, 2017) [hereinafter “Brewer”]. In the United States, men, women and children are trafficked into the country from all over the world. Trafficking occurs not only internationally and trans-continentally or cross- border, but it also presents domestically within the country. 3 UNODC GLOBAL REPORT (2009), supra note 2, at 6; see also Brewer, supra note 2. 4 The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade, occurring between the 15th century until the end of the 19th 559 Washington University Open Scholarship 560 WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY GLOBAL STUDIES LAW REVIEW [VOL. 17:559 The globalization seen through colonization and the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade has enabled human trafficking to exist at the level at which it does today.5 It is estimated that approximately 20.9 million people have been involved or victimized by forced labor or trafficking practices.6 The phenomenon of human trafficking, as we understand it today was first brought to the attention of the world in the 1990s, at a time when traffickers were able to take advantage of “transparent borders,” increased modes of communication, and “political and economic upheaval.”7 These conditions lead to the displacement and migration of large groups of people.8 As the world increasingly models itself around a “global community” and a “global economy,” the voluntary movement of peoples has increased and so too has the involuntary and coerced movements of people.9 The economic incentives of trafficking also contribute to its persistence. Today, human trafficking occurs virtually everywhere in the world.10 It crosses borders when victims move between source,11 transit12 and century, was responsible for the forced migration of anywhere between twelve to fifteen million people from Africa to the Western Hemisphere. UN Marks Day of Remembrance with Calls to end Modern Slavery, UNITED NATIONS NEWS CTR. (Mar. 25, 2015), http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=50420. The slave trade not only led to the violent overseas transportation of millions of Africans, but also contributed to the deaths of many more. Id. Both practices are truly atrocious examples of the forcible use of human capital, and both can be broken down beyond their most abhorrent features to the fundamental issue of supply and demand. Brewer, supra note 2. See Kamala Kempadoo, The War on Human Trafficking in the Caribbean, RACE & CLASS, Mar. 31, 2006, at 79 (referring to the effect of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade in the Caribbean and relating it to human trafficking in the region) [hereinafter “Kempadoo”]. 5 See generally Brewer, supra note 2. 6 See The Facts, THE POLARIS PROJECT, https://polarisproject.org/human-trafficking/facts (last visited Feb. 10, 2017) (stating that International Labor Organization estimates “20.9 million victims of human trafficking globally”). But see Brewer, supra note 2 (stating that the number submitted by the International Labor Organization was 2.4 billion in 2008). The discrepancy in trafficking numbers is, in part, because the practice of trafficking in humans continues to operate un-checked throughout the world. UNODC GLOBAL REPORT (2009), supra note 2, at 40. 7 Clark, supra note 1. 8 Clark, supra note 1. 9 See generally Brewer, supra note 2; see also Elizabeth Thomas-Hope infra notes 98 and 107 (describing migration versus trafficking). 10 Clark, supra note 1. 11“[A] source or origin country is a country where traffickers commonly find and recruit women and girls for their operations.” Trafficking Routes, THE ADVOCATES FOR HUMAN RIGHTS, http://www.stopvaw.org/trafficking_routes (last visited Dec. 26, 2017). 12 Transit refers to countries that are “intermediary.” Id. “Transit countries are chosen for the geographical location and are usually characterized by weak border controls, proximity to destination countries, corruption of immigration officials, or affiliation with organized crime groups that are involved in trafficking.” Id. https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/law_globalstudies/vol17/iss2/12 2018] INCONSISTENT TRAFFICKING OBLIGATIONS AND GUYANA 561 destination13 countries.14 Human trafficking operates on a system of supply and demand, made possible by the inequalities and vulnerabilities which exist between successful and unsuccessful countries in the world market.15 As there are high profits (150-billion-dollars annually),16 and relatively few arrests and convictions,17 traffickers have little incentive to leave this business. Trafficking is a clear example of how globalization, which is inextricably linked to the world economy, has served to increase the prevalence of systems of subjugation and exploitation through slavery.18 Source countries and destination countries are equally culpable for the 13 “Destination countries are the last link in the human trafficking chain. These countries receive trafficking victims and are generally more economically prosperous than origin countries. Destination countries can support a large commercial sex industry or a forced labor industry . .” Id. 14 Clark, supra note 1 (“Primary countries of demand include Western Europe, North America and parts of the Middle East and Southeast Asia.”). 15 Brewer, supra note 2, at 46-47. It is necessary to acknowledge that not all trafficking is due to economic inequality between countries, as there is a large number of vulnerable people who are trafficked and exploited domestically. However, there is a prevailing ideology that many victims who fall prey to traffickers are those who are of vulnerable populations who attempt to leave their home countries for the promise of upward economic mobility in destination countries. The isolation and vulnerability of these victims helps contribute to them being targeted for trafficking. See Clark, supra note 1 (discussing the
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