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Sedimentary Context and Palaeoecology of Gigantoproductus Shell Beds in the Mississippian Eyam Limestone Formation, Derbyshire Carbonate Platform, Central England

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Sedimentary Context and Palaeoecology of Gigantoproductus Shell Beds in the Mississippian Eyam Limestone Formation, Derbyshire Carbonate Platform, Central England Research article Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society Published Online First https://doi.org/10.1144/pygs2017-393 Sedimentary context and palaeoecology of Gigantoproductus shell beds in the Mississippian Eyam Limestone Formation, Derbyshire carbonate platform, central England L. S. P. Nolan1*, L. Angiolini2, F. Jadoul2, G. Della Porta2, S. J. Davies1, V. J. Banks3, M. H. Stephenson3 & M. J. Leng4,5 1 Department of Geology, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK 2 Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra ‘A. Desio’, via Mangiagalli 34, Milano, 20133, Italy 3 British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham, NG12 5GG, UK 4 NERC Isotope Geosciences Facilities, British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham NG12 5GG, UK 5 Centre for Environmental Geochemistry, School of Geography, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: A sedimentological study was conducted at two localities exposing the Mississippian Eyam Limestone Formation of the Derbyshire carbonate platform, UK. Ricklow Quarry comprises seven facies with diverse skeletal assemblages, representing deposition on the inner to middle ramp within open marine waters. Once-a-Week Quarry comprises four facies, dominated by crinoidal debris representing deposition on the inner ramp. Both localities expose Gigantoproductus shell beds. Palaeoecological analysis of a single shell bed from each locality enabled investigation of the rapid colonization and success of this taxon on the platform. At Ricklow Quarry, on the eastern side of a localized mud mound, both life (>72% of thin and thick-shelled brachiopods in life position) and neighbourhood assemblages are present. A low-moderate diversity community (<1.37 and <0.8 Shannon diversity index) rapidly established over relict Brigantian mud mounds. Shell beds are preluded by intervals of decreased energy that allowed larvae to settle. Once established, the dominance of thick-shelled individuals enabled baffling, potentially providing localized shelter for larvae and nearby individuals. At Once-a-Week Quarry, where no mud mound is present, only thick-shelled Gigantoproductus species and a low diversity community (<1.07 Shannon diversity index) exclusively comprising neighbourhood assemblages (37% in life position) is present. The presence of inactive mud mounds at Ricklow Quarry appears to have been the key to the success of Gigantoproductus species enabling the onset of stable communities in the shelter provided by the relict mound. Once the first palaeocommunities were established, larvae dispersed and colonized higher energy settings, such as at Once-a-Week Quarry. Received 10 February 2017; revised 12 April 2017; accepted 28 April 2017 During the Mississippian, gigantoproductid brachiopods corpus cavity, irregular ribbing and fluting, and the appeared within the geological record, diversified and occurrence of dorsal brachial cones (Pattison 1981; subsequently declined (Qiao & Shen 2015). Evaluating Brunton et al. 2000). The morphology of the genus is seen their palaeoenvironmental setting and palaeoecology assists to vary with population density and substrate (Ferguson in elucidating the success of the genus and the relationship of 1978). Four morphological sub-groups were identified by these brachiopods with local environments. The Pattison (1981), primarily based on shell curvature, ribbing Mississippian Eyam Limestone Formation of the and fluting, and ventral valve shell substance thickness, Derbyshire carbonate platform, central England, UK which, alongside other characteristics, are used as distin- (Fig. 1), has been described by Aitkenhead & Chisholm guishing features. Because Gigantoproductus were large, (1982); Aitkenhead et al. (1985), and Gutteridge (1983, they presumably required a constant supply of oxygen and 1987, 1991, 1995, 2003). These authors commented on the food, suggesting they would have thrived in shallow and association of Gigantoproductus species with mud mound agitated waters of normal salinity marine environments deposits. Brachiopods are found in high abundance at (Ferguson 1978). Graham et al. (1995) suggested that the specific intervals within the Asbian-Brigantian Monsal large size of Gigantoproductus may be attributed to higher Dale and Eyam Limestone formations (Aitkenhead et al. levels of atmospheric oxygen during the Carboniferous and 1985). Nevertheless, little detailed work has been published their diversification has been linked to a warming climate in on the palaeoecological significance of the gigantoproductid the late Visean (Brezinski & Kollar 2012). shell beds of the Derbyshire carbonate platform, and the link The Derbyshire carbonate platform formed on the eastern between their abundance and depositional environment. margin of the Laurasian landmass, 4° south of the equator The genus Gigantoproductus contains the largest brachio- (Scotese & McKerrow 1990). Gigantoproductus species first pod specimens ever recorded (Muir-Wood & Cooper 1960) appeared in the middle Visean, and reached their peak and these most commonly occur in shell beds or lenses diversity and abundance in the late Visean (Fig. 2) when they (Ferguson 1978; Angiolini et al. 2012; Yao et al. 2016). were distributed along shallow shelf environments around Gigantoproductus is distinguished by its large size, shallow the Palaeotethys Ocean by the warm circum-Palaeotethys © 2017 The Author(s). This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by/3.0/). Published by The Geological Society of London for the Yorkshire Geological Society. Publishing disclaimer: www.geolsoc.org.uk/pub_ethics L. S. P. Nolan et al. Fig. 1. (A) The location of the Derbyshire carbonate platform (DCP) within mainland Britain. (B) Outline of the platform with outcrop of Mississippian formations, modified from Aitkenhead et al. (1985, fig. 3) (C) Main Eyam Limestone Formation outcrop in the centre of the platform (highlight box). Study sites (1) Ricklow Quarry and (2) Once-a-Week Quarry are numbered. (D) Derbyshire carbonate platform stratigraphy of the Peak Limestone Group: on-shelf (right) and off-shelf (left) provinces with regional chronostratigraphy (modified from Waters et al. 2009, fig. 4). Key: Lst Fm, Limestone Formation; M, carbonate mud–mounds; SB, Stanton Basin with eastern margin marked with the dashed line along with the Taddington–Bakewell Anticline and the Cronkston-Bonsall Fault; SS, Stanton syncline. currents (Qiao & Shen 2015). These brachiopods are also the genus Gigantoproductus that enables a better under- preserved in rocks from Eurasia and Nova Scotia (Qiao & standing of their strategy of rapid colonization and the Shen 2015), as well as in Serbia and Kazakhstan, that would success of this genus on the Derbyshire carbonate platform. have been located to the north of Palaeotethys (Ruban 2015). Changes in the abundance of Gigantoproductus appear to Stratigraphy and lithofacies have coincided with the palaeoclimatic shift from greenhouse to icehouse conditions in the Late Mississippian (Qiao & Shen Sedimentation across the Derbyshire carbonate platform began 2015). The extinction of the genus Gigantoproductus in the in the late Tournaisian as sea level rose and a marine late Serpukhovian (Fig. 2) may be linked to the cooling of transgression flooded the Lower Palaeozoic basement tropical oceans and expansion of the Gondwana glaciation. (Aitkenhead & Chisholm 1982). The platform formed around Whilst Gigantoproductus species in the Eyam Limestone a basement high that comprised three half-grabens (Smith et al. Formation are noted as commonly associated with localized 1985). It is divided into two provinces (Fig. 1D): (1) the on- mud mounds (Aitkenhead & Chisholm 1982; Gutteridge shelf province was characterized by shallow water deposition; 1983), the significance of this association and exact location and (2) the off-shelf province represented a deeper water setting of Gigantoproductus relative to the mounds is not clear. We (Aitkenhead et al. 1985). The Peak Limestone Group of the explored the relationship between the inactive mud mounds, Derbyshire carbonate platform (on-shelf province) consists which effectively generated a relict topography and influ- mainly of marine carbonate facies interbedded with marine enced deposition, and the nearby, overlying shell beds and shales and minor volcanic deposits (Aitkenhead et al. 1985). lenses at two key localities on the Derbyshire carbonate The oldest formation in the Peak Limestone Group, the Woo platform which are comparable in age, but have different Dale Limestone Formation, was deposited during the Chadian geological settings relative to the mounds. Using field to Holkerian (Schofield & Adams 1985). Dolostones and observations and thin section analysis, the sedimentary limestones at the base of the formation pass upward into coarse- evolution of the Eyam Limestone Formation was investi- grained limestone with planar cross-bedding and lenticular- gated. This sedimentological analysis is combined with a irregular bedforms (Aitkenhead et al. 1985; Schofield & palaeoecological study of the beds dominated by species of Adams 1985, 1986). These on-shelf limestones are overlain by Gigantoproductus shell beds, Mississippian Eyam Limestone Formation, Derbyshire carbonate platform distances and are interpreted as the transition from shallow to deeper water deposition (Aitkenhead et al. 1985).
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