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Introduction to Mm Data Processing Systems Llrn~ General Information Manual ® Introduction to IBM Data Processing Systems Preface

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Introduction to Mm Data Processing Systems Llrn~ General Information Manual ® Introduction to IBM Data Processing Systems Preface Introduction to mM Data Processing Systems llrn~ General Information Manual ® Introduction to IBM Data Processing Systems Preface All IBM Data Processing Systems, regardless of size, type, or basic use, have certain common fundamental concepts and operational principles. This manual presents these concepts and principles as an aid in developing a basic knowledge of computers. The manual is designed for use in training programs where a basic knowledge of computers is the end objective or is a prerequisite to the detailed study of a particular IBM system. Each section is organized to present a logical association of related concepts and operational principles. The sections may be used in a progressive sequence to develop a concept of the computer system, or they may be used independently as refer­ ence material. The subject matter has been generalized and refers to actual machines and systems as little as possible. Specific systems are mentioned only to illustrate a general principle, not to compare one system with another. The appendix contains supplementary reference information which, because of its format or its logical use, is not related directly to any specific section of the manual. @ 1960 by International Business Machines Corporation Contents INTRODUCTION TO IBM DATA PROCESSING SYSTEMS ..... 5 The Data Processing System ............................ 12 DATA REPRESENTATION ..................................................................................... 17 Computer Data Representation ........................................................ 18 Computer Codes ............................................................................................. 20 Data Recording Media ................................................................................... 23 STORAGE DEVICES ................................................................................................ .. 29 Core Storage ........................................................................................... 30 Magnetic Drum Storage ................................................................................. 32 Magnetic Disk Storage .................................................................................. .. 33 Storage and Data Processing Methods. ................. .. ............ .. 34 CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPu) .................................................................. .. 36 Functional Units ................................ 37 Machine Cycles ............................................................ 38 Serial and Parallel Operation .......... .. 40 Fixed and Variable Word Length .... 40 INPUT-OUTPUT DEVICES ............... ................ .. ...................... .. 41 Card Readers .................................................................................................. 43 Card Punches .................................................................................................. 44 Magnetic Tape Units - Input and Output. .......................... 44 Paper Tape Reader.......................................... .............................. ................ 49 Paper Tape Punch ...................................................................................... 50 Prin ters ................................................................................................................ 50 Cathode Ray Tube .......................................................................................... 52 Consoles ............................................................................................................. 52 Data Buffering .................................................................................................. 52 Auxiliary Operation ........................................................................................ 54 STORED PROGRAM CONCEPTS ............................................................................. .. 56 Instructions ....................................................................................................... 56 Developing a Program ..................................................................................... 57 Reading Data .................................................................................................. .. 64 Calculating ......................................................................................................... 64 Logical Operations .......................................................................................... .. 65 Comparing ........................ ........................................ 68 Instruction Modification ................................................................................. 68 Address Modification ....................................................................................... 69 Indexing ............................................................................................................. 70 Indirect Address ............................................................................................... 7I PROGRAMMING SYSTEMS ...................................................................................... .. 72 Machine Coding ............................................................................................. 73 The Programming System ............................................................................ .. 73 75 ~:~~~~~~r~~1~~~ ~~~~~.~ .. ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ::: 78 Program Compilers ......................................................................................... 80 Program Package ............................................................................................ .. 81 Fortran ............................................................................................................... 82 Sort Programs ................................................ ;.................................................. 83 Utility Programs ............................................................................................... 84 PROCEDURE CONTROL ........................................................................................... 85 Systems Checks ................................................................................................. 86 Machine Checking .......................................................................................... .. 89 ApPENDIX 90 Business Practices ........................................................................................... 90 INDEX ....................................................................................................................... 94 IBM 7070 Data Processing System Introduction to IBM Data Processing Systems TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCE in data processing of the industrial revolution. Infinitely more is ahead is fast moving and far reaching. What is in the future? than is in" the past. No one really knows. The undiscovered ways in which data processing systems can probably be used Data Processing seem almost boundless. \!\Tith each new application, data processing systems have demonstrated still newer Data processing systems ordinarily consist of a com­ ways in which they can be used to help man enlarge bination of units including input, storage, processing, his capabilities and advance civilization a little farther. and output devices (Figure 1). They are designed to In the opinion of some scholars, data processing is handle business or scientific clata at electronic speeds not just one more new industry or innovation, but a with self-checking accuracy. The key element of these giant step forward in man's utilization of science and systems is the processing unit, a high-speed electronic knowledge as a means to progress. Ultimately, some computer. say, the changes that may come in the wake of these These electronic data processing systems are a post­ developments will prove more momentous than those \IVorld War II innovation. 'Within two decades, they Figure I. 113M 7090 Data Processing System Introduction 5 have progressed from experimental laboratory equip­ would require mass production techniques. Machinery ment to machines whose capabilities are exceeded was introduced to increase productivity. I t became only by the range of applications to which they can possible to turn out more and more goods with less be put (Figure 2) . human effort. The work week shortened. "'Tages and Machines are devised by men for a purpose. In the profits went up. Benefits spread throughout the whole case of data processing machines, the purpose can be economy. expressed simply: they offer man a means to increase During the last quarter ce ntury, further changes his productivity. have taken place. In many respects, they are as sig­ They do this in two ways. First, they enable man to nificant as the changeover from an agricultural to an increase his output per hour and the quality of his industrial nation. Science has moved into the fore­ output; this is true whether it be in research, produc­ front of human activity. R esearch has grown to a tion, problem solving, or the distribution of goods multibillion dollar a year undertaking. New tech­ and services. Second, these machines increase produc­ nology has provided a new impetus for corporate livity by encouraging careful and intelligent planning. growth. Service industries have multiplied. Pattern Data processing machines came into being primarily of consumer spending have changed. to meet the increasing need for information under As these changes gained force,
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