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Industries and Global Competition; a History of Business Beyond Industries and Global Competition Changes in the dynamics of economic activities since the last decades of the 20th century have yielded major changes in the composition of indus- tries and in the division of labor and production across different regions of the world. Despite these shifts in the global economy, some industries have remained competitive even without relocating their operations overseas. Industries and Global Competition examines how and why the specifici- ties of certain industries and firms determined their choice of location and competitiveness. This volume identifies the major drivers of this process and explains why some firms and industries moved to other parts of the world while others did not. Relocation was not the sole determinant of the suc- cess or failure of firms and industries. Indeed, some were able to reinvent themselves at their original location and build new competitive advantages. The path that each industry or firm took varied. This book argues that the specific characteristics of each industry defined the conditions of competi- tiveness and provides a wide range of cases as illustrations. Aimed at scholars, researchers and academics in the fields of business his- tory, international business and related disciplines, Industries and Global Competition examines the unique questions: How and why did the speci- ficities of certain industries and firms determine their choice of location and competitiveness? Bram Bouwens is an Assistant Professor at Utrecht University, Netherlands. Pierre-Yves Donzé is a Professor at the Graduate School of Economics, Osaka University, Japan. Takafumi Kurosawa is a Professor at the Graduate School of Economics, Kyoto University, Japan. Routledge International Studies in Business History Series editors: Jeffrey Fear and Christina Lubinski For a full list of titles in this series, please visit www.routledge.com 30 The International Aluminium Cartel, 1886–1978 The Business and Politics of a Cooperative Industrial Institution Marco Bertilorenzi 31 Cotton Enterprises: Network and Strategies Lombardy in the Industrial Revolution 1815–1860 Silvia A. Conca Messina 32 Equity Capital From Ancient Partnerships to Modern Exchange Traded Funds Geoffrey Poitras 33 Foundations of Managing Sporting Events Organizing the 1966 FIFA World Cup Kevin D. Tennent and Alex G. Gillett 34 The Impact of the First World War on International Business Edited by Andrew Smith, Simon Mollan, and Kevin D. Tennent 35 The Rise and Fall of the Italian Film Industry Marina Nicoli 36 Foundations of Scenario Planning The Story of Pierre Wack Thomas J. Chermack 37 World Market Transformation Inside the German Fur Capital Leipzig 1870–1939 Robrecht Declercq 38 Industries and Global Competition A History of Business Beyond Borders Bram Bouwens, Pierre-Yves Donzé, and Takafumi Kurosawa Industries and Global Competition A History of Business Beyond Borders Edited by Bram Bouwens, Pierre-Yves Donzé and Takafumi Kurosawa First published 2018 by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 and by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2018 Taylor & Francis The right of the editors to be identified as the authors of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. With the exception of Introduction, no part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Introduction of this book is available for free in PDF format as Open Access from the individual product page at www.routledge.com. It has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Bouwens, A. M. C. M., editor. | Donzâe, Pierre-Yves, editor. | Kurosawa, Takafumi, editor. Title: Industries and global competition : a history of business beyond borders / edited by Bram Bouwens, Pierre-Yves Donzâe and Takafumi Kurosawa. Description: New York : Routledge, 2017. | Includes index. Identifiers: LCCN 2017020386 | ISBN 9781138680524 (hardback) | ISBN 9781315563909 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Industries. | Competition, International. | International business enterprises. | International trade. Classification: LCC HD2328 .I529 2017 | DDC 338.8/8—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017020386 ISBN: 978-1-138-68052-4 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-315-56390-9 (ebk) Typeset in Sabon by Apex CoVantage, LLC Contents List of Figures vii List of Tables ix About the Contributors xi Acknowledgements xv Introduction: Industry History: Its Concepts and Methods 1 TAKAFUMI KUROSAWA PART I FDI and Global Competition 25 1 Advantage of Being a Giant: The Global Cigarette Industry Since the 1980s 27 TAKASHI HIRAO 2 Access to Markets, Investment, Continentalization and Competitiveness: The Evolution of the Canadian Auto Sector 47 DIMITRY ANASTAKIS 3 Different Ways to the Global Market: The Dynamics of Japan’s Electrical Equipment Companies 69 SHIGEHIRO NISHIMURA 4 Exploring the Rise of Big Pharma: A French-Inspired Model for the Global Vaccine Industry 91 JULIA YONGUE vi Contents PART II Localized Knowledge as a Lasting Competitive Advantage 111 5 Longevity in Regional Specialization: The Dutch Water Construction Industry 113 BRAM BOUWENS 6 Going Global in Fragmented Markets: The European Publishing Industry Since the Second Postwar Period 131 NURIA PUIG AND MARÍA FERNÁNDEZ-MOYA 7 Small, Hidden and Competitive: The Japanese Chemical Industry Since 1980 153 SO HIRANO PART III Shift in Global Value Chains 173 8 Sourcing Competition across Industries: Japanese Department Stores and Global Fast Fashion 175 RIKA FUJIOKA 9 “Swiss Made” but Global: From Technology to Fashion in the Watch Industry, 1950–2010 195 PIERRE-YVES DONZÉ 10 How to Sail a Sinking Ship: Adapting to the Declining Competitiveness of the European Shipping Industry 215 STIG TENOLD AND JARI OJALA 11 Three Markets and Three Types of Competitiveness: Pulp and Paper Industry 235 TAKAFUMI KUROSAWA AND TOMOKO HASHINO Conclusion 261 BRAM BOUWENS AND PIERRE-YVES DONZÉ Index 267 Figures 0.1 Triangle of Viewpoints: Industry-Firm-Location 12 1.1 Japan Tobacco’s Finances 34 1.2 Profit per Cigarette 36 1.3 Japanese Cigarette Exports 38 1.4 World’s Top 20 Cigarette Brands (2008) 41 2.1 The Canadian Automotive Industry 49 3.1 Production of Steam and Gas Turbines in Japan 82 4.1 Market Share of Major Vaccine Producers, 2008 98 5.1 Fleet Size of Six Leading Dutch Dredging Companies, 1941–1971 120 5.2 National and International Dredging Production of Dutch Companies, 1985–2000 124 7.1 Japanese Companies’ Share of the Electric Materials Market (2011) 159 7.2 The Process of Achieving Competitiveness 161 8.1 Exports of Textile, 1980–2014 (millions of US dollars) 178 8.2 Export of Clothing, 1980–2014 (millions of US dollars) 178 9.1 Production and Export of Watches and Clocks, in Millions of USD, 1950–2010 197 10.1 World Fleet by Flag, 1950–2015 (Per Cent Share of World Tonnage) 218 10.2 World Production—the Long-term Shift (Per Cent of World GDP) 223 10.3 World Dry Cargo Seaborne Imports—the Recent Shift, Million Tonnes 224 Tables 0.1 Geographical and Sectoral Distribution of the World’s Top 500 Companies (Fortune Global 500) in 1990 16 0.2 Geographical and Sectoral Distribution of the World’s Top 500 Companies (Fortune Global 500) in 2015 18 1.1 Three-pronged Investments of the Big Three 39 2.1 Top 10 World Automotive Production in 1999 (Cars and Trucks) 48 2.2 Some Early Producers in Canada 52 2.3 Canada Auto Exports and Imports, 1904–1940 55 2.4 Evolution of the Canadian Automotive Industry 57 3.1 Net Installed Capacity of Electric Power Plants 70 3.2 Heavy Electrical Equipment Market Share by Value 72 3.3 Export of Gas Turbines 73 3.4 Export of Steam Turbines 74 3.5 Gas Turbine Technology Introduction 79 3.6 Production, Exports, and Imports of Steam and Gas Turbines (Japan) 83 3.7 Export Ratio of Land and Marine Gas Turbines (Japan) 84 4.1 Domestic Vaccine Manufacturers Operating in Japan in 2008 103 5.1 Home Town of Dredging Firms Working on Improvements of the River Waal, 1830–1912 115 5.2 World’s Largest Dredging Companies in 1979 122 6.1 Leading Publishing Countries, by Number of Book Titles (1950–1973) 135 6.2 Book Production by Number of Titles per Million Inhabitants (1955–1977) 136 7.1 The World’s 30 Leading Chemical Companies 156 7.2 Exports and Imports of Chemical Goods in Million Yen (FY 2013) 158 9.1 World’s 20 Largest Watch Companies, 2012 198 9.2 World Production of Watches and Watch Movements, Millions of Units and %, 1950–1959 200 10.1 Revenues and Cost Structure in Shipping 221 x Tables 10.2 European Advantages before the ‘Globalization’ of Shipping Supply 222 10.3 Market Structure after the ‘Globalization’ of Shipping Supply 225 10.4 Shipping Top 15—by Registry and Control (dwt) 2015 228 10.5 Subsequent Development of the Largest European Shipping Nations in 1970 229 11.1 Production, Consumption and Trade of Paper, Pulp and Wasted Paper (World’s Top 20 Paper Producing Nations in 2013) 237 11.2 Global Top 20 Firms in the Paper and Pulp Industry (2013) 241 11.3 Pulp and Paper Production Ratio: Index of Pulp Production of Ten of the World’s Largest Paper Producers, When Paper and Paperboard Production Is Taken to Be 100 249 About the Contributors Dimitry Anastakis is a professor of history at Trent University.
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