WW-EAP Newsletter, Vol. 14, No. 2, December 2012 (The 28th issue)
WorldWide ElectroActive Polymers
EAP (Artificial Muscles) Newsletter Vol. 14, No. 2 (28th issue) WW-EAP Newsletter December 2012 http://eap.jpl.nasa.gov
FROM THE EDITOR Yoseph Bar-Cohen, [email protected] Since the field of Electroactive Polymers (EAP) is part of the larger field of biomimetics, increasingly this Newsletter is including inputs related to Biomimetics, Bio-inspired, Bionics, Biomimecry and other terms that are used to describe biologically inspired or mimicked technologies. As mentioned in the previous issue, there is significant number of conferences and journals that are dedicated to the biomimetics. The SPIE Figure 1: Sunni Robertson, Education Department, Symposium on Smart Structures has added a related San Diego Zoo, is showing an owl as part of the conference and in 2013 we are going to have the plenary presentation about biomimetics. third one held. As part of this conference, there has been the participation of employees from the LIST OF CONTENTS biomimetic program at the San Diego Zoo and each FROM THE EDITOR ...... 1 year they now bringing an interesting animal that GENERAL NEWS...... 1 they are presenting and describing its unique ABOUT THE EXPERTS ...... 2 characteristics. During their Plenary Paper Iain Anderson promoted to Associate Professor ...... 2 presentation in March this year, an owl was shown Federico Carpi joined Queen Mary U. of London, UK ...... 2 and described (Figure 1). Kwang Kim joined U. of Nevada, Las Vegas ...... 2 Raúl J. Martín-Palma Fellow of SPIE ...... 2 Qibing Pei Fellow of SPIE ...... 3 GENERAL NEWS JOB AND PhD OPPORTUNITIES ...... 3 The WW-EAP Webhub http://eap.jpl.nasa.gov is PhD Project - University of Auckland, New Zealand ...... 3 2 Postdoc jobs and 2 PhD projects at BMC, Switzerland ... 3 continually being updated with information AWARD LECTURES ...... 4 regarding the EAP activity worldwide. This Strelitzia flower as a model for bionic shading system ...... 4 Webhub is a link of the JPL’s NDEAA Webhub of UPCOMING CONFERENCES ...... 5 the Advanced Technologies Group having the 2013 SPIE EAPAD Conference ...... 5 address: http://ndeaa.jpl.nasa.gov EuroEAP 2013 conference ...... 8 SMN 2013 Conference ...... 9
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BAMN2013 Conference ...... 9 Kwang Kim joined U. of Nevada, Las ADVANCES IN EAP ...... 9 Aerospace Eng.-Propulsion, Independent Researcher ...... 9 Vegas Canada, University of British Columbia ...... 10 Kwang J. Kim recently took a France - Pierre and Marie Curie U. (UPMC), Paris VI .... 11 new position at University of Georgia Institute of Technology ...... 11 Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV) as Japan, Shinshu University ...... 12 “Southwest Gas” Professor of Strategic Polymers, Inc. (SPS) ...... 13 Switzerland, EPFL-LMTS ...... 14 Energy and Engineering. At Poland, Wroclaw University of Technology, ...... 15 UNLV, he will be focusing on University of Nevada, Las Vegas ...... 16 development of smart materials SMART MATERIALS BOOKS AND JOURNALS ... 17 and devices for use in emerging Architecture Follows Nature (book) ...... 17 energy and health-care Bioinspiration & Biomimetics Journal ...... 17 engineering. His EAP projects UPCOMING EVENTS ...... 17 are focused on creating complex motion of IPMC EAP ARCHIVES ...... 18 including twisting and undulating. Prior to joining UNLV, he was a Foundation Professor and Chair of ABOUT THE EXPERTS the Mechanical Engineering at University of Iain Anderson promoted to Associate Nevada, Reno. For more information visit: Professor www.kwangjinkim.org Iain Anderson has recently http://www.youtube.com/user/kwangkimlab been promoted to Associate Professor at the University of Raúl J. Martín-Palma Fellow of SPIE Auckland. Iain is the Group Martín-Palma has been Leader for the University's elected Fellow of SPIE. Biomimetics Laboratory (part Martín-Palma is Professor of the Auckland Bio- of Physics at the engineering Institute) where Department of Applied research is currently focused on Physics of the Universidad the development of soft and Autónoma de Madrid, and portable electronics for the control of artificial Adjunct Professor at the Penn State University. He muscle devices. has been Post-Doctoral Fellow at the New Jersey Institute of Technology (Newark, USA) and Federico Carpi joined Queen Mary U. of Visiting Professor at the Pennsylvania State London, UK University. Dr. Martín-Palma is the author or In July 2012, Federico Carpi has coauthor of over one hundred research papers in been appointed Reader peer-reviewed journals and has co-authored two (Associate Professor) in books. He has received several awards for young Biomedical Engineering and scientists for his research on nanostructured Biomaterials at Queen Mary materials from the Materials Research Society University of London, School of (USA), European Materials Research Society, and Engineering and Materials Spanish Society of Materials. He serves as an Science, UK. He brought forward Associate Editor of the Journal of Nanophotonics to his new affiliation research and is a member of SPIE. His current research activities on EAP transducers and interests include nanotechnology, biomaterials, artificial muscles. energy-efficient materials, and biomimetics/ From 2000 to 2012, he has been with the University of Pisa, Interdepartmental Research Centre “E. Piaggio”, bioreplication. School of Engineering, Italy.
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of disorders such as stroke, cerebral palsy and Qibing Pei Fellow of SPIE osteoarthritis which dramatically impact quality of Qibing Pei, Professor of the life. In walking, these disorders can alter muscle Department of Materials and joint forces leading to rapid joint degeneration. Science and Engineering, The goal will be to develop a device that retrains University of California, Los patients how to walk and improves their health. Angeles, has been elected The student will receive a full cost of living Fellow of SPIE. This election stipend + fees support. The project will be based was made for his (1) within the Biomimetics Lab of the Auckland pioneering work that Bioengineering Institute. The ideal candidate will experimentally established conducting polymers as have a First Class Honors Degree in Engineering or a smart material capable of producing large degree similar. An interest in electronics would be an bending at 1-2 volts, (2) co-invention of dielectric advantage. elastomers exhibiting greater than 100% electrically For more information please contact: induced actuation strain, (3) stretchable polymer Thomas McKay [email protected] electronic devices, and (4) active participation in Iain Anderson [email protected] SPIE conferences, publication of SPIE proceedings, among others. 2 Postdoc jobs and 2 PhD projects at Qibing’s current research activities include BMC, Switzerland stretchable polymer electronics, nanostructured Bert Müller [email protected] composites, dielectric elastomers for actuation and power generation, and bistable electroactive The Biomaterials Science Center (BMC), polymers for large-strain rigid-to-rigid actuation. University of Basel, Switzerland, has two postdoc He received a B.S. degree from Nanjing jobs and 2 PhD project opportunities. These are University, China, and a PhD degree, from the related to a 4-year research project entitled "Smart Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of muscles for incontinence treatment" that is funded Science, Beijing. He was a postdoctoral fellow with by the Swiss nano-tera.ch initiative starting in April Olle Inganas during 1991-1993 in Linköping 2013. The two PhD students and two Postdocs University, Sweden, with Alan Heeger, 1993-1994 require background in physics, materials science, in UNIAX Corporation, Santa Barbara, California, and physical chemistry to develop artificial muscles and became a chemist and then senior chemist at for treating incontinence. UNIAX in 1994-1997. After short time at Imation The tasks involve the preparation of nanometer- Corporation, St. Paul, Minnesota, he moved to SRI thin elastomer films with compliant electrodes International, Menlo Park, California, in 1998. under ultra-high vacuum conditions and their Since 2004, he has been on the UCLA faculty. characterization for actuators to be part of a fecal sphincter. The skills based on a university degree JOB AND PhD OPPORTUNITIES (master/PhD) should allow the realization of an PhD Project - University of Auckland, ultra-high vacuum system for thin film deposition New Zealand and in-situ characterization including elipsometry and atomic force microscopy with the goal to PhD Project with the Biomimetics Laboratory, establish low-voltage dielectric elastomer actuators. Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Fluent English and German are prerequisites. Auckland, New Zealand www.biomimeticslab.com For additional information and application submission please contact Bert Müller An opportunity is available to a PhD candidate to
3 WW-EAP Newsletter, Vol. 14, No. 2, December 2012 (The 28th issue) in Schaffhausen and Bern, University of Basel, The awarded interdisciplinary team took the University of Bern, EMPA Dübendorf, Switzerland. strelitzia flower´s flapping mechanism as a model. The strelitzia is pollinated by birds that land on the AWARD LECTURES plant in search of nectar (Figure 3). This biological principle unveils an elastic flapping mechanism Strelitzia flower as a model for bionic which is transferrable to technical fields of shading system application. It enables a wide range of adaptation Angelika Baumann [email protected] and the wear of material at joints and hinges to be The International Bionic Award 2012 avoided. The mechanism that has been patented as (www.vdi.de/bionic2012) of the Schauenburg Flectofin® meanwhile opens up new opportunities Foundation has been presented by the VDI Society for external shading of organically shaped Technologies of Life Sciences (www.vdi.de/tls) to a buildings. Glass domes and other complex facades team of 6 young scientists for outstanding scientific can now be adaptively shaded with a row of achievement in the field of biomimetic/bionic Flectofin® lamellas that are fitted externally, which product development. The award includes a prize thus contributes to energy-efficient cooling of the of €10,000 and it was received by: Julian Lienhard building. The team´s work on Flectofin® and other and Simon Schleicher from the Institute of Building biologically inspiring deforming mechanisms has Structures and Structural Design (ITKE), University already raised interest from industry. For example, of Stuttgart/Germany, Simon Poppinga and Tom it inspired the engineers from Knippers Helbig Masselter from Plant Biomechanics Group (PBG) when planning the kinetic façade of the Thematic Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg/Germany, Pavilion at the EXPO 2012 trade-fair in South as well as Lena Müller and Julian Sartori from the Korea. The next step shall be to develop the Institute of Textile Technology and Process Flectofin® shading into a marketable product with Engineering ITV Denkendorf/Germany. The award “Clauss Markisen project GmbH”. The architect´s ceremony was organized by the founder Marc and designer´s dream of organic building shapes Schauenburg and Antonia Kesel, within the may have significantly more alternatives in the framework of the “Patents from Nature” Bionic future, thanks to the strelitzia flower and the Congress that was held on Oct. 26, 2012 in Bremen, creativity of young researchers. Germany (Figure 2).
Figure 2: Founder of the International Bionic- Award Marc Georg Schauenburg (middle) with the Figure 3: The basic kinematics of the valvular prize winners and members of the selection pollination mechanism of Strelitzia reginae, the committee, Antonia Kesel, Bremen High School, Bird-Of-Paradise. (Simon Schleicher/ITKE and and Thomas Speck, University of Freiburg (photo: Simon Poppinga/PBG) Woppowa/VDI) Submissions for the International Bionic Award 2014 can be made until Feb. 28, 2014 (for details see www.vdi.de/bionic2014). The International
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Bionic Award is endowed with 10.000 € by the degree from Purdue University in 1993. Prior to Schauenburg-Foundation and will be awarded by joining BYU he was a visiting professor at Purdue VDI (Association of German Engineers). The VDI, University, a finite element analysis consultant for is the Association of German Engineers (registered Engineering Methods, Inc., and an engineer on the association), and represents engineers and design of the YF-22 (the prototype for the U.S. Air technology. With nearly 150,000 members, the VDI Force F-22). He is a Fellow of ASME, past chair of is the largest technical scientific association in the ASME Mechanisms & Robotics Committee, Europe. and past associate editor for the Journal of Mechanical Design. He is the recipient of the UPCOMING CONFERENCES ASME Mechanisms & Robotics Award, an NSF CAREER Award, the ASME Design Automation 2013 SPIE EAPAD Conference th Conference Best Paper Award, BYU Technology The 15 SPIE’s EAPAD conference is going to be Transfer Award, and the Maeser Research Award. held March 11-14, 2013, in San Diego, California. Larry’s patents and technical publications focus on This Conference will be chaired by Yoseph Bar- compliant mechanisms and he is the author of the Cohen, JPL, and Co-chaired by Siegfried Bauer, book Compliant Mechanisms published by John Johannes Kepler University Austria. The Wiley & Sons. Conference Program Committee consists of A Special Session is being dedicated to the representatives from 28 countries. subject of “Electro-chemo-mechanical Actuators The papers will focus on issues that help and Mechano-chemo-electrical Sensors”. The transitioning EAP to practical use thru better Session will be Chaired by Toribio Fernández understanding of the principles responsible for the Otero, Univ. Politécnica de Cartagena (Spain); and electro-mechanical behavior, improved materials, Qibing Pei, Univ. of California, Los Angeles analytical modeling, processing methods, (United States). characterization of the properties and performance The invited papers are going to be: as well as various applications. 8687-2 - Márcio D. Lima, The Univ. of Texas at At the EAPAD 2013, the Keynote Speaker is Dallas (United States); Na Li, The Univ. of going to be Larry Howell, Brigham Young Texas at Dallas (United States) and Nankai University (Figure 4), and he will review the Univ. (China); Mônica J. Andrade, Shaoli Fang, subject of Compliant Mechanisms. Jiyoung Oh, The Univ. of Texas at Dallas
(United States); Geoffrey M. Spinks, Univ. of Wollongong (Australia); Mikhail E. Kozlov, Carter S. Haines, Dongseok Suh, The Univ. of Texas at Dallas (United States); Javad Foroughi, Univ. of Wollongong (Australia); Seon-Jeong Kim, Hanyang Univ. (Korea, Republic of); Yongsheng Chen, Nankai Univ. (China); Taylor Ware, The Univ. of Texas at Dallas (United States); Min Kyoon Shin, Hanyang Univ. (Korea, Republic of); Leonardo D. Machado, Figure 4: Larry L Howell, BYU, is the Keynote Univ. Estadual de Campinas (Brazil); Alexandre speaker at the EAPAD 2013. F. Fonseca, Univ. Estadual de São Paulo (Brazil); John D. Madden, The Univ. of British Larry L Howell is a Professor and past chair of Columbia (Canada); Walter E. Voit, The Univ. the Department of Mechanical Engineering at of Texas at Dallas (United States); Douglas S. Brigham Young University (BYU), where he holds Galvão, Univ. Estadual de Campinas (Brazil); a University Professorship. Larry received his Ph.D. Ray H. Baughman, The Univ. of Texas at Dallas
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(United States), “High-performance electrolyte- Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. For further free torsional and tensile carbon nanotube information see http://spie.org/x12234.xml hybrid muscles” The EAP-in-Action Session will be held on Paper 8687-4 - Toribio Fernández Otero, Jose G. Monday, March 11, 2013. This Session provides a Martinez, Univ. Politécnica de Cartagena spotlight on EAP materials, their capability, and (Spain), “Reactive actuators and sensors their potential for smart structures. New materials integrated in one device: mimicking brain- and applications are continuing to emerge and this muscles feedback communication. is a great opportunity for the attendees to see state- Paper 8687-8 - Yonas T. Tadesse, The Univ. of of-the-art demonstrations of the unique capabilities Texas at Dallas, “Electroactive polymer and of EAP as possible actuators-of-choice. This shape-memory alloy actuators in biomimetics Session offers a forum for interaction between and humanoids”. developers and potential users as well as a "hands- 8687-27 - Herbert R. Shea, Ecole Polytechnique on" experience with this emerging technology. It Fédérale de Lausanne (Switzerland), “Fast, was during this session that he first Human/EAP- miniaturized, and manufacturable μm- to cm- Robot Armwrestling Contest was held in 2005. We scale dielectric elastomer actuators” are going to have 7 research and industry presenters 8687-46 - Kinji Asaka, Ken Mukai, Takushi from 4 countries demonstrating their latest EAP Sugino, National Institute of Advanced Industrial actuators and devices including the following: Science and Technology (Japan); Hyacinthe Japan Randriamahazaka, Univ. Paris 7 - Denis Diderot “Smart Push Button with (France); Toribio Fernández Otero, Univ. Shape Memory Gel” Politécnica de Cartagena (Spain), will be presented by “Electrochemistry of electromechanical actuators Hidemitsu Furukawa, Jin based on carbon nanotubes and ionic liquids” Gong, Soft and Wet Matter 8687-48 - Maurizio Biso, Alberto Ansaldo, Engineering Laboratory Davide Ricci, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (SWEL), Yamagata University (Italy), “Improving dry carbon nanotube (Japan) actuators by chemical modifications, material A smart push button is designed using shape hybridization, and proper engineering” memory gel as a contact disc. The push button has 8687-64 – Elisabeth Smela, Deepa Sritharan, the similar small size as a toy block, and its on/off Univ. of Maryland, College Park, “Stable switch can be smartly controlled by temperature. electroosmotically driven Nastic actuators” New Zealand On Sunday, March 10, 2013, a half-day course “Dielectric elastomer (DE) technology for self- is going to be given overviewing the field of EAP sensing, portable energy harvesting and product covering the state of the art, challenges and development” will be presented by Iain Anderson, potentials. The two groups of polymer materials Andrew Lo, Thomas McKay, Daniel Xu, will be described, namely those that involve ionic Biomimetics Laboratory, Auckland, New Zealand mechanisms (Ionic EAP), and field activated www.abi.auckland.ac.nz/biomimetics materials (Electronic EAP). The lead instructor is 1. 8 channel capacitive sensing unit Multi-degree- Yoseph Bar-Cohen, JPL, the topic of ionic EAP will of-freedom robots that be taught by Qibing Pei, professor of materials could one day mimic the science and engineering, University of California, octopus will require multi- Los Angeles (UCLA) and the topic of ionic EAP degree-of-freedom materials will be covered by John D. W. Madden sensing. A device will be who is an Assistant Professor of Electrical & demonstrated using the Computer Engineering at the University of British latest in-house developed sensing electronics to
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provide multi-degree-of-freedom sensing. This frequency. Applications range from soft robotics sensing unit can simultaneously capture the to tissue engineering. capacitance of 8 independent sensors. 2. A hand-held dielectric elastomer generator: Some new developments in artificial muscle portable energy harvesting will be demonstrated. 3. The four channel Artificial Muscle Control Unit USA (www.biomimeticslab.com). This stand-alone “ViviTouch Audio: Take the Power of Live portable lab instrument simplifies the generation Music Anywhere”, will be presented by Al and control of high Zarrabi (Senior Product Manager), and Art voltages for artificial Muir (Director of System Engineering and muscle research. It Business Development), ViviTouch, a Bayer features include 4 MaterialScience Brand in Sunnyvale, independent output California channels, computer control, battery operation, and safety features that make it suitable for bench-top use. 4. The Self-Sensing Unit Get real-time sensory feedback from your artificial muscles,
characterize new EAP This demo will showcase how ViviTouch materials and develop actuators are now applying EAP technology new products with the Biomimetics Lab’s Self- in a brand new way to the portable Sensing Unit (SSU)! (www.biomimeticslab.com) headphone category. 5. (5) High voltage surprise! Do you like “Electro-Active Polymer Based Variable high voltages? Come Stiffness Mechanism for Dynamic Robotic to EAP-in-action; you Locomotion” will be presented by Jason might see something Newton, Jonathan shocking! Clark, William S.
Oates, Florida A&M Switzerland University “High-speed silicone DEAs” will be presented (FAMU)/Florida by S. Rosset, L. Maffli, S. Akbari, J. Shintake, State University, S. Araromi, A. Poulin, and H. Shea, EPFL, College of Switzerland Engineering Dielectric elastomer actuators at the scales Small, light-weight EAP-based variable of µm- to cm will be presented. This capability stiffness mechanisms will be demonstrated became possible using silicone membranes and to alter the leg compliance of the high- silicone-carbon electrodes that operate at speeds speed, autonomous, hexapedal robot up to several kHz, limited by device resonance iSprawl. In addition to showing the effect of
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run-time alteration of the passive leg “Electrically, Chemically, and Photonically properties on the robot’s running Powered Torsional and Tensile Actuation of performance, the development of the Hybrid Carbon Nanotube Yarn Muscles”, membrane-based mechanism and some Science (2012) preliminary characterization results will be described. “Bistable electroactive polymers (BSEP) and refreshable Braille display devices”, will “Torsional and Tensile Carbon Nanotube be presented by Xiaofan Niu, Xinguo Yang, Hybrid Yarn Muscles” will be presented by Paul Brochu, Hristiyan Stoyanov, Sungryul Marcio Lima, Na Li, Monica Jung de Yun, Zhibin Yu, and Qibing Pei, Andrade, Carter S. Haines, Ray H. Department of Materials Science and Baughman, NanoTech Institute, University Engineering, University of California, Los of Texas at Dallas. Angeles Electrolyte-free carbon nanotube based artificial muscles have been designed to provide fast torsional and tensile actuation. As recently published in the journal Science [Lima et al, 2012], these muscles can A new bistable electroactive polymer spin a rotor at has been developed via a prestrain-free an average synthesis. The actuation stability has been 11,500 significantly improved. High-performance revolutions/min bistable electroactive polymer actuators and ute (20 times a refreshable Braille display device will be higher than demonstrated. previously demonstrated EuroEAP 2013 conference for an artificial Federico Carpi, Queen Mary University of London, muscle) and UK [email protected] provide up to 27.9 kW/kg of mechanical power density during muscle contraction (85 EuroEAP 2013, the 3rd international conference on times higher than for natural skeletal Electromechanically Active Polymer (EAP) muscle). More than a million cycles of transducers & artificial muscles will take place in tensile and torsional actuation have been Zurich, Switzerland, on June 25-26, 2013 performed without a significant loss of (www.euroeap.eu/conference). The conference will performance. These actuators can operate be chaired by Gabor Kovacs, from the EMPA, and from cryogenic temperatures to 2500°C. is being organized by the European Scientific Demonstrations include torsional rotors Network for Artificial Muscles (ESNAM) and contractile muscles exemplifying large (www.esnam.eu). The conference is open to stroke and high rate performance. Ref: M. participants from any country worldwide. Following D. Lima, N. Li, M. Jung de Andrade, S. the consolidated scheme adopted in the previous Fang, J. Oh, G. M. Spinks, M. E. Kozlov, C. Conference, each speaker will deliver a short oral S. Haines, D. Suh, J. Foroughi, S. J. Kim, Y. presentation followed by a poster presentation. Chen, T. Ware, M. K. Shin, L. D. Machado, The invited speakers in the EuroEAP 2013 are: A. F. Fonseca, J. D. W. Madden, W. E. Voit, Ilkwon Oh (Korea Advanced Institute of Science D. S. Galvão, R. H. Baughman, and Technology), Kwang Kim (University of
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Nevada, Las Vegas, USA), H. Okuzaki (University held on August 26-30, 2013, at Jeju Island, South of Yamanashi, Takeda, Japan), Richard Spontak Korea. This is a biannual conference that is held at (North Carolina State University, USA), Florian different countries all over the world. The island Habrard (Empa), Xiaofan Niu (UCLA, USA), Jeju is a UNESCO Heritage of Nature and one of Christoph Keplinger (Harvard University, USA) New 7 Wonders of Nature (http://www.n7w.com). and Adrian Koh (National University of Singapore, The aim of this congress is to offer high-level Singapore). lectures, extensive discussions and communications Detailed information, including abstract covering the state of the art on biomimetics, submission, will be made available soon at artificial muscles, and nano- & bio-materials www.euroeap.eu/conference. including potential applications to industrial, biomedical and robotic fields. This conference is a SMN 2013 Conference platform for a dialogue between researchers from From July 10 to 12, 2013, the 4th International different areas including chemistry, physics, Conference on Smart Materials and biology, medicine, engineering, robotics, etc. Nanotechnology in Engineering (SMN) is going to The Conference is chaired by Il-Kwon Oh, be held at Gold Coast, Australia. The conference is Korea Advanced Institute of Science and chaired by Jinsong Leng, Harbin Instituted of Technology (KAIST), Korea. Information about Technology, China; and Jayantha Epaarachchi, this conference is provided at University of Southern Queensland, Australia. The http://www.bamn2013.org. conference will focus on smart materials and structure, and nanotechnology for different ADVANCES IN EAP engineering applications ranging from nano- Aerospace Eng.-Propulsion, Independent structural and biosensor systems to large scale structures, including smart wind turbine technology Researcher and solar energy systems for space vehicles. The DEA Compressor: Finding Proper Electroactive conference is seeking to address the growing Polymer with Very High Response Speed interest in designing materials with multi- Babak Aryana
9 WW-EAP Newsletter, Vol. 14, No. 2, December 2012 (The 28th issue) engine. Reducing viscosity is a common way to Engineering C 30 (2010) pp. 42–49, doi: heighten response speed of DEA and then pre- http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2009.08.007 strained elastomer should be used. Here, I ask Cârlescu V., D. Olaru , G. Prisăcaru , Stelian Vlad, researchers who read this article to inform me about “Determining Stress-Strain Curve PDMS- response speeds of electroactive polymers that can potentially serve in such a device, if they have SIO2-TIO2 Electroactive Polymers”, dependable data available. Mechanical Testing and Diagnosis, ISSN 2247 – 9635, (II), Volume 2, (2012) pp. 54-61 Kofod G., “Dielectric elastomer actuators”, The Technical University of Denmark, Ph.D. thesis, September 2001. Michel S., X. Q. Zhang, M. Wissler, C. Lowe and G. Kovacs, "A comparison between silicone and acrylic elastomers as dielectric materials in electroactive polymer actuators", Wiley Interscience: 18 December 2009
Figure 5: Movement of the knot by switching off Canada, University of British Columbia the rings from cell tip towards its root schematically Ionic Actuators: they are all the same! ? depicted among the 15 rings, along with needful John D Madden [email protected] times for such a movement in three steps. As it can be seen this configuration needs very rapid response Ionic actuators include IPMC, conducting polymer, to switch on/off of electric field. and more recently carbon & carbon nanotube actuators. All involve ion motion, leading to Bar- Although [Kofod, 2001] has used pre-strained Cohen’s classification of these materials as a class silicone and has published very reliable and useful distinct from Electronic EAPs. Work on each type data about the testes, but there is no estimate of the of actuator has generally proceeded with little cross- strain response speed and frequencies in which over of findings between types. Perhaps silicon based actuators can service. unsurprisingly there are striking similarities Therefore, my research is currently focused on emerging. finding an electroactive polymer that not only is Recent work on carbon nanotube yarn actuators capable to very rapid response to electric field, but suggests that swelling induced by ion insertion is also can work by very high frequency. Comparison responsible for the strain and torsion observed. At between a design based on micro magnets and DEA the heart of the description of this actuation is a is also intended to verify the best choice. hypothesis that strain is directly proportional to the volume of ions inserted. This proposed mechanism References is one that is familiar to those studying conducting Aryana B., "DEA Compressor for Gas Turbine polymers, with the early work Baughman, Otero, Engines", WW-EAP Newsletter (NASA JPL Pei, De Rossi and Kaneto all indicating some form of strain to charge ratio (albeit with the magnitude lab) - Vol. 13, No. 1, June 2011 (The 25th of strain not always being exactly predicted by ion issue) pages 9-10: volume). Meanwhile, the work of Akle, Leo and http://ndeaa.jpl.nasa.gov/nasa- Kim appears to suggest a similar relationship nde/newsltr/WW-EAP_Newsletter13-1.pdf between numbers of ions inserted into IPMCs and Aryana B., "Implementing DEA to Create a Novel the resulting volume change. Type of Compressor", Materials Science and
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As in carbon nanotubes, and some conducting variation observed by this zeroing of applied force polymers, the IPMCs have a capacitive nature also, led to time variation of Young’s Modulus values, with their nanostructured nature enabling capture reaching a maximum before back-relaxation. and storage of charge. Carbon supercapacitor Average Young’s Modulus obtained was around materials, as studied at the University of Tartu 200 MPa with both methods. These two methods do among others, also appear to exhibit strain and not require a force sensor and thus allow a simpler volume changes that are directly proportional to the instrumentation. volume of ions inserted. In short, the ionic actuator Impedance analysis was carried out and an family may be even more closely related than was equivalent electromechanical circuit for the IPMC first thought. Evidence of this commonality is was proposed, where the electromechanical being collected for presentation at the upcoming coupling term was introduced into the capacitive SPIE EAPD meeting in San Diego. Comments and term coming from the Nafion/platinum interfaces. A discussion are welcome! longitudinal contractile actuator combining two IPMCs was designed. A prototype was constructed France - Pierre and Marie Curie U. (Figure 6) and modeled (Figure 7) by modifying (UPMC), Paris VI the nonlinear Euler-Bernoulli beam model Fabrication, Characterization and Modeling of augmented for eigencurvature. Electroactive Polymer based Smart Structures for a Biological-like Artificial Muscle - PhD thesis, Nov. 2012 Tolga Zengin [email protected]
The author is summarizing herein the PhD thesis that he completed under the advisory of F. Cohen Tenoudji and C. Deslouis, and defended in November 2012. The objective of this thesis was to realize and model an electroactive artificial muscle Figure 6: The prototype that was constructed. based upon IPMC. For the roughening of the membrane in a first step a plasma etching of Nafion membrane in a sputtering reactor was implemented and proved to be more efficient than roughening with methods of sandpapering or sandblasting with respect to electroless plating step. This allowed minimizing the fabrication time and amount of plating material while keeping the electrode resistivity as low as 1.8 Ohms/square and it was obtained in only one fabrication cycle. Surface Figure 7: The model of the above prototype homogeneity of plating and reproducibility were excellent. The author, Tolga Zengin, is currently seeking a Electromechanical characterization of this post-doctoral position. IPMC was carried out. The Young’s modulus parameters were measured by two methods. Georgia Institute of Technology Vibration modal frequency analysis of cantilever Biologically-inspired Robotic Vision gave a Young’s Modulus at the early stage of Jun Ueda and Joshua Schultz, [email protected] actuation. In the second method, counterloads were Engineers at Georgia Institute of Technology have initially placed at the IPMC tip and were dropped at developed a camera positioning mechanism by apply different instants of actuation. The deflection principles of neurophysiology to the control of
11 WW-EAP Newsletter, Vol. 14, No. 2, December 2012 (The 28th issue) autonomous systems. The principles of motion are A series of modulated impulses, inspired by action similar to that of human muscle. The camera (Figure potential generation, produces a smooth trajectory 8) is positioned by antagonistic pairs of piezoelectric without exciting oscillation [Schultz. and Ueda, cellular actuators to realize articulation inspired by 2012b]. By utilizing the developed platform, the human saccadic and smooth pursuit movements research team studies how to develop a rapid image- (head-fixed continuous eye motions). Biologically- stitching algorithm inspired by saccadic masking inspired saccadic movements enable quick scanning based on the self-sensing nature of piezoelectric the field of view and smooth pursuit enables tracking transducers, and how to develop nonlinear control- of a moving object in a closed-loop controlled theoretic methods to synthesize actuator activation manner. Each muscle-like actuator consists of a and de-activation patterns. The working range of the piezoelectric material and a nested hierarchical set of camera positioner is ±25 degrees and the target strain amplifying mechanisms [Schultz. and Ueda, positioning time is 50 ms (for a movement of 10 2012a]. Unlike traditional actuators, piezoelectric degrees) comparable to human saccades. Developed cellular actuators are governed by the working technologies could be used for (1) indoor robotic principles of muscles - namely, motion generated by navigation, (2) security monitoring, and (3) mobile discretely activating, or recruiting, sets of active camera stabilization. fibers, called motor units. References Schultz J. and J. Ueda, "A Camera Positioner Driven by Muscle-Like Actuation," IEEE International Conference on Biomedical Robotics and Biomechatronics, 2012a. Schultz J. and J. Ueda, "Experimental Verification of Discrete Switching Vibration Suppression," IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics, 2012b.
The articulation mechanism Japan, Shinshu University A Contraction Type PVC Gel Actuator for Brake Applications Minoru Hashimoto, [email protected]
In our previous work, we have investigated a contraction type EAP actuators using PVC gel [1]. Moreover, we proposed an application to negative actuated type brakes called polymer brakes [2]. The actuator Compared with electromagnetic brakes, polymer brakes are characterized by light weight, high efficiency and soft motion. The structure of our actuators is shown in Figure 9. The PVC gel was sandwiched between a layer of stainless mesh (Anode) and stainless foil (Cathode). When a DC field was applied, the PVC gel crept up into the mesh holes. When the field is removed, the actuator is contracted in the direction of thickness. Then, the PVC gel returns to its original state by its recovery stress. Furthermore, the contraction Figure 8: The camera positioning system, displacement and stress are increased by adding the
12 WW-EAP Newsletter, Vol. 14, No. 2, December 2012 (The 28th issue) layers of PVC gel (Figure 10). The overview of a brake. It is interesting to note that polymer brakes PVC gel actuator is shown in Figure 11. are very light-weight.
Figure 9: Cross section of the deformation
(a) (b) Figure 12: A prototype brake apparatus. (a) Schematic drawing, (b) Overview Figure 10: An illustrative diagram of multilayer actuators According to the above characteristics of the polymer brake, we believe it would work well as small motors. In future studies, for practical applications of this polymer brakes it would be necessary to increase the brake torque and reduce the applied DC voltage drastically. For further information see: http://fiber.shinshu-u.ac.jp/bio-robotics/index.html
References N. Ogawa, M. Hashimoto, M. Takasaki, and T. Hirai, “Characteristics Evaluation of PVC Gel
Figure 11: Overview of a PVC gel actuator Actuators”, Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots The operating principle of the polymer brake and and Systems, St. Louis, USA, October, pp.2898- a prototype brake apparatus are shown in Figure 2903, 2009. 11. The contraction of actuators generated the gap Shibagaki M., T. Matsuki and M. Hashimoto, between the brake pads and the load with a DC “Application of a Contraction Type PVC Gel voltage. Thus, the load is rotated by the motor Actuator to Brakes”, Proceedings of the 2010 without brake torque. On the other hand, PVC gel IEEE International Conference on Mechatronics actuator returns to primary shape and pushes up a and Automation, Xi'an, China, August, pp.39- brake pad to apply the brake without the voltage. 44, 2010. This kind of brakes is called negative actuated type brakes. The properties were measured through the Strategic Polymers, Inc. (SPS) brake apparatus and compared with those of a A New Class of Ultra-thin, Flexible EMP general electromagnetic brake (Figure 12). We Actuators found that the power consumption of the polymer Ausra Liaukeviciute [email protected] brake was much lower than the electromagnetic
13 WW-EAP Newsletter, Vol. 14, No. 2, December 2012 (The 28th issue)
A Strategic Polymer’s (SPS) proprietary electro- electrodes. mechanical polymer technology was developed to deliver haptic user experience and design thin mobile devices. The developed actuators were designed to be operated on next generation of mobile devices including notebooks, ultrabooks, smartphones and tablets. This is accomplished by producing ultra-thin, flexible keyboards and precise tactile feedback. The actuators are micro- deformable under digital control and generate Figure 13: The three main types of cabon-based localized high-definition vibration across a wide electrodes: a) Loose carbon powders consisting of range of frequencies with optimal response in both carbon black (or graphite) particles directly applied the haptic and auditory frequency ranges. In on the elastomer memberance; b) Carbon grease addition, they are customizable and easily bonded to consisting of carbon particles dispersed in voscous a variety of surfaces. oil; and c) Conductive rubber consiting of carbon At the International Consumer Electronics particles dispersed into a cross-linked elastomer. Show, which will be held in Las Vegas, January 8- Courtesy of Iain Anderson, Biomimetics 11, 2013, http://www.cesweb.org/ two new products Laboratory, the Auckland Bio-engineering Institute, based on this technology are going to be New Zealand. demonstrated including: Awake™ for keyboards and backtouch™ for smartphones. SPS is a San Francisco-based company focused on designing, and producing actuators. For more information contact Ausra Liaukeviciute: [email protected] or [email protected].
Switzerland, EPFL-LMTS Flexible and stretchable electrodes for dielectric elastomer actuators” Invited review in: Applied Physics A, 2012 DOI 10.1007/s00339-012-7402-8
Samuel Rosset and Herbert R. Shea,
Although located on the actuator’s surface, the electrodes of dielectric elastomer actuators are at the heart of the related devices performance - they must be conductive, yet they must be softer than the elastomer; they must sustain large deformations while remaining conductive, and must do so for millions of cycles. The electrodes are required for electrostatic actuation, but also enable resistive and capacitive sensing of the strain, leading to self- sensing actuators. The life of a compliant electrode Figure 14: (a) Main characteristics of the carbon- for DEAs is a hard one! Much progress has been based electrodes (b) Main characteristics of the made since the first hand-painted carbon grease metallic electrode.
14 WW-EAP Newsletter, Vol. 14, No. 2, December 2012 (The 28th issue)
This review compares the different technologies response to electrostatic excitation (resulting not used to make compliant electrodes for DEAs in only from Maxwell stress and electrostriction but terms of: impact on DEA device performance for instance related to local interaction of (speed, efficiency, and maximum strain), the homogenous charges accumulated on walls of each integration of self-sensing and self-switching, micro-pyramid). Ongoing research work is now miniaturization, manufacturability, and focused on obtaining much thinner micro-patterned compatibility with low-voltage operation. While elastomeric foils with good dielectric properties. graphite and carbon black have been the most widely used technique in research environments, alternative methods are emerging which combine compliance, conduction at over 100 % strain with better conductivity and/or ease of patternability, including microfabrication-based approaches for compliant metal thin-films, metal-polymer nano- composites, nanoparticle implantation, and reel-to- reel production of μm-scale patterned thin films on elastomers. Such electrodes are the key to miniaturization, low-voltage operation, and widespread commercialization of DEAs. a) Poland, Wroclaw University of Technology, Micro-patterned silicone rubber surface Pawel Zylka [email protected]
Dielectric electrostatic actuators (DEA) require dielectric material with high electrical breakdown strength and low stiffness for their effective operation. Silicone rubbers are promising materials as they also display low viscoelasticity. However, construction of DEA involves also depositing b) resistant, stretchable and mechanically not Figure 15: Micro-patterned silicone rubber: a) constraining electrodes on silicone which is not an tilted surface view, b) film cross-sectional view easy task. Mechanically resilient silicone rubber films with Acknowledgement hierarchical micro-nano-patterned surface (Figure The research work briefly presented herein was 15a) were manufactured using direct replica financially supported by the National Science method. Anisotropically wet etched silicon wafers Centre, grant no. N N510 679040. with nano-porous surface were used as templates with no extra release agent to produce double-side Buckled MWCNT compliant electrodes patterned foils approximately 200 µm thick (Figure Pawel Zylka [email protected] 15b). Such hierarchically rough silicone surface becomes a good carrier for stretchable electrodes All families of electroactive polymers (EAP) comparable to wrinkled metallic films. Micro- involve application of compliant, highly patterned DEA specimens may also be used to study conducting, and durable electrodes for their complex mechanical strains demonstrated in effective electric stimulation. Recently various
15 WW-EAP Newsletter, Vol. 14, No. 2, December 2012 (The 28th issue) forms of carbon nanotube coatings have been Acknowledgement proposed and utilized for such purpose as they The research work briefly presented herein was exhibit favorable electrical properties and much financially supported by the National Science weaker effect of quick wear and detrimental Centre, grant no. N510 679040. coalescence observed in other dust-type electrodes. University of Nevada, Las Vegas Fibrous IPMCs Kwang Kim [email protected]
Kwang Kim’s group at University of Nevada, Las Vegas (www.kwangjinkim.org) is currently developing “fibrous IPMCs” for various new applications. These shapes include IPMC fibers (Figure 17); undulating rod-shaped IPMC (Figure 18); and a tube-shaped IPMC with an inserted optical fiber (Figure 19). These new shapes of IPMCs can be useful for next generation of probing Figure 16: SEM image of MWCNT-covered tools. micro-buckled silicone rubber
A novel multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) complex-shape surface covering has been developed. In order to fabricate such multifaceted surface structure MWCNT powder is physically deposited on silicone rubber resulting in micro-buckling of its surface, shown in Figure 16. Mushroom-like buckles (approx. 30-80 µm in Figure 17: IPMC Fiber with 89 micron diameter diameter) have silicone rubber core and are strongly attached to the silicone substrate. MWCNT tubes, which are firmly embedded in silicone rubber matrix, randomly spread over the whole surface of the specimen and form durable, compliant and electrically conducting mesh layer, characterized by low initial surface resistivity (4-10 kΩ, dependent on sample quality). Introductory tests have shown that 100 % longitudinal stretching of such complex- shape structure produces only twofold change in Figure 18: Undulating rod-shaped IPMC surface resistivity as it involves mostly tensioning of buckle pedestals. Repeated deformations also weakly affect conductivity of the covering. Such appealing features create possibility of using those structures as elastic electrodes for high-voltage- excited dielectric actuators (DEA). Ongoing research work is now focused on obtaining MWCNT electroded micro-buckled thin elastomeric foils for testing as DEA. Figure 19: A tube-shaped IPMC with an inserted optical fiber
16 WW-EAP Newsletter, Vol. 14, No. 2, December 2012 (The 28th issue)
SMART MATERIALS BOOKS Bioinspiration & Biomimetics Journal AND JOURNALS Bioinspiration & Biomimetics (BB) is published by IOP Architecture Follows Nature (book) Publishing. BB publishes Biomimetic Principles for Innovative Design research which applies Book principles abstracted from Authored by Ilaria Mazzoleni www.imstudio.us natural systems to engineering [email protected] in collaboration with Shauna and technological design and Price applications; and where http://www.crcpress.com/search/results.jsf?_kw=ilaria+ biomimetic systems are built mazzoleni&category=+All+Subjects&x=10&y=10 to learn more about the th original animal or plant model. Now in its 7 year This edited book will be BB has an impact factor of 1.95 and is the leading published by CRC Press on journal in biomimetics. By impact factor, BB is March 1, 2013 as part of ranked 6th out of all journals in robotics and 7th out the latest book Series on of all journals in multidisciplinary engineering. Biomimetics for which Y. Areas covered include; aerospace, novel materials, Bar‐Cohen is the editor artificial muscles, robotics and many more. You can http://www.crcpress.com/b find further information about the journal and rowse/series/?series_id=27 submit papers at: http://iopscience.iop.org/bb. 19 This new book Contact the journal team at: [email protected]. emphasizes the application of properties of animal UPCOMING EVENTS skins to inspire architectural envelopes. Biology Date Conference/Symposium influences design projects in many ways - using the March 15th EAPAD Conf., SPIE’s Smart animal kingdom as a source of inspiration, Ilaria 10 -14, Structures & Materials and NDE Mazzoleni seeks to instill a shift in thinking about 2013 Symposia, San Diego, CA., For the application of biological principles to design information contact: Annie Gerstl and architecture. She focuses on the analysis of how [email protected], Website: organisms have adapted to different environments http://www.spie.org//eap and translates the learned principles into the built June Transducers 2013/Eurosensor XXVII environment. To illustrate the methodology, 16-20, Conference, Barcelona, SPAIN. Mazzoleni, in collaboration with biologist Shauna 2013 Conference General Chair: J.R. Price, draws inspiration from the diversity of animal Morante - University of Barcelona coverings, referred to broadly as skin, and applies and Catalonia Institute for Energy them to the design of building envelopes through a Research (IREC). For information series of twelve case studies. contact abstracts@transducers- Skin is a complex organ that performs a 2013.org or see multitude of functions; namely, it serves as a link http://pmmi.gravitymail.com/optout.p between the body and the environment. Similarly, hp?id=21914C23edcc8f7e9380a736f building envelopes act as interfaces between their bc729e8e7500a inhabitants and external elements. The resulting June 25- EuroEAP 2013 will be held in Zurich, architectural designs illustrate an integrative 26, 2013 Switzerland, and chaired by Gabor methodology that allows architecture to follow Kovacs from EMPA. Detailed nature. information will be made available at www.euroeap.eu/conference. July 10 The 4th International Conference on
17 WW-EAP Newsletter, Vol. 14, No. 2, December 2012 (The 28th issue)
to 12, Smart Materials and Books and Proceedings: 2013 Nanotechnology in Engineering http://ndeaa.jpl.nasa.gov/nasa-nde/yosi/yosi- (SMN) will be held at Gold Coast, books.htm Australia. The conference is chaired by Jinsong Leng, Harbin Instituted of Technology, China; and Jayantha 2nd Edition of the book on EAP A Epaarachchi, University of Y. Bar-Cohen (Editor) Southern Queensland, Australia. In March 2004, the 2nd edition Information is available at of the “Electroactive Polymer http://www.a- (EAP) Actuators as Artificial tech.hk/SMN%202013/index.html Muscles - Reality, Potential July 29 Living Machine 2013, The 2nd and Challenges” was to Aug. International Conference on published. This book includes 2, 2013 Biomimetic and Biohybrid Systems, description of the available Natural History Museum, London materials, analytical models, http://csnetwork.eu/livingmachines/ processing techniques, and conf2013 c/o Gill Ryder, characterization methods. This [email protected] book is intent to provide a reference about the August The 7th World Congress on subject, tutorial resource, list the challenges and 26-30, Biomimetics, Artificial Muscles and define a vision for the future direction of this field. 2013 Nano-Bio (BAMN2013) will be Observing the progress that was reported in this held at Jeju Island, South Korea. field is quite heartwarming, where major milestones Information about it is available at are continually being reported. http://www.n7w.com.
May IUTAM Symposium on Mechanics 12-15 of Soft Active Materials (code Biomimetics - Biologically Inspired 2014 GA12-13). Chair: Konstantin Technologies Volokh, Technion - Israel Institute Y. Bar-Cohen (Editor) of Technology. For further http://ndeaa.jpl.nasa.gov/nasa- information contact nde/yosi/yosi-books.htm [email protected] This book about Biomimetics review technologies that were EAP ARCHIVES inspired by nature and Information archives and links to various websites outlook for potential worldwide are available on the following (the web development in biomimetics addresses below need to be used with no blanks): in the future. This book is Webhub: http://eap.jpl.nasa.gov intended as a reference Newsletter: http://ndeaa.jpl.nasa.gov/nasa- comprehensive document, nde/lommas/eap/WW-EAP-Newsletter.html tutorial resource, and set Recipe: http://ndeaa.jpl.nasa.gov/nasa- challenges and vision for the future direction of this nde/lommas/eap/EAP-recipe.htm field. Leading experts (co)authored the 20 chapters EAP Companies: http://ndeaa.jpl.nasa.gov/nasa- of this book and the outline can be seen on nde/lommas/eap/EAP-material-n-products.htm http://ndeaa.jpl.nasa.gov/ndeaa- pub/Biomimetics/Biologically-Inspired-Technology.pdf Armwrestling Challenge: http://ndeaa.jpl.nasa.gov/nasa- nde/lommas/eap/EAP-armwrestling.htm
18 WW-EAP Newsletter, Vol. 14, No. 2, December 2012 (The 28th issue)
Biologically Inspired Intelligent Robots as a source for inspiration of Y. Bar-Cohen and C. Breazeal (Editors) innovation; Artificial Senses & The book that is entitled Organs; Bio-mimicry at the “Biologically-Inspired Cell-Materials Interface; Intelligent Robots,” covering Multiscale modeling of plant the topic of biomimetic cell wall architecture and tissue robots, was published by SPIE mechanics for biomimetic Press in May 2003. There is applications; Biomimetic already extensive heritage of composites; EAP actuators as making robots and toys that artificial muscles; Refreshable look and operate similar to Braille Displays Actuated by EAP; Biological human, animals and insects. Optics; Biomimicry of the Ultimate Optical Device: The emergence of artificial muscles is expected to Biologically Inspired Design: a tool for make such a possibility a closer engineering reality. interdisciplinary education Enhancing Innovation The topics that are involved with the development Through Biologically-Inspired Design; Self- of such biomimetic robots are multidisciplinary and reproducing machines and manufacturing processes; they are covered in this book. These topics include: Biomimetic products; Biomimetics for medical materials, actuators, sensors, structures, control, implants; Application of biomimetics in the design functionality, intelligence and autonomy. of medical devices; Affective Robotics: Human Motion and Behavioral Inspiration for Safe The Coming Robot Revolution - Expectations Cooperation between Humans and Humanoid and Fears about Emerging Intelligent, Assistive Robots; Humanlike robots - capabilities, Humanlike Machines potentials and challenges; Biomimetic swimmer Yoseph, Bar-Cohen and David Hanson (with inspired by the manta ray; Biomimetics and flying futuristic illustrations by Adi Marom), Springer, technology; The Biomimetic Process in Artistic ISBN: 978-0-387-85348-2, (February 2009) Creation; and Biomimetics - Reality, Challenges,
and Outlook. This book covers the emerging Further information is available at: humanlike robots. Generally, in http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781439834 the last few years, there have 763 been enormous advances in robot technology to which EAP can help greatly in making operate more lifelike. Increasingly, humanlike robots are developed for a wide variety of applications. These “smart” lifelike robots are designed to help with household chores, as office workers, to perform tasks in dangerous environments, and to assist in schools and hospitals. In other words, humanlike robots are coming and they may fundamentally change the way we live, even the way we view ourselves.
Biomimetics – Nature Inspired Innovation Yoseph Bar-Cohen (Editor)
This book contains 20 chapters covering various aspects of the field of biomimetics including Nature
19 WW-EAP Newsletter, Vol. 14, No. 2, December 2012 (The 28th issue)
Happy
New Year
WorldWide Electroactive Polymers (EAP) Newsletter EDITOR: Yoseph Bar-Cohen, http://ndeaa.jpl.nasa.gov/nasa-nde/yosi/yosi.htm
All communications should be addressed to: Yoseph Bar-Cohen, Ph.D., JPL, M.S. 67-119, 4800 Oak Grove Dr., Pasadena, CA 91109-8099 Phone: (818)-354-2610 or E-mail: [email protected] Web: http://ndeaa.jpl.nasa.gov
Copyright 2012. All rights reserved.
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