Nutritional Status, Feeding Practices and State
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Nutritional status, feeding practices and state of other related indicators at onset of a multi-model community nutrition intervention program in Mpigi District, Uganda. Nazarius Mbona Tumwesigye1, Florence Basiimwa Tushemerirwe2, Richard Kajjura2, Victoria Nabunya3, Ronald Andrew Naitala4, Cissie Namanda1 1. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Makerere University School of Public Health 2. Department of Community Health and Behavioural Sciences, Makerere University School of Public Health 3. World Vision Uganda 4. Global Research Consult Ltd Abstract Introduction: In Uganda, malnutrition level has persistently remained high among the under-fives and this has led NGOs like World Vision, Uganda into finding innovative ways for intervention. This paper presents an assessment of nutrition status and values of related indicators at onset of a community intervention program in four sub-counties of Mpigi district in Central Uganda. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study to provide baseline information for a nutrition intervention. The study units were index children aged 6-59 months from 818 households. Face to face interviews were conducted using semi-structured question- naires. Values of key indicators were computed and compared between designated control and intervention areas. Results: Stunting level was 32% while wasting was 3% and underweight at 10%. Most of the index children (78%) started breastfeeding within the first hour of birth. Nearly a third of the households visited had a kitchen garden and this did not differ by intervention status. Conclusion: Like at regional level, nutrition status and feeding practices in the study area were poor. The values of these indi- cators did not significantly change by designated intervention status. Much effort was needed to realize a difference in nutrition and feeding practices in designated intervention areas. Keywords: Local institution, nutrition, feeding practices, community participation, interventions, malnutrition, morbidity, con- trol, baseline, World Vision Uganda. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v16i4.3 Cite as: Tumwesigye NM, Tushemerirwe FB, Kajjura R, Nabunya V, Naitala RA, Namanda C. Nutritional status, feeding practices and state of other related indicators at onset of a multi-model community nutrition intervention program in Mpigi District, Uganda. Afri Health Sci 2016;16(4): 892-903. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v16i4.3 Introduction and background tive measures such as community lead interventions are Malnutrition is the leading cause of child morbidity and needed to counter emerging threats to child nutrition6. mortality in sub-Saharan Africa and it contributes a fifth Interventions that engage communities tend to be suc- of all disability adjusted life years lost Worldwide1. Ade- cessful7. quate nutrition of the under-fives is an issue that needs ur- gent action since it has long term effects on generations2. There is a dearth of information on nutrition interven- Adequate nutrition is a pre-requisite for human capital tion beyond the provision of food or nutritional supple- formation and economic development3. Several authors ments8. There are minimal resources available to fund have stressed a need for investing in interventions that innovative approaches to better nutrition but at the same can offer sustained nutritional gains over time4,5. Innova- time there are concerns that even the few resources are not channeled to interventions with the highest effective- ness9 and this is partly due to lack of evidence10. Corresponding author: Players in nutrition program implementation such as Nazarius Tumwesigye, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) have often Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, incorporated evaluation as part of their operational re- Makerere University School of Public Health search agenda and this is increasingly getting more com- Email address: [email protected] mon11. NGOs use operational research to find effective African Health Sciences Vol 16 Issue 4, December, 2016 892 and efficient situation-specific solutions12. The paper’s This decision was in line with the Country’s nutrition ac- objectives are to establish nutritional status of children tion plan 2011-2016 which suggested enhancing opera- aged 6-59 months, feeding practices and values of other tional research as a means to reducing malnutrition15. The related indicators in the four sub counties of Mpigi dis- plan highlights documentation of best practices for nutri- trict where WVU operates, compare the baseline values tion, research on positive indigenous dietary practices, es- between designated control and intervention areas and tablishing food composition, identification and conduct- compare the values between the study area and the cen- ing research relevant for scaling up food and nutrition tral 1 region where Mpigi lies. interventions. At the time of this baseline evaluation, some intervention Methods work had started in some of the sub-counties but it was Site largely preparatory because funding had not reached the The project area covers four out of seven sub-counties in implementing local institutions (LIs). Examples of work Mpigi District. The district lies in the Central region of that had started were village inception meetings, selection Uganda and its headquarters is 37km south West of the of village health teams, women groups and others in- capital city, Kampala. The 5-yearly Uganda Demographic volved in implementation. The evaluation team believes and Health surveys split the traditional geographical cen- none of the preparatory activities could change the nutri- tral region into central 1 and central 2 and Mpigi district tion status and feeding practices of children before this lies in Central1. All mention of a region in this paper re- baseline assessment. fers to central1 region. The District can be described as semi-urban because of its proximity to the capital city The intervention is a partnership between World Vision but also as semi-rural because its bordered to the North Uganda (WVU), four local institutions and an academic and West by rural districts. The four sub-counties where institution under a project called Strengthening Partner- the project operates are Buwama, Mpigi Town council, ships, Research and Innovations for improved Nutrition Muduuma and Nkozi and the number of households in (SPIN) project in a rural district in central Uganda and the sub-counties is 12406, 10567, 7616 and 10279 re- it was slated to take three years. The major role of the spectively16. authors of this paper in the partnership is to monitor and The selection of Mpigi district was informed by a study evaluate effectiveness of the interventions and they op- carried out in Nkozi area development program (ADP) erate under the academic institution in the partnership. under World Vision Uganda that showed 30% of the The results of this assessment were meant to guide im- children under 5 were chronically malnourished17. The plementation of the program. ADP lies in the district. This malnutrition prevalence falls within the critical range according to the World Vision In- In Uganda the prevalence of malnutrition is high among ternational’s (WVI) health triggers for action for stunting, the children aged 6-59 months where 33% are stunted, hence requiring urgent attention18. 5% wasted and 14% underweight13. It is estimated that Uganda loses 5.6% of its GDP as a result of malnutrition Design of the study 14. Malnutrition increases with age and it is higher among The assessment was designed as a cross-sectional study to males, those in rural areas, lower education of care givers provide baseline information for a two year non-random- and lower wealth status13. It is this poor nutrition situa- ized stepped-wedge field trial to evaluate the effectiveness tion that has led NGOs such as WVU into finding inno- of different models of nutrition intervention. The assess- vative ways that can make a difference in prevention and ment dwells largely on comparison between the designat- care for malnutrition. ed intervention and control areas at onset of the program implementation. In 2009, WVU made a strategic decision to shift from di- rect project implementation to partnerships with local in- The study units of the baseline survey included house- stitutions (LIs) to tap into the available local expertise in holds and children in the age range 6-59 months. The the various sectors of nutrition program implementation. households that could not be traced were substituted 893 African Health Sciences Vol 16 Issue 4, December, 2016 with the nearest households. Households that could not Variables be traced were mainly those who migrated to outside the Key outcome variables were nutritional status indicators, sub-counties. The data collection started on 12th January morbidity rates, adoption of nutrition, feeding practices and ended on 26th January 2015. and food security indicators. Nutrition indicators includ- ed scores for height for age, weight for age and weight The inclusion criteria for households in the study were for height and dietary diversity score. Food security in- being de-jury residents, having stayed in the study area dicators include having a kitchen garden. All these indi- for a period of not less than 6 months and having a child cators will be used in the assessment of the effect of the aged 6 to 59 months. Exclusion criterion was refusal to intervention at end of SPIN project implementation. The participate and any show of unwillingness to participate. indicators