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Bacterial Isolates and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Phenotypes of Equine Specimens Submitted to the Oklahoma Animal Disease and Diagnostic Laboratory 2005 – 2007

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Bacterial Isolates and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Phenotypes of Equine Specimens Submitted to the Oklahoma Animal Disease and Diagnostic Laboratory 2005 – 2007 BACTERIAL ISOLATES AND ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY PHENOTYPES OF EQUINE SPECIMENS SUBMITTED TO THE OKLAHOMA ANIMAL DISEASE AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY 2005 – 2007 By MARGARET M. BROSNAHAN Doctor of Veterinary Medicine Tufts University North Grafton, Massachusetts 2002 Bachelor of Arts in History Bates College Lewiston, Maine 1987 Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate College of the Oklahoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE July, 2008 BACTERIAL ISOLATES AND ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY PHENOTYPES OF EQUINE SPECIMENS SUBMITTED TO THE OKLAHOMA ANIMAL DISEASE AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY 2005 – 2007 Thesis Approved: Dr. Brenda C. Love Thesis Adviser Dr. Todd C. Holbrook Dr. G. Reed Holyoak Dr. A. Gordon Emslie Dean of the Graduate College ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to thank my thesis adviser Dr. Brenda Love for providing me with the opportunity and guidance to explore an area of science and medicine that proved to be fascinating beyond my expectations. Many thanks also to Dr. Todd Holbrook, my residency adviser and committee chair for mentorship not limited to this project, and to Dr. Reed Holyoak for his candid edits of this document and willingness to step into the role of committee member on short notice. Sincere thanks to my other equine medicine service colleagues Dr. Lyndi Gilliam and Dr. Heath Qualls for covering some of my clinical responsibilities and giving me time to complete the writing of this document. Thanks also to Merry Bryson and Laura Dye for assistance with the creation of the research data base used in this project, and many thanks to David Maxwell for technical assistance in the preparation of the final version of this document. Special thanks to all of our microbiologically challenged equine patients and the owners willing to seek diagnostics and treatment for them at the BVMTH. Without them, our clinical education and opportunity for scientific study would not exist. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................1 II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE....................................................................................5 Overview of Equine Microbioloy ............................................................................5 Escherichia coli .......................................................................................................6 Streptococcus species ...............................................................................................7 Salmonella species ...................................................................................................9 Staphylococcus aureus ...........................................................................................12 Pseudomonas aeruginosa ......................................................................................16 Klebsiella pneumoniae ...........................................................................................17 Staphylococcus xylosus and other Staphylococcus species ...................................18 Enterococcus species .............................................................................................19 Actinobacilus species .............................................................................................20 Rhodococcus equi ..................................................................................................21 Other Bacterial Infections of Horses ......................................................................22 Microbiology of Equine Pathogens by Body System ............................................23 Reproductive ..........................................................................................................23 Respiratory .............................................................................................................25 Gastrointestinal ......................................................................................................25 Blood Cultures .......................................................................................................25 Ocular .....................................................................................................................26 Intravenous Catheters .............................................................................................27 III. METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................28 iv Chapter Page IV. FINDINGS .............................................................................................................30 Overall Findings .....................................................................................................30 Findings by Organism ............................................................................................32 Escherichia coli .....................................................................................................32 Streptococcus equi zooepidemicus .........................................................................34 Salmonella..............................................................................................................37 Staphylococcus aureus ...........................................................................................41 Pseudomonas aeruginosa ......................................................................................44 Klebsiella pneumoniae ...........................................................................................45 ß-Streptococcus ......................................................................................................47 Streptococcus equi equi .........................................................................................48 Streptococcus dysgalactiae equisimilis ..................................................................49 Staphylococcus xylosus ..........................................................................................50 Staphylococcus species ..........................................................................................50 Enterococcus species .............................................................................................51 Actinobacillus equuli .............................................................................................52 Actinobacillus suis .................................................................................................53 Actinobacullus species ...........................................................................................54 Rhodococcus equi ..................................................................................................55 Findings by Body System ......................................................................................56 Reproductive Tract.................................................................................................56 Respiratory Tract ...................................................................................................59 Gastrointestinal Tract .............................................................................................61 Blood Cultures .......................................................................................................62 Intravenous Catheters .............................................................................................64 Ocular .....................................................................................................................66 Possible Hospital Acquired Bacterial Infections ...................................................67 Oxacillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus ...........................................................67 Enterococcus faecalis ............................................................................................68 Acinetobacter baumannii .......................................................................................69 Serratia marcescens ...............................................................................................70 Cumulative Antibiograms ......................................................................................70 V. CONCLUSION ......................................................................................................71 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................79 APPENDICES .............................................................................................................88 v LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1 Bacteriology Specimens by Location of Origin ....................................................30 2 Total Submissions by County ...............................................................................31 3 All E. coli Isolates by Specimen Source ...............................................................33 4 All Streptococcus equi zooepidemicus Isolates by Specimen Source ..................35 5 All Salmonella Isolates by Specimen Source .......................................................38 6 All Staphylococcus aureus Isolates by Specimen Source .....................................42 7 All Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolates by Specimen source .................................44 8 All Klebsiella pneumonia Isolates by Specimen Source ......................................46 9 All ß-Streptococcus Isolates by Specimen Source ................................................47 10
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