Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVIII (2007) 2402.pdf

TITAN’S PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL STRUCTURE: PREDICTIONS FOR A CAPTURE ORIGIN. A. J. R. Prentice, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia ([email protected])

Introduction: The Cassini-Huygens mission has mal evolution and structure of the PSC. A key feature been sending back a steady stream of new data about of the model is the inclusion of a large turbulent stress Titan for over 2 years. Perhaps the most surprising arising from supersonic convective motions [7,8]. For discovery made by the Huygens probe was that the a non-rotating cloud, this stress is given by pturb = noble gases Ar, Kr, and Xe are almost totally absent β(r)ρGM(r)/r. Here ρ = ρ(r) is the local gas density, from Titan’s N2-CH4 atmosphere [1]. This means that M(r) is the mass interior to radius r and β = β(r) is the the clathrate hydrates of Ar, etc were not part of Titan’ turbulence parameter. The total pressure at each point

s chemical inventory. The Cassini radar mapping and is ptot = pturb + pgas, where pgas = ρℜT/μ is the usual gas imaging science experiments found that the surface of pressure, T is the temperature and μ is the mean mo- Titan has very few impact craters. This means that the lecular weight. surface of Titan – once probably heavily cratered – has The PSC is assumed to acquire quasi-hydrostatic undergone profound change since the time it formed. and thermodynamic equilibrium at equatorial radius Re

Here I report calculations for the bulk chemical = 12000RՎ and shed its first gas ring at the orbit of composition and internal structure of Titan in readiness Quaoar (9323RՎ). Initially all carbon at the photosur- for measurements from the 4 scheduled gravity fly- face is present as CO. A steady conversion of CO to pasts by Cassini to take place in 2006-2007. The calcu- both CH4 and graphite C(s) takes place through cata- lations are based on the idea that Titan is a captured lytic synthesis on the surfaces of small Fe-Ni grains moon of Saturn [2,3]. That is, it is proposed that Titan deep within the atmosphere. Adopting a synthesis tem- initially condensed as a secondary planetary embryo perature Tcat = 462.5 K and mean grain radius agr = 5 × within the gas ring that was shed by the protosolar 10-5 cm ensures that the condensate density at the orbit cloud (hereafter PSC) at Saturn’s orbit. Gas ring of Quaoar matches that of Phoebe (1.63 g/cm3) and sheding is a central feature of the modern Laplacian that all C(s) production ceases at orbital radius theory of solar system origin [4,5]. It is the means by ∼830RՎ. This is midway between the orbits of Jupiter which the PSC (and also the proto-planetary envelopes and the main belt asteroids. It is assumed that rapid of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune) disposed of interconversion of CO to CO2 takes place down to Tcat excess spin angular momentum during gravitational – 50 K. The diagram below shows the computed dis- contraction from beyond the orbit of Quaoar to present tribution of carbon number fraction against present solar size. orbital distance. The Modern Laplacian Theory: The mean orbital radii Rn and masses mn (n = 0,1,2,..) of the rings satisfy 2 the equations Rn /Rn+1 = (1+ mn+1/M n+1 fn+1) . Here M n , fn denote the residual mass and moment-of inertia factor of the cloud after shedding the nth ring. If the cloud contracts uniformly, so that fn and mn /M n

stay constant, then Rn /Rn+1 is also constant. We apply the above equations to the family of gas rings cast off by the proto-Saturnian cloud and choose fn = 0.01, Mn M × 29 R R § Sat = 5.685 10 g and ¢ n / n+1² = 1.30, which is the observed mean distance ratio from Mimas to 26 Rhea. We obtain mn § 8.0 ×10 g. Next applying pro- tosolar element abundances [6], the maximum mass of rock , H2O ice, NH3 ice) that can condense in any gas 24 ring is mcond § 0.0118mn = 9.4 ×10 g [7]. The mass The Gas Ring Condensation Model: Because of T MTi of Titan exceeds mcond by a factor of ∼14. We de- the homologous contraction, the temperature n and duce that Titan cannot be a native moon of Saturn. mean orbit pressure pn of each gas ring (n = 0,1,2,..) In order to predict the bulk chemical compostion of vary with mean orbital distance Rn according as Tn ~ 0.9 3.9 Titan, it is necessary to construct a model for the ther- 1/ Rn and pn ~ 1/ Rn . The constants of proportional- ity depend on the controlling parameters of the PSC. Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVIII (2007) 2402.pdf

These are chosen so that (i) the mean orbital spacings Titan Structural Models: A suite of thermally of the gas rings from Jupiter to Mercury matches the evolved structural models of Titan has been con- observed planetary spacings, and (ii) that the conden- structed for the predicted compositional mix, ignoring

sate bulk density ρcond at Mercury’s orbit results in a the new material acquired during capture. The mean planet of Mercury’s physical size whose mean density radius and density of Titan are taken to be RTi = 2575 3 3 equals the observed value, namely 5.43 ± 0.01 g/cm km and ρTi =1.881 g/cm . A chemically uniform model [9]. In the diagram below, the heavy yellow locus has mean density ¢ρ² = 2.098 g/cm3 and axial moment shows a plot of the gas ring temperature versus orbital of inertia factor C/MR2 = 0.384. This model is clearly distance at the times of detachment of the rings. Also too dense. A 2-zone model possessing a rock-graphite plotted are the condensation temperatures of the prin- core of mean temperature 600 K has ¢ρ² = 1.939 3 2 cipal chemical species. These are computed for the g/cm and C/MR = 0.316. If the H2O ice mass is en- pressure on the mean orbit of the local gas ring. hanced by a factor EH2O = 1.137, we obtain ¢ρ² = 1.881 At Saturn’s orbit, where Titan condensed, the gas g/cm3 and C/MR2 = 0.317. Lastly, a 3-zone differenti- ring temperature is Tn = 94 K and the mean orbit pres- ated model was constructed by allowing the FeS-Ni- sure is 4.9 × 10-7 Bar. The condensate consists of rock NiS component of the rock (mass fraction 0.2128) to (mass fraction 0.4925), water ice (0.4739) and graphite form a solid core. Again choosing EH2O = 1.207, so 2 (0.0336). The rock is nearly anhydrous and consists that ¢ρ² = ρTi, we obtain C/MR = 0.311. mostly of MgSiO3–Mg2SiO4 (mass fraction 0.4336), Influence of a predicted mass anomaly: It is pre- SiO2 (0.0741), Fe3O4 (0.1768), FeS (0.1928), spinel dicted that Cassini may discover anomalies in the grav- (0.0320) and akermanite (0.0420). Its density at the ity field of Titan due to the material acquired during present-day black body temperature at Saturn (TSat = capture [3,10]. Titan will reorient itself so that any 76 K) is 3.668 g/cm3. The condensate mean density at mass excess is located in the equator and on the line ρ 3 is cond = 1.5226 g/cm . This is the predicted bulk joining the centres of Titan and Saturn [11]. Let manom chemical makeup of Titan. denote the mass excess and δ = manom/MTi. For Titan, Titan’s Capture from Solar Orbit: It is proposed the gravitational coefficients J2 and C22 are related to that Titan’s capture was achieved by collision with 2 the undisturbed coefficients J2,0 and C22,0 by the equa- former Rhea-sized native moons of Saturn that once tions J2 = J2,0 + ½δ, C22 = C22,0 + ¼δ. Hydrostatic ∼ R R existed at orbital radius 17 Sat ( Sat = 60268 km) and equilibrium yields C22,0 = 0.3 J2,0 [12]. The table be- ∼ R 24 Sat. [7]. Much of the material of those lost moons low gives predicted values of C22 and J2 for a range of is now buried in Titan’s upper icy mantle. Hyperion is δ values, derived for C/MR2 of the 2-zone Titan model. a surviving remnant. The lost moons consist of rock

(mass fraction 0.33), H2O ice (0.37), NH3 ice (0.24) 2 5 5 5 C/MR 10 C22,0 10 δ 10 C22 J2/C22 and clathrated CH4 ice (0.06). It is these buried ices which are the source of Titan’s present atmosphere. 0.317 0.831 0 0.831 3.33 The estimated total mass of NH3 is 0.008MTi. The rock associated with the lost moons is predicted to be the 0.317 0.831 1 1.08 3.02 source of anomalies in Titan’s gravity field [3,10]. 0.317 0.831 2 1.33 2.83

References: [1] Niemann H.B. et al. (2005) Sci, 438, 779–784. [2] Prentice A.J.R. (1984) Earth, Moon & Planets, 30, 209–228. [3] Prentice A.J.R. (2006) http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0602512. [4] Prentice A.J.R. (1978) Moon Planets, 19, 341–398. [5] Prentice A.J.R. (2001) Earth, Moon & Planets, 87, 11–55. [6] Lodders K. (2003) ApJ, 591, 1220. [7] Prentice A.J.R. (2006) Publ. Astron. Soc. Australia (PASA), 23, 1–11. [8] Prentice A.J.R. and Dyt C.P. (2003) MNRAS, 341, 644–656. [9] Anderson J.D. et al. (1987) Icarus, 71, 337–349. [10] Prentice A.J.R. (2006) Eos Trans AGU, 87(36), Jt. Assemb. Suppl., Abstract P41B-04. [11] Nimmo F. and Pappalardo R.T. (2006) Nat, 441, 614– 616. [12] Schubert G. et al. (1994) Icarus, 111, 433– 440. Titan's Physical and Chemical Structure: Predictions for a Capture Origin. Article. Mar 2007. Andrew Prentice. I report calculations for the bulk chemical composition and internal structure of Titan in readiness for measurements from the gravity flypasts by the Cassini spacecraft. The calculations are based on the idea that Titan is a captured moon of Saturn. View. Show abstract. Underlying physical and chemical processes of formation are common to many metallic and nonmetallic ore deposits. A good deal of data is lacking about the processes of ore formation, ranging from how metals are released from source rocks through transport to deposition and post- deposition alteration. Modeling of these processes has been limited by significant gaps in thermodynamic and kinetic data on ore and gangue (waste) minerals, wall-rock minerals, and alteration products. With the exception of proprietary data held by companies, detailed geologic maps and geochronological and petrogenetic data for interpreting geologic structures in and around mining districts and in frontier areas that might have significant mineral deposits are not available. Section 3 presents a framework for predicting heat transfer to embedded objects in pool res based on a foundation of verication and validation (V&V). Sections 4 9 review next generation modeling tools for achieving high delity transportation fuel pool re simulations within the V&V framework. Section 4 details how trans-portation fuels composed of complex mixtures can be represented by surrogate fuels that approximate the physical and chemical characteristics of the original fuel. Section 5 evaluates the capability of a chemical kinetic mechanism developed for such surrogate fuels to predict co... Since Titan is remarkable for its dense N2 atmosphere and evidence for extensive geologically recent resurfacing, determination of the internal structure is of importance in understanding the body’s evolution, and placing this in the context of the other large icy satellites’ internal structures. Many workers have published chemical and thermal evolu-tionary models for Titan (Reynolds and Cassen, 1979; Lupo and Lewis, 1979; Lupo, 1982; Zharkov et al., 1985; Schubert et al., 1986; Sohl et al., 1995; Grasset et al., 2000; Sohl et al., 2003; Tobie et al., 2005, 2006; Prentice, 2007; Fortes et al....