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READING STRATEGIES AND LITERARY ELEMENTS TRANSPARENCY 1

F OR USE WITH F OCUS L ESSON 1: FLASHBACK

A flashback is an interruption in the chronological of a literary work to relate events from an earlier time. Authors use flashbacks to give readers necessary background information or to create tension or contrast.

Name a story that you have read in which the author uses flashbacks. Identify the order the events are told to the reader and the order they actually occurred. Decide why the author may have chosen to use flashbacks and the effect they have on the story. Fill in the chart below.

Order events are written: Order events occurred:

Why were flashbacks used?

What effect does the use of flashbacks have on the story?

Course 3 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. READING STRATEGIES AND LITERARY ELEMENTS TRANSPARENCY 2

F OR USE WITH F OCUS L ESSON 2: POINT OF V IEW the narrator reveals the the narrator reveals the narrator is outside of story more subtle. I need to be convincing. know I’ll get picked for the part if I am. the story is told by one of characters, referred limited third-person point of view, is the relationship of the narrator, or storyteller, to the story. In a story to the story. or storyteller, of the narrator, is the relationship omniscient third-person point of view, first-person point of view, Answer: Sure I was nervous. It the first time had tried out for anything. I wanted to choose just the right lines. Most of other girls chose one but Ifainting scene or another, needed something Limited Third-Person Mita was nervous. She had never tried She took a long out for anything before. time to choose which lines audition. Most of the girls had chosen dramatic fainting scene, but the lines subtle. If she was she decided on were First-Person the director convincing, she was sure would choose her for the part. thoughts of only one , but refers to that character as “he” or “she.” In a story but refers thoughts of only one character, with an the thoughts of several characters. and reveals with Mita as narrator. Change the following passage to a first-person point of view, the passage? How does this change affect Point of view with to as “I.” In a story with and determine the point of view. Choose a selection you have read

Course 3 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. READING STRATEGIES AND LITERARY ELEMENTS TRANSPARENCY 3a

F OR USE WITH F OCUS L ESSON 3: , ,

The plot, or , of a story is the sequence of events. The plot often focuses around a and the resolution of the conflict.

Choose a story you have read. Summarize the main points of the plot. What was the conflict and how was it resolved? How does completing this chart help you to better understand and appreciate the story?

Plot

Conflict Resolution

Summarize the plot and identify the conflict for another story you have read.

Course 3 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. READING STRATEGIES AND LITERARY ELEMENTS TRANSPARENCY 3b

F OR USE WITH F OCUS L ESSON 3: PLOT, SETTING, THEME

The setting of a story is the time and place in which the events occur. Setting includes historical period, culture, geographic region, season, weather, and spaces, such as buildings, rooms, and landscapes. Setting not only places a story but adds to its , or atmosphere.

1. Describe the most important element of the setting of a story you have read.

2. How does the setting affect the atmosphere of the story?

Course 3 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. READING STRATEGIES AND LITERARY ELEMENTS TRANSPARENCY 3c

F OR USE WITH F OCUS L ESSON 3: PLOT, SETTING, THEME Theme of a story is its central message. A theme can be stated directly, or it can of a story is its central message. A theme can be stated directly, theme be implied by the actions or thoughts of a character, the in the story, or the the symbolism in story, be implied by the actions or thoughts of a character, lessons a character learns. Then fill in the following idea web with Choose a story or poem you have read. theme of the selection and clues that imply theme. The

Course 3 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. READING STRATEGIES AND LITERARY ELEMENTS TRANSPARENCY 4

F OR USE WITH F OCUS L ESSON 4:

Characterization is the way an author reveals information about characters through action, dialogue, and description. This is the main method a writer uses to develop the personality of a character. In direct characterization, a writer makes direct statements about a character’s personality. In indirect characterization, a writer reveals a character’s personality through the character’s words and actions and through what other characters think and say about the character.

Find two examples of direct characterization and two examples of indirect characterization in selections you have read. Direct characterization:

Indirect characterization:

Course 3 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. READING STRATEGIES AND LITERARY ELEMENTS TRANSPARENCY 5a

F OR USE WITH F OCUS L ESSON 5: FIGURATIVE L ANGUAGE : like or as, than, : She was quiet as a like or as, than, makes a comparison without using the words makes a comparison without using the words makes a comparison using the words makes a comparison using the words Possible answer: Simile—Sarah was as tired a marathon runner after a race; Metaphor—Sarah’s fatigue was an anchor around her neck. simile SimileMetaphor What is compared? What is compared? 2. 2. 1. 1. mouse. A Figures of speech help readers picture characters, the action, or setting of a story. picture of speech help readers Figures A He was a stone wall. Find two examples of similes and in literary works you them in the left column. Then tell what is compared. Write have read. Make up a simile and metaphor for the following expression: Sarah was extremely tired.

Course 3 Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. READING STRATEGIES AND LITERARY ELEMENTS TRANSPARENCY 5b

F OR USE WITH F OCUS L ESSON 5: FIGURATIVE L ANGUAGE

Personification is a in which a human quality is given to an animal, object, or idea. Authors use personification to create images or feelings or to emphasize ideas through association.

Choose a story or poem you have read that uses personification. Use the graphic below to analyze the author’s use of personification.

Personification Why was it used?

What was the author’s purpose for using personification?

Course 3 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. READING STRATEGIES AND LITERARY ELEMENTS TRANSPARENCY 6

F OR USE WITH F OCUS L ESSON 6: ALLUSION

An allusion is a reference to a character, place, or situation from another work of art or literature or from history. For example, the following sentence contains an allusion to Athena, the Greek Goddess of Wisdom: He sailed through the math test so easily that he was sure Athena had been guiding his pencil.

Use the graphic below to help you organize the allusions found in a selection you have read.

Allusions found in:

Recall another literary work you have read that contains allusions. To what did the work allude? How did the allusions help convey the message of the work?

Course 3 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. READING STRATEGIES AND LITERARY ELEMENTS TRANSPARENCY 7

F OR USE WITH F OCUS L ESSON 7: MOOD

The mood of a story is the emotional effect produced by the overall atmosphere of a work. The author creates a mood through choice of words and details that describe the setting, events, and objects. The author may add to the mood through word choice or particular sentence structures that imitate sounds or create certain feelings in the reader.

List some of the elements that produce the mood of a selection you have read. Element from the selection Mood it creates

Course 3 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. READING STRATEGIES AND LITERARY ELEMENTS TRANSPARENCY 8

F OR USE WITH F OCUS L ESSON 8:

Irony is the difference between the way things seem to be and the way they really are. In situational irony, the outcome of a situation is the opposite of what the reader expects.

Identify two examples of situational irony from a work you have read. Explain why the situations are ironic.

Irony Explanation 1.

2.

Course 3 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. READING STRATEGIES AND LITERARY ELEMENTS TRANSPARENCY 9

F OR USE WITH F OCUS L ESSON 9: STYLE

Some authors write in such a distinctive way that readers can guess who they are by reading a short paragraph. Style is the distinctive way in which a writer uses words, constructs sentences, and creates meaning.

Name an author you have read. List four characteristics of the author’s . Then give examples for each from a piece of the author’s writing.

Style characteristics Example

1.

2.

3.

4.

Name another author you have read. How would you characterize that author’s writing style?

Course 3 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. READING STRATEGIES AND LITERARY ELEMENTS TRANSPARENCY 10

F OR USE WITH F OCUS L ESSON 10: SYMBOLISM

Symbolism is the use of an object, person, place, event, or experience to stand for a quality or idea. For example, spring often symbolizes the start of something new.

Think of four examples of symbols from a selection you have read. Tell what each one might stand for.

Symbol Might stand for:

1.

2.

3.

4.

How do the symbols contribute to the overall meaning of the selection?

Course 3 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. READING STRATEGIES AND LITERARY ELEMENTS TRANSPARENCY 11

F OR USE WITH F OCUS L ESSON 11: MAKING I NFERENCES

Rather than state everything explicitly, authors often describe events with the intention that you will understand more than what is actually written. When you combine an author’s clues and details with your own knowledge to understand more than just the words on the paper, you are making inferences.

Choose a non- passage that you have read. Identify an inference you drew while reading it. What clues and details led you to draw that inference? Fill in the web below.

Inference:

Think of another non-fiction passage you have read. Create a web like this one for an inference you drew while reading it. Why didn’t the author directly state the information you inferred?

Course 3 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. READING STRATEGIES AND LITERARY ELEMENTS TRANSPARENCY 12

F OR USE WITH F OCUS L ESSON 12: DETERMINING A UTHOR’ S P URPOSE

The author’s purpose is his or her reason for writing the selection. The purpose might be to describe, inform, persuade, or entertain. An author may have more than one purpose.

Name a non-fiction passage you have read. Identify clues that help you to determine the author’s purpose or purposes. How does knowing the author’s purpose help you better evaluate the selection?

Author’s purpose:

Use this chart to help you evaluate another non-fiction passage you have read.

Course 3 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. READING STRATEGIES AND LITERARY ELEMENTS TRANSPARENCY 13

F OR USE WITH F OCUS L ESSON 13: GENERATING Q UESTIONS Who is the author? helps the reader help the reader understand and evaluate help the reader while reading can help you understand a selection better. can help you understand a selection better. while reading What information is contained in this text? Questions based on table of contents, index, and headings: 1. 2. Questions based on reading the first page: 1. 2. Generating questions A question such as determine if the text will meet his or her needs. Questions such as Why has the author taken this position? a selection. generate two Using the chart below, Choose a non-fiction book you have read. the questions by looking at the table of contents, index, and headings. Then read questions to help you evaluate the passage. first page and ask yourself two more What questions can you ask yourself Think of another non-fiction work you have read. the contents of work? that will help you better interpret

Course 3 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. READING STRATEGIES AND LITERARY ELEMENTS TRANSPARENCY 14

F OR USE WITH F OCUS L ESSON 14: DETERMINING M AIN I DEA If the main idea is not stated, what directly main idea do the supporting details point out? Sometimes an author will thesis statement. What important details support this sentence? of a passage is the central idea or concept that about. Main Idea: main idea Does one sentence tell the meaning of whole passage? Write it here: The The main idea is usually stated in the indirectly suggest the main idea through a variety of clues. suggest the main idea through indirectly Fill in the chart below to identify Choose a non-fiction passage you have read. main idea.

Course 3 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. READING STRATEGIES AND LITERARY ELEMENTS TRANSPARENCY 15

F OR USE WITH F OCUS L ESSON 15: IDENTIFYING A RGUMENT/COUNTER- ARGUMENT is an Counter-argument: counter-argument Argument: Reasoning: is a type of persuasive writing in which logic, reason, and emotional is a type of persuasive writing in which logic, reason, argument Emotional appeals: Facts: appeals are used to influence the reader’s ideas or actions. One way to support an used to influence the reader’s appeals are examples. A is to use personal or real-world argument An argument from an opposite viewpoint. An author will often address this viewpoint an opposite viewpoint. An author will often address from argument in the . Fill in the chart with writing you have read. Identify a piece of argumentative used by the author. emotional appeals and counter-argument facts, reasoning, help you evaluate the work? How does analyzing the argument

Course 3 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. READING STRATEGIES AND LITERARY ELEMENTS TRANSPARENCY 16

F OR USE WITH F OCUS L ESSON 16: EV ALUATING P ASSAGE F OR C REDIBILITY means looking at the source, evidence, and means looking at the source, Evidence: : Source: This passage is or not credible because: Evaluating a passage for credibility tone of the text to determine if information included is accurate and true. Readers biases, and purposes. credentials, evaluate the author’s They also evaluate the of and support for the facts. evidence in the text by examining source and evaluate its credibility. recently Select a non-fiction passage you have read

Course 3 Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.