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A Flashback Is an Interruption in the Chronological Narrative of a Literary Work to Relate Events from an Earlier Time

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A Flashback Is an Interruption in the Chronological Narrative of a Literary Work to Relate Events from an Earlier Time READING STRATEGIES AND LITERARY ELEMENTS TRANSPARENCY 1 F OR USE WITH F OCUS L ESSON 1: FLASHBACK A flashback is an interruption in the chronological narrative of a literary work to relate events from an earlier time. Authors use flashbacks to give readers necessary background information or to create tension or contrast. Name a story that you have read in which the author uses flashbacks. Identify the order the events are told to the reader and the order they actually occurred. Decide why the author may have chosen to use flashbacks and the effect they have on the story. Fill in the chart below. Order events are written: Order events occurred: Why were flashbacks used? What effect does the use of flashbacks have on the story? Course 3 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Answer: Sure I was nervous. It was the first time I more subtle. I need to be convincing. I know I’ll get had tried out for anything. I wanted to choose just picked for the part if I am. the right lines. Most of the other girls chose one fainting scene or another, but I needed something Course 3 Point of view is the relationship of the narrator, or storyteller, to the story. In a story with first-person point of view, the story is told by one of the characters, referred to as “I.” ELEMENTSTRANSPARENCY LITERARY In a story with a limited third-person point of view, the narrator reveals the F READING STRATEGIES AND READING STRATEGIES thoughts of only one character, but refers to that character as “he” or “she.” In a story OR USE WITH with an omniscient third-person point of view, the narrator is outside of the story and reveals the thoughts of several characters. Change the following passage to a first-person point of view, with Mita as narrator. F How does this change affect the passage? OCUS L ESSON Limited Third-Person First-Person Mita was nervous. She had never tried 2: P out for anything before. She took a long OINT OF time to choose which lines to audition. Copyright ©The McGraw-HillCompanies,Inc. Most of the girls had chosen the dramatic fainting scene, but the lines V IEW she decided on were subtle. If she was convincing, she was sure the director would choose her for the part. 2 2 Choose a selection you have read and determine the point of view. READING STRATEGIES AND LITERARY ELEMENTS TRANSPARENCY 3a F OR USE WITH F OCUS L ESSON 3: PLOT, SETTING, THEME The plot, or action, of a story is the sequence of events. The plot often focuses around a conflict and the resolution of the conflict. Choose a story you have read. Summarize the main points of the plot. What was the conflict and how was it resolved? How does completing this chart help you to better understand and appreciate the story? Plot Conflict Resolution Summarize the plot and identify the conflict for another story you have read. Course 3 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. READING STRATEGIES AND LITERARY ELEMENTS TRANSPARENCY 3b F OR USE WITH F OCUS L ESSON 3: PLOT, SETTING, THEME The setting of a story is the time and place in which the events occur. Setting includes historical period, culture, geographic region, season, weather, and spaces, such as buildings, rooms, and landscapes. Setting not only places a story but adds to its mood, or atmosphere. 1. Describe the most important element of the setting of a story you have read. 2. How does the setting affect the atmosphere of the story? Course 3 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. READING STRATEGIES AND LITERARY ELEMENTS TRANSPARENCY 3c F OR USE WITH F OCUS L ESSON 3: PLOT, SETTING, THEME Theme of a story is its central message. A theme can be stated directly, or it can of a story is its central message. A theme can be stated directly, theme be implied by the actions or thoughts of a character, the symbolism in the story, or the the symbolism in story, be implied by the actions or thoughts of a character, lessons a character learns. Then fill in the following idea web with Choose a story or poem you have read. theme of the selection and clues that imply theme. The Course 3 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. READING STRATEGIES AND LITERARY ELEMENTS TRANSPARENCY 4 F OR USE WITH F OCUS L ESSON 4: CHARACTERIZATION Characterization is the way an author reveals information about characters through action, dialogue, and description. This is the main method a writer uses to develop the personality of a character. In direct characterization, a writer makes direct statements about a character’s personality. In indirect characterization, a writer reveals a character’s personality through the character’s words and actions and through what other characters think and say about the character. Find two examples of direct characterization and two examples of indirect characterization in selections you have read. Direct characterization: Indirect characterization: Course 3 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Possible answer: Simile—Sarah was as tired as a marathon runner after a race; Metaphor—Sarah’s fatigue was an anchor around her neck. Course 3 Figures of speech help readers picture characters, the action, or the setting of a story. A simile makes a comparison using the words as, than, or like: She was quiet as a mouse. A metaphor makes a comparison without using the words as, than, or like: ELEMENTSTRANSPARENCY LITERARY He was a stone wall. F OR USE WITH Find two examples of similes and two examples of metaphors in literary works you AND READING STRATEGIES have read. Write them in the left column. Then tell what is compared. Simile What is compared? F OCUS 1. L ESSON 2. 5: F IGURATIVE Metaphor What is compared? Copyright ©byThe McGraw-HillCompanies,Inc. 1. L ANGUAGE 2. 5a 5a Make up a simile and a metaphor for the following expression: Sarah was extremely tired. READING STRATEGIES AND LITERARY ELEMENTS TRANSPARENCY 5b F OR USE WITH F OCUS L ESSON 5: FIGURATIVE L ANGUAGE Personification is a figure of speech in which a human quality is given to an animal, object, or idea. Authors use personification to create images or feelings or to emphasize ideas through association. Choose a story or poem you have read that uses personification. Use the graphic below to analyze the author’s use of personification. Personification Why was it used? What was the author’s purpose for using personification? Course 3 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. READING STRATEGIES AND LITERARY ELEMENTS TRANSPARENCY 6 F OR USE WITH F OCUS L ESSON 6: ALLUSION An allusion is a reference to a character, place, or situation from another work of art or literature or from history. For example, the following sentence contains an allusion to Athena, the Greek Goddess of Wisdom: He sailed through the math test so easily that he was sure Athena had been guiding his pencil. Use the graphic below to help you organize the allusions found in a selection you have read. Allusions found in: Recall another literary work you have read that contains allusions. To what did the work allude? How did the allusions help convey the message of the work? Course 3 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. READING STRATEGIES AND LITERARY ELEMENTS TRANSPARENCY 7 F OR USE WITH F OCUS L ESSON 7: MOOD The mood of a story is the emotional effect produced by the overall atmosphere of a work. The author creates a mood through choice of words and details that describe the setting, events, and objects. The author may add to the mood through word choice or particular sentence structures that imitate sounds or create certain feelings in the reader. List some of the elements that produce the mood of a selection you have read. Element from the selection Mood it creates Course 3 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. READING STRATEGIES AND LITERARY ELEMENTS TRANSPARENCY 8 F OR USE WITH F OCUS L ESSON 8: IRONY Irony is the difference between the way things seem to be and the way they really are. In situational irony, the outcome of a situation is the opposite of what the reader expects. Identify two examples of situational irony from a work you have read. Explain why the situations are ironic. Irony Explanation 1. 2. Course 3 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. READING STRATEGIES AND LITERARY ELEMENTS TRANSPARENCY 9 F OR USE WITH F OCUS L ESSON 9: STYLE Some authors write in such a distinctive way that readers can guess who they are by reading a short paragraph. Style is the distinctive way in which a writer uses words, constructs sentences, and creates meaning. Name an author you have read. List four characteristics of the author’s writing style. Then give examples for each from a piece of the author’s writing. Style characteristics Example 1. 2. 3. 4. Name another author you have read. How would you characterize that author’s writing style? Course 3 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. READING STRATEGIES AND LITERARY ELEMENTS TRANSPARENCY 10 F OR USE WITH F OCUS L ESSON 10: SYMBOLISM Symbolism is the use of an object, person, place, event, or experience to stand for a quality or idea. For example, spring often symbolizes the start of something new. Think of four examples of symbols from a selection you have read. Tell what each one might stand for. Symbol Might stand for: 1. 2. 3. 4. How do the symbols contribute to the overall meaning of the selection? Course 3 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
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