Analyzing Major Royalty Debates in Alberta's Oil Sands

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Analyzing Major Royalty Debates in Alberta's Oil Sands Analyzing Major Royalty Debates in Alberta’s Oil Sands: Corporate Power at Play in a Subnational Resource-Cursed Petrostate by Justine Salam A thesis presented to the University of Waterloo in fulfillment of the thesis requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Global Governance Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, 2021 © Justine Salam 2021 Examining Committee Membership The following served on the Examining Committee for this thesis. The decision of the Examining Committee is by majority vote. External Examiner Patrick McCurdy Associate Professor, University of Ottawa Supervisor Angela Carter Associate Professor, University of Waterloo Internal-external Member Sharon Kirkpatrick Associate Professor, University of Waterloo Other Member(s) Eric Helleiner Professor, University of Waterloo Heather Whiteside Associate Professor, University of Waterloo ii Author’s Declaration I hereby declare that I am the sole author of this thesis. This is a true copy of the thesis, including any required final revisions, as accepted by my examiners. I understand that my thesis may be made electronically available to the public. iii Abstract Canada has the third largest proven oil reserves in the world and these are predominantly located in the province of Alberta in the form of oil sands. Despite having large oil resources and the ability to profit substantially from oil royalties, Alberta levies lower royalties on oil corporations than other comparable jurisdictions. Even when oil prices were extraordinarily high in the post- 2000s, over the last decade, researchers argue Alberta was inefficient in maximizing revenues from the oil industry (Campbell, 2013; Shrivastava and Stefanick, 2015). This is a critical problem given that the natural resources sector, particularly the oil sands, is a primary stream of provincial government revenue. Focusing on ideational, interest-based, and institutional factors (the three “I”s) that influenced provincial policy under both successive Progressive Conservative (PC) (2007) and New Democratic Party (NDP) (2015) governments, this study examines the underlying reasons for Alberta’s unwillingness to raise royalties and profit accordingly from oil exploitation during the two landmark royalty review processes of 2007 and 2015-16. This study also uses resource curse and petrostate theories to illuminate collections of “I”s specific to oil contexts and Doris Fuchs’ corporate power framework to map the various ways the dominant interest-group, oil corporations, exerted influence on the royalty review process and ensuing policy. I find that oil sands royalty stasis in Alberta can be explained by constellations of intertwined institutional, interest-based, and ideational factors, both general and typical of oil contexts. iv Acknowledgments First, I am grateful for the support of my committee members. My supervisor, Dr. Angela Carter, guided and inspired me every step of the way with kindness and generosity. She made me believe in myself and in the value of this research. Committee members Dr. Eric Helleiner and Dr. Heather Whiteside challenged me to strengthen the work and helped me to do it by providing extensive feedback and guidance. I also valued the advice of Dr. Patrick McCurdy and Dr. Sharon Kirkpatrick during the defense. Thank you all for your commitment to my research. At the Balsillie School of International Affairs, I would like to thank Dr. John Ravenhill, Dr. Andrew Thompson, Tiffany Bradley, Joanne Weston, and Shelby Davis for their support, guidance, and encouragement. I am grateful for scholarships received from the BSIA to carry out my research and present at international conferences. I also owe thanks to colleagues across the University of Waterloo’s main campus. Dr. Nadine Fladd generously provided me with writing support throughout my degree. She accommodated all my requests when I was traveling the world, from the NATO Headquarters in Belgium to Indonesia. She was a steadfast coach, mentor, and now friend. Tanya Gillert and Lauren Broderick offered me critically important career and skill development guidance and they empowered me in my professional development journey. Dr. Angela Rooke hired me to participate in shaping the University of Waterloo’s first professional development credential. Her dedication to graduate students is far reaching. I was—and they are—lucky to have her! The GSPA team—Angela, Marta, Sarah, Tasha, Suzanne, Trevor, Julie, and Katie—welcomed me and encouraged me throughout the process and always with good humor, whether through dill flavored popcorn, coffee times, and king cakes. During my doctoral work, I was fortunate to work alongside a supportive cohort, with Clay Dasilva, Dr. Karolina Werner, Dr. Anastasia Ufimtseva, Dr. Masaya Llavaneras-Blanco, Dr. Maissaa Almustafa, and Dr. Skylar Brooks. I am also grateful for the friendship, company, and support of Dr. Amy Janzwood in powering through the last steps of the PhD. I am also greatly indebted to an incredible network of friends who provided me with comments on drafts of the work, Dr. Karolina Werner, Dr. Brent Epperson, and Sarah Howard. They lead busy lives, yet found the time to provide me with insightful feedback. From Nordic spas, to Chicopee ski hills, and the remote lakes of Algonquin, my incredible friends Khodayar, Renato, and Abhinav accompanied me on memorable adventures. Their constant support and encouragement drove me to the finish line. v I give special thanks to Lucas for his love and support. We led incredible—and unforgettable— expeditions from the depth of Tobermory shipwrecks, to the stillness of Algonquin lakes, and the rivers of southern Ontario. He set me up with the best work environment possible, and then, encouraged me to take on the world. I also give special thanks to Janice, my kindred spirit, for her care and perspective. She offered the space, environment, and delicious food I needed as I was writing the last few chapters. Scientist, builder, adventurer, survivor, and friend, from British Columbia to Ontario, Janice taught me to live in the present. Today is the prize! Special thanks also to Raffi for his encouragement and love throughout the final steps of the thesis. He made me look at it like a marathon, as I kept my eyes on the finish line. He stood, undisturbed, while I pulled the hours and he reminded me to listen to my inner light, to trust myself. His unwavering love and support filled my heart with dreams of today and tomorrow. Partout, tout le temps. Finally, my thanks go to my family. I thank my father, Salam Abdullah, for challenging me to enter the English-speaking academic world, even when I spoke no English; my mother, Marion Rey, for encouraging me and asking for regular updates on my work; my brother, Lancelot Salam, for never missing an opportunity to tease me and the PhD; and my sister, Kio Salam, for promising me travels as a reward for completing my work and for being by my side as I wrote the final pages. Being spread across four countries, three continents, and fourteen time zones can be challenging, especially during the pandemic. But I felt the presence and support of my family every step of the way. Alors cette thèse? FINIE! vi Table of Contents CHAPTER I Introduction: Situating Alberta’s Oil Sands Royalties .....................................1 1.1. Introduction .............................................................................................................................1 1.2. Problem and Research Question ...........................................................................................2 1.3. Literatures, Analytical Framework, and Argument Summary..........................................3 1.4. Methodology and Positionality ..............................................................................................6 1.4.1. Case Selection and Methods ...........................................................................................6 1.4.2. Positionality: Distant Yet Connected ...........................................................................10 1.5. Contributions.........................................................................................................................12 1.6. Thesis Structure ....................................................................................................................13 CHAPTER II Framing Institutions, Interests, and Ideas in Alberta with Oil Theories & Corporate Power ..........................................................................................................................15 2.1. Introduction ...........................................................................................................................15 2.2. The 3Is in Comparative Politics & International Political Economy...............................16 2.2.1. Institutions ....................................................................................................................17 2.2.2. Interests.........................................................................................................................18 2.2.3. Ideas ..............................................................................................................................19 2.2.4. 3Is Interactions .............................................................................................................20 2.3. Resource Curse & Petrostate Literatures ...........................................................................21 2.4. Global Governance and the Role of Corporations ............................................................23
Recommended publications
  • FEBRUARY 2012.Qxd
    BEYOND KYOTO AND KEYSTONE Robin V. Sears It's time for Canada's absolutists on energy, the economy and the environment to lay down their rhetorical arms. It’s time to find a path forward that works for all Canadians, argues Contributing Writer Robin Sears, in a look back at the journey from Kyoto to the Keystone XL pipeline and a preview of the issues that lie ahead. Il est temps pour nos absolutistes des questions énergétiques, économiques et environnementales de ranger leur arsenal rhétorique, tout comme il nous faut sans délai tracer une voie qui rassemblera tous les Canadiens, plaide notre collaborateur Robin Sears, qui refait le parcours de Kyoto au projet de pipeline Keystone XL et donne un aperçu des enjeux à venir. hen political rhetoric reduces complex policy even the most distinguished statesmen. This set of decisions to light switch choices, the outcome is issues, often grouped under the umbrella of culture wars, W usually poisonous or paralyzing. Good/bad has pushed politicians to govern as if the slogan were choices in government are always rare, and in times of fis- policy — or worse, to be paralyzed by fear of voter retri- cal austerity the choices are always more nuanced. There is bution into permanent inaction. Health care reform, the no good or bad choice in deciding whether to cut spending war on drugs and religious schools are on the Canadian on nurses, soldiers or highway maintenance. If partisanship list. Americans would add abortion, gun ownership, makes it painful to do the right thing, most governments immigration, taxes and constitutional fundamentalism.
    [Show full text]
  • Dirty Oil, Snake Oil: Categorical Illegitimacy of Alberta’S Oil Sands
    Dirty Oil, Snake Oil: Categorical Illegitimacy of Alberta’s Oil Sands Lianne Lefsrud School of Business, University of Alberta 2-24 Business Building Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R6 Tel: 780.951.3455 E-mail: [email protected] Heather Graves Department of English and Film Studies, University of Alberta 4-49 Humanities Centre Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E5 Tel: 780.492.6030 E-mail: [email protected] Nelson Phillips Tanaka Business School, Imperial College South Kensington Campus London SW7 2AZ Tel: 44 (0) 20 7594 1699 E-mail: [email protected] Paper submitted to Sub-theme 24: Organizations as Phenomena of Language Use Interconnecting Discourse and Communication 28th EGOS Colloquium 2012 - DESIGN!? July 5–7, 2012, Aalto University & Hanken School of Economics, Helsinki ABSTRACT Organizational research has focussed almost exclusively on legitimate categories of practices, strategies, and structures while neglecting the strategic creation and use of illegitimate categories. In order to begin to address this gap, we draw on social semiotics to explore how illegitimate categorizations are dialectical, embedded within symbolic systems of meaning and emotion, and used to affect organizations’ performance. More specifically, we analyse how the categorical illegitimacy of a controversial energy source – oil from Alberta’s oil sands – is visually constructed and inter-textually contested by organizations taking a discursive stake in this field. In doing so, we offer an approach for bridging field-level “organization as communication” (Boje, Oswick & Ford, 2004) and organizational-level “communication as constitutive of organizations” (Ashcraft, Kuhn & Cooren, 2009) perspectives. KEYWORDS: social semiotics, (il)legitimacy, categorization, emotion, visual rhetoric, imagery Please note that this is super-preliminary research.
    [Show full text]
  • Oil Sands Royalty Rates Ranging from One to Nine Per Cent Pre-Payout and 25 to 40 Per Cent Post-Payout Depending on the Price of Oil
    October 25, 2007 Premier Stelmach delivers historic, new royalty regime for Alberta New Royalty Framework gives Albertans their fair share; supports sustainable, vigorous energy sector Calgary... Albertans will receive their fair share from the development of the province’s non-renewable energy resources under a new royalty regime that also supports a robust, sustainable energy sector. Premier Ed Stelmach outlined his government’s plan that will see Albertans benefit from increased royalties generated by an internationally competitive energy industry. “I made a commitment and I delivered. Future generations of Albertans will receive a fair share from the development of their resources. I offer stability and predictability to those in the oil and gas industry, and the time to adjust to royalty changes. And I can also assure investors that Alberta will remain an internationally competitive and stable place to do business,” said Premier Stelmach. Alberta’s New Royalty Framework fulfills Premier Stelmach’s commitment to establish a regime that meets the needs of Albertans today and in the future. The new framework is based on input received from the public, industry, international experts as well as the report of the Alberta Royalty Review Panel established earlier this year. Royalties are expected to increase by $1.4 billion in 2010, a 20-per-cent increase over currently projected revenues for that year. Actual revenues will depend on future prices and production levels in the province. Therefore, the Alberta government’s annual budget development process will not change. The new royalty regime includes the following components. New, simplified royalty formulas for conventional oil and natural gas that will operate on sliding scales that are determined by commodity prices and well productivity.
    [Show full text]
  • PUBLICATIONS SPP Research Paper
    PUBLICATIONS SPP Research Paper Volume 11:25 September 2018 WHY ALBERTA NEEDS A FISCAL CONSTITUTION F.L. (Ted) Morton SUMMARY Alberta will enter the third decade of the 21st century with an accumulated public debt of over $70 billion and the highest per capita deficit of any Canadian province. This is a far cry from 2005, when then-premier Ralph Klein announced that Alberta was “debt free”; made the first deposit of energy revenues in the Heritage Fund in 20 years; and enacted a balanced budget law (BBL) that was intended to prevent future governments from ever running deficits again. This statutory BBL lasted only as long as oil prices remained above $100/barrel. It was amended in 2009 to allow “temporary deficits”. Since then, four premiers from two parties chose to run large budget deficits to fund large spending increases to win their next elections. Alberta’s experience proves that statutory rules are not sufficient to protect a positive fiscal legacy. Alberta’s balanced budget law, flat tax rates and protections of the Heritage Fund were all removed by simple majority votes in the Alberta legislature. Any meaningful re-instatement of these policies will require that they be put beyond the reach of future governments of whatever party – that is, that they be constitutionally entrenched. The next Alberta government could address this problem by adapting a form of the BBLs found in most state constitutions in the United States. Under Sections 43 of the Constitution Act, 1982, Alberta could proceed bilaterally by negotiating with the Federal government to “patriate” the Alberta Act from Ottawa to Alberta; and to include in this act a new super-majority amending formula such as a two-thirds approval vote in the Legislature and/or approval by way of referendum.
    [Show full text]
  • Canadian Boom, Environmental Bust: the Tar Sands of Alberta
    University of Hawai‘i at Hilo · Hawai‘i Community College HOHONU 2012 Vol. 10 production from this area is about 1.3 mb/d and is Canadian Boom, Environmental projected to reach 3 mb/d by 2018 (Timoney & Ronconi, Bust: The Tar Sands of Alberta 2010, p. 569; Schindler, 2010, p. 500). Christina Blakey, [email protected] To depths of up to 75m, strip mining takes Political Science 335, Fall 2011, UHH place. First the forest must be cut, muskeg drained and overburden removed to reveal the oil sands, and “Resources are not, they become.” then the ground is excavated (Ruby, 2010, p. 28). The – Erich Zimmermann clumps of tar sands are then brought by massive trucks to a crusher where it is combined with warm water, The high price of oil has made the tar sands (also chemicals and turbulence to release the bitumen which known as “oil sands”) of Alberta a viable, and profitable, is then separated from the tailings (Gray et al., 2009, p. source of petroleum for Canada. There is a consensus 32). At depths beyond 75m, steam-injection wells are that the days of “easy oil” are over; this, coupled with the drilled which heats the bitumen to 250 °C to lower the rising global demand for fossil fuels, has paved the way viscosity enough to pump the oil to the surface; the for Canada to capitalize on their resource – one that was heating process can take several days (Gray et al., p. once thought too costly to extract on a large scale. This 34-35).
    [Show full text]
  • “This Is Oil Country”: the Alberta Tar Sands and Jacques Ellul's Theory
    Spring 2015 75 “This is Oil Country”: The Alberta Tar Sands and Jacques Ellul’s Theory of Technology Nathan Kowalsky and Randolph Haluza-DeLay* The Alberta tar sands, and the proposed pipelines which would carry their bitumen to international markets, comprise one of the most visible environmental controversies of the early twenty-first century.Jacques Ellul’s theory of technology presents ostensibly physical phenomena, such as the tar sands, as social phenomena wherein all values are subsumed under the efficient mastery of nature. The effect of technological rationality is totalizing because technical means establish themselves as the exclusive facts of the matter, which creates a socio-political environment wherein ethical engagement is precluded. Analyzing the tar sands controversy through Ellul’s hermeneutic challenges environmental ethics to a more radical stance than the continuation of the technological worldview, and thus offers meaningful and hopeful alternatives to the status quo. I. INTRODUCTION From 30 August through 3 September 2011, 1,253 people were arrested in front of the White House in what was reported to be the “largest act of civil disobedience by environmentalists in decades.”1 They were protesting the Keystone XL pipeline which, if the State Department found it to be in the American national interest, would be approved to carry oil from the Alberta tar sands2 across the Canada/U.S. * Nathan Kowalsky, Philosophy, St. Joseph’s College, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2J5, Canada; email: [email protected]. Kowalsky’s research interests include environmental philosophy and ethics, philosophy of religion, philosophy of culture, and philosophy of technology.
    [Show full text]
  • 2006 Financial Summary
    annual report 2006 enerwe are Enerplus Resources Fund annual report 2006 annual page move.indd a1 3/2/07 9:00:38 PM plus 02 Selected Financial and Operating Highlights 05 President's Message 11 Our Strategy 20 Our Assets 28 Our Opportunity 31 Our Responsibility 37 Management’s Discussion and Analysis 67 Financial Statements 100 Supplementary Reserve and Other Information 118 Corporate Information annual page move.indd a2 3/8/07 2:13:59 PM strategy it’s the energy of enerplus Enerplus Resources Fund is Canada’s oldest and one of North America’s largest conventional oil and gas income funds. Established in 1986, we have grown our business from a $9 million initial public offering to a market capitalization of over $6 billion today. Since inception, we have provided investors the opportunity to participate in an income-generating investment within the energy industry that distributes cash monthly from the sale of our oil and natural gas production. We are committed to providing investors with a superior return on their investment and will continue to seek opportunities that create value and enhance the sustainability of our business over the long-term. Enerplus Resources Fund annual report1 2006 Enerplus Resources Fund annual report 2006 annual page move.indd 1 3/2/07 8:37:45 PM financial and operating highlights Cash flow from operations increased by 11% in 2006 despite Financial highlights modest weakness in commodity prices. For the years ended December 31, 2006 2005 Financial (000’s) Cash Flow from Operations (1) Net Income $ 544,782
    [Show full text]
  • Environmental Impact Assessment of Oil and Gas Industry in Niger Delta, Nigeria: a Critical Environmental and Legal Framework Assessment
    ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY IN NIGER DELTA, NIGERIA: A CRITICAL ENVIRONMENTAL AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK ASSESSMENT by Iheriohanma Valerian Ibeawuchi Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Applied Science at Dalhousie University Halifax, Nova Scotia August 2016 © Copyright by Iheriohanma Valerian Ibeawuchi, 2016 DEDICATION TO: My Parents: Jacinta Iheriohanma and in memoriam of my Dad My Family: Chima Iheriohanma, Chigozie Iheriohanma, Mimi Kaima Iheriohanma, Assumpta Ezetulu, Kelechi Onyegbule and Chioma Ekem ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................vii LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................... viii ABSTRACT……… ........................................................................................................ x LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS USED .................................................. xi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................ xiv CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION..................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 2. OBJECTIVES ........................................................................................... 4 CHAPTER 3. LITERATURE REVIEW .......................................................................... 5 3.1. History of Oil Production ..................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Energy Pipelines and New Right Politics in Ca
    Managing Dissent: Energy Pipelines and “New Right” Politics in Canada Kathleen Raso & Robert Joseph Neubauer Simon Fraser University AbstRAct This article explores the political controversy surrounding the proposed Northern Gateway bitumen pipeline by analyzing the modalities through which elite rationalities struc - ture public news discourse. First, through a news analysis, the authors identify the most com - mon pro-approval actors cited speaking in favour of the project. Next, they identify the most prominent pro-approval civil society sources and ascertain their level of embeddedness in conservative discourse coalitions. Finally, the authors identify the dominant framing tech - niques that disproportionately structure the public discourse around the Gateway project. The article ultimately argues that over-reliance on “official sources,” the prominence of in - dustry-backed civil society organizations, and the influence of hegemonic discourses on jour - nalistic practice all conspire to structure the public discourse on Northern Gateway in favour of elite preferences and rationalities. KeywoRds Corporate communication; Public relations; Agenda setting; Political commu - nication; Environmental journalism RÉsUMÉ Cet article explore la controverse politique entourant l’oléoduc de bitume proposé par Northern Gateway en analysant les modalités selon lesquelles les rationalités d’élites structurent le discours tenu dans les médias d’information. D’abord, au moyen de l’analyse de nouvelles, les auteurs identifient les acteurs appuyant l’oléoduc que les médias citent le plus souvent. Ensuite, ils identifient les sources de la société civile les plus en vue et évaluent leur degré d’appartenance à des coalitions conservatrices. Enfin, les auteurs identifient certaines techniques de cadrage qui jouent un rôle disproportionné dans la structuration du discours public à l’égard du projet Gateway.
    [Show full text]
  • Oil, Climate Change, and Complicity
    ENERGY WITHOUT CONSCIENCE This page intentionally left blank ENERGY WITHOUT CONSCIENCE Oil, Climate Change, and Complicity David McDermott Hughes Duke University Press Durham and London 2017 © 2017 Duke University Press All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America on acid- free paper ♾ Cover designed by Matthew Tauch Typeset in Arno Pro & Meta by Graphic Composition, Inc., Bogart, GA. Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data Names: Hughes, David McDermott, author. Title: Energy without conscience : oil, climate change, and complicity / David McDermott Hughes. Description: Durham : Duke University Press, 2017. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: lccn 2016035965 (print) | lccn 2016037765 (ebook) isbn 9780822363064 (hardcover : alk. paper) isbn 9780822362982 (pbk. : alk. paper) isbn 9780822373360 (e-book) Subjects: lcsh: Energy industries—Environmental aspects. | Energy industries—Moral and ethical aspects. | Slavery— Trinidad and Tobago—Trinidad—History. | Petroleum industry and trade—Colonies—Great Britain. | Petroleum industry and trade—Trinidad and Tobago—Trinidad. Classification: lcc hd9502.t72 h84 2017 (print) | lcc hd9502.t72 (ebook) | ddc 338.2/72820972983—dc23 lc record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016035965 Cover credit: Close-up of pitch at the world's largest natural pitch lake, Trinidad, 2007. Photo © Robert Harding. FOR JESSE AND SOPHIA This page intentionally left blank CONTENTS Acknowledgments ix Introduction 1 PART I. ENERGY WITH CONSCIENCE 1. Plantation Slaves, the First Fuel 29 2. How Oil Missed Its Utopian Moment 41 PART II. ORDINARY OIL 3. The Myth of Inevitability 65 4. Lakeside, or the Petro- pastoral Sensibility 95 5. Climate Change and the Victim Slot 120 Conclusion 141 Notes 153 References 165 Index 183 This page intentionally left blank ACKNOWLEDGMENTS As a scholar of southern Africa, I came to Trinidad and Tobago rather un- prepared.
    [Show full text]
  • SURPLUS RECYCLING and the CANADIAN FEDERATION: Reassessing the Allocation of Money and Power
    INSTITUTE OF INTERGOVERNMENTAL RELATIONS WORKING PAPER SURPLUS RECYCLING AND THE CANADIAN FEDERATION: Reassessing the Allocation of Money and Power by Thomas J Courchene* [email protected] Adjunct Professor School of Policy Studies and Senior Scholar, IRPP April 2013 Institute of Intergovernmental Relations School of Policy Studies, Queen’s University Working Paper 2013 - 03 2 I: INTRODUCTION1 In his 2011 book, The Global Minotaur: America, the True Origins of the Financial Crisis and the Future of the World Economy, Yanis Varoufakis makes a convincing case that effective surplus-recycling mechanisms (SRMs) are essential for maintaining the internal stability and resiliency of macro-economic systems. While his analysis both novel and insightful, it is nonetheless the case that the role of surplus-recycling mechanisms has long been centre-stage in ensuring international macroeconomic equilibrium. Arguably the most familiar SRM was the “rules of the game” under the gold standard or, more instructively, under the price- specie-flow mechanism. Countries running balance-of-payments surpluses will experience inflows of gold (specie) that in turn will increase domestic wages and prices thereby eroding their balance-of-payments surpluses by decreasing exports and increasing imports. Balance-of-payments-deficit countries will experience the opposite impacts, with the result that the system will re-equilibrate. However, if the balance-of-payments-surplus countries sterilize the gold or specie inflow, then the surplus-recycling mechanism is stymied and the burden of adjustment is shifted to the deficit countries in the form of austerity or exchange-rate depreciation, both of which significantly increase the political and economic adjustment costs, and undermine the principles of the system.
    [Show full text]
  • People Principles Progress
    PEOPLE PRINCIPLES PROGRESS PEOPLE PRINCIPLES PROGRESS THE ALBERTA COURT OF APPEAL’S FIRST CENTURY 1914 TO 2014 BY DAVID MITTELSTADT © 2014 David Mittelstadt We gratefully acknowledge the contributions of the following organizations to the publication of this book: Community Initiatives Program Community Spirit Program Alberta Historical Resources Foundation Ministry of Justice Court of Appeal of Alberta Legal Archives Society of Alberta Calgary Bar Association Published by The Legal Archives Society of Alberta 400, 1015 - 4th Street S.W. Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2R 1J4 LIBRARY AND ARCHIVES CANADA CATALOGUING IN PUBLICATION Mittelstadt, David, 1966-, author People principles progress : the Alberta Court of Appeal’s first century, 1914-2014 / David Mittelstadt. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-9681939-5-2 (bound) 1. Alberta. Court of Appeal--History. I. Legal Archives Society of Alberta, issuing body II. Title. KEA535.2.M53 2014 347.7123’0309 C2013-907821-5 KF8764.ZA3M53 2014 Book design by Mieka West of Jump Consulting Inc. Portraits of current judges of Court of Appeal by Noel Zinger Index by Judy Dunlop Printed in Canada by AGMV Marquis Page vi, public entrance hall Edmonton Courthouse, 1912 Page vii, reception area, Calgary Court of Appeal, CA. 2010 Page viii, entrance to Calgary Court of Appeal, CA. Table of Contents xi Foreword xiii Acknowledgments xv Introduction CHAPTER 1 1 Antecedents CHAPTER 2 29 The Supreme Court of Alberta En Banc, 1907–1921 CHAPTER 3 85 Who Was the Real Chief Justice of Alberta? 1921–1923
    [Show full text]