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Universidad Nacional Mayor De San Marcos Universidad Del Perú Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos Universidad del Perú. Decana de América Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica Escuela Profesional de Farmacia y Bioquímica Actividad antioxidante y antimicrobiana in vitro de los extractos de Schkuhria pinnata y Baccharis latifolia TESIS Para optar el Título Profesional de Químico Farmacéutico AUTORES Aldo BENITO NAVARRO Fiorella DE LA CRUZ TITO ASESORES Mg. Julio Reynaldo RUIZ QUIROZ Dr. Américo Jorge CASTRO LUNA (Co-asesor) Lima, Perú 2019 Reconocimiento - No Comercial - Compartir Igual - Sin restricciones adicionales https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ Usted puede distribuir, remezclar, retocar, y crear a partir del documento original de modo no comercial, siempre y cuando se dé crédito al autor del documento y se licencien las nuevas creaciones bajo las mismas condiciones. No se permite aplicar términos legales o medidas tecnológicas que restrinjan legalmente a otros a hacer cualquier cosa que permita esta licencia. Referencia bibliográfica Benito, A. & De la Cruz, F. Actividad antioxidante y antimicrobiana in vitro de los extractos de Schkuhria pinnata y Baccharis latifolia [Tesis]. Lima: Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Escuela Profesional de Farmacia y Bioquímica; 2019. HOJA DE METADATOS COMPLEMENTARIOS Código Orcid del autor (dato opcional): - Código Orcid del asesor o asesores (dato obligatorio): Mg. Julio Reynaldo Ruiz Quiroz (asesor): 000-0003-4176-1618 Dr. Américo Jorge Castro Luna (co-asesor): 0000-0001-8012-967X DNI del autor: 70241737 Grupo de investigación: - Institución que financia parcial o totalmente la investigación: - Ubicación geográfica donde se desarrolló la investigación. Debe incluir localidades y coordenadas geográficas: Distrito de Ao, Huáuo: °’’’S °’’’O Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos y Laboratorio farmacéutico Pharadix Corp. S.A.C.: °’’’S °’’’O Año o rango de años que la investigación abarcó: 2018 HOJA DE METADATOS COMPLEMENTARIOS Código Orcid del autor (dato opcional): - Código Orcid del asesor o asesores (dato obligatorio): Mg. Julio Reynaldo Ruiz Quiroz (asesor): 000-0003-4176-1618 Dr. Américo Jorge Castro Luna (co-asesor): 0000-0001-8012-967X DNI del autor: 48040822 Grupo de investigación: - Institución que financia parcial o totalmente la investigación: - Ubicación geográfica donde se desarrolló la investigación. Debe incluir localidades y coordenadas geográficas: Distrito de Ao, Huáuo: °’’’S °’’’O Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos y Laboratorio farmacéutico Pharadix Corp. S.A.C.: °’’’S °’’’O Año o rango de años que la investigación abarcó: 2018 DEDICATORIA: Fiorella de la Cruz Tito A Dios: Por brindarme la luz del camino correcto, guiarme en cada paso, protegerme de las adversidades y hacerme más fuerte. A mis padres Alejandro y Sonia: Por su gran amor, compañía y sacrificios a lo largo de estos años; por creer en mis sueños y su apoyo incondicional, les debo la vida entera. A mis hermanos Alejandro, Juan Carlos y Guisella: Por ser fuente de mi inspiración y aspirar a grandes metas, aun si lo creía imposible, gracias por creer en mí. Al amor de mi vida Alonso: Por tu apoyo y aliento cuando más lo he necesitado. DEDICATORIA: Aldo Benito Navarro A Dios Por iluminar mi camino y ayudarme a superar los diferentes obstáculos que se fueron presentando y a nunca rendirme. A mi familia Por ser mi soporte emocional y económico y estar siempre ahí para apoyarme durante mi crecimiento tanto personal como profesional. AGRADECIMIENTOS: Al Mg. Julio Ruiz por su apoyo, dedicación y amistad brindada, por compartir sus conocimientos y aconsejarnos en el camino de esta gran aventura. Al Dr. Américo Castro, gracias por el impulso en esta gran aventura dentro de la investigación. A todos los docentes de la facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica por las experiencias compartidas, enseñanzas, consejos, conocimientos brindados para impulsar el desarrollo de nuestra formación profesional. Finalmente agradecemos al Jurado Examinador por la revisión exhaustiva que han realizado al presente texto y por sus valiosos aportes en el mismo. ÍNDICE RESUMEN ABSTRACT I. INTRODUCCIÓN ....................................................................................................... 1 1.1. OBJETIVO GENERAL ........................................................................................ 2 1.2. OBJETIVOS ESPECÍFICOS ............................................................................... 2 1.3. HIPÓTESIS......................................................................................................... 2 II. GENERALIDADES .................................................................................................... 3 2.1. ANTECEDENTES ............................................................................................... 3 2.2. CARACTERÍSTICAS DE LA FAMILIA ASTERACEAE ........................................ 9 2.2.1. GÉNERO SCHKUHRIA .............................................................................. 10 2.2.2. GÉNERO BACCHARIS .............................................................................. 14 2.3. TERPENOS ...................................................................................................... 20 2.3.1. MONOTERPENOS..................................................................................... 22 2.3.2. SESQUITERPENOS .................................................................................. 24 2.3.3. TRITERPENOS Y ESTEROIDES ............................................................... 26 2.4. POLIFENOLES O FENOLES CARBOXILADOS ............................................... 28 2.4.1. ÁCIDOS FENÓLICOS SIMPLES ................................................................ 30 2.4.2. CUMARINAS .............................................................................................. 30 2.4.3. QUINONAS ................................................................................................ 31 2.4.4. FLAVONOIDES .......................................................................................... 32 2.5. ANTIOXIDANTES ............................................................................................. 35 2.5.1. CLASIFICACIÓN ........................................................................................ 36 2.5.2. ACTIVIDAD ANTIOXIDANTE Y ESTRÉS OXIDATIVO .............................. 36 2.6. ACTIVIDAD ANTIMICROBIANA ....................................................................... 38 III. PARTE EXPERIMENTAL ....................................................................................... 40 3.1. MATERIALES, EQUIPOS Y REACTIVOS ........................................................ 40 3.1.1. MATERIALES BIOLÓGICOS ..................................................................... 40 3.1.2. MATERIALES............................................................................................. 40 3.1.3. EQUIPOS ................................................................................................... 41 3.1.4. REACTIVOS .............................................................................................. 41 3.2. ENTIDADES DONDE SE DESARROLLÓ LA INVESTIGACIÓN ....................... 42 3.3. TIPO DE INVESTIGACIÓN ............................................................................... 43 3.4. FLUJOGRAMA DEL TRABAJO EXPERIMENTAL ............................................ 43 3.5. RECOLECCIÓN E IDENTIFICACIÓN DEL MATERIAL .................................... 43 3.6. PREPARACIÓN DE LOS EXTRACTOS ........................................................... 44 3.7. ANÁLISIS FISICOQUÍMICO ............................................................................. 44 3.8. ESTUDIO FARMACOGNÓSTICO .................................................................... 44 3.9. CUANTIFICACIÓN DE POLIFENOLES TOTALES POR EL MÉTODO DE FOLIN-CIOCALTEU ................................................................................................ 45 3.9.1. FUNDAMENTO .......................................................................................... 45 3.9.2. PROCEDIMIENTO ..................................................................................... 46 3.10. DETERMINACIÓN DE LA ACTIVIDAD ANTIOXIDANTE ................................ 47 3.10.1. MÉTODO 2,2-DIFENIL1-PICRILHIDRAZILO (DPPH) .............................. 47 3.10.2. MÉTODO 2,2-AZINO-BIS-(3-ETILBENZOTIAZOLIN-6-ÁCIDO SULFÓNICO (ABTS·+) ............................................................................................................... 50 3.11. MÉTODOS ESTADÍSTICOS PARA ANÁLISIS ............................................... 52 3.12. DETERMINACIÓN DE LA ACTIVIDAD ANTIMICROBIANA POR EL MÉTODO DE MICRODILUCIÓN COLORIMÉTRICA ............................................................... 52 3.12.1. FUNDAMENTO ........................................................................................ 52 3.12.2. MICROORGANISMOS DE ESTUDIO ...................................................... 53 3.12.3. PREPARACIÓN DEL INÓCULO .............................................................. 53 3.12.4. PREPARACIÓN DE LAS MUESTRAS ..................................................... 54 3.12.5. PREPARACIÓN DE LOS ESTÁNDARES ................................................ 55 3.12.6. SEMBRADO EN LAS MICROPLACAS ..................................................... 56 3.12.7. LECTURA DE RESULTADOS .................................................................. 57 3.12.8. INTERPRETACIÓN DE RESULTADOS.
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