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The Contribution of Alexandrian Physicians to Cardiology
Hellenic J Cardiol 2013; 54: 15-17 Historical Perspective The Contribution of Alexandrian Physicians to Cardiology 1 1 2 GEORGE ANDROUTSOS , MARIANNA KARAMANOU , CHRISTODOULOS STEFANADIS 1History of Medicine Department, 2First Cardiology Department, Hippokration Hospital, University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece Key words: lexandria was an important Greek and pharmacology; physicians knowing Alexandria, cultural and intellectual center theory enjoyed a reputation far surpassing Herophilus, and its famous library used to that of other practitioners.”2 Erasistratus, A cardiology, blood contain more than five hundred thousand This development could not have circulation. papyri. However, the medical school of reached its full extent without the medical Alexandria flourished as a result of the institutions founded in Alexandria by king progressive decline of Cos medical school. Ptolemy I Soter (367-282 BC). Medicine Its fame was founded on the ancient Egyp- left the medical families, in favor of state tians’ access to medical knowledge, and run institutions from which graduated a mainly the practice of human dissection. class of medical practitioners freed from Prohibited by Greeks, human dissec- the constraints of usual medical practice.2 tion was authorized in Alexandria during the first half of the third century BC. This The protagonists of the golden age of parenthesis to history was closed after the Manuscript received: Alexandrian medicine August 22, 2011; renewed influence of religion opposed the Accepted: handling of human corpses.1 However, the That medical revolution had four protago- April 2, 2012. period during which human dissection was nists: two teachers, Praxagoras of Cos and authorized remains one of the most defin- Chrysippus of Cnidus, and their pupils, Address: itive moments in the development of med- Herophilus of Chalcedon and Erasistra- Marianna Karamanou ical thinking. -
240 Book Reviews Two. Knowledge Learned from Europeans Was Also Added to This Dynamic Mix. Besides Working As Independent Healer
240 Book Reviews two. Knowledge learned from Europeans was also added to this dynamic mix. Besides working as independent healers on single or multiple plantation complexes, plantation hospitals were also staffed by knowledgeable slaves who carried out the instructions of the formal plantation doctors. Such healers sometimes shared their knowledge, for a price. What comes to light in the yaws narrative is the importance of appreciating the identity and natural distribution of the plants used for a cure. If the chosen plants were indigenous to the Caribbean and not naturalised in Africa, the cure cannot have travelled across the Atlantic directly. However searching for similar plants with similar medicinal properties could still incorporate aspects of African medical knowledge. Knowledge could also have been shared between Amerindians of the Greater Antilles and slaves, or between Amerindians and early colonisers before they were overwhelmed by disease, killed or exiled to the Lesser Antilles. Knowledge could have passed to Europeans and back to slaves again. Schiebinger’s emphasis on the materiality of the plant cure is the key here: a point reinforced by negative attitudes to the spiritual realm of Obeah healing. The materiality of slave bodies was also important, particularly the question of whether knowledge generated by tests on a passive black body could be applied elsewhere, including back in Europe on a white population. Schiebinger teases out the circumstances in which there was interchangeability across the races and genders and how this changes with time. She broadens the discussion of oppressed bodies and their use in the Caribbean to include the white soldiers and sailors who were stationed there. -
Literature on Ṭāʿūn/Plague Treatises* Mustakim Arıcı** Translated by Faruk Akyıldız***
Silent Sources of the History of Epidemics in the Islamic World: Literature on Ṭāʿūn/Plague Treatises* Mustakim Arıcı** Translated by Faruk Akyıldız*** Abstract From 1347 onwards, new literature emerged in the Islamic and Western worlds: the Ṭā‘ūn [Plague] Treatises. The literature in Islamdom was underpinned by three things: (i) Because the first epidemic was a phenomenon that had been experienced since the birth of Islam, ṭā‘ūn naturally occurred on the agenda of hadith sources, prophetic biography, and historical works. This agenda was reflected in the treatises as discussions around epidemics, particularly plague, as well as the fight against disease in general in a religious and jurisprudential framework. (ii) Works aimed at diagnosing the plague and dealing with various aspects of it tried to explain disease on the basis of Galenic-Avicennian medicine within the framework of miasma theory, thus deriving their basis from this medical paradigm. (iii) Finally, the encounter with such a brutal illness prompted a quest for all possible remedies, including the occultist culture. This background shaped the language and content of the treatises at different levels. This article first evaluates the modern studies on plague treatises written in the Islamic world. Then, it surveys the Islamic historical sources in order to pin down the meaning they assign to the concepts of wabā’ [epidemic disease] and ṭā‘ūn [plague]. Certain medical works that were the resources for medical doctrines and terminology for plague treatises are also evaluated with a focus on these two concepts. Thus, the aim of this survey is to understand the general conception of epidemic disease and plague in the Islamic world before the Black Death (1346-1353). -
Daf Ditty Eruvin 103- Papyrus As Bandage
Daf Ditty Eruvin 103: Papyrus, Bandaging, Despair The Soul has Bandaged moments The Soul has Bandaged moments - When too appalled to stir - She feels some ghastly Fright come up And stop to look at her - Salute her, with long fingers - Caress her freezing hair - Sip, Goblin, from the very lips The Lover - hovered - o'er - Unworthy, that a thought so mean Accost a Theme - so - fair - The soul has moments of escape - When bursting all the doors - She dances like a Bomb, abroad, And swings opon the Hours, As do the Bee - delirious borne - Long Dungeoned from his Rose - Touch Liberty - then know no more - But Noon, and Paradise The Soul's retaken moments - When, Felon led along, With shackles on the plumed feet, And staples, in the song, The Horror welcomes her, again, These, are not brayed of Tongue - EMILY DICKINSON 1 Her bandaged prison of depression or despair is truly a hell from which no words can escape, whether a call for help, a poem, or a prayer. 2 3 Rashi . שדקמ but not outside of the בש ת on שדקמה ב י ת may wrap a reed over his wound in the הכ ן A If he ימג יסמ - the ימג and, wound the heals פר ו הא תבשב ובש ת ה י א . ;explains, as the Gemara later says . אד ו ר י י את א י ס ו ר because it’s an , שדקמ in the סא ו ר is trying to draw out blood, it is even MISHNA: With regard to a priest who was injured on his finger on Shabbat, he may temporarily wrap it with a reed so that his wound is not visible while he is serving in the Temple. -
Galen's Reception in Byzantium: Symeon Seth and His Refutation Of
Galen’s Reception in Byzantium: Symeon Seth and his Refutation of Galenic Theories on Human Physiology Petros Bouras-Vallianatos with contributions by Sophia Xenophontos ALEN’S RECEPTION in the Byzantine period has not so far been the subject of a systematic study, and readers Gare limited to short studies usually covering a broad period.1 This article aims to shed light on criticism of Galen and its context in the Byzantine medical literature. I have chosen to focus on the interesting case of Symeon Seth’s refu- tation of Galenic theories on physiology, as it is the sole example of a treatise of this kind in the Byzantine period. First I shall give a brief background on the role of Galenic medical knowledge in Byzantium and its various modes of reception; this is followed by an overview of Symeon’s corpus and activity. The main part of the paper consists of a commentary on Symeon’s criticism of Galen’s theories. The study is accom- panied by the first critical edition of the text and an English translation, which I hope will stimulate further interest in Galen’s presence in Byzantine medical texts. Galen in Byzantine medical literature Galenic works were continuously copied and circulated 1 For the reception of Galen in Late Antiquity see the relevant section in Oswei Temkin, Galenism: Rise and Decline of a Medical Philosophy (Ithaca 1973) 51–94. Vivian Nutton, “Galen in Byzantium,” in Michael Grünbart et al. (eds.), Material Culture and Well-Being in Byzantium (Vienna 2007) 171–176, provides an overview of Galenic reception in the Byzantine period. -
Pliny's Poisoned Provinces
A DANGEROUS ART: GREEK PHYSICIANS AND MEDICAL RISK IN IMPERIAL ROME DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Molly Ayn Jones Lewis, B.A., M.A. ********* The Ohio State University May, 2009 Dissertation Committee: Duane W. Roller, Advisor Approved by Julia Nelson Hawkins __________________________________ Frank Coulson Advisor Greek and Latin Graduate Program Fritz Graf Copyright by Molly Ayn Jones Lewis 2009 ABSTRACT Recent scholarship of identity issues in Imperial Rome has focused on the complicated intersections of “Greek” and “Roman” identity, a perfect microcosm in which to examine the issue in the high-stakes world of medical practice where physicians from competing Greek-speaking traditions interacted with wealthy Roman patients. I argue that not only did Roman patients and politicians have a variety of methods at their disposal for neutralizing the perceived threat of foreign physicians, but that the foreign physicians also were given ways to mitigate the substantial dangers involved in treating the Roman elite. I approach the issue from three standpoints: the political rhetoric surrounding foreign medicines, the legislation in place to protect doctors and patients, and the ethical issues debated by physicians and laypeople alike. I show that Roman lawmakers, policy makers, and physicians had a variety of ways by which the physical, political, and financial dangers of foreign doctors and Roman patients posed to one another could be mitigated. The dissertation argues that despite barriers of xenophobia and ethnic identity, physicians practicing in Greek traditions were fairly well integrated into the cultural milieu of imperial Rome, and were accepted (if not always trusted) members of society. -
Medical Books in the Byzantine World
EIKASMOS Quaderni Bolognesi di Filologia Classica Studi Online, 2 MEDICAL BOOKS IN THE BYZANTINE WORLD EDITED BY BARBARA ZIPSER BOLOGNA 2013 Medical books in the Byzantine world edited by BarbaraZipser Bologna 2013 o Eikasmós Online II ISSN 2282-2178 In memoriam David Bennett y Table of Contents Acknowledgments . vii List of figures. .xi List of abbreviations . xii 1. Prefatory note: the uses of medical manuscripts Peregrine Horden (RHUL and Oxford). .1 2. Byzantine medicine, genres, and the ravages of time Vivian Nutton (UCL) . 7 3. Disease and where to treat it: a Byzantine vade mecum Dionysios Stathakopoulos (KCL) . 19 4. Two Latin Pre-Salernitan medical manuals, the Liber passionalis and the Tereoperica (Ps. Petroncellus) Klaus-Dietrich Fischer (Mainz) . 35 5. The fate of a Greek medical handbook in the Medieval West: the Intro- duction, or the Physician ascribed to Galen Caroline Petit (ICS) . 57 6. Aristotle and the Caliph's Dream. Aspects of medical translations David Bennett (formerly NHS and RHUL) . 79 7. `Syriac' plant names in a fifteenth century Greek glossary (From the Wellcome Library Books and Manuscripts) Nikolaj Serikoff (Wellcome Library). .97 8. The Reception of Galen's Art of medicine in the Syriac Book of medicines Siam Bhayro (Exeter) . 123 9. Medieval hospital formularies: Byzantium and Islam compared Peregrine Horden (RHUL and Oxford) . 145 10. Cancerous cells, Neanderthal DNA and the tradition of Byzantine me- dicine. Textual criticism in philology and genomics Florian Markowetz (Cancer Research UK Cambridge and University of Cambridge) and Barbara Zipser (RHUL) . 165 Acknowledgements This volume originates from a conference on Byzantine Medical Manuals in Context, held in central London on the 19th of September 2009. -
583 WRITING the HISTORY of FATNESS and THINNESS in GRAECO-ROMAN ANTIQUITY 1. Introduction: Fatness, Disabilities and the Ancient
MEDICINA NEI SECOLI ARTE E SCIENZA, 28/2 (2016) 583-658 Journal of History of Medicine Articoli/Articles WRITING THE HISTORY OF FATNESS AND THINNESS IN GRAECO-ROMAN ANTIQUITY CHRISTIAN LAES University of Antwerp, Belgium University of Tampere, Finland SUMMARY WRITING THE HISTORY OF FATNESS AND THINNESS IN GRAECO-ROMAN ANTIQUITY Fatness and thinness has been a much underexploited topic in the study of classical Antiquity. After carefully analyzing the Greek and Roman vocabulary to denote the matter, I catalogue information on concrete instances of persons who were considered to have suffered from overweight, or emaciation. On a second level, I deal with popular mentality regarding overweight or thinness. Thirdly, medical and/or philosophical theory regarding weight problems are studied. In this, the moral discourse linking obesity with gluttony or weakness and avarice with underweight will be studied. I will also ask whether changed Christian attitudes towards the body and bodily functions lead to new concepts regarding the matter. For these different levels of questions, I take into account concepts of disability history, asking whether the obviously impairing factors of excess weight or the opposite of it lead to social disfunctionality, hindering people from important social functions and subjecting them to social stigma. 1. Introduction: fatness, disabilities and the ancient world For some years, the introduction of a ‘fat tax’ for overweight fliers has come under consideration. The controversial measure was not proposed by budget airlines only. Charging obese passengers for one Key words: Fatness - Thinness - Graeco-Roman antiquity 583 Christian Laes extra seat was supported by a considerable majority of the popula- tion in surveys, and also larger airlines and tour companies consid- ered the matter. -
Katherine Hall, Did Alexander the Great Die from Guillain-Barré Syndrome?
The Ancient History Bulletin VOLUME THIRTY-TWO: 2018 NUMBERS 3-4 Edited by: Edward Anson ò Michael Fronda òDavid Hollander Timothy Howe ò John Vanderspoel Pat Wheatley ò Sabine Müller òAlex McAuley Catalina Balmacedaò Charlotte Dunn ISSN 0835-3638 ANCIENT HISTORY BULLETIN Volume 32 (2018) Numbers 3-4 Edited by: Edward Anson, Catalina Balmaceda, Michael Fronda, David Hollander, Alex McAuley, Sabine Müller, John Vanderspoel, Pat Wheatley Senior Editor: Timothy Howe Assistant Editor: Charlotte Dunn Editorial correspondents Elizabeth Baynham, Hugh Bowden, Franca Landucci Gattinoni, Alexander Meeus, Kurt Raaflaub, P.J. Rhodes, Robert Rollinger, Victor Alonso Troncoso Contents of volume thirty-two Numbers 3-4 72 Fabrizio Biglino, Early Roman Overseas Colonization 95 Catherine Rubincam, How were Battlefield Dead Counted in Greek Warfare? 106 Katherine Hall, Did Alexander the Great Die from Guillain-Barré Syndrome? 129 Bejamin Keim, Communities of Honor in Herodotus’ Histories NOTES TO CONTRIBUTORS AND SUBSCRIBERS The Ancient History Bulletin was founded in 1987 by Waldemar Heckel, Brian Lavelle, and John Vanderspoel. The board of editorial correspondents consists of Elizabeth Baynham (University of Newcastle), Hugh Bowden (Kings College, London), Franca Landucci Gattinoni (Università Cattolica, Milan), Alexander Meeus (University of Mannhiem), Kurt Raaflaub (Brown University), P.J. Rhodes (Durham University), Robert Rollinger (Universität Innsbruck), Victor Alonso Troncoso (Universidade da Coruña) AHB is currently edited by: Timothy Howe (Senior Editor: [email protected]), Edward Anson, Catalina Balmaceda, Michael Fronda, David Hollander, Alex McAuley, Sabine Müller, John Vanderspoel, Pat Wheatley and Charlotte Dunn. AHB promotes scholarly discussion in Ancient History and ancillary fields (such as epigraphy, papyrology, and numismatics) by publishing articles and notes on any aspect of the ancient world from the Near East to Late Antiquity. -
Progressive Reactionary: the Life and Works of John Caius, Md
PROGRESSIVE REACTIONARY: THE LIFE AND WORKS OF JOHN CAIUS, MD by Dannielle Marie Cagliuso Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Kenneth P. Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Philosophy University of Pittsburgh 2015 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH KENNETH P. DIETRICH SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SCIENCES This thesis was presented by Dannielle Marie Cagliuso It was defended on July 20, 2015 and approved by Dr. Peter Distelzweig, Assistant Professor, Department of Philosophy (University of St. Thomas) Dr. Emily Winerock, Visiting Assistant Professor, Department of History Dr. Janelle Greenberg, Professor, Department of History Thesis Director: Dr. James G. Lennox, Professor and Chair, Department of History and Philosophy of Science ii Copyright © by Dannielle Marie Cagliuso 2015 iii PROGRESSIVE REACTIONARY: THE LIFE AND WORKS OF JOHN CAIUS, MD Dannielle Marie Cagliuso, BPhil University of Pittsburgh, 2015 The picture of Dr. John Caius (1510-1573) is fraught with contradictions. Though he had an excellent reputation among his contemporaries, subsequent scholars tend to view him more critically. Caius is frequently condemned as a reactionary and compared unfavorably to his more “progressive” contemporaries, like Conrad Gesner and Andreas Vesalius. This approach to Caius is an example of what I term “progressivist history,” a prevalent but problematic trend in historical scholarship. Progressivist history applies a progressive-reactionary dichotomy to the past, splitting people and events into two discrete camps. By exploring the life and works of John Caius and comparing him to some of his “progressive” contemporaries, I reveal why this dichotomy is problematic. It treats both the progressive “heroes” and reactionary “villains” unfairly in that it fails to appreciate the agency of each individual and the nuanced differences between them. -
Greek Medicine from Hippocrates to Galen: Selected Papers
Istituto per il Lessico Intellettuale Europeo e Storia delle Idee Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche http://www.iliesi.cnr.it http://www.iliesi.cnr.it/covid19.php Illness in ConText parole di filosofia e orientamento nella pandemia testi e articoli Jacques Jouanna. Greek Medicine from Hippocrates to Galen: Selected Papers. Translated by, Neil Allies. Edited with a preface by, Philip van der Eijk. (Studies in Ancient Medicine, 40.), Brill, 2012 Parole chiave: contagio Greek Medicine from Hippocrates to Galen Studies in Ancient Medicine Edited by John Scarborough Philip J. van der Eijk Ann Ellis Hanson Joseph Ziegler VOLUME 40 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.nl/sam Greek Medicine from Hippocrates to Galen Selected Papers By Jacques Jouanna Translated by Neil Allies Edited with a Preface by Philip van der Eijk LEIDEN • BOSTON 2012 Cover illustration: Miniature from the rst page of Galen's Commentary on Hippocrates' Prognostic as preserved in a Latin manuscript from Naples, VIII D 25 f. 85. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Jouanna, Jacques. [Selections. English. 2012] Greek medicine from Hippocrates to Galen : selected papers / by Jacques Jouanna ; edited with a preface by Philip van der Eijk, translated by Neil Allies. p. cm. – (Studies in ancient medicine, ISSN 0925-1421 ; v. 40) Articles originally published in French. Includes index. ISBN 978-90-04-20859-9 (hbk. : acid-free paper) – ISBN 978-90-04-23254-9 (e-book) 1. Medicine, Greek and Roman–History. 2. Medicine, Greek and Roman–Philosophy. 3. Hippocrates. 4. Galen. I. van der Eijk, Philip. II. Allies, Neil. -
Greek Medical Texts and Their Audience: Perception, Transmission, Reception
GREEK MEDICAL TEXTS AND THEIR AUDIENCE: PERCEPTION, TRANSMISSION, RECEPTION King’s College London Friday 12th – Saturday 13th December 2014 ABSTRACTS SESSION 1 Stavros Kouloumentas (Berlin) Alcmaeon and his Addresses: Revisiting the Preface of a Treatise On Nature Alcmaeon of Croton, the earliest known philosopher-cum-doctor, mentions three shadowy figures associated with Pythagoreanism in the preface of his lost treatise On Nature. This striking reference is supplemented with a brief statement concerning the limits of human knowledge and the empirical method of enquiry. Various interpretations have been proposed regarding the identity of these figures and their connection with the author. It has been suggested (a) that Alcmaeon dedicated his treatise to them as a matter of gratitude or admiration (Diels), (b) that his discourse was not a systematic treatise but embodied the instruction given by Alcmaeon to three disciples on one particular occasion (Gomperz), (c) and that he addresses a group of students in medicine (Gemelli Marciano). The aim of this paper is to reassess these suggestions by taking into account the fragmentary evidence concerning Alcmaeon’s doctrines, his alleged connection with the Pythagoreans, and the opening sections of contemporary philosophical and medical treatises. I suggest that the context of this reference may be polemical, as it was common in the archaic era. Alcmaeon disagreed with certain Orphico-Pythagorean doctrines and wished to reply to his addresses in a direct and emphatic manner. Jordi Crespo Saumell (Cagliari) The Anonymus Londinensis and the Paideia of the Imperial Period The papyrus Anonymus Londinensis is an important doxographical report, reflecting contextual features of equal importance that are worth taking into account for the full understanding of this text.