Gender in the CGIAR Research Program on Forests, Trees and A strategy for research and action

Gender in the CGIAR Research Program on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry A strategy for research and action © 2013 Center for International Forestry Research All rights reserved

CIFOR. 2013. Gender in the CGIAR Research Program on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry: A strategy for research and action. CIFOR, , .

Photo cover by Anne Larson/CIFOR Altiplano, Guatemala.

CIFOR Jl. CIFOR, Situ Gede Bogor Barat 16115 Indonesia

T +62 (251) 8622-622 F +62 (251) 8622-100 E cifor@.org cifor.org Table of contents

Introduction 1

Rationale 2

Goals and objectives 4

Impact pathways 8

Activities 10 A. Collection of sex-disaggregated data and gender analysis 10 B. Partnerships and alliances to enhance gender inclusiveness 11 C. Knowledge sharing for gender-responsive policy and practice 12 D. Adaptive learning for gender-responsive research and analysis 13

Capacity for gender research and analysis 14

Monitoring and evaluation 16 Implementing the monitoring and evaluation plan 17

References 21

Annex I: Gender-specific research questions across the five components 23 List of figures, tables and boxes

Figures 1 Gender box: A framework for the analysis and synthesis of gender in forest, tree and agroforestry systems 5 2 Gender impact pathway 9 3 Approaches for achieving gender inclusion (red boxes) at each phase of the research cycle (blue boxes) 10

Tables 1 Consideration of gender differentials and equality across the research components 6 2 Capacity for gender research and analysis in the CRP6 14 3 Summary of monitoring and evaluation plan 19 4 CRP6 gender budget 20

Box 1 CRP6 research components 4 Introduction

Social attributes such as gender, wealth, age, that gender-based disadvantages may not always be ethnicity, migration status and religion can confer the most urgent in all settings and that substantial systematic disadvantages by making it difficult for differentiation can exist among men and women some groups and individuals to access public and and not only between them. Thus, while this private mechanisms of resource allocation or decision strategy is clearly marked out as a gender strategy, making. In this strategy, we set out possibilities for our agenda is broader. We envision that a careful strengthening how we address gender concerns in use of participatory methodologies, including in the CGIAR Research Program on Forests, Trees problem framing, provides good scope for locating and Agroforestry (CRP6). The strategy focuses on the most salient features of disadvantage in each the management support processes and structures research setting and for ensuring their inclusion in needed to improve the quality and volume of the research and action process. Overall, this strategy gender-responsive research in the CRP6, and is views gender integration in research as a fundamental closely aligned with the CGIAR Consortium’s part of doing good science and approaches gender gender strategy. It synthesises gender-relevant integration as a cross-cutting theme, which integrates research questions, outcomes and associated impact gender analysis and research into each of the five pathways that have been identified across CRP6’s components/research programmes of the CRP6. five research components. It recognises, however, Rationale

Despite a wealth of studies demonstrating the Dick et al. 2010), by discrimination and male bias critically important roles women play in managing in the provision of services including credit and forests, agroforestry and tree genetic resources, technology (Place 1995) and by exclusion from women’s contributions remain underappreciated. decision making at household, community and Women are traditionally the main collectors of national levels. Global comparative analyses confirm fuelwood, medicinal and aromatic plants and other the general low levels of women’s participation, non-timber forest products (NTFPs) from forest and which have been demonstrated by numerous agroforestry landscapes (Shanley and Gaia 2001, case studies across different settings over the past Colfer 2005). Their participation in decision making two decades. Women participate much less than at household and community levels, although men in forest user groups, where decision rules limited, has been demonstrated to improve forest regarding forest use, management and benefit regeneration (Agarwal 2007, 2009), increase crop distribution are made (Sunderland et al. under review, yields, improve financial management (Acharya and Coleman and Mwangi 2013). In addition, forest Gentle 2006) and prioritise funding for pro-poor and user groups with high proportions of women, as empowerment programmes (Komarudin et al. 2008). against gender-balanced groups, or groups with Women in forest communities can generate more higher proportions of men, perform less well on than 50% of their income from forests, compared key governance indicators (Mwangi et al. 2001, Sun with about one-third for men ( et al. et al. 2011). Carefully crafted longitudinal studies 2009). Non-timber forest products (NTFPS) are show that there is a threshold percentage below particularly important for women. In Cameroon, which women’s effectiveness in leadership of forest for example, close to 90% of NTFP traders in up user group committees declines, and that there are to 25 markets were women, while in other cases significant gains to forest sustainability with women’s women have been found to earn up to 30% of their participation in forest governance (Agarwal 2007, incomes from NTFPs (Ruiz Perez et al. 2002, Lemenih 2009). In agroforestry and tree management, the 2003). In Asia, the sale of NTFPs such as wild fruits results are mixed (Kiptot and Franzel 2012). Overall, and vegetables often provides the only source of however, women disproportionately bear the costs of cash available to landless women (Carr and Hartl tree and forest management, realise only a fraction 2008). Similar results are evident in agroforestry, of the benefits and tend to be enlisted for decision where women derive substantial cash benefits from making only when forest and tree resources are indigenous fruits and vegetables (Kiptot and Franzel degraded (Agrawal and Chhatre 2006). Moreover, 2012). Women’s control over income correlates women’s lack of formal education, employment and positively with improved food intake and child personal networks makes them poorly placed to nutrition status (Kennedy and Peters 1992, Engle influence resource allocation or research (Crewe and 1993, Hoddinott and Haddad 1995, Smith et al. Harrison 1998, Ferrier 2002). 2003). Recent global surveys of the Poverty and Environment Network show that women are the Changes in tree cover and loss of community access primary collectors of wild foods, especially in Africa to forests and trees can thus have a disproportionately and Asia (Sunderland et al. under review). Wild foods adverse impact on women, with indirect impacts on supply micronutrients, which are often deficient in households, and, consequently, on the livelihoods of local diets (Howard and Nabanoga 2007). They also up to 5–10 times as many people. Gender equity in fill gaps during times of food shortage. the forestry and agroforestry sector can contribute to the achievement of broader social and economic Although the policy environment for addressing goals, including the Millennium Development Goals. gender inequity has improved over the past decade, women continue to be disadvantaged by insecure Clearly, research suggests that effective gender access and property rights to forest, trees and land inclusion can not only enhance the prospects for resources (Quisumbing et al. 2001, Meinzen- sustainable forest and tree management, but can Gender in the CGIAR Research Program on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry 3

also provide a solid foundation for more equitable settings and contexts where CRP6 and its partners benefit distribution, and household are operational. This outcome is: and nutrition. It enhances the credibility of policy and practice and allows for better targeting of Women are better empowered, and gender interventions. However, significant knowledge gaps equality in decision making and control over also exist (Mai et al. 2011, Kiptot and Franzel 2012). forest, tree and agroforestry resources use, These include: management and benefits is improved. 1. understanding the effectiveness of the recent wave of tenure reforms aimed at strengthening The achievement of this outcome will be tracked women’s rights to forest and tree resources; using the following measurable indicators, which 2. identifying gender-differentiated implications of will be further refined and tested in the lifespan of global processes such as climate mitigation and the strategy: adaptation, and large-scale land acquisitions, on 1. gender equality in decision making and control resource access, livelihoods, opportunities and on over forest, trees and agroforestry resources and gender relations; relevant value chains results in increased incomes 3. designing and implementing strategies for the and benefits for women; gender-equitable distribution of forest and tree 2. the number of women newly empowered to plant benefits, including distribution of incomes and manage forests, agroforests and tree (FAT) between men and women; resources in programme countries; 4. designing organisational incentives and 3. incomes from forest, trees and agroforestry goods strategies for enhancing gender-responsive policy and services controlled by women and men have implementation; increased such that gender inequality in income 5. identifying cultural taboos influencing the use from these goods and services has decreased by at and management of forests and trees, including least 30%; tree planting and the adoption of innovative 4. at least 20–30% of women and their families technologies; and have improved health conditions or have a 6. increasing women’s participation influence along reduced incidence of common illness due to the value chains of forest and tree products, and nutritional deficiency in CRP6 programme their control of incomes and related benefits. countries; 5. 20–30% of members elected/appointed to forest As elaborated in the following sections and in management committees are women; and Annex I, gender research in the CRP6 will seek to 6. 10–15% of women in programme areas have address many of these knowledge gaps. In particular, control (i.e., stronger rights) over FAT resources the integration of gender in research is aimed at at household and community levels. achieving one overriding outcome across the global Goals and objectives

CRP6 (see Box 1 below for a description of research while increasing local and societal resilience programmes) is designed to make a significant through forest-, agroforestry- and tree-based contribution toward the vision and strategic adaptation measures; and objectives articulated in the CGIAR’s Strategic •• promoting the positive impacts and reducing the Results Framework by: negative impacts of global trade and investment •• enhancing the contribution of forests, as drivers of landscape change affecting forest agroforestry and trees to production and lands, agroforestry areas, trees and the well-being incomes of forest-dependent communities and of local people. smallholders; •• conserving biodiversity, including the The CRP6 approaches gender integration as a cross- genetic diversity of trees, through sustainable cutting theme, which integrates gender analysis and management and conservation of forests research into each of the five components/research and trees; programmes. Gender analysis and research in the •• maintaining or enhancing environmental CRP6 seek to: services from forests, agroforestry and trees in 1. generate an understanding of key institutional, multifunctional and dynamic landscapes; cultural and attitudinal contexts that entrench •• reducing emissions of greenhouse gases and inequity across a relevant set of issue areas in augmenting carbon stocks through better the CRP6 research components, for example, management of forest- and tree-based sources adoption of technologies and practices, or participation and influence in decision making or knowledge and priorities; 2. identify policies, technologies and practices that Box 1. CRP6 research components will enhance gender equity in the access, use and management of forests and trees, and the 1. The needs of smallholder producers, with distribution of associated benefits; and emphasis on enhancing the productivity of trees 3. offer guidance on how to avoid or mitigate on farm and improving smallholder access to markets for forest and tree products negative impacts associated with relevant 2. The needs of forest managers at forest processes at multiple levels. management unit level, with emphasis on improved technical and governance approaches These three research goals will be achieved through to conserving forest ecosystems and their four clusters of interrelated outcome categories that genetic resources cut across the five CRP6 components (see Table 1 3. The needs of landscape-level planners and Figure 1). These outcome categories are: and relevant stakeholders, with emphasis 1. the knowledge, preferences and priorities of on mechanisms (such as payments for women (and men) are reflected across the ecosystem services) for capturing the value of relevant decision chains, including in the environmental services and for negotiating identification of research priorities; trade-offs among competing conservation and 2. the differential effects of policy processes, global development objectives 4. The needs of policy makers and land managers or otherwise, including marketisation of forests seeking to include forests, trees and agroforestry and tree resources, on men and women are in climate change adaptation and mitigation identified and mitigated; strategies 3. the differential capacities to adopt materials, 5. The needs of policy makers and land managers methods and knowledge are accounted for during seeking to ensure that the impacts of globalised interventions; and trade and investment flows are beneficial to 4. the equitable participation in and influence over forests and the communities that depend on decision-making processes is enhanced. forests for their livelihoods Gender in the CGIAR Research Program on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry 5

Macro Regulations Informal norms

Access to resources Ideal norms Education Cash

Past Future Meso Economic roles Demographics Domestic roles Power dynamics Economic alternatives

Micro

Figure 1. Gender box: A framework for the analysis and synthesis of gender in forest, tree and agroforestry systems

Table 1 illustrates the gender-related outcomes that Component 2: What are the preconditions for cut across the five CRP6 components. gender-equitable participation and benefits in forest rehabilitation and reforestation schemes? How These outcomes target both practical and strategic can gender-specific knowledge be integrated into gender needs and interests, and will form the basis silvicultural practice? for the CRP6-wide synthesis of gender-specific research results, lessons learned, and good practice. Component 3: What are the gender-specific Frameworks to support hypothesis testing and impacts of the implementation of payments for synthesis across these categories will be developed environmental services (PES) schemes? What in close consultation with the CGIAR CRP-wide approaches, including timing, sequencing and overall gender network. design of PES negotiation processes are necessary for ensuring gender-equitable and effective participation? Gender-relevant research questions in the CRP6 are elaborated in Annex I. However, the following Component 4: What are the differential impacts of are some aspects of on-going gender-relevant climate change and related initiatives in adaptation research in the CRP6 research portfolio that capture and mitigation on women’s and men’s tenure rights recent trends. and livelihoods? How can climate negotiation and planning processes be structured, sequenced and Component 1: How can women’s participation and timed to allow for the effective representation and/or bargaining power in NTFP (and other products) participation of women and disadvantaged groups? value chains be improved in order to reduce inequity in household benefits? What kinds of platforms can Component 5: How are benefits of (formal and supply timely market information and feedback, informal) access and use of forest resources linked to especially to women? global trade differentially distributed between men 6 Gender in the CGIAR Research Program on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry

Table 1. Consideration of gender differentials and equality across the research components Theme Issues across research components Key research strategies Knowledge, Priorities for tree and forest species, traits, land uses Participatory research and preferences and and products (C1–C5) identification of topics priorities reflected Value chains and enterprise opportunities for tree Sex-disaggregated data in identification of and forest products (C1, C2) Gender analysis for understanding the research topics Priority resources and mitigated impacts in climate underlying factors change adaptation (C4) Specific priorities of women: postharvest processing (C1, C2), bioenergy for household consumption (C4), fruit trees (C2) Negative impacts Trade-offs between land uses and livelihoods, Participatory research and identified and and displacement of user groups during forest identification of topics avoided/mitigated transitions (C3), market integration (C5), payments Sex-disaggregated data for environmental services (PES) (C3) and REDD+ Gender analysis for understanding the projects (C4), and conservation actions (C2) underlying factors Policies and strategies on tenure rights (C1–C5), Knowledge sharing and tools ecosystem management (C2, C3), REDD+ (C4), trade development and investment flows (C5) and conservation (C2) Impacts of climate change (C4), loss of ecosystem services (C3) and biodiversity (C2) on priority systems, products and services Differential access Access to and control of land and tree resources Participatory research and and ability to adopt during changing land uses, policies and identification of topics materials, methods markets (C1–C5) Sex-disaggregated data and knowledge Approaches and tools in ecosystem and tree Gender analysis for understanding the accounted for in management (C1–C3) underlying factors activities Approaches and tools in climate change adaptation Participatory scenario building and mitigation projects (C3) and planning Targeted extension and training approaches (C1–C4) Knowledge sharing and tools Access to inputs, markets and market information development on forest and tree products (C1, C5), PES (C3) and Outcome mapping REDD+ (C4) Equitable Obtaining and securing tenure rights during Participatory research and participation in and intensification (C1), forest transitions (C3), market identification of topics ability to influence integration (C5), development of markets for Gender analysis for understanding the decision-making ecosystem services (C3) and REDD+ (C4), and underlying factors processes enhanced conservation actions (C2) Alliances built with policy and Negotiation power on land uses and trade-offs advocacy communities with external actors: local and national authorities Knowledge sharing and tools (C1–C5), market actors and industries (C1–C5), development international climate policies (C4) and conservation NGOs (C2, C3) Sex-disaggregated data Design of policies and strategies for tree and ecosystem management (C1–C3), PES (C3), climate change mitigation and adaptation (C4), trade, investment and land acquisition (C5) and conservation (C2) Distribution of incomes from tree and forest products (C1, C2, C5), PES (C3) and REDD+ projects (C4) Reconciling needs and managing conflicts in resource use within households and communities (C1–C5) Gender in the CGIAR Research Program on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry 7

and women? What measures are needed to safeguard the gender-relevant topics of concern for the CRP6, the rights of women and other vulnerable groups we have developed an analytical framework that from large-scale commercial investments? What kinds will not only guide scientists and partners in their of institutional arrangements are required to link research work, but will also provide a sound basis measures and actions at the local level to national and for synthesising CRP6’s ‘gender story’. This gender transnational networks in order to make international framework summarises the range of gender-relevant trade and investment more accountable and variables in the social, political, economic and cognizant of local-level differentiation and impacts? cultural domains (including scale and time horizon), as well as their interactions, and offers guidance While the four cross-cutting outcome categories for more systematic inquiry and action (Colfer, mentioned earlier (knowledge and priorities, effects 2013: http://www.cifor.org/publications/pdf_files/ of policy processes, differential adoption, and OccPapers/OP-82.pdf). The ‘gender box’ illustrates participation and influence) are illustrative of some of our gender framework (Figure 1). Impact pathways

Social and political change can occur through •• gender-differentiated cost–benefit analyses multiple avenues, such as through improved of impacts; knowledge and technology, collective organisation •• awareness raising and capacity building for and mobilisation or contestation. Research and women and men; and action in the CRP6 will make use of these various •• the use of pilot projects to demonstrate the value avenues for strengthening access of women and addition of increased attention to gender. other disadvantaged groups to benefits and decision making in forest, tree and agroforestry research. Transforming outcomes to impacts will The impact pathway in Figure 1 illustrates how the further include awareness campaigns; strategic outputs and outcomes under each theme contribute communication of success stories; advocacy for to each other in achieving the outcomes. The equitable resource allocation and for the acquisition achievement of this impact pathway is conditioned and securitisation of land or forest rights; and on a careful mix of research, advocacy, training and strengthening of women’s forums. While CRP6 capacity building as well as on innovations in policy research teams will undertake global dissemination and practice. A series of partnerships and carefully and outreach, all national-level partners will crafted iterative processes are envisaged. For example, undertake the same among their networks and problem identification and research priorities will be constituents at national level through workshops and established jointly with national-level partners, such advocacy campaigns. as government ministries, university departments (e.g., Departments of Women and Gender Studies), To increase the likelihood of learning at each phase of and NGOs active in the forestry sectors at national the research cycle, the effectiveness of the interlinked and subnational levels. Representatives from each of processes leading to impacts will be monitored these organisations will advise the research and action and evaluated (see the ‘Monitoring and evaluation’ process, will review findings, identify entry points section below for further details). However, the for policy and practice, and define possibilities and seeming linearity of the impact pathway may fail responsibilities for implementation. We anticipate to reflect that single outcomes can have multiple that bringing in implementing actors at such an early impacts; that partnerships developed across multiple stage will foster joint ownership, coproduction and channels and governance levels can amplify impacts; joint responsibility for outcomes and learning. or even that learning and feedback can prompt a rethinking of methodologies and problem analysis. Activities for transitioning from outputs to outcomes The linear representation is illustrative (Figure 2). will include: •• collaboration with government ministries, NGOs and women’s organisations; Gender in the CGIAR Research Program on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry 9

Output Outcome Changes

ts State o cials, investors, donors and other Trade-o s Di erential impacts of Reconciliation of actors account for negative impacts in the between land conservation needs of resource interventions, development and implementation of uses, land use

e impa c users and more oided governance reforms conservation strategies, climate change changes and v

ti v equitable a mitigation/adaptation strategies and livelihoods of and emerging global distribution of

eg a challenges on men’s reforms vulnerable

N bene ts , st at e and women’s access groups and the ie s and rights to resources related con icts e g t are analysed, are reduced a established and Policies and strategies for

tions communicated safeguarding and

o Access to Operational strengthening men’s and y t appropriate ed ganis a women’s rights and claims strategies , inputs and crafted and implemented by Di erential access and agendas and adoption of state o cials, investors, tion o r tion o resource e and land use st r ability to adopt assets, resources and a a c Impact v v allocation in donors and other actors r approaches and knowledge forestry and ess and abili t knowledge in resource improved esou r c adopt enhan c c onse r onse and land use are extension A , c analysed and services New Increased Enhanced access of communicated re ect Improved opportunities livelihood women and other vider s increased

o opportunities disadvantaged elopers of r representation for

v sensitivity to Quantity and and security for groups to bene ts at gender, of women in enhancing forest women’s quality of forest women all levels Women’s and men’s including management roles in products and nised knowledge and di erential committees, resource use services and o g priorities for species, priorities and user groups sustainability of e c and land traits, products, knowledge and farmers management resource

wledge and services, technologies om the outset: d e organisations recognised management

n o and approaches are improved ension planners and p r ension planners and p

K and tapped t ed f r identi ed, analysed and x priorities r ol v , e communicated v

cial s Men and women are

o increasingly aware of Women’s capacity to their individual and Gender roles, their Women are recognise their complementary roles complementarity empowered to and rights to resources gain control over wledge users i n strengths and ability to and the

n o argue for their needs and opportunities, and Women gain underlying factors their own lives K e gained enhanced. Other land use them for con dence and better understood and assume users and authorities defending and experience in and opened for important roles uen c are sensitized to reconciling their rights putting forth their negotiations and in land and n I women’s expertise and and claims position and views re-evaluations resource needs management

Figure 2. Gender impact pathway Activities

We deploy gender analysis methods, partnerships and cycle. It will ultimately help in defining interventions alliances, knowledge sharing, and adaptive learning that will enhance gender equity both at the levels of to effectively incorporate gender in the research research design and when facilitating the adoption cycle in CRP6. These approaches will be applied in of outputs. combination at each phase of the research cycle for highest impact (Figure 3). Researchers will consistently employ gender analysis as a tool to provide in depth information on gender differentiation, and, in particular, to A. Collection of sex- identify institutional, cultural and attitudinal factors disaggregated data and gender underpinning differentiation. Gender analysis will analysis identify options and priorities for transforming inequality, and will identify the roles and The regular and consistent gathering of sex- responsibilities of relevant stakeholders in realising disaggregated data on various aspects of the forest, these options and priorities. Although gender tree and people interface is mandated and non- differentiation is inherently a localised experience, the negotiable. Such data will help in identifying men’s analysis of conditioning factors will highlight features and women’s differentiated perceptions, experiences, of institutions (including markets, policies and legal contributions and priorities; for example, during the regimes) at multiple governance levels that influence targeting and priority setting phase of the research local-level outcomes (research design).

Gender- Priorities, Priorities setting experiences, improved, awareess Parterships and disaggregated data constraints created, action alliances and analysis identified mobilized

Targeting Research Facilitating Monitoring and priority design and adoption of and setting implemetation outputs evaluation

Effectiveness of Value of gender interventions Adaptive inclusion, Knowledge analyzed, indicators policy impacts learning for gender inclusion sharing communicated identified

Figure 3. Approaches for achieving gender inclusion (red boxes) at each phase of the research cycle (blue boxes) Gender in the CGIAR Research Program on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry 11

Participatory approaches are well suited for collection methodologies will be both qualitative and enhancing inclusiveness, especially of disadvantaged quantitative and data analysis will range accordingly groups, to allow better representation of multiple from statistical techniques (including regressions) to views, which improves people’s capacity to act on interpretation of norms, conventions and practices their own behalf and to promote learning. We to identify the underlying mechanisms that lead to will pursue multiple methodologies to generate visible actions and outcomes. insights into the gender-relevant policy problems and core research questions identified in each Component and project leaders will encourage component of CRP6. Quantitative household multidisciplinary research teams—comprising both surveys will be used to establish household-level male and female researchers—to work with both men effects and responses. Intra-household surveys and women. Training programs and workshops will will be encouraged in line with recent advances in enable CGIAR centre researchers and their partners gender research that demonstrate that preferences, to shift from collecting sex-disaggregated data to resources and overall access can differ between men comprehending the dynamics of gender relations. and women within households. Experimental games Training sessions and workshops will be conducted may be used to facilitate the isolation and analysis at least once per year and will be targeted at building of specific variables of interest. However, we will analytical skills, increasing exposure to the range place a premium on the application of participatory of data gathering methods and types of research techniques that hold great promise for inclusion, questions, building targeted partnerships for impact, learning and empowerment. (Note that participants and sharing good practice (note that a Gender at the Javana CRP6 gender methods workshop methods manual/toolkit has been developed for endorsed participatory techniques but pointed out researchers and partners, which is accompanied by several downsides that needed to be taken into an Occasional Paper on methods for more advanced account from the outset such as the possibility that users (Manfre and Rubin, 2012: http://www.cifor. participation may mask power relationships or org/publications/pdf_files/Books/BCIFOR1203.pdf; even burden men and women further.) Adaptive Colfer and Minarchek, 2012: http://www.cifor.org/ Collaborative Management, which combines a publications/pdf_files/OccPapers/OP-80.pdf)). These series of participatory techniques for problem are available in English, French, Spanish and Bahasa identification and resolution such as participatory Indonesia. Emphasis will be placed on disaggregating action research, focused group discussions, transect the generalised categories of ‘men’ and ‘women’, walks, participatory mapping and outcome mapping, in order to capture other salient attributes such as will form a methodological pillar for gender analysis wealth, ethnicity, age, religion, and marital status, in CRP6. We will add an historical dimension to our which may also drive differentiation, depending on analysis in order to illustrate the dynamic nature of the social and political setting (research design and how women may gain or lose authority in the use implementation). and management of and control over forest and trees and their products and services. For an historical analysis of gendered access to markets, see Wardell B. Partnerships and alliances to and Fold (in press). enhance gender inclusiveness

Because the nature and magnitude of gendered Since gender inequality is rooted in societal outcomes may vary depending on cultural and relationships, broad changes are necessary for closing social norms, research will be conducted in different or narrowing the gender gap. Research teams will settings. Each CRP6 component has not only build alliances with both policy and advocacy identified specific gender-related research questions communities, within and across sectors and across (see Annex I for a detailed listing of gender research governance levels, to ensure the adoption of research questions per component), but has also identified outputs and improve impacts. Strengthening links geographic priorities, spanning Africa, Asia and to advocacy networks and platforms (including Latin America, where culture and social norms may media and women-focused civil organisations) is differ. Moreover, sentinel landscapes, which will be critical for raising awareness of gender-related issues established in diverse settings, provide an opportunity and for mobilising action toward gender inclusion for monitoring change and assessing impacts of (facilitation of adoption of outputs). Moreover, specific policy interventions and/or practices. Data these links will increase the likelihood that problem 12 Gender in the CGIAR Research Program on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry

identification and prioritisation are gender-sensitised C. Knowledge sharing for (targeting and priority setting). gender-responsive policy and practice On the research front, we will seek to partner with the International Center for Research on Women The third step (closely related to the second) will (ICRW). Researchers will also explore opportunities include systematic documentation and dissemination for learning among peers in the CGIAR network of knowledge generated through gender-responsive and with other CRPs such as CRP2 where gendered research. Such documentation will include good rights and access to natural resources, gendered practice guides, training guides, policy briefings and resource management and gendered access to markets scientific articles spanning different aspects of gender are prominent themes (research design, monitoring in forest, tree and agroforestry use and management. and evaluation). Documentation will articulate the interconnections between new behaviours and success and will At national and supranational levels, current provide insights into how changes promoting gender partnerships will be strengthened and new ones equity can be embedded into ongoing structures sought with women’s farming or forest organisations, and practices. forest users’ federations, women-focused civil society organisations and local media. Partnerships Research teams will regularly share findings among with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the CRP6 researchers, communities, practitioners and United Nations, International Fund for makers to become and remain informed Development and the International Land Coalition about the importance of supporting gender equitable will provide further opportunities for creating and practices to enhance both the productivity and strengthening contacts with local organisations. sustainability of forest resources. Such dissemination The governments of many developing countries will continuously clarify the value addition of gender have established gender or women’s ministries and and reinforce attention to gender perspectives departments; we will seek to partner with them (facilitation of adoption of outputs). In addition to in addition to gender sections in forestry and this strategy document and research results, products agriculture ministries. Similarly, national universities completed in 2012 included works on methods and a are increasingly establishing departments of gender conceptual framework. In 2013, additional products and/or women’s studies. Specific attention will be will document key research findings across world paid to creating opportunities and encouraging regions, synthesising what is known about gender- partnerships between the various partners of the based constraints related to forest management CRP6 and gender-specific organisations. Such and group governance, and “good practices” to networks will strengthen the women’s organisations overcome or reduce them. The CRP6 Gender (especially at national and local levels), allow focal points will work with the different Centers’ identification of complementarities and enhance the communication teams to prepare an annual calendar uptake and adoption of research outputs (research of events at which time gender research-related design and implementation, facilitation of adoption materials would be appropriately disseminated. For of outputs). example, preparing an overview of research results for publication coinciding with International Women’s At the international level, cooperation will be Day annually on 8 March or preparing a blog about strengthened with FAO’s Gender Program, IFAD, gender and forestry issues in preparation for World ILC, Women Organizing for Change in Agriculture Forest or Agriculture Day. Concerted efforts will be and NRM (WOCAN) and The World Conservation made to identify important outlets that can further Union (IUCN). These organisations have strong disseminate the results of CIFOR gender-related links with regional and national networks that research to other gender specialists. Other social provide advocacy for gender equity in resource use media will also be utilised, e.g, Twitter, Twitter chats, planning, policy formulation, access to resources and Facebook and blog posts. information and benefit sharing. We will also seek to build partnerships with the newly mandated UN WOMEN (facilitation of adoption of outputs). Gender in the CGIAR Research Program on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry 13

D. Adaptive learning for gender- technologies and services, income distribution, responsive research and analysis market access and innovation systems. We will select and apply appropriate quantitative and qualitative Researchers will develop and track indicators to indicators to assess and communicate the true capture inclusion, to improve gender equity, to magnitude of impacts. Such assessments will allow evaluate the effectiveness of programmes, projects for a critical analysis of activities and outputs and for and interventions, and to improve data collection the incorporation of new knowledge into existing and analysis systems. These indicators will span and anticipated phases of research (targeting and the breadth of forestry and agroforestry concerns; priority setting to monitoring and evaluation). including, representation in planning and decision- See the section ‘Monitoring and evaluation’ for making processes, property rights, access to further details. Capacity for gender research and analysis

The CRP6 approaches gender integration as a cross- participating centres as well as 10% of the CRP6 cutting theme, which seeks to integrate gender director’s time. Over the next 3 years, the gender analysis and research questions into each of the five theme will recruit four postdoctoral fellows at 100% components, rather than have a specific, isolated of their time. component that is focused only on gender. A cross- cutting thematic approach demands a high level Capacity for gender analysis and research in the of involvement and a higher capacity for gender CRP6 is uneven within and across participating analysis, research and reporting among scientists. centres (see Table 2). At CIFOR, only approximately Consequently, the CRP6 gender theme will initially 17 scientists (16 at The World Agroforestry focus on building capacity for gender analysis and Centre, ICRAF) have the capability to conduct research, to boost the capabilities of components gender-responsive research. These individuals are and will be the main avenue through which currently implementing various aspects of gender- scientific, conceptual and methodological leadership responsive research and action, from the collection and coordination is provided towards integrating of gender-disaggregated data to gender analysis and gender concerns in research. Because leadership will reporting. Several have published gender-focused eventually transition to the component leaders (from papers in the past 2 to 4 years. At CIFOR, most the gender focal points) as knowledge and skills of this capability is concentrated in two research for gender integration are more broadly acquired components: Component 1 (Smallholder producers) and practised by scientists, our capacity-building and Component 4 (Climate change adaptation and initiatives will also target those science managers and mitigation), drawing scientists from the Forests and leaders who are mandated with team building and Governance and Forests and Livelihoods Programs. overall science direction. Overall capacity for gender analysis and research Currently, the CRP6 gender theme covers up to 20% is concentrated. In CIFOR, for example, out of a of the contribution of three senior scientists, in three total of 79 science staff, only 26 are social scientists

Table 2. Capacity for gender research and analysis in the CRP6 PhD Masters Level of gender analysis and knowledge Scientist CIFOR 8 4 High ICRAF 8 Medium to low Bioversity (1)* 1 Medium to low Associate CIFOR 4 Very high ICRAF 6 Medium to low Postdoc CIFOR 1 Low ICRAF 1 High Total 22 10 Consultant CIFOR 1 1 Very high ICRAF 1 High Bioversity 1 Very high CIFOR: 17 individuals, 2 non-social scientists = 15 social scientists ICRAF: 16 individuals, 2 non-social scientists = 14 social scientists Bioversity: 2 individuals, 1 social scientist, 1 non-social scientist; 1 social scientist to join in early 2013 TOTAL= 35 Gender in the CGIAR Research Program on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry 15

(excluding associates and consultants). Of the 26 Materials to support scientists in analysis and social scientists, 11 have some capacity for gender reporting on their gender research are an important integration and only 10 can be termed as having part of our capacity-building programme. Annotated a high level of capacity with both the capability of bibliographies, illustrated methods guides and collecting sex-disaggregated data, performing gender manuals, and tools, translated into different analysis and reporting on it. For CIFOR, because this languages, will be available both in print and capacity is concentrated in two research components electronically on the CRP6 website within the first (i.e., climate change and smallholder producers), year and will be updated annually. In addition, and not across all five research components, there syntheses and reviews of key thematic issues such is currently a capacity gap. This holds true for all as participation, knowledge, bridging research and centres participating in the CRP6. At the initiation policy, women’s leadership, gender dynamics along of the CRP in 2011, ’s Forest the forest transition curve, etc. will be produced Genetic Resources (FGR) Programme did not have in the first 1–2 years of the programme in order to social scientists with gender research expertise. A provide scientists and research partners with state-of- scoping study was commissioned in 2012 to assess the-art thinking and information on these key issues. opportunities and approaches for integration of Capacity building activities will be coordinated with gender analysis and gender research in the research the CGIAR gender network to add value and to programme. Following the recommendations of leverage resources and capability across CRPs. the scoping study, Bioversity will recruit a gender specialist in 2013 to work full time with the FGR Each participating centre faces unique opportunities Programme and the CRP. In addition, Bioversity will and constraints. We thus adopt a flexible approach announce three to four gender research fellowships to the implementation of the gender strategy in in 2012 and 2013 to support integration of gender response to these specificities. For example, while considerations in ongoing and new research of the all centres prioritise training and mentorship, and FGR Programme. Over the short and medium the joint design of training tools and instruments, term, capacity will be increased and strengthened each centre will deliver the training programme in various ways: i) recruitment (up to four gender based on the level of scientists’ knowledge and skills. specialists at the PhD level will be hired in the first 2 Moreover, centres will follow their own approaches years of the CRP6); ii) training of current scientists; for building and sustaining partnerships to support and iii) targeted deployment of gender-specialist gender research and action. This also allows for consultants. We anticipate that these efforts will pay experimentation with knowledge to action linkages, off over the longer term leading to at least a doubling the identification of good practice, the sharing of it of current capacity. In addition, and in consultation and eventual adoption CRP6-wide. with human resources and centre management committees, we envisage that recruitment processes Linkages with the AWARD programme will be for social science positions will incorporate and assess created to access women’s leadership courses to for gender integration capabilities. increase women’s leadership in the workplace, as well as with other CRP gender programmes in addressing Thus we place a premium on building capacity key gender questions that cut across CRPs. The among researchers and their partners in various ways. gender capacity building programme will include Since the start of the CRP6, three training workshops such elements as individual centre- and CRP6-level in gender concepts and analysis have been delivered workshops, seminars, conferences, training sessions for a total of 125 researchers, managers and partners. for women’s leadership, methods and indicators At least 1 training session per year will be conducted development, and exchange visits. The programme for the next 3 years, and will be varied to target will also include mentoring of young gender scientists different thematic interests and levels of knowledge. and investments in postdoctoral fellowships to attract Annual self-assessment and reviews among scientists bright young men and women into gender research. will be encouraged; however, we plan to conduct A succession plan for gender research must also be training needs assessments every third year to capture included to ensure that trained gender scientists are emerging issues and to assess advancement toward recognised and rewarded so as to sustain institutional gender literacy. capacity of gender-responsive research. Monitoring and evaluation

CRP6 has developed a Monitoring Evaluation and We place emphasis on the proposal Impact Assessment (MEIA) strategy that frames our stage because gender is most effectively approach to MEIA. We have produced seven draft incorporated at the research design stage with Intermediate Development Outcomes (IDOs), to the identification of research questions and be finalised in 2013, allowing us to monitor and the subsequent identification of methods, assess our progress in achieving the System Level activities, personnel and budgets. Outcomes. Although six of these IDOs are relevant • the extent to which research outputs to gender, we have crafted one specific IDO that produced by components: captures the end-goal of our investments in gender −− are based on sex-disaggregated data sets integration in research and action: and the extent to which the definition of target populations accounts for gender ‘Women are better empowered and gender disparities equality in decision making and control −− employ gender analysis over resource use, management and benefits −− are co-produced with gender-specialised is improved’. partners −− are disseminated to reach relevant We will monitor gender integration at three levels: networks and actors, including feedback 1. Gender integration processes. This will focus to communities explaining findings and on identifying the effectiveness of the process how information can be used including elements of delivery, for example, whether possible follow-up actions training and capacity-building initiatives are −− influence policy, practitioners, or relevant; whether the mechanisms of delivery resource users’ knowledge and/or actions are responsive to differences in knowledge, skills and thematic interests; component needs and 3. Impact analysis. This will focus on project sites outputs; whether gender-relevant knowledge and and sentinel landscapes to establish the extent to skills are being built; and whether a congenial which gender-responsive research has achieved atmosphere for gender research support has been the CGIAR system’s strategic results of poverty established. This will draw heavily from scientists reduction, enhancing food security, improving and partners’ self-evaluations and feedback. health and nutrition, and environmental 2. Outputs. This will determine whether our sustainability. For example, participants at the strategy and approach to gender integration Javana gender methods workshop indicated that: in research and action is effective in changing i) the strategy should allow for the tracking of scientists’ behaviour. We will track and measure unexpected/unintended outcomes; and ii) impact the following aspects: analysis should be explicit about the stories • the extent to which gender is incorporated behind any change, noting in particular that into new proposals, bearing in mind although some changes may occur, they may not that not all subject matter is amenable to be easily measurable. We will focus on tracking gender analysis. Gender guides for proposal the following impacts: development and assessment will be • Gender equality in decision making about developed that provide concrete examples of and control over forests, agroforestry and tree how the following elements of our strategy resources and relevant value chains results in will be taken into account in methods, increased incomes and benefits for women. activities and budgets: • Women’s increased control over forests, −− collection of gender-disaggregated data agroforestry and tree resources enhances −− application of gender analysis family nutrition and health. −− inclusion of gender-relevant • More secure tenure and rights for men and delivery partners women increase access to diversified and −− gender-responsive knowledge sharing improved food and tree species/varieties. Gender in the CGIAR Research Program on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry 17

• Gender equality in participation and each year. The aim is to track changes in the number influence over resource use decisions and of outputs that a) collect gender-disaggregated benefits increases investments in sustainable data; and b) systematically analyse and explain resource management and reduces trends patterns. degradation. Results of the above will be shared with scientists This three-tier monitoring and evaluation plan at annual meetings/science weeks scheduled by reflects the procedural and substantive elements each centre every September/October. CIFOR, of our impact pathway. It articulates a framework for example, schedules a gender technical session for monitoring and evaluating progress towards at each annual meeting. This provides a forum gender integration/implementation of this gender for encouraging dialogue on accomplishments strategy and more broadly accomplishing the gender- and constraints, how gender integration efforts specific aims of the CRP6. As discussed below, it might be improved, and what further support will will include internal, continued self-assessments be needed in the following year. These forums which will contrast planned activities with results. will be supplemented by targeted focused group It also includes independent, periodic, and strategic discussions and short surveys in order to generate assessments. deeper insights into successes, constraints and improvement measures.

Implementing the monitoring and Impact evaluation will be closely coordinated with evaluation plan the Monitoring, Evaluation and Impact Assessment team of the CRP6, which has developed principles This plan will be implemented through existing to guide the process and for which the organisation organisational structures and processes. has ring-fenced a budget line within each research proposal. The Monitering & Evaluation (M&E) Each capacity-building programme will be required task force of the CGIAR Gender Network will to administer a standard evaluation form that provide additional support to impact evaluation. will be jointly designed by gender focal points at However, we will also encourage scientists to build participating centres. Post-training evaluations into their research and implementation, a monitoring are commonly administered to all participants. In and evaluation scheme. This is currently being addition, the number and type of requests for gender implemented by the ‘Gender, tenure and community analysis support made by both scientists and their forestry in Uganda and Nicaragua’ project funded partners, as well as the number of downloads of by the Austrian Development Agency and will be gender materials on the CRP6 (and centre) website used to inform CRP6 gender MEIA efforts. Within- will be tracked. project monitoring allows for the monitoring and evaluation of immediate outcomes (changes Gender integration at the proposal stage will be in behaviour of resource users or policy makers; monitored through the donor liaison’s office in improvements in knowledge), which can be collected the finance and administration department. A at shorter time periods such as annually or twice dedicated database, which will capture specific per year. We anticipate that longer term impacts information on gender integration in key elements (changes in key indicators specified) will be evaluated of the proposal, will be queried and analysed once a at least twice in the 10-year life of the CRP6. Besides year. The aim is to increase the number of research standard evaluation of specified indicators, impact proposals integrating gender in research questions, evaluations will identify the following: activities and budgets, keeping in mind that some •• short and longer term risks and their mitigation proposals may not necessarily or feasibly address •• necessary adjustments to gender research and gender matters. implementation by delivery partners, including budget implications The monitoring of research outputs will be •• lessons learnt and how to distill good practices in conducted by gender focal points, who will maintain research and implementation a central database at ICRAF of existing research projects and outputs. This will be closely coordinated Feeding the findings of impact evaluation back to with component leads and the Information Services researchers and practitioners will be given priority. Group of each centre and will be conducted once We will use existing channels commonly used for 18 Gender in the CGIAR Research Program on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry

sharing information among scientists and with policy the cross-cutting gender theme. Centre gender ‘focal makers and practitioners. These include annual points’ (CIFOR, ICRAF, Bioversity, CIAT) report meetings and targeted communications to partners to the gender coordinator. Gender focal points from such as partner networks/distribution lists, policy each centre form a working group to support gender briefs, and international forums such as CIFOR’s analysis and ensure that gender issues are addressed in annual Forest Days and ICRAF’s Agriculture/ all activities of CRP6 in line with the gender strategy. Biodiversity Day. They will develop criteria for assessing analytical work and conduct quality assurance reviews. They will Indicators, frequency of collection and collection build a CRP6-wide approach to gender integration, methods have been summarised (Table 3). A major but each of them will also participate in various shortcoming is that these indicators are mostly capacities in a cross-CGIAR gender network for quantitative. However, we will employ qualitative guidance, support and sharing of good practice. indicators that speak to mechanisms and inter- linkages. For example, the institutional conditions Rotational leadership/coordination is applied to that allow for increased numbers of women in ensure that responsibilities and opportunities are decision-making positions will be documented. shared amongst the focal points from each centre during the strategy period. Annual work plans are Incentives to encourage successful gender integration planned openly and shared amongst the focal points; will be jointly negotiated between managers and joint centre activities will be also encouraged to scientists during the annual performance appraisal build collaboration and collective action in achieving process. Possible incentives include supplemental gender-responsive goals and objectives. Semi-annual funding, targeted training and presentations at and annual reports from focal points are required, international forums as well as showcasing effective and are reported to the gender coordinator and integration efforts in the outcome stories of ultimately to the CRP6 director. annual reports. At centre level, the focal points are responsible for implementing annual work plans with reporting Budget presentation responsibilities both to the CRP6 gender coordinator About 10% of the CRP6 component budget and to centre management, respectively. Centres may (excluding the gender cross-cutting theme) is have different structures for implementing gender dedicated to gender research and analysis (Table 4). cross-cutting activities as well as gender research in the components, but the idea of creating ‘Gender These figures are indicative, based on our Implementing Teams’ (GITs) is being considered. The Performance Implementation Agreement for the GITs, headed by the centre focal point will then be cross-cutting themes and on the rolling 3-year responsible for ensuring delivery of gender-responsive operational plan for gender-relevant research within goals and objectives of the CRP components. With components. They are in our current operational plan the right capacity and support, the GITs can evolve (OP 2012–2014) and must be considered estimates. into a formal feature of the CRP6 management and The next iteration of the plan (OP 2013–2015) will operational structure. have more reliable figures accompanied by a specific annual programme of work. The gender cross-cutting While it may appear as though a disproportionate theme has a separate budget of USD 3 427 711 over share of the responsibility for gender integration is the same time period. concentrated in gender focal points and the CRP6 director, the responsibility is broader and embedded in centre management and operational structures and Management system processes. Component leaders, who took the lead The gender cross-cutting theme is under the role in identifying gender-relevant research questions supervision of the CRP6 director and this theme (see Annex I), and who have allocated close to 10% and associated activities are coordinated by a of component budgets to gender-related research gender coordinator, with focal points in each of and action activities, have a responsibility to ensure the participating centres (i.e., CIFOR, ICRAF, that component research and research outputs are Bioversity, CIAT. The CRP6 director is designated reflective of this investment. Similarly, programme with oversight of the management and budgets of directors (who bear overall responsibility for science Gender in the CGIAR Research Program on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry 19

Table 3. Summary of monitoring and evaluation plan What will be Indicators Data collection Frequency Responsibility monitored? methods Gender Percentage of projects generating Database search Annual Gender focal points integration gender-disaggregated data process Number of projects that use gender- disaggregated data for targeting and priority setting Gender Number of scientists and partners Participants list and Annual Gender focal points integration trained surveys process Gender Number of scientists and partners Participants list and Annual Gender focal points integration taking advantage of mentoring surveys process programmes Gender Percentage of projects with Database search Annual Gender focal points integration monitoring and evaluation process components/indicators Whether targeting addresses gender differentiation Whether priority setting for research planning included gender-related criteria Outputs Number of reports/policy briefs/ Reading reports Biennial Gender focal points; InfoBriefs that are based on gender- Component leaders disaggregated data and gender analysis Outputs Number of partners using/referring Scientist self-evaluation; Biennial Gender focal points; to gender-related information in surveys Component leaders reports, policy briefs, etc. Outputs Changes in capacity of partners Scientist evaluations; Biennial Gender focal points; surveys of partners Component leaders Impacts Income from FAT1 goods and Surveys 3–5 years CRP6 director; CRP6 services controlled by women and MEIA team; Gender men has increased such that gender focal points inequality in income from these goods and services has decreased by at least 30% Impacts At least xx women and their families Surveys 3–5 years benefit from FAT products for food security for xx additional days during the dry season Impacts 20–30% of members elected/ Surveys 3–5 years appointed to forest management committees are women Impacts 10–15% of women in programme Surveys 3–5 years areas have control (i.e., stronger rights) over FAT resources at household and community levels 1 Forest, Agroforestry and Tree resources 20 Gender in the CGIAR Research Program on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry

Table 4. CRP6 gender budget CRP 6 Annual budget for gender research and analysis by component and year Gender 2012 2013 2014 C1 1 161 272 1 411 628 1 665 143 C2 943 342 1 095 691 1 190 840 C3 1 289 598 1 586 500 1 866 892 C4 3 176 911 3 362 517 3 573 243 C5 546 364 624 323 690 340 TOTAL 7 117 487 8 080 659 8 986 458 Cross-cutting gender 906 604 1 309 573 1 211 535

direction and budget allocations) review research goals and strategies are achieved in an effective and proposals and appraise scientist performance annually rigorous manner. and bear responsibility for gender integration in programmes and in the science. The yearly Overall, this strategy views gender integration in performance appraisal processes provide an as yet research as a fundamental part of doing good science untapped and promising avenue for the diffusion (and development). The success of this strategy rests of responsibility to individual scientists. Finally, on embedding gender integration in processes and centre boards of trustees have a responsibility for structures that animate each centre’s science. ensuring that a centre’s science and management References

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Broad research questions Gender-specific aspects of the Examples of science outputs (Component 1, Theme 1) question How does one increase What interventions (e.g., policies) New/improved tree and crop germplasm investment in species-specific can improve women’s access to tree improvement using generic important NTFP and tree species for NTFP and tree domestication strategies domestication techniques for germplasm collection and use? priority NTFP and tree species to ensure quality planting material is available? What approaches, tools and How does one ensure that Best practice guidelines methods can be used to adapt promotion and domestication of tree and forest management high-value NTFP and tree species Forest and tree management tools techniques to the scales, are based on men’s and women’s resource types, objectives and differentiated preferences (products opportunities of smallholders and species)? and community forest managers? How and why do different tree How do gender-differentiated Development of associative tree ideotypes species x management options roles and control of resources and hence system-compatible tree confer affordable sustainability affect species and management germplasm benefits for farmers in terms preferences and ultimate choices? of higher soil and water What changes in women’s control Tools for matching trees and tree mixtures productivity in the medium to of tree and land resources are to sites and circumstances long term? necessary for their preferences to prevail in decisions about tree planting, retention and management? How can innovative How does the introduction of Tools for promoting tree diversity on farms management techniques be innovation or intensification affect and in farming landscapes used to improve NTFP and tree gender roles or differential access to use to diversify farming systems resources and benefits? and enhance rural livelihoods? How can innovative How do knowledge and preferences Databases of scientific and local management techniques (locally of women and men differ in relation assessments of tree attributes that confer derived and science based) be to choices of tree species and productivity gains and system compatibility identified, tested and evaluated management options? more efficiently? Which farmer, forest and tree How does one consider Forest and tree management manuals management skills can be gender roles and targeted Databases enhanced with respect to training in different forest/tree Demonstration sites establishment, protection, management activities to promote spacing, thinning, selection, complementarity of skills, especially pruning, coppicing, harvesting, in labour-scarce households? irrigation and fertilisation?

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Annex I. Continued Broad research questions Gender-specific aspects of the Examples of science outputs (Component 1, Theme 2) question What improved methods and How does one increase women’s Rapid appraisal tools of market chains rapid appraisal tools can be participation in value chains and Viability and profitability studies used to analyse the actual and reduce inequity in household Value chain reports potential value of forest and tree benefits? Fair pricing guidelines products for poor and women Appraisal tools should be gender farmers and for subsector and sensitive and inclusive. value chains (including inputs, nurseries)? What scaling-up and novel How does one ensure that scaling- Novel extension approaches extension approaches are up and extension approaches effective in promoting the and interventions are specifically Scaling-up protocols spread of knowledge and targeted to cultural and gender materials (e.g., seed), particularly differences, according to men’s and among women and the poor, women’s different participation in Rural resource centres are sustainable and help build commodities, land use systems and capacities of communities social settings? to access information and innovate? How does the impact of innovative extension approaches vary by commodity, by land use system, by social setting and by region? What are key marketing Collective marketing enables Marketing strategies interventions for helping smallholders to ‘break into’ the Franchising options farmers improve returns market, but gender relations can Outgrower schemes from NTFP and agroforestry break down the collective if not enterprises and improve attended to. smallholder competitiveness? How should the interventions be sequenced? What are the multiplication Are the methods of multiplication Cultivar multiplication and deployment and deployment systems for accessible for both men systems for tree crops identified and improved tree germplasm that and women? evaluated ensure genetic integrity, provide Locally adaptable tree seed and seedling disease-free planting material, systems and means of selecting appropriate and are adapted to various local models for different settings, developed conditions? and tested for both high-value and high- volume species What innovative and sustainable Community-based market Market information systems ways can be devised and information platforms are Information hubs implemented to improve the innovative and can be effective Microcredit schemes supply of market information, in supplying timely market technical assistance and information and getting feedback, Decentralised extension approaches appropriate finance to but conflicts of interest and Demonstrations differentiated, local end-users power relations between men of forest- and tree-based and women in mixed platforms production systems? need investments in repairs and maintenance. How can certification of good How does one improve women’s Certification checklists agricultural practices and participation in value chains and Generic criteria sustainable timber practices reduce inequity in household Publications incentivise farmers to modify benefits? their tree-planting decisions? Appraisal tools should be gender sensitive and inclusive. Gender in the CGIAR Research Program on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry 25

Annex I. Continued Broad research questions Gender-specific aspects of the Science outputs (Component 1, Theme 3) question How can multilevel governance How can women participate Tools for facilitating collaboration necessary institutions best work to effectively in multilevel governance for multilevel governance enhance local rights and institutions and what is needed to Approaches for analysing multilevel and livelihoods? overcome barriers to participation? polycentric governance systems Tools for overcoming barriers to women’s participation What mechanisms can improve How does one build bargaining Generic tools for analysing access in the smallholder and community power and confidence among context of legal pluralism; synthesis of local access and control over forest women in seeking equitable access experience and emerging patterns; and and tree resources? and control over forest and tree analysis of factors that foster or constrain resources in mixed environments? multilevel collective action for securing local How does one link local women’s rights and access organisations to national and Operational guidelines for assessing tenure international movements to constraints and opportunities increase their voice and strengthen their rights and access to forest resources and to market opportunities in forest and tree products? How can property rights and security for women best be enhanced, particularly with regard to common or communal property? How does one better integrate How does one recognise and Approaches for analysing, comparing, scientific and local knowledge address different states/levels/types contrasting and, where appropriate, to improve management of knowledge between genders integrating multiple knowledge systems institutions that govern forest regarding forest and tree resources? User-friendly entry points to synthetic and tree resources? What approaches ensure that science-based models to complement local women’s knowledge and knowledge preferences are heard when attempting to modify resource governance systems? What policies can protect How does one ensure the inclusion Analytical tools livelihoods and enhance well- of pro-women policies to adjust Synthesis of site-level experience being given greater pressures negative results caused by gender (e.g., market integration, REDD+, power relationships? biofuel expansion)? How can forest policies How do reforms of forest Smarter policy formulations that do not better respond to needs policies in response to needs in have perverse outcomes on tree resources for tree management in agroforestry affect female farmers on agricultural land agricultural lands and what or tree managers? institutional reforms can lower barriers between forestry and agriculture to serve the different tree germplasm and information needs for forestry and agroforestry development? How can technical norms How does one ensure gender Analysis and synthesis of ways to link and regulations be tailored differences in knowledge and knowledge with action to reflect the contexts, learning styles are understood in constraints and opportunities the cultural context? faced by smallholders and community‑level producers?

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Annex I. Continued Broad research questions Gender-specific aspects of the Science outputs (Component 1, Theme 3) question In what ways can local level What elements of gender- Methods and approaches for incorporating institutions for collective use differentiated rules, norms and and/or recognising local-level institutions and management of forest practices for collective use and (including rights and access) that are resources (including rights and management can be reasonably sensitive to gender-differentiated needs access) be recognised and taken formalised without undermining and priorities into account by higher-level men’s and women’s capacities rules, strategies and procedures for collective organisation? What without compromising their are the sustainability and benefit functions and effectiveness? distribution effects of different structural and functional attributes of groups? What innovations in In what ways are forestry officials’ Organisational strategies and interventions incentives, including rewards, implementation practices for improving officials’ incentives sanctions, responsibilities and (e.g., enforcement) gender discretion can improve the differentiated? How do they affect implementation of policies men’s and women’s compliance and laws by officials (especially and incentives for sustainable forest frontline bureaucrats)? management? Broad research questions Gender-specific aspects of the Examples of science outputs (Component 2, Theme 1) research question What are the most important How could the different priorities Criteria for prioritising useful diversity from criteria for identifying priority of men and women be considered local to country levels developed and tested tree species and populations more equally when defining together with local and national partners for conservation action at common priorities? How can subnational, national and understanding the different gender regional levels? roles help refine priorities? What are the status, trends, Do men and women value species Genetic diversity, useful traits, conservation threats and major drivers of loss and traits differently and play status and threats assessed for priority of intra- and interspecific forest different roles in and/or experience species groups and tree biodiversity that are different effects from the drivers of Methods for threat analysis and of socioeconomic importance? diversity loss? Who loses, relatively understanding of in situ conservation Considering that most countries and quantitatively, when different status, along with identification of viable have policies for biodiversity types of diversity are lost? solutions conservation, what impedes implementation? What are the most effective and Practical, applicable, interpretable indicators practical indicators of genetic of genetic resources for use across the diversity (including ecological landscape gradient proxies) across landscapes Methodology for rapid in situ evaluation (including seminatural, of diversity of useful traits of wild and managed and planted forests)? semidomesticated fruit tree species What is the best combination How can one encourage Methods, guidelines and decision support of in situ, ex situ and/or circa equitable participation in strategy tools developed and disseminated for situ (on-farm) conservation development and outcomes? How complementary in situ, ex situ and circa approaches and how do conservation strategies affect situ conservation strategies for priority can challenges to their men and women and their access tree species and populations that facilitate implementation be overcome to resources? What kinds of checks their use in improvement and development for priority tree species should be included in tools to activities (including fruit trees and tree address gender impacts? Systems and procedures established for crops across the forest-to-farm Women are important processers effectively conserving genetic diversity of spectrum)? and quality controllers of tree crops many fruits. How can their role be recognised? Gender in the CGIAR Research Program on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry 27

Annex I. Continued Broad research questions Gender-specific aspects of the Examples of science outputs (Component 2, Theme 1) research question Which elements must be How can equitable participation Genetic diversity conservation strategies included in guidelines or and influence in the strategy developed for socio-economically strategies for conservation of development processes, by important tree species, for high-poverty genetic resources for uptake and different user groups, be areas adoption in high-poverty areas encouraged? Methodologies and incentive mechanisms and by different user groups, identified for in situ and on-farm including women and men? conservation of tree crop genetic resources Broad research questions Gender-specific aspects of the Examples of science outputs (Component 2, Theme 2) research question How can key genetic traits in What traits are important for men Assessment of feasibility of using genomic wild and local populations be and women, taking into account tools to find sources of variation in quickly identified such that their different roles and resources? important adaptive and useful traits high-quality germplasm of What knowledge do they each have Methodologies/standards for phenotypic socioeconomically important and how do they identify valuable and genetic characterisation of genetic tree species can be conserved? traits? resources developed and agreed What are the most cost-effective What roles can women and men System and procedures established ways of conserving desired traits play in conserving valuable local for effectively conserving important in wild and local populations? and wild populations that they have genetic diversity access to and use? How can users (e.g., researchers, Are the primary users of genetic Information systems and databases breeders, farmers) get rapid resources seeking priority traits on genetic resources established or access to desired genetic identified by women and men for strengthened resources and local germplasm? their different roles and resources? Systems and procedures established for making important genetic diversity of tree crops available to breeders What institutional frameworks How do we ensure that gender- Global partnership frameworks for the are effective and cost efficient specific aspects are built into evaluation and conservation of and access in ensuring genetic resources a sustainable institutional to tree crop germplasm for important traits conservation, and in providing framework? established access to and use of trees and tree crops? Broad research questions Gender-specific aspects of the Examples of science outputs (Component 2, Theme 3) research question What forest management What factors affect distribution of Development of tools, methods and policies and practices can incomes from different approaches? guidelines for better monitoring and provide sustainable incomes How are non-monetary benefits management of tropical production forests and incentives for maintaining (e.g., domestic use) affected? Who for multiple uses and beneficiaries environmental services, do incentives target and what while protecting the natural factors influence targeting? What resource base, and under what are the constraints on women conditions? benefiting? How can we go ‘beyond How can men and women share New silvicultural tools, harvesting timber’? What management responsibility as resource managers, guidelines and approaches that avoid local interventions are needed to users and knowledge holders? How extinction of commercial timber species maximise the total array of can forest managers be sensitised and attempt to integrate biodiversity benefits (environmental, social, and how can their capacities to considerations (including bushmeat) and economic) from forests? identify and consider gendered other environmental or cultural services into roles, preferences and knowledge management plans be enhanced? What processes and accountabilities are required to ensure that the analysis of forest products takes into account postharvest processing possibilities and constraints by men and women for different products? continued on next page 28 Gender in the CGIAR Research Program on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry

Annex I. Continued Broad research questions Gender-specific aspects of the Examples of science outputs (Component 2, Theme 3) research question Does forest certification Who participates and what are the Identification of stand-level trade-offs contribute to the achievement conditions for participation in the in multiple-use management systems of SFM in tropical production development of standards? What as they relate to regulatory frameworks, forests or is it simply alternative processes and strategies certification and knowledge capacity and adding cost and complexity can be adopted to broaden silvicultural approaches without providing sufficient participation? Who benefits in corresponding commercial terms of resource conservation and advantage? increased incomes and why? How can market-based mechanisms on a global level address and ensure distributional equity and outcomes at the site of production? What innovative solutions and institutions (responsibilities and accountabilities) can be crafted at different governance levels (local, national, global) to facilitate equitable outcomes? What is the minimum set of Differential gender appropriation Decision support systems and best practice criteria to include for allocating of the provision of forest goods guidelines, including genetic, ecological efforts to rehabilitate degraded and services from rehabilitated and silvicultural approaches ecosystems for the provision of forests and gender-specific multiple goods and services at traditional knowledge as an input the stand and landscape levels? of silvicultural practice How can agreements be Analysis and recognition of power Guidelines and mechanisms developed for facilitated in existing large relations (including influencing use of government agencies, certification and complex stakeholder factors) in order to design bodies, private enterprises and communities networks around tropical procedures and strategies for production forests? increasing the bargaining power of marginalised actors. What resources are irreplaceable for each gender and should thus be addressed as a priority? Broad research questions Gender-specific aspects of the Examples of science outputs (Component 2, Theme 4) research question What do local people (men, How do differential roles in the Guidelines/uses developed for forest women, old, young, dominant community explain and affect resources that incorporate and recognise and marginalised ethnic groups) valuations among multiple interests local values value about the production and to what extent are people able forests in which (or near which) to express their views and influence they live? decisions on forest management? What strategies exist and can How have existing strategies Guidelines and mechanisms for forest be developed for bringing performed and how can they be resource use developed that reconcile/ together the ideas of formal structured and improved to better resolve trade-offs and build common production forest managers meet objectives? How do groups’ understanding between forest managers and local community members and individuals’ power relationships and communities (including women and other help to explain their attitudes marginalised groups)? and their actions? How would recognition of sensitisation and capacity-building needs help to achieve common understanding? How can agreements be Analysis and recognition of power Guidelines and mechanisms developed for facilitated in existing large relations. What resources are use of government agencies, certification and complex stakeholder irreplaceable for each gender bodies, private enterprises and communities networks around tropical and should thus be addressed as production forests? a priority? Gender in the CGIAR Research Program on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry 29

Annex I. Continued Broad research questions Gender-specific aspects of the Examples of science outputs (Component 3, Theme 1) research question What are the major drivers How are the perceptions, Empirical (including time series) data sets and patterns of qualitative appreciation and experiences of of quantitative and qualitative tree cover and quantitative tree cover tree cover transitions influenced transitions across continents transitions and how do they vary by gender? What are the gender Analysis of the links between the drivers of with scale in space and time? impacts of such transitions? land use and tree cover change at global/ What are the consequences of How do different factors that national/local scales, including their commercial logging and forest influence transition, including relationships with: conversion for migrant-based governance arrangements, • demographic change, including changes agriculture or plantations? incentives and institutional reform, in rates of urbanisation, circular and What is the impact of interact with gender dynamics to other migration patterns, and human infrastructure development and produce better outcomes? population density how can negative consequences • road networks, and other infrastructure on the environment and (e.g., pipelines, hydrocarbon fields, livelihoods be mitigated? dams, mines) How do local stakeholders • the processing industry (linked to interact with external ones Component 5) in various stages of forest • national supply/demand and import/ transition? export data and overall economic How do governance systems development and their reform influence • forest categorisation and forest stages in forest transition at the policy regimes forest/agrarian interface? Identification of opportunities to negotiate and influence the reversal of current degradation patterns and acceleration of forest rehabilitation and agroforestry transformation Broad research questions Gender-specific aspects of the Examples of science outputs (Component 3, Theme 2) research question How can ‘environmental service How does preference for Tools for determining and quantifying the deficits’ be quantified? ‘quantifiable’ environmental environmental services at stake in various How do landscape-scale services (ES) vary between stages of tree cover transition watershed services, carbon genders, based on the perceived direct value of ES and foreseeable storage, biodiversity Strategies and practices for managing tree benefits, influencing the level of conservation and the sustaining species to conserve genetic resources today participation? of ecological functionality and for the future at the scale of landscapes depend on the attributes of forestry and agroforestry systems as part of landscape Strategies and practices for sustaining mosaics across climatic, ecological functionality in multiple-use biogeographic, ecological and landscape mosaics socioeconomic contexts? What are the most effective methods for assessing environmental service provision and changes that result as a function of landscape-level disturbance? What holistic combination of in situ (including managed forests), ex situ and circa situ (on-farm) conservation approaches are most effective for conserving key populations of priority species and their genetic diversity at the scale of landscapes?

continued on next page 30 Gender in the CGIAR Research Program on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry

Annex I. Continued Broad research questions Gender-specific aspects of the Examples of science outputs (Component 3, Theme 2) research question How can fairness and efficiency How do gender roles influence Adaptive landscape management in which be combined in ways that participation in negotiation of local stakeholders are supported and reduce environmental PES schemes? What approaches, enabled to enhance environmental service service deficits? including timing, sequencing and provision as well as their livelihoods How do outcomes of overall design of PES negotiation Tested tools and governance mechanisms negotiations over conservation processes, are necessary for for managing the trade-offs between and development trade-offs ensuring effective participation? conservation and development at vary in relation to such factors How does one understand, across multiple scales as stakeholders’ negotiation the various cultural contexts, capacity, scientific input and gender roles and representation inclusiveness of participation in policy dialogues in light of and gender considerations? integration? How realistic are expectations What are the gender-specific that regulation of and incentives impacts of the implementation for enhancing tree-based of ES schemes? How are benefits watersheds, carbon storage distributed between men and and biodiversity services women, with what impacts on can enhance and sustain sustainability and livelihoods? environmental services? What alternative options and What are the trade-offs between arrangements can narrow and/or efficiency, perceived fairness eliminate distribution gaps? and measurable equity, and poverty reduction associated with alternative mechanisms for environmental service rewards for smallholder farmers, both men and women? How can cross-sectoral policies and community-based forest policy limit or enhance the potential for environmental service rewards? How can policies, tools, methods and approaches enhance the sustainability of financial flows, and improve governance and institutions? Under what conditions and at what scales can PES schemes and related mechanisms produce positive outcomes for conservation and human well- being that are effective, efficient and equitable? How can forestry and How can forestry and agroforestry Overview of current policies for the agroforestry initiatives best and the perspectives of women agriculture–forestry interface that interact with the drivers of forest (and other marginalised actors) can be adjusted to maximise positive and landscape transitions? be included in policies? What environmental and socioeconomic strategies, and at what stages outcomes in the sequence of policy design, will ensure effective participation of women and other marginalised actors? Gender in the CGIAR Research Program on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry 31

Annex I. Continued Broad research questions Gender-specific aspects of the Examples of science outputs (Component 3, Theme 3) research question How can multi-stakeholder, Do conserved and other forests Identification of principles, methods and multifunctional landscapes have different values and processes for optimising conservation and evolve from a conflict- accessibility for men and women? livelihood values from the allocation of land dominated state to one that What kind of conflicts may occur use rights within forest landscapes involves negotiation and use of within communities and how might Collaborative decision-making and opportunities for synergy—with their nature and intensity vary monitoring tools for strengthening positive environmental and by gender? community involvement and meaningful social outcomes? What options exist for conflict participation in conservation and land use How do the outcomes management and resolution that planning, especially by women and other of negotiations between draw upon the relative strengths of disadvantaged stakeholders conservation and development men and women? trade-offs systematically vary How can different abilities to in relation to such factors as participate and negotiate, including negotiation capacity of various bargaining power, between men stakeholders, scientific input and and women be accounted for and inclusiveness of participation? addressed? How does one facilitate equitable land use rights allocation and women’s ability to maintain rights? What kinds of safeguards are required in rights allocation processes to ensure equitable and effective rights and access? How can conservation How do species uses differ between Identification of improved modalities and livelihood objectives user groups and how should and approaches to effectively support be reconciled at the these be taken into account in conservation in forest landscape mosaics landscape scale? conservation and management? Participatory models for reserve managers How does one resolve conflicting to identify how reserve dwellers use uses between multiple users within particular resources and threaten long-term and among communities? sustainability of targeted species; monitor How does one empower women by current uses; and develop guidelines for recognising and strengthening their conservation and sustainable management role in and livelihood benefits from of species and populations of value resource management? What might be the unintended consequences of such empowerment and how can such consequences be mitigated and/ or avoided? What suite of incentives, knowledge and resources is required to enhance reserve managers’ gender sensitivity?

continued on next page 32 Gender in the CGIAR Research Program on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry

Annex I. Continued Broad research questions Gender-specific aspects of the Examples of science outputs (Component 4, Theme 1) research question Focus 1 (Policies) Do mitigation modalities have Global analysis of agreements and options for a What design elements of gender-specific aspects that have global climate regime and their likely outcomes international agreements, to be taken into account? What for REDD+, including analysis of convergence and finance and capacity- factors condition the use and divergence of opinions building efforts are implementation of gender-specific Analysis of comparative advantages/ necessary to produce elements of mitigation modalities? disadvantages of the various financing efficient, effective and How could international REDD+ arrangements to shape the political economy in equitable REDD+ policies agreements affect women and recipient countries disadvantaged groups? and initiatives? Recommendations on international agreements, based on a comparative analysis of their effects on the formulation and implementation of efficient, effective and equitable REDD+ policy and initiatives Focus 1 (Policies) How can the interests of women Analysis of the political economy of REDD+ at How do national policies and disadvantaged groups be the national scale, including the role of non-state and institutions influence addressed in national REDD+ actors in shaping the national debate on REDD+ the formulation and strategies? What kinds of and the value judgments about the achievable implementation of measures and obligations can efficiency, effectiveness and equitability of REDD+ efficient, effective and be incorporated into national Assessment of the effects of REDD+ policies on equitable REDD+ policies? policy and planning processes to national economies and national or international increase the likelihood that the markets, especially timber and fuelwood (linked interests, knowledge and needs of with Component 5) disadvantaged groups (including Recommendations on institutional frameworks women) are effectively articulated? at the national level within which REDD+ can be effectively implemented and ensure service delivery, deal making, identification of trade- offs and mediation in the current context of proliferating pilot projects and a fragmented policy arena Guidelines to improve the transparency, inclusiveness and efficiency of REDD+ policymaking processes and associated reforms (e.g., tenure reform and intersectoral planning), based on comparative analysis Focus 2 (Subnational) How should gender inequalities Comparative analysis of how de jure and de facto How does the local be addressed in the design tenure rules and forest tenure reform affect the context determine and implementation of REDD+ security of local populations and REDD+ initiatives the design of a REDD+ initiatives? What kinds of Analysis of the political economy of REDD+ initiative? measures and obligations can initiatives (how different local actors exercise be incorporated into planning authority in interaction with national actors, how processes to increase the likelihood multilevel forest governance processes influence that the interests, knowledge and land use) needs of disadvantaged groups Recommendations on institutional designs (including women) are effectively or mechanisms promoting inclusive decision accounted for in the design making, accountability and legitimacy in and implementation of REDD+ subnational initiatives, particularly with regard to initiatives? community and market actors Recommendations on the design of REDD+ initiatives (e.g., in terms of payments and benefit sharing, involvement of local institutions), depending on the type of forests and forest management (e.g., conservation vs production forests), institutions (e.g., tenure, decentralisation, community institutions) and social context Gender in the CGIAR Research Program on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry 33

Annex I. Continued Broad research questions Gender-specific aspects of the Examples of science outputs (Component 4, Theme 1) research question Focus 2 (Subnational) What are the differentiated impacts Comparative analysis of how REDD+ initiatives How can a REDD+ of REDD+ initiatives on women’s affect local governance arrangements and initiative contribute to rights and livelihoods? How do livelihoods, including women and disadvantaged livelihood improvement, gender relationships explain these groups and their access to forest products, equitable benefit differentiated impacts? How might markets and diversified economic activities sharing (including gendered relationships intensify Analysis of how REDD+ initiatives affect non- across genders), tenure these impacts? carbon ecosystem services (e.g., hydrological clarification and leakage services affected by reforestation) and prevention? local economies (e.g., small-scale traders, merchants, artisans) Guidelines for designing pro-poor REDD+ initiatives (e.g., in terms of benefit sharing, tenure clarification and leakage prevention) Focus 3 (Methods None Best practice and decision support tools for and tools) measuring and estimating carbon balance in What are the best mitigation initiatives and baseline scenarios practices and decision (carbon stocks and greenhouse gas emissions support tools related in biomass, soils, forest products and forest or to carbon and baseline agricultural activities) estimation? Best practice and decision support tools for managing trees and forests in REDD+ projects (e.g., selection of adequate species for tree planting depending on ecological and socioeconomic context) Focus 3 (Methods What are the best methods for Improved and validated approaches for and tools) understanding the differentiated participatory design and planning of tree- and What are the most roles of women and disadvantaged forest-based mitigation initiatives, including appropriate approaches groups in tree- and forest-based negotiation tools for addressing trade-offs and for involving forest- mitigation initiatives? What kinds defining achievable targets in terms of efficiency, dependent communities of practices can foster inclusiveness effectiveness and equitability and indigenous peoples in while minimising distributional Approaches to participative monitoring and mitigation initiatives? conflict among beneficiaries management of carbon stocks including women and other disadvantaged groups? Broad research questions Gender-specific aspects of the Examples of science outputs (Component 4, Theme 2) research question Focus 1 (Policies) How can national adaptation Analysis of the effects of international decisions How can international strategies and policies integrate on adaptation and funding modalities and their and national policies and the interests of women and effectiveness, equity and efficiency funds improve the design disadvantaged groups? How Comparative analysis of the effects of national and implementation of should negotiation and planning policies and processes (e.g., decentralisation, adaptation initiatives that processes be structured, sequenced tenure reform, agriculture policy, trade and reduce the vulnerability of and timed to allow for the effective investment) on people’s adaptive capacity representation and/or participation people and ecosystems? Guidelines to improve national policies for of disadvantaged groups? strengthening local adaptive capacity under different contexts Guidelines on how to incorporate adaptation into forest policies and forests and trees into adaptation policies

continued on next page 34 Gender in the CGIAR Research Program on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry

Annex I. Continued Broad research questions Gender-specific aspects of the Examples of science outputs (Component 4, Theme 2) research question Focus 2 (Subnational) None Regional assessments of climate change impacts How will climate change on forests and trees (e.g., fires, storm, pests, affect forests and trees? dieback, suitable tree crops) What measures can be Assessment of the resilience of forest and tree designed for reducing ecosystems (including tree crop systems under ecosystem vulnerability? different management) to climate change Guidelines for identifying and implementing adaptation options for forests and trees, including landscape-scale measures (e.g., biological corridors), forest management measures (e.g., improved planting or harvesting) and tree diversity management (e.g., appropriate tree planting materials and germplasm delivered to farmers) Focus 2 (Subnational) What are the gender-differentiated Analysis of the vulnerability of local communities How resilient are forest- vulnerabilities of local people to to climate variability and climate change, in and tree-dependent climate change? How do local interaction with other socioeconomic and political people in the face of social and political institutions (e.g., changes climate change and an property rights, patronage) shape Documentation and comparative assessment of array of other drivers of gendered vulnerabilities? past and current local adaptive strategies and profound change? Do men and women perceive coping responses of local communities What institutional and adaptation needs and strategies Comparative analysis of how local and national technical measures (e.g., differently? What is the institutions affect the adaptive capacity of local institutional reforms, differentiated role of women in communities local adaptive strategies? technical measures and Analysis of the role of ecosystems in reducing the ecosystem management) How do gender inequalities explain vulnerability of local communities and society to can be designed for differentiated vulnerabilities? climate change (e.g., through water regulation, reducing the vulnerability How can the adaptive capacity of diversification of livelihoods ensured by tree of forest- and tree- women and disadvantaged groups crops, products for energy and health, regulation dependent people and be enhanced? of microclimate) economic sectors? Analysis of the trade-offs between different adaptation options (ecosystem-based measures and other measures) and between different land uses Recommendations on how to design societal adaptation with ecosystem-based measures and other measures Recommendations on governance reforms and local institution strengthening for adaptation Focus 3 (Methods None Methods and tools for assessing the potential and tools) impacts of climate change on forests, agroforests What are cost-effective and their genetic diversity, taking into account methods and tools for non-climatic drivers of change assessing the impacts Modelling approaches for assessing the impacts of climate change on of climate change on ecosystem services forests, agroforestry and Methods for assessing the effectiveness of biodiversity (including adaptation measures for ecosystems (e.g., genetic resources) and for biological corridors, enhancement of genetic determining adaptation diversity for resilience) options for ecosystems? Methods for understanding adaptive genetic variation in tree species (e.g., climate change genomic studies) and guiding germplasm exchanges of suitably adapted or plastic material Gender in the CGIAR Research Program on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry 35

Annex I. Continued Broad research questions Gender-specific aspects of the Examples of science outputs (Component 4, Theme 2) research question Focus 3 (Methods How does one study the role Best practices (combining biophysical–economic and tools) of ecosystem services in the modelling and participatory assessment) for What are the best livelihoods and the adaptation of analysing the role of local ecosystem services practices and decision women and disadvantaged groups? in the adaptation of local people and the support tools for broader society managing ecosystem services in ecosystem- based adaptation? Focus 3 (Methods How does one encourage the Improved and validated action research and tools) meaningful participation of women methods for assessing vulnerability and planning What are the most and disadvantaged groups in adaptation with local communities appropriate methods adaptation initiatives and planning Approaches to participatory monitoring of climate for involving forest- processes? change impacts dependent communities What suite of tools and methods in adaptation initiatives? can best draw out gender- differentiated knowledge and experiences? Broad research questions Gender-specific aspects of the Examples of science outputs (Component 4, Theme 3) research question Focus 1 (Policies) How can linked M&A policies Comparative analysis of the trade-offs and What are the increase attention to gender issues? synergies between M&A in international opportunities and and national policies and identification of modalities for linking opportunities for linking adaptation and M&A in international and mitigation national policies? Assessment of the political economy of M&A trade-offs (e.g., mitigation as a global issue driven by developed countries vs adaptation driven by local and national needs in developing countries) Recommendations for enhancing synergies between M&A in international policies and funding Focus 1 (Policies) How can cross-sectoral and cross- Analysis of how the performance of forestry- or What governance scale coordination for M&A include climate-related institutions is affected by being mechanisms are most gender issues? What institutional embedded in larger architectures and addressing effective in fostering the arrangements, incentives and the objectives of both M&A synergies between M&A? stakeholder interactions are Guidelines for governance reforms to foster cross- required to ensure that M&A sectoral planning for M&A work synergistically to minimise Recommendations of institutional and financial gendered inequalities produced by mechanisms for fostering the synergies between climate change? M&A (e.g., pro-poor payments for multiple ecosystem services) Focus 2 (Subnational) How can M&A subnational Analysis of the impacts of climate change on the How does one increase initiatives include gender- success of REDD+ initiatives (through impacts the synergies between specific aspects? on forests and carbon, or impacts on local M&A in subnational and populations) local initiatives? Recommendations on how to include adaptation Do smallholder resource in REDD+ initiatives for increasing social and use patterns exist that ecological resilience promote both M&A? Guidelines for assessing the contribution of EBA initiatives to mitigation and facilitating their access to mitigation funding

continued on next page 36 Gender in the CGIAR Research Program on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry

Annex I. Continued Broad research questions Gender-specific aspects of the Examples of science outputs (Component 4, Theme 3) research question Global synthesis on the trade-offs and synergies between M&A in forest-, tree- and agroforestry- related subnational and local initiatives Guidelines to improve the design of M&A initiatives, in terms of institutions (e.g., funding and local governance) and techniques (e.g., resilient tree crop systems or multistrata silvopastoral systems, rehabilitation of ecosystems) Analyses of which existing smallholder resource use patterns that promote M&A and how these may be built upon, scaled up, enhanced and included in M&A initiatives Focus 3 (Methods What are the best methods for Methods and tools for mapping ecosystem and tools) incorporating gender issues n M&A services and analysing their trade-offs or synergies What are the best initiatives? (carbon vs services relevant for adaptation) practices and decision How does one address gender Approaches for analysing the trade-offs and support tools for issues in the analysis of socio- synergies between M&A in terms of livelihoods developing M&A ecological systems and the and governance initiatives? development of future scenarios? Modelling approaches for studying the coupled dynamics of social and ecological systems and integrating knowledge from different disciplines and stakeholders Best practices (e.g., combining scientific modelling and participatory assessment) for defining and analysing future scenarios and pathways for M&A Methods and tools for assessing ecosystem- based M&A measures, current and future costs and benefits Broad research question Gender-specific aspects of Examples of science outputs (Component 5, Theme 1) the research question How do shifts in trade and Do impacts differ across Assessment of processes, conditions and investment associated with gender groups? What factors mediating factors through which trade and emerging economies (e.g., explain differential impacts investment influence forest landscape changes BRIC countries) and established on men and women and their and the livelihoods of forest-dependent people markets differentially affect main variations? Do trade and Analysis of the impacts associated with trade forests (e.g., area, ecological investment intensify existing and investment trends on forests (including goods and services) and local inequalities? deforestation, forest degradation, biodiversity people’s livelihoods? What is conservation, and provision of environmental the magnitude of these impacts services), people’s livelihoods (men and women) and associated trade‑offs? and economic development How do demand for and What conditions associated Methods and analysis of ecological, social and investment in food, fuel and with trade and investment economic trade-offs associated with trade and fibre change the type, location in different resources investment at different scales of impact (local, and degree of pressures on differentially affect men and subnational and national) forest landscapes, thus shaping women? What options and Comparative assessment of impacts on forests forest transitions? What are processes exist for gender- and people from global and domestic trade and the impacts on forest and sensitising codes of conduct investment trends across selected commodities local people’s livelihoods for investors? and forest landscapes related to specific global–local interactions? What is the magnitude of these impacts and associated trade-offs? Gender in the CGIAR Research Program on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry 37

Annex I. Continued Broad research question Gender-specific aspects of Examples of science outputs (Component 5, Theme 1) the research question How do land acquisition and What are the gender- tenure regimes evolve under differentiated impacts the influence of growing of business models or pressure on lands? What are conservation schemes the impacts of land allocation associated with large-scale deals and tenure regimes (e.g., land investments? concessions) that are linked to the extraction of timber and other forest resources and/or the provision of environmental services? How do they influence and change resource rights and the distribution of benefits? What interactions between How are benefits of (formal domestic and global timber and informal) access and use value chains are shaping forest of forest resources linked to cover and forest livelihoods global trade differentially in different forest landscapes? distributed between men and What is the scale of illegal women? What institutional logging associated with both arrangements, including domestic and global timber policies, can serve to narrow markets in specific landscapes, observed inequalities? and with what implications for local livelihoods and forest conditions? What are the modes of operation used by different stakeholders in the domestic and global value chains? What are their impacts on forests (including goods and services) and the distribution of benefits in specific landscapes and across gender groups? What conditions and Who benefits and who loses loopholes in financial systems from forest-related corruption, and corporate governance fraud and money laundering allow forest-related fraud and large-scale land and and corruption and socially resource transactions? detrimental ‘high-stakes’ deals How does the performance to continue? What are the of forest-related financial interactions between illegal governance systems affect logging and other forest vulnerable groups, including crime practices such as money women? laundering? What is the scale of and who are the actors in financial fraud and corruption associated with forest crime and large-scale land and resource transactions in select countries and landscapes?

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Annex I. Continued Broad research questions Gender-specific aspects of the Examples of science outputs (Component 5, Theme 2) research question How do various models of non-state How does one ensure that Guidelines, based on comparative market-driven governance systems market-driven models and analysis, of lessons learned on the and corporate social responsibility instruments ‘do no harm’ to effectiveness of market-based (e.g., timber certification, biodiversity the most vulnerable groups, instruments and non-state processes, offsets, sustainability standards, and increase equity between for managing the impacts on forests and financial due diligence) differentially social groups in the pursuit of people, increasing biodiverse and socially reduce deforestation and forest improved social outcomes? beneficial forest and agroforestry cover, resource degradation, increase cover and enhancing the social and economic of biodiverse forest and fulfil poverty- benefits from non-forestlands and forest reduction objectives? What are the management scope and scale of effectiveness of the different governance systems, and what institutional architectures are needed to support durable forest governance? What policies, regulations and What measures can be designed Identification of improved principles, governance systems should be in to safeguard the livelihoods of sustainability standards and safeguards place involving, on the one side, vulnerable groups (including to promote responsible trade and forest-rich producer countries (of women) under threat from trade investment and more effective timber, biofuel feedstocks, food and and investment-driven pressures institutional systems for enhancing other commodities), and on the other, leading to deforestation and legality linked to forest management and consumer countries: forest degradation? trade, and combat fraud and corruption • to reduce the pressures How can policy frameworks link associated with forest and impacts on forests and the need for sustainable forest- Identified improved policy frameworks people associated with trade based resource management and institutional options for regulating and investment in emerging with greater gender equity? and managing the impacts on forests economies? What measures are needed to and people associated with trade and • to mitigate the negative and protect the rights of the most investment, strengthening forest and enhance the positive social, vulnerable groups from large- land governance systems, integrated law economic and environmental scale land acquisition? What is enforcement approaches, and equitable impacts of trade and investment the role of women in shaping benefit sharing linked to food and biofuel markets, the social and local responses to Enhancement of instruments and and promote more responsible commercial pressures on land platforms for policy analysis and dialogue investments? linked to trade and investment? in producer countries on best policies, • to support improved governance, What kinds of arrangements regulatory frameworks and improved especially for securing the land (including information and practices for managing social, economic and resource rights of local people, resources) are required to link and environmental impacts linked to and promote more equitable such local responses to national trade and investment distribution of benefits in the and transnational networks context of large-scale land-based focused on making international investment? trade and investment more accountable to local actors? • to shift from illegal to legal forest practices that ensure sustainable forest management while securing the livelihoods of local forest users and other stakeholders? • to reduce the risks of corruption and fraud associated with forest crime, and forest-related money laundering in public funds and payments (including REDD+ transfers)? What combinations of factors and Synthesis of comparative analysis with governance instruments produce recommendations on policy options positive gains for sustainability and equity goals? www.cifor.org/crp6

This research was carried out by CIFOR as part of the CGIAR Research Program on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry. This collaborative program aims to enhance the management and use of forests, agroforestry and tree genetic resources across the landscape from forests to farms. CIFOR leads the program in partnership with Bioversity International, CIRAD (Centre de coopérationinter nationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement), the International Center for and the World Agroforestry Centre.