Early Iowa Locality Records

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Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science

Volume 22 Annual Issue Article 14

1915

Early Iowa Locality Records

B. Shimek

Recommended Citation Shimek, B. (1915) "Early Iowa Locality Records," Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science, 22(1), 105-119. Available at: https://scholarworks.uni.edu/pias/vol22/iss1/14

This Research is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa Academy of Science at UNI ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science by an authorized editor of UNI ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Shimek: Early Iowa Locality Records

EARLY IOWA LOCALITY RECORDS 105

EARLy row .A LOCALITY RECORDS. B. SHIMEK. Students of plant and animal d:istributlon are naturally inter ested in exact geographic designation, and they frequently suffer inconvenience from the inaccuracy ~r misconception of locality names. Confusion in our western records sometimes arises be cause the earlier explorers worked in an unsettled wilderness in which accurate geographic designation was difficult or im possible, and again from the fact that names were often at first applied to larger areas than those to which the name is at pres ent restricted. Some such cases have come under the writer's notice recently in his effort to secure full records of Iowa plants and mollusks. The locality which attracted sp.ecial attention is that which is designated as ''Council Bluff,'' or ''Council Bluffs,'' in various reports on plants, mopusks, insects, etc. This is. the locality made memorable by the visit of Thomas Say, who spent parts of the years 1819 and 1820 at the Engineer Cantonment near Council Bluff, and who reported and described many species of mollusks, insects and vertebrates from this locality. Later, in 1839, the Nicollet Expedition visited the same locality and col lected numerous plants which were submitted for determination to Dr. Torrey. Say's "Council Bluff" is generally considered the same as the Council Bluffs, Iowa, of today, but this is clearly not cor rect. The present city of Council Bluffs, Iowa, is located on the east side of the Missouri river, and a·bout twenty-two mil(ls above the mouth of the Platte river in Nebraska. Naturally the references to Council Bluff or Council Bluffs would suggest the Iowa locality, but there can be no question that the locality to which Say and others refer is on the western, or Nebraska, side of the Missouri river, and more than twenty miles ahnve the pres ent city of Council Bluffs. The name ''Council Bluff'' was originally applied to a locality at which Lewis and Clark held a council with the Ottoe and Mis souri Indians, .August 3, 1804.1 1see Original J"ournals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, 1804-1806. . (In full and exactly as written.) Edited by Reuben Gold Thwaites LL. D., 1904. Vol. I, p. 98. Coues' edition, Vol. I, p .. 66, 1893.

Published by UNI ScholarWorks, 1915 1 Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science, Vol. 22 [1915], No. 1, Art. 14

10.6 IOWA ACADE'MY OF SCIENCE EARLY IOWA Li

Referring to this locality in his valuable edition of these Jour 1806,5 will give 49% miles as nals, Thwaites makes the following statement :2 stituted for the "4th" of Au ''This is the origin of the name now applied to a city in Iowa 379. As noted these slight va opposite Omaha, Neb.; but Coues thinks that the place conclusion, and it is evident tl of this council was higher up the river, on what was later the cated near the present city of site of Ft. Calhoun, in the present Washington County, Ne No fluctuations in the couri braska. He also calls attention to the well known uncertainty for the great difference in di and constant shifting of the Missouri's channels, rendering it and Clark record of courses i difficult to identify historic points.'' ble to retrace the old course o: This cautious statement might give the impression that it is firms the conclusion that in not quite certain that Coues' conclusion was right. But the evi here under discussion the chan dence that this point is some distance above the city of Council count for the difference betweeIJ Bluffs, and that it is on the Nebraska side of the Mlissouri river, is Iowa, to the Platte river, and clear and the place may be readily identified from the early de same point as recorded by Lew scriptions of Lewis and Clark and those who followed them Further corroboration is fou later. This evidence may be briefly stated as follows: the Original J ournals6 that on In the acount of the journey up the Missouri river the Clark that on the S. S. (i.e., the star· .Tournal states3 that Camp No. 9 was located 10 miles above the the Missouri ''a creek comes i: ''Platt River;" and that in ascending the Missouri river from following page it is noted thi this point the party traveled 15 miles on July 27th (p. 91) ; starting point the party '' pai 10% miles on July 28th (p. 93); 10 miles on July 29th (pp. 93, Boyer river of today, and it nc 94); and 31;,i miles on July 30th,-to Council Bluff,-making a point about twelve miles abov< total of 49 miles. This carries "Council Bluff" about 27 miles the Lewis and Clark record shm beyond the city of Council Bluffs (i.e., to the north). Some seven miles from the Platte, li discrepancies occur in the distances reported in .different parts Bluffs, Iowa, and that Council : of the Journals, but these do not materially aff~ct the result. farther north. It is thus certai Thus in the Original Journal o" Private Joseph Whitehouse4 and Clark is north of the BoyE the distance from "the Great River Platt" to the first camp is several miles south of that 1 above (Camp 9) is given as 12 miles (p. 44); and the subseq~ent in the course of the Missouri distances are given respectively as 15 miles (p'. 46), 10 miles Boyer somewhat nearer to Cm clearly between the two points 1 (p: 46), 111/2 miles (p. 46), and 4 miles (p. 47) ,-making a total of 52% miles. However, in his "Distances and Latitudes," p. Another point of special imp 189, Whitehouse gives the distance along the river to the "Mouth record in the Clark Journal8 th of Plate River" as 632 miles, and to "Council Bluffs" as 682 Bluff) was at ''the lower part miles, making the distance between these points 50 miles. The S." "L. S." here means larb< distances as given on the return trip, September 5th to 8th, many places in the Journals, '' used, meaning starboard side. '

•2 See volume I, p. 98-footnote. . . •see the ·Thwaites edition, volume· I. Unless otherwise stated the quota-· 5S'ee Original J·ournals, volume V, tions from the Lewis and Clark Journals are taken from the Thwaites edition •Volume I, p. 93. · as this is an exact copy. The editor of the Coues' edition took greater' liberties with the original Journals, and that edition is therefore less reliable. 7This stream is also called Boyers geant Charles Jnoyd; Original Journal : .~Yo-Iume 'v11· of ·the 6rigina1 Journals. · · •Original Journals, Vol. J, p. 94,

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·OF SCIENCE EARLY IOWA LOCALITY RECORDS 107

valuable edition of these J our 1806, 5 will give 49112 miles as this distance if the "5th" is sub g statement :2 stituted for the "4th" of August (a manifest error) on page ~ now applied to a city in Iowa 379. As noted these slight variations do not affect th~ general t hIlls. k ... that the place conclusion, and it is evident that the Council Bluff was not lo e river, on what was later the cated near the present city of Council Bluffs. sent Washington County, .Ne- t No .fluctuations in the course of the Missouri could account to the well known uncer~am ! for the great difference in distance, and moreover, the Lewis ssouri 's channels, rendering it and Clark record of courses andJ distances has: made it possi ts." ble to retrace the old course of the river, and this further con , gNe. the impression that it is. firms the conclusion that in that part of the Missouri river clusion was right. But the ev~- here under discussion the changes have not been sufficient to ac tance. above t h e ci't Y of Council. . count for the difference between the distance from Council ~luffs ska side of the M]issouri river, is Iowa, to the Platte river, and that from Council Bluff to the ly identified from the early de same point as recorded by Lewis and Clark. . and those who followed them Further corroboration is found in the fact that it is noted in ifiy stated as follows : the Original Journals6 that on the 29th of July it was observed [LP the Missouri river the Clark that on the S. S. (i.e., the starboard side, here the east side) of was located 10 miles above the the Missouri ''a creek comes in called Boyers R., '' and on the anding the Missouri river from following page it is noted that at 1% miles from that day's 5 miles on July 27th (p. 91 ) ; starting point the party "passed Bowyers R. " 7 This is the . 10 miles on July 29th (pp. 93, Boyer river of today, and it now empties into the Missouri at a ~-to Council Bluff,-making a point about twelve miles above the city of Council Bluffs, but : : Council Bluff" about 27 miles the Lewis and Clark record shows that the Boyer was then thirty tffs (i.e., to the north). So~e seven miles from the Platte, hence beyond the site of Council nces rep.orted in different parLs Bluffs, Iowa, and that Council Bluff was about twelve' miles still 10t materially affect the result: farther north. It is thus certain that the Council Bluff of Lewis o"' Private Joseph Whitehouse and Clark is north of the Boyer, whereas Council Bluffs, Iowa, River Platt" to the first camp is several miles south of that stream. . The subsequent changes n. 1es (p. . 44) ,. and. the subseq1rnnt. in the course of the Missouri have brought the mouth of the 0 1 , . as 15 miles (p'. 46), 1 mi es Boyer somewhat nearer to Council Bluffs, Iowa, but it is still 4 miles (p. 4 7) ,-making a total clearly between the two points. under discussion. . ''Distances and Latitu. d es, " p · Another point of special importance in this connection is the :ce along the river to the ''Mouth record in the Clark Journal8 that the landing place (at Gouncil and to "Council Bluffs" as 682 Bluff) was at "the lower part of a Bluff & High Prairie on L. men these points 50 miles. The S." "L. S." here means larboard side, as is clearly shown in lrn trip, September 5th to 8th, many places in the Journals, "S. S.," which is. als.o frequently used, meaning s.tarboard side. The larboard side of a boat going

•See Original Journals, volume V, 376-380. •Volume I, p. 93. 7This stream is also called Boyers River in ·the Original Journal of Ser geant Charles Jrloyd, Original Journals, Vol. VII, p. 22. •Original Journals, Vol. I, p. 94,

Published by UNI ScholarWorks, 1915 3 Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science, Vol. 22 [1915], No. 1, Art. 14

108 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE EARLY IOWA LI

north is the west side, hence the' landing and camp at Council These descrip.tions of topogr Bluff must have been on the west, or Nebraska, side of the Mis of especial interest because the souri river, whereas Council Bluffs, Iowa, is on the east side. of the vicinity of Council Blufl The distance of Council Bluff from the Platte, its distance and the region under discussion wi direction from the mouth of the Boyer, and its location on the It is evident that Long's p~ west bank of the Missouri river seem to be sufficient to prove Council Bluff much as Lewis that the Council Bluff of Lewis and Clark was in Nebraska. Long's map shows the great b It is also evident that the Council Bluff of Lewis and Clark Bluff, evidently about as it ha1 is the same as that of Say and Nicollet. Thirteen years after and it also clearly shows the 1 Lewis and Clark's return voyage, on which Council Bluff was (so named on the map), En again visited,9 the Long Expedition established a winter camp Bluff. ''near the quarters of the troops at Council Bluffs (Camp Mis The great bend of the Misso souri). " 10 1839 when Nicollet visited Cc A military expedition, under the command of Col. Henry At piled by Lieut. W. H. Emory,1 kinson, had preceded the scientific expedition up.der Maj. Long, of Boyer River, Engineer Ca and established Camp Missouri at Council Bluff in September, that indicated on Long's map. 1819. On the 19th of September of the same year the Long place soon after as is shown by p.arty, which had ascended the Missouri river in the steamer be remembered, was prepared "Western Engineer," established a winter cantonment "on the at Council Bluff were made, 1 west bank of the Missouri, about half a. mile above Fort Lisa, more years had elapsed. Ref five miles below Council Bluff, and three miles above the mouth of the Missouri channel he saJ of Boyer's river.' '11 recognize many of the bends d( This camp was named ''Engineer Cantonment,'' and Say re most probably those determim fers to it frequently in his papers under that name, or simply up.on my map, will ere long h as "Cantonment." It is in Nebraska. settled course of the river. A It is further stated (p. 222) that "cliffs of sparry limestone fact, that the great bend opposi rise in the rear of the site we had selected, to an elevation of since our visit; and that the :M near three hundred feet. At times of low water strata of hori foot of the bluff, is now furtl zontal sandstone are disclosed in the bed of the Missouri. These the east of it.'' The extent oJ pass under and support the limestone.'' map of Harrison county, Iowa, And still further it is stated (p. 229) that "the Council Bluff, Iowa Geological Survey, opposi so called by Lewis and Clark, from a council with the Ofoes this map the writer published t and Missouries held there on the 3d of August, 1804, is a remark survey, 1804, the U. S. surve;} able bank rising abruptly from the brink of the river, to an ele 1898. Council Bluff was a littl vation of about one hundred and fifty feet.'' rison county, and on the oppos' "Original .Journals, volume V, p. 379. the change reported by Nicollet 1°Account of an expedition from Pittsburgh to the Rocky Mountains per-. formed in the years 1819, 1S20-under the command of Major S. H. Long. indicated by the U. S. survey Compiled from the notes of Major Long, Mr. T. Say, and other gentlemen of the partv by Edwin .James, botanist and geologist to the expedition. Pub 12This map accompanies the repor lished 1823. The original London edition, published in three volumes, was Hydrographic Basin of the Upper M consulted by the writer, but the references herein given are to the Thwaites Snrrn'~ted Feb. 16, 1841. Published edltion in four vol'µmes published in 1905, as this is more accessible. The 2d session. words quoted above appear in Vol. I, p. 12. · '""his verv full desi

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anding and camp at Council These descrip.tions of topography and geologic formations are or Nebraska, side of the Mis of especial interest because they do not at all apply to any part of the vicinity of Council Bluffs, Iowa, as any one familiar with · i Iowa is ·on the east side. >m' the Platte,' its distance and the region under discussion will at once perceive. foyer, and its location on the It is evident that Long's party found the river and bluff at eem to be sufficient to prove Council Bluff much as Lewis and Clark had described them. a. Clark was in Nebraska. Long's map shows the great bend of the Missouri near Council tcil Bluff of Lewis and Clark Bluff, evidently about as it had appeared thirteen years before, ficollet. Thirteen years after and it also clearly shows the relative position of Boyer's River on which Council Bluff was (so named on the map), Engineer Cantonment and Council on established a winter camp Bluff. at Council Bluffs (Camp Mis- The great bend of the Missouri river was still in existence in 1839 when Nicollet visited Council Bluff, and his map., com e command of Col. Henry At piled by Lieut. W. H." Emory,12 shows the same relative position : expedition u:p.der Maj. Long, of Boyer River, Engineer Cantonment and Council Bluff as G Council Bluff in September, that indicated on Long's map. A great change, however, took r of the same year the Long place soon after as is shown by Nicollet's report, which, it should IJ:issouri river in the steamer be remembered, was prepared two years after his observations a winter cantonment ''on the at Council Bluff were made, and was not published until two half a mile above Fort Lisa, more years had elapsed. Referring to the unstable character ·. d three. miles above the mouth of the Missouri channel he says (p. 22) : "Thus we could not recognize many of the bends described by Lewis and Clark; and ~er Cantonment,'' and Say re most probably those determined by us in 1839, and laid down ·s under that name, or simply up.on my map, will ere long have disappeared; such is the un tska. settled course of the river. Already have I been informed, in iat ''cliffs of sparry limestone fact, that the great bend opposite Council Bluffs has disappeared ad selected, to an elevation of since our visit; and that the Missouri, which then flowed at the es of low water strata of hori foot of the bluff, is now further removed by several miles to :he bed of the Missouri. These the east of it." The extent of this change is indicated on the tone.'' map of Harrison county, Iowa, published in the Reports of the . 229) that "the Council Bluff, Iowa Geological Survey, opposite p. 380, in Vol. XX, 1910. In rom a council with the Ofoes this map the writer published the results of the Lewis and Clark :d of August, 1804, is a remark survey, 1804, the U. S. survey, 1853, and the Wattles survey, ie brink of the river, to an ele 1898. Council Bluff was a little south of the south line of Har fifty feet. ' ' rison county, and on the opposite side of the Missouri river. If the change reported by Nicollet brought the river to the position sburgh to t11e Rocky Mountains per-. the command of Major S. H. Long. indicated by the U. S. survey of 1853, which is not materially , Mr. T. Say, and other g.ei;tlemen of 1d geologist to the exped1t10n. Pub 12This map accompanies tne report intended to illustrate A Map of the .on, published in three volumes, :vas Hydrographic Basin of the Upper Mississippi River.-!. N. Nicollet.-1843. ces herein given are to the. Thwaites Sl'l'·m'~ted Feb. 16, 1841. Published as a Senate Document, 26th Congress, 105, as this is more accessible. The 2d Session. 12. h •, aHty appears on p. 221, Vol. I, of t e ' of the London edition·. · ··

Published by UNI ScholarWorks, 1915 5 Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science, Vol. 22 [1915], No. 1, Art. 14

110 row A ACADE'MY OF SCIENCE EARLY IOWA l

different, at this point from that shown by the Wattles survey that the Gouncil Bluff of th1 of 1898, the shift eastward amounted to nearly five miles.13 Iowa. The two localities are The foregoing facts make it clear that the name Council Bluff river, and hep.ce in different was applied to the same locality by Lewis and Clark, Long and twenty-seven miles between tl Nicollet, and that this locality is situated on the Nebraska side terest in connection with the o~ the Missouri river J:?-Ore than 20 miles above the city, of Goun vai·iably wrote the name Cow cil Bluffs, Iowa. The evidence is especially clear so far as it who subsequently copied.I his I concerns the location of the Council Bluff of Say and Nicollet, some cases, particularly those and this is of greatest interest to students of distribution for made to supply the name of 1 the reports of Say and Nicollet contain many references to' this has resulted. Thus Frank ( locality. ''Council Bluffs, Iowa,'' as t The term Council Bluffs was probably first publicly applied, brosa Say, a form of Galba el1 at least in scientific literature, to hills on the Iowa side by D. ities for Galba elodes appear D. Owen,14 who refers to "Council Bluffs" on p. 132 of the Re River, in the vicinity of Cot pc-rt, and marks the hills on the Iowa side, which extend from (Say)." Say's original rec opposite the mouth of the Platte to northwestern Missouri as state. The only accurate re.fe "Council Bluffs." ' which the writer has seeri It is evident from the foregoing discussion that the Council appears in W. G. Binney 's r Bluff of Say's and Nicolet 's reports, and all others based upon Explorations in Nebraska, to them, is a Nebraska locality, and this is also true of the "En made in this paper. Here gineer Cantonment,'' or ''Cantonment.'' Where reference is "Council Bluff, N. T." (Ne· made to "Bowyer's Creek," "Boyers River," or Boyer river, More important than the di the ~ocality is on the Iowa side. It is not probable that Say ever, is that between the ecolc inade many excursions to the Iowa side of the Missouri river of the Missouri river. The ~ the broad prairie bottom-lands of that side being less inviting' dered by less abrupt and morE than the wooded bluffs of the Nebraska side, and the difficulty bordering the· Iowa side are fc of crossing the Missouri probably adding an obstacle. His jour stand out in sharp contrast nal, copied by James, shows that he did oecasionally cross to the These differences affect the lo Iowa side, and a longer trip, was taken along the Boyer to the animals, and. forest forms ar, present site of Logan, Iowa.15 braska side. For this reason It may seem that the exact location of Council Bluff is not a Council Bluff is located on the For the convenience of .thoE m~tte~ of serious moment, but this locality is cited in many scientific papers and is therefore of ,interest to students of plant bution records of our biota, ~ and animal distribution. In addition to the general desirability older works whichrefer to Cc of accuracy there are two reasons for correcting the impression in this part of_ the country, tl notes on older Iowa records, 13The old ch:o:nnel of the Missouri, indicated by dotted lines on the ma of Pottawattamie county opposite p. 266 in Vol XI, Iowa Geological Survel. Council Bluff records, which 1901, was proba1!1Y determmed by the U. S. survey of 1853 though the report does not state this. Pottawattamie county lies just south ~f Harrison county not belong to Iowa. It must 14Report of a geologiqal survey of Wisconsin, Iowa and Minnesota etc · 1852 .. Also. m!LP in "Illustrations" in same-the one marked ''Sections on recent references ·to Council the Missouri River from no. 20 M., to no. 40 M." 15 Thwaites' edition of Long, Vol. II, pp. 136-138 · the London edition Vol " 6 The i.,ymnae"idae of North ·a~d : II, pp. 67-69. See also the writer's brief discussion in Iowa Geologicai 3, Chicago Ac_adeiny Sciences, 191 Survey, Vol. XX., p. 278. of

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EARLY IOWA LOCALITY RECORDS 111 OF SCIENCE that the C'ouncil Bluff of the earlier reports is Council Bluffs shown by the Wattles survey . ' Iowa. The two localities are on opposite sides of the Missouri ted to nearly five miles.13 1r that the mime Council Bluff river, and hep.ce in different states, and the difference of about >y Lewis and Clark, Long and twenty-seven miles between them is sufficiently great to be of in situated on the Nebraska side terest .in connection with the preparation of state lists. Say in variably wrote the name Coiincil Blitff, and most of the authors I miles above the city. of Goun s especially clear so far as it who subsequently copied! his record used the same form. But in Lcil Bluff of Say and Nicollet, some cases, particularly those of more recent date, an effort was > students of distribution, for made to supply the name of the state or territory, and an error mtain many references to this has resulted. Thus Frank C. Baker, in a recent work,1 6 cites ''Council Bluffs, Iowa,'' as the type locality for Lyrnnaea urn rohably first publicly applied, brosa Say, a form of Galba elodes (p. 324), and among the local ities for Galba elodes appears the following: "Iowa: Missouri 1 hills on the Iowa side by D. l Bluffs'' on p. 132 of the Re River, in the vicinity of Council Bluffs, Pottawattamie county Iowa side, which extend from (Say)." Say's original record mentions neither county nor state. The only accurate reference of Council Bluff to Nebraska to northwestern Misso~ri, as which the writer has seen in locality citations of this kind Lg discussion that the Council appears in W. G. Binney 's report on Land Shells in Warren's rts, and all others based upon Explorations in Nebraska, to which subsequent reference will be this is also true of the ''En made in this paper. Here (p. 125) the locality is given as nment." Where reference is "Council Bluff, N. T." (Nebraska Territory.) More important than the difference in political divisions how- oyers River,'' or Boyer river, . ' It is not probable that Say ever, is that between the ecological regions on the opposite sides wa side of the Missouri river, of the Missouri river. The Nebraska side of the valley is bor dered by less abrupt and more heavily wooded bluffs., while those f that side being less inviting bordering the Iowa side are formed by abrupt bald ridges. which braska side, and the difficulty stand out in sharp contrast with those of the opposite side. adding an obstacle. His jour These differences .affect the local distribution of both plants and b.e did occasionally cross to the animals, and. forest forms are much more common on the Nee taken along the Boyer to the braska side. For this reason it does make a difference whether ation of Council Bluff is not a Council Bluff is located on the east or the w_est side of the river: For the convenience of those who are interested in the d:lstri this locality is cited in many bution records of our biota, and who do not access to of interest to students of plant hav~ th~ older works which· refer to Council Bluff, and t~ other localities .tion to the general desirability in this part of_ the country, the writer here presents a series of ~ for correcting the impression notes on older Iowa records, with incidental ·ref~rences to the Ldicated by dotted lines on the map ' .in Vol XI, Iowa Geological Survey, Council Bluff records, which it must be clearly understood do . S. survey of 1853, though the report ty lies just south of Harrison county. not belong to Iowa. It must also be remembered that the more \1"isconsin, Iowa and Minnesota, etc., recent references -to Council Bluffs, where they are not me~e ~a4~eM.~'he one marked "Sections on 0 Jp. 136-138; the London edition, Vol. 16T?e i,y~naeidae of N?rth a;d Middle Americac:_Speci~l :Publicatio~ 'l-

Published by UNI ScholarWorks, 1915 7 Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science, Vol. 22 [1915], No. 1, Art. 14

112 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE EARLY I~

copies of old records, as in the writer's papers on ioess, etc., Platte, on the Iowa side apply to Council Bluffs, Iowa, and not to the Nebraska locality. the precipitous and alrn The older reports on Iowa plants and animals follow: bound the Missouri va PLANTS. and the great fl.owerin beauty. Here also we s2 The earlier records of plants, namely those in the Lewis and thes, the yellow euch1 Clark and the Long reports, are for the most p.art very unsatis "pentstemon" is evideIJ factory both as to identification (general and common names less prenanthes'' is Ly being used in part), and as to exact localities. Clark's Journal chromia" is Castilleja ( contains references to plants, mostly trees, which were observed Other less definite no as the party ascended the Missouri along the present boundary refer to Iowa. of Iowa, but it is usually impossible to determine on which side of the river they were ohserved1, as they were mostly hottomland The Nicollet report , species. The only definite Iowa reference is that to the black which may have been ol walnut, which was observed on the return trip near Floyd's tion to this includes, on grave, near the present site of Sioux City.11 logue of plants collectec Concerning the plants collected by the Lewis and Clark ex tion of Mr. I. N. Nicoll between the Mississipi;: pedition Purah rep.orts as follows :18 '' ... a small but highly interesting collection of dried plants John Torrey, M. D." 1 was put into my hands by this gentleman (i.e., Meriwether collected at or near '' Lewis, then governor of Upper Louisiana) in order to describe Council Bluff of Lewis and figure those I thought new. The collection of plants just river. On pages 144 to spoken of was made during the rapid return of the expedition of plants are specificall; from the Pacific Ocean towards the United States. A much cil Bluff, and these of more extensive one made on their slow ·ascent towards the Rocky Several other species a1 mountains and the chains of the Northern Andes, had unfortun general region, but it i ately been lost, by being deposited among other things at the of the Missouri they we foot of those mountains.'' The latter collection probably con This catalogue also c tained some Iowa material. The small collection submitted to collected in other part: Pursh p;robably contained none, as all locality references to it visited the Spirit lake in the text suggest localities west of the Missouri river. ence to plants from tha In the account of the Long Expedition comparatively little Euonymus atropurpure1 is said of the flora, but in the description of the return of Major Dalea alopecuroides (VI Darlingtonia (i.e., Desn Long from St. Louis to Council Bluff a footnote, evidently re Gray). Gravelly banks of ferring to Iowa, states19 that a Caenothus (smaller than 0. Aster Novae-Belgii (Lill americana), Amorpha ca1iescens, and Symphoria (i.e., Symphori of Spirit Lake; p. 151. carpos) racemosa "are almost the only shrubs seen on the prai Xanthium echinatum ( rie.'' Again, on the following page, in both editions, in connec headwaters of Little Siou: Artemisia biennis (Nut tion with a description of the territory six miles below the Solanum nigrum (Linn (L.). 17T!iwaltes' edition, Vol. V, p. 376; Coues' edition, Vol. III, p. -. Physalis viscosa 18Flora Americana Septentriona!is, 1814 (2d edition 1816), p. x. 8 1•Volume II, London edition, p. 109; Thwaites' edition, p. 186.

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1F SCIENCE EARLY IOWA LOCALITY RECORDS 113 riter's papers on loess, etc., Platte, on the Iowa side, the following statement is made : '' On not to the Nebraska locality. the precipitous and almost naked argillaceous hills, which here and animals follow : bound the Missouri valley, we found the Oxytrop.is lamberti and the great flowering pentstemon; two plants of singular beauty. Here also we saw, for the first time, the leafless prenan mely those in the Lewis and thes, the yellow euchromia, and many other .plants.'' The ~ the most part very unsatis "pentstemon" is evidently Pentstemon grandifiorits; the "leaf general and common names less prenanthes" is Lygodesmia juncea; and the "yellow eu t localities. Clark's Journal chromia" is Castilleja (Euchroma) sessilifiora. y trees, which were observed Other less definite notes also occur, ·but they probably do not along the present boundary refer to Iowa. ~ to determine on which· side they were mostly hottomland The Nicollet report also contains some references to plants ~ference is that to the black which may have been observed in Iowa (see p.. 29), and in addi ie return trip near Floyd's tion to this includes, on pp. 143 to 165, as Appendix B, a" Cata· logue of plants collected by Mr. Charles Geyer, under the direc· IC City.17 by the Lewis and Clark ex- tion of Mr. I. N. Nicollet, during his exploration of the region between the Mississippi and Missouri rivers: By Professor ing collection of dried plants John Torrey, M. D." This contains specific references to plants gentleman (i.e., Meriwether collected at or near "Council Bluff", here undoubtedly the 11isiana) in order to describe Council Bluff of Lewis and Clark on the Nebraska side of the The collection of plants just river. On pages 144 to 168 of this catalogue forty-eight sp.ecies pid return of the expedition of plants are specifically reported as occurring at or near Coun ;he United States. A much cil Bluff, and these of course belong to the flora of Nebraska. low ·ascent towards the Rocky Several other species are less definitely reported from the same >rthern Andes, had unfortun general region, but it is impossible to determine on which side l among other things at the of the Missouri they were found. 'tter collection probably con This catalogue also contains certain Io~a species which were small collection submitted to collected in other parts of the state. The Nicollet expedition ;; all locality references to it visited the Spirit lake region, and the following specific refer f the Missouri river. ence to plants from that region are made : :pedition comparatively little Euonymus atropurpureus. Woods, Spirit Lake; common; p. 147. ·iption of the return of Major Dalea alopecuroides (Willd.). Banks of Spirit Lake, etc; p. 148. :luff a footnote, evidently re Darlingtonia (i.e., Desmanthus) brachyloba var. glandulosa (Torr. & Gray). Gravelly banks of Spirit Lake; p. 148. Caenothus (smaller than C. AsterNovae-Belgii (Linn.), and var. minor (Torr. & Gray). Borders td Symphoria (i.e., Symphori of Spirit Lake; p. 151. only shrubs seen on the prai Xanthium echinatum (Torr. & Gray). Banks of Spirit Lake and :e, in both editions, in connec headwaters of Little Sioux river; p. 152. erritory six miles below the Artemisia biennis (Nutt.). Arid banks of Spirit Lake, etc.; p. 153. Solanum nigrum (Linn.). Sandy banks of Spirit Lake; p. 156.

~es' edition, Vol. III, p. -. Physalis viscosa (L.). Sandy banks of Spirit Lake; p. 156. I ( 2d edition 1816), p. x. ~waites' edition, p. 18 6. 8

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114 IOWA ACADE'MY OF SCIENCE EARLY IOWA E1,tphorbia cyathophora (Willd.) .•• Sandy shores of Spirit Lake, etc.; p. 160. America, 27 and by Gould in Panicum virgatwm (Linn.). Abundant on all the high prairies, but Massachusetts.28 Baker, in nowhere so luxuriant as near the Upper Des Moines river and Spirit dle America, 29 also copies t Lake; ·p. 163 . erroneously makes the loca}j .A.grostis cryptandra (Torr.). Banks of Spirit Lake, Little Sioux river, etc.; p. 164. noted. In 1859 W. G. Binney pul Several additional species, reported from ''between the Mis den's Report, p. 128, and co souri and Missjssippi rivers" also probably came from Iowa, which are credited to Com but the references are not definite and the species are not hsted here. tory) , and this is the only co1 to the writer. The list, hoVI Another of the older Iowa plant catalogues was published by evidently were collected .far• Dr. C'. C. Parry in Owen's Report on the Geology of Wisconsin, Say's early reports con ta Iowa and Minnesota, pp. 608-621. This catalogue specifically an Iowa locality. In the J refers 205 species to Iowa, though probably many of the re of Philadelphia (Vol. II, p. maining species were also collected in the state, as Dr. Parry's ''Bowyer Creek, near Com home was in Davenport, Iowa. As the Owen report is quite accessible the species are ncit listed here. side of the Missouri river reference is copied in W. I ANIMALS. Shells of North America I Several groups of animals have been included in the reports Bibliography (1863, p. 25~ of earlier explorations. The records of mollusks, insects, rep.tiles souri". and birds are of especial interest, though mammals and fishes Other early reports of Iov also received some notice. Haldeman 's Monograph ( Mollusks. integra Say, from the Missi: No reference to mollusks is made in the Lewis and Clark and is reproduced in Binney's J Nicollet reports, nor in the narrative of the Long Expedition Wheatley's Catalogue (1 although Say, a student of mollusks, was a member of the party. credited to Iowa: However, Say reported a number of spe_cies from "Council Vitrina pelZucida Drap. Io Helix porcina Say (i. e., Pol: Bluff" (in one case including Engineer Cantonment, also in Ne- · Pupa modesta Say. Iowa; J braska.) in the Journal of the Academy of Sciences of Phila Lymnaea megasoma Say. I< delphia in 1821,21 and· later in the American Conchology.22 Paludina (i. e., So_matogyru~ These references were subsequently copied by Haldeman,23 From 1838 to 1849 Iowa Amos Bi:i:mey, 24 W. G. Binney in his edition of Say,"5 the the Dakotas east of the Mi1 Bibliography,26 ana the Land and Fresh-water Shells of North at least the first of the ab

"Now E. heterophylla. within the present limits of 21See Vol. II, pp. 150, 151, 159, 160, 161, 164, 172, and 173. Prime's Monograph of J. "Part IV, pp. 122, 142· (1832). i part VI, pp. 205, 206 (1834). 23A Monograph of the Limniades, etc., ·No. II, cover; No. IV, 1842, .-p. 21i' tains the following species f No. VIII (no date), p. 4. .. . · Sphaerium sulcatum (Lam.) "The terrestrial Air-breathing Mollusks of the United States and Adjacent Territory, Yo!, II, 1851, pp, 176, 178. • Sphaerium striatinitm (Lan 251856, pp, 20, _21, 22, 63, 68. Sphaerium jayanum Pr.; p. "'1863, ·pp. 258, 259, and 414. Iii this work the locality is sometimes changed to "Missouri," or "Upper Missouri," Nebraska at the time of Say's 27Part II, p. 116 ; part III, p. 1 visit being a part of Missouri Territory. 281870, p. 287. '°1911, pp. 324, 326.

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Sandy shores of Spirit Lake, Anierica,27 and by Gould in the Report on the Invertebrata of 28 it on all the high prairies, but Massachusetts. Baker, in the Lymnaeidae o.f North and Mid ,r Des Moines river and. Spirit dle America,29 also cop.ies this reference to Council Bluff, but erroneously makes the locality Council Bluffs, Iowa, as already ! of Spirit Lake, Little Sioux noted. In 1859 W. G. Binney published a list of land shells (in Hay ;ed from ''between the Mis den's Report, p. 128, and copied on p. 414 of his Bibliography) probably came from Iowa, which are credited to Council Bluff, N. T. (Nebraska Terri. nd the species are not listed tory), and this is the only correct reference to this. locality known to the writer. The list, however, contains several species which catalogues was published 9Y evidently were collected .farther down the Missouri river. m the Geology of Wisconsin, Say's early reports contain but one undoubted reference to This catalogue specifically an Iowa locality. In the Journal of the Academy of Sciences t probably many of the re of Philadelphia (Vol. II, p. 171) he reports Physa gyrina from in the state, as Dr. Parry's "Bowyer Creek, near Council Bluff", which is on the Iowa ,s the Owen report is quite side of the Missouri river opposite Gouncil Bluff. The same here. reference is copied in W. G. Binney's Land and Fresh-water s. Shells of North America (part II, 1865, p. 77), but in his been included in the reports Bibliography (1863, p. 259) he quotes the locality as "Mis > of mollusks, insects, rep.tiles souri". though mammals and fishes Other early reports. of Iowa mollusks may be of interest: Haldeman's Monograph (No. I, 1840, p. 10) reports Palitdina integra Say, from the Mississippi river in Iowa, and the rep.ort I. is reproduced in Binney's Bibliography, p. 66. 1 in the Lewis and Clark and Wheatley's Catalogue (1845) includes the following species tive of the Long Expedition credited to Iowa: i, was a member of the party. Vitrina peZlucida Drap. Iowa Terr.; p. 141. r of species from ' ' Council Helix porcina Say (i. e., Polygyra hirsuta). Iowa; p. 142. meer Cantonment, also in Ne- · Pupa modesta Say. Iowa; p. 143: :ademy of Sciences of Phila- Lymnaea megasoma Say. Iowa; P. 145. Paludina (i. e., So.matogyrus) subglobosa Say. Iowa; p. 150. ' American Conchology. 22 mtly copied by Haldeman,23 From 1838 to 1849 Iowa Territory included Minnesota and in his edition of Say,"5 the the Dakotas east of the Missouri river, and it is probable that Fresh-water Shells of North at least the first of the above listed species was not collected within the present limits of Iowa.

, 164, 172, and 173: Prime's Monograph of American Corbiculadae (1865) con- :, pp. 205, 206 (1834). tains the following species from Iowa: No. II, cover; No. IV, 1842,. p. 25 ' Sphaerium sulcatum (Lam.) Pr.; p. 34.

1 of the United States and Adjacent Sphaerium striatinum (Lam.) Pr.; p. 37. Sphaeriitm jayanum Pr.; p. 46. is work the locality is sometimes 21pa:ft JI, p. 116; part III, p. 12. ri," Nebraska at the time of Say's 281870, p. 287. 291911, pp, 324, 326.

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116 row A ACADE'.MY OF SCIENCE EARLY IOWA 1

Binney's Land and Fresh-water Shells of North America R (part II, 1865) contains the following: The only early references t Physa gyrina Say. Bowyer Creek, near Council Bluff; p 77. Plmiorbis campanl/,l,latus Say. Quasquitan, (i. e., Quasqueton) Iowa; on Say's Council Bluff mater p. 110. Expedition (Thwaites' editio A. A. Gould reports Helix monodon from Iowa, on p. 420 of snakes, as on pp.. 214 (foot the Report on the Invertebrata of Massachusetts, 1870. London edition the reptiles i In several cases mollusks were reported from the Big Sioux. Further references to Say's river, as in Binne.y's Land and Fresh-water Shells of North ment are made in Holbrooli America, part II, 1865, pp. 41, 44, 48, 67, 89, 105, 110, 121, 124, 1838, Vol. II, p. 99; Vol. III: IV, p. 78. 134 '· part III' 1865 ' p . 83 ·' in Roberts' Report on Mollusca, 1871, p. 467; and in Ingersoll's Sp.ecial Report on the Mollusca, 1876, The only reference to Iowa p. 405. In most of these cases it. is impossible to determine tion of Long, Vol. II, p. 139, whether the shells were collected on the Iowa or South Dakota · occurring along Boyer creek. side of the river, or in that part of ·the stream lying wholly within South Dakota. The former is more probable. In one Few references to birds a case only is the reference given as "Big Sioux river, Nebraska." Journals. In Vol. I, ThwaitE This is in Roberts' Report. South Dakota was then a part of are reported to have been se€ Nebraska Territory. sP.rved on the Iowa side, as r1 Insects. geese and pelicans are reporte In Say's American Entomology frequent references are made In the Account of the Lo: to "Engineer Cantonment" and "Engineer Cantonment near Vol. I, many birds are rep.o Council Bluff", and also to "Council Bluff o:ri the Missouri" Such references occur in foo or "in Missouri". As noted, both localities are in Nebraska. 255 and 284, and Appendix '.A Such references occur in volume I, on pp. 117 and 388, and in the same locality on pp. 318 t volume II, on pp. 32, 101, 128, 131, 135, 136, 138, 141, 144; 158, pp. 262 to 270 in the London 167, 175, 196, 203, 231, 239, 243, 245, 246, 255, 257, 258, 259, The definite Iowa reference1 277, 528, 575, 579, 637. Several less definite.references are also tion, are the following: made to what are apparently Nebraska localities. The only Limosa scolopacea, Vol. I, p. definite Iowa references are the .following, in volume II: Creek." Oolymbetes venustus-"in a pond near Bowyer Creek, Missouri"; Swans, geese and ducks, nea1 P. 90. p. 278. Hydrovorus 1/,1,ndulatus-"ln a pond near Bowyer Creek, Upper Mis- Sand-hill crane, along Boyer C souri"; p. 99. Fishes. Ma Few references to fishes occur in the older reports. The Lewis Frequent re:l'erences to mru and Clark Journals (Thwaites' edition), Vol. I, p. 90, contain near Council Bluff are made a reference to a "white catfish", probably Ictaliiriis punc Clark, Vol. I, pp.. 90 and 91, tatus,30 probably from Iowa, and the narrative of the Long Ex from the Iowa side, and the pedition, (Thwaites' edition), Vol. I, p. 277, refers to a num Thwa1tes' edition, Vol. I, p. ber of small fishes taken in a pond near. the Boyer. pond ·near the Boyer. Twel' was seen near the Sioux ( evi< "See Coues' edition, Vol. I, p. 54.

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~SCIENCE EARLY IOWA LOCALITY .RECORDS 117

Shells of North America Reptiles. .g: The only early references to reptiles of this region are based ar Council Bluff; p 77. on Say's Council Bluff material. In the narrative Of the Long .tan, (i. e., Quasqueton) Iowa; Expedition (Thwaites' edition) several references are made to snakes, as on pp.. 214 (footnote 163), 271 and 272. In the on from Iowf1, on p. 420 of London edition the reptiles are listed in Appendix A, p. 267. [assachusetts, 1870. Further references to Say's material from Engineer Canton ported from the Big Sioux. ment are made in Holbrook's North American Herpetology, resh-water Shells of North 1838, Vol. II, p. 99; Vol. III, pp. 13, 42, 48, 54, 87, 89; and Vol. 3, 67, 89, 105, 110, 121, 124, IV, p. 78. >' Report on Mollusca, 1871, The only reference to Iowa reptiles ap.pears in Thwaites' edi iport on the Mollusca, 1876, . tion of Long, Vol. II, p. 139, where rattlesnakes are reported as is impossible to determine occurring along Boyer creek. · the Iowa or South Dakota of the stream lying wholly Biras. is more probable. In one Few references to birds are made in the Lewis and Clark Big Sioux river, Nebraska." Journals. In Vol. I, Thwaites' edition, p. 90, several "grous" Dakota was then a part of are reported to have been seen, and wild turkeys were also ob s~rved on the Iowa side, as recorded on pp. 90 and 101. Wild geese and pelicans are reported in Vol. V, p. 376. ~equent references are made In the Account of the Long Expedition, Thwaites' edition, Engineer Cantonment near Vol. I, many birds are reported from Engineer Cantonment. tcil Bluff on the Missouri" Such references occur in footnotes on pp. 214, 251, 252, 254, localities are in Nebraska. 255 and 284, and Appendix 'A contains a long list of birds from on pp. 117 and 388, and in the same locality on pp. 318 to 328 in the Thwaites edition, and 135, 136, 138, 141, 144, 158, pp. 262 to 270 in the London edition. :45, 246, 255, 257, 258, 259, The definite Iowa references in Long's Report, Thwaites.' edi- ~ definite references are also tion, are the following: ,raska localities. The only Limosa scolopacea, Vol. I, p. 253, footnote. "Pond near Bowyer lowing, in volume II: Creek." ear Bowyer Creek, Missouri"; Swans, geese and ducks, near Sioux (Little Sioux) river; Vol. I, p. 278. tear Bowyer Creek, Upper Mis- Sand-hill crane, along Boyer Creek; Vol. II, p. 137. Mammals. Frequent references to maminals collected or observed at or he older reports. The Lewis near Council Bluff are made in the older reports. Lewis and tion), Vol. I, p. 90, contain Clark, Vol. I, pp.. 90 and 91, report deer and beaver, evidently , probably Ictalurus punc from the Iowa side, and the Account of the Long Expedition, e narrative of the Long Ex Thwaites' edj.tion, Vol. I, p. 277, records .one otter taken at a I, p. 277, refers to a num pond pear tlie Boyer. Twelve bisons were killed; and an elk .ear. the Boyer. was seen near the Sioux (evidently Little Sioux) river, clearly

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118 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE EARLY IOW.A

in Iowa, as noted on p. 278. Other less definite references also Say, Thomas.-Journal of the occur. delphia, Vol. II, 1821. Thi The entomological records in A list of mammals obtained at Engineer Cantonment is given published in the Journal. in the Long Report, on pp. 317 and 318 of the Thwaites edition, Say, Thomas.-American Ento and pp. 261 and 262 of the Philadelphia and London editions. North America; Vol. I, 1824 They of course rep.resent the Nebraska fauna. Say, Thomas.-American Cone In considering references to localities such as Iowa, Missouri, Binney, W. G.-Description of Thomas Say.-A reprint of: etc., the following historical facts should be kept in mind: Holbrook, John Edwards, M. In 1812 the northern part of Louisiana (including what is 11, III and IV, 1838. now low~) became "Missouri Territory." Nicollet, I. N.-Report intenc In 1834 what is now Iowa was placed under the jurisdiction graphic Basin of the Upper of Michigan. lished 1843 as Senate Docm Translated for publication 1 In 1836 the same territory was attached to Wisconsin. The map accompanying tl ln 1838 Wisconsin was cut off and the remainder of its for Nicollet, made in 1836-184( mer territory was called Iowa Territory and included Min J. C. Fremont). Reduced E nesota and the Dakotas east of the Missouri river. Haldeman, S. S.-A Monograpl In 1849 Iowa was limited to its present territory, and Min Univalve Shells of North A Binney, Amos.-The Terrestri nesota included the Dakotas to the Missouri river. States and Adjacent Territc Parry, C. C.-Systematic Cata! BIBLIOGRAPHY. sota.-In Report of a Geo Minnesota; and Incidental The following books were consulted, and are quoted in this by David Dale Owen, 1852. paper: Binney, W. G.-Terrestrial ]I.I Original Journal of the Lewis and _Clark Expedition, 1804-1806. (In Preliminary Report of Lie full and exactly as written.)-Edited by Reuben Gold Thwaites, Report on Geology and Na1 LL. D.-A separate publication from "Early Western Travels, 1748- Session, 35th Congress; Vo: 1846"; 7 vols., 1904. Binney, W. G,-Bibliography History of the Expedition Under the Command ·of Lewis and Clark, by to the year 1860. Smithsor Elliott Coues; 4 vols., 1893. . 1865. Pursh, Frederick.-Flora Americana Septentrionalis; 2 vols., 1814; Prime, Temple.-Monograph 2d edition, 1816. Miscellaneous Collections, 1 James, E'dwin.-Account of the Expedition from Pittsburgh to the Gould, A. A.-Report on the l Rocky· Mountains. Performed in the year 1819, 1820. By order of Roberts, S. R.-Report on Mu the Hon. J. C. Calhoun, Secretary of War, under the command of the U. S. Geological Surve; Maj. S. H. Long, of the· U. S. Topographic Engineers.-Compiled Ingersoll, Ernest.-Special Re from the notes of Major Long, Mr. T. Say, and other gentlemen of the U. S. Geological and G1 the party. (Mr. James was Botanist and Geologist to the Expe 187 4.-F. V. Hayden; 1876 dition.)-Philadelphia, 3 vols., 1823. Baker, Frank C.-The Lymn Same.-London edition, 1823. Special Publications, No. 3, Same.-As a separate publication from "Early Western Travels,. 1748- 1846," Vols. XIV-XVII.. Edited with Notes, Introduction, Index, etc., by Reuben Gold Thwaites, LL. D.; 4 vols., 1905. This follows the London edition, but the Preliminary Notice is taken from the Phila delphia edition.

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119 F SCIENCE EARLY IOWA LOCALITY RECORDS

' less definite references also Say, Thomas.-Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Phila delphia, Vol. II, 1821. This contains the references to mollusks. The entomological records in the following books were also originally 11gineer Cantonment is given published in the Journal. 318 of the Thwaites edition, Say, Thomas.-American Entomology, or Description of the Insects of elphia and London editions. North America; Vol. I, 1824; Vol. II, _1825. tska fauna. Say, Thomas.-American Conchology, part IV, 1832. Binney, W. G.-Description of Terrestrial Shells of North America by ities such as Iowa, Missouri, Thomas Say.-A reprint of a part of the preceding work; 1856. lOuld be kept in mind: Holbrook, John Edwards, M. D.-North American Herpetology; Vols. ouisiana (including what is II, III and IV, 1838. I. rerritory. l l Nicollet, N.-Report intended to illustrate a Map of the Hydro faced under the jurisdiction graphic Basin of the Upper Mississippi River; Feb. 16, 1841.-Pub lished 1843 as Senate Document No. 237, 26th Congress, 2d Session. Translated for publication by J. T. Ducatel and John H. Alexander. tfached to Wisconsin. The map accompanying this was prepared from notes of I. N. nd the remainder of its for Nicollet, made in. 1836-1840 (assisted in 1839 and 1840 by Lieut. Territory and included Min J. C. Fremont). Reduced and compiled by Lieut. W. H. Emery. the Missouri river. Haldeman, S. S.-A Monograph of the Limniades and other Freshwater Univalve Shells of North America; 1842, et seq. present territory, and Min Binney, Amos.-The 'rerrestrial Air-breathing Mollusks of the United the Missouri river. States and Adjacent Territory; Vol. II, 1851. Parry, C. C.-Systematic Catalogue of Plants of Wisconsin and Minne PHY. sota.-In Report of a Geological Survey of Wisconsin, Iowa and Minnesota; and Incidentally of a portion of Nebraska Territory, !ted, and are quoted in this by David Dale Owen, 1852. Binney,. W. G.-Terrestrial Mollusks.-In Explorations in Nebraska; erk Expedition, 1804-1806. (In Preliminary Report of Lieut. G. K. Warren.-Dr. F. V. Hayden's .ed by Reuben Gold Thwaites, Report on Geology and Natural History. Executive Documents, 2d "Early Western Travels, 1748- Session, 35th Congress; Vol. II, Pt. III, 1859. Binney, W. G.-Bibliography of North American Conchology previous >mmand·of Lewis and Clark, by to the year 1860. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 143, 144; 1865. Sep~entrionalis; 2 vols., 1814; Prime, Temple.-Monograph of American Corbiculadre.-Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 145; 1865. dition from Pittsburgh to the Gould, A. A.-Report on the Invertebrata of Massachusetts; 1870. e year 1819, 1820. By order of Roberts, S. R.-Report on Mollusca.-Hayden's Preliminary Report of >f War, under the command of the U. S. Geological Survey of Wyoming, etc.; 1871. 1ographic Engineers.-Compiled Ingersoll, Ernest.-Special Report on the Mollusca.-Annual Report of T. Say, and other gentlemen of the U. S. Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories for lst and Geologist to the Expe- 1874.-F. V. Hayden; 1876. Baker, Frank C.-The Lymnreidae of North and Middle America. Special Publications, No. 3, Chicago Academy ?f Sciences; 1911. "Early Western Travels, 1748- Notes, Introduction, Index, etc.,

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