Die Franken Und Das Römische Militär Identität in Gallien Und Dem Rheinland in Der Spätantike

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Die Franken Und Das Römische Militär Identität in Gallien Und Dem Rheinland in Der Spätantike Die Franken und das Römische Militär Identität in Gallien und dem Rheinland in der Spätantike Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde der Philosophischen Fakultät der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn vorgelegt von Andreas Popescu aus Meerbusch Bonn, 2017 Gedruckt mit Genehmigung der Philosophischen Fakultät der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn Zusammensetzung der Prüfungskommission: Vorsitzender: Prof. Dr. Winfried Schmitz Betreuer und Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Manfred Groten Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Matthias Becher Weiteres prüfungsberechtigtes Mitglied: Prof. Dr. Günther Schulz Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 20.12.2016 Vorwort und Danksagung Die vorliegende Arbeit stellt die leicht überarbeitete Fassung meiner Dissertation dar, die im Sommersemester 2016 von der Philosophischen Fakultät der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn unter dem Arbeitstitel: "Römer und Franken im Rheinland. Identität in der Zeit der Völkerwanderung." angenommen wurde. Nach der Abgabe der Arbeit erschienene Literatur wurde nicht mehr berücksichtigt. Eine wissenschaftliche Arbeit begleitet einen über viele Jahre. Alle, die sich dieser langwierigen Aufgabe stellen, wissen, dass man ohne die Unterstützung vieler Menschen wohl nicht ans Ziel gekommen wäre. Es ist eine Reise des Geistes, mit Hochs, Tiefs ‒ und vielem dazwischen. Betreut wurde diese Arbeit von meinem Doktorvater, Manfred Groten, der mich ermutigte, die Geschichte der Römer und Franken zu erforschen. Er hat meine Arbeit vom ersten Spatenstich bis zu ihrem Abschluss wohlwollend begleitet und durch zahllose Gespräche und Anmerkungen entscheidend gefördert. Herzlichen Dank, Herr Groten, das Ihre Türe immer für mich offen stand. Matthias Becher hat die Arbeit als zweiter Gutachter begleitet und mir mit wertvollen Hinweisen zu Chlodwig sehr weitergeholfen, wofür ich ihm sehr verbunden bin. Die Prüfungskommission wurde ferner gebildet von Günther Schulz und Winfried Schmitz, denen ich hierfür meinen Dank aussprechen möchte. Unersetzbar war der wissenschaftliche und besonders moralische Rückhalt, den mir über die Jahre die Kolleginnen und Kollegen der Abteilung für Rheinische Landesgeschichte des Instituts für Geschichtswissenschaft erwiesen haben. Für viele wunderbare Gespräche (u.a. in der Mensa) und handfeste Korrekturarbeiten danke ich u.a. Andreas Rutz, Jochen Hermel, Manuel Hagemann und Wolfgang Rosen, die mir als meine "Doktorbrüder" immer wieder den Rücken stärkten. Herzlich danken möchte ich Frau Alheydis Plassmann, die mich durch ihr reges Interesse an meiner Forschung sehr ermutigte und mir mit ihrem Einblick in die Frühmittelalterforschung an verschiedenen Stellen der Arbeit profunde Ratschläge gab. Danken möchte Michael Schmauder (LVR-LandesMuseum Bonn) und Christoph Reichmann (Museum Burg Linn), die mir besonders bei der Bewertung archäologischer Aspekte hilfreich zur Seite standen. In diesem Zusammenhang bedanke ich mich sehr bei Elke Nieveler (LVR-LandesMuseum Bonn), die sich viel Zeit für meine Fragen zu Spezialaspekten der Archäologie nahm. Karl Ubl (Universität zu Köln) und Yanick Strauch (Universität zu Köln) danke ich, dass sie mir besonders bei der schwierigen Bearbeitung der Lex Salica mit vielen wertvollen Hinweisen weiterhalfen. Das Entstehen der Arbeit wurde durch ein Stipendium der Heresbach-Stiftung Kalkar finanziell unterstützt, wofür ich der Institution meinen großen Dank ausspreche. Tiefempfundener Dank gilt meiner Familie und meinen Freunden, die mich über die Jahre hinweg mit großer Geduld und viel Verständnis begleitet haben. Meiner Schwester Isabell und meinem Bruder Lucas sei gedankt, dass sie über schwierige Zeiten hinweg immer die besondere Verbindung zu mir aufrecht erhielten, die Geschwister auch über zeitliche und räumliche Distanz hinweg verbindet. Meiner Frau Katharina danke ich in tiefer Verbundenheit und Liebe für ihr großes Verständnis und ihre unerschütterliche Unterstützung, besonders während der letzten Phase dieser Arbeit. Meinen Eltern Marlene und Ian (†) fiel früh auf, dass mich die Römer faszinierten. Sie förderten meine Neugier und Begeisterung und hörten geduldig zu, wenn ich als kleiner Junge mein Römer-Wissen aus meinen "WAS ist WAS"-Büchern gerne unaufgefordert und wiederholt zum Besten gab. Ihnen sei in Liebe diese Arbeit gewidmet. Zum Schluss sei angemerkt, dass, frei nach Patrick Geary, alle verbliebenen Fehler selbstverständlich zu meinen Lasten gehen und ich hoffe, dass diese Arbeit anderen Forschern entweder nützlich erscheint oder sie so erzürnt, dass sie zur Abfassung einer besseren Arbeit ermutigt werden. Beides wäre gut, denn Gewinnerin wäre die Wissenschaft. 1 Moers, Mai 2017 Andreas Popescu 1 Geary, Merowinger S. 10-11. 1. Einleitung ............................................................................................................. 1 2. Fragestellung und Forschungsstand ................................................................... 2 3. Die spätrömische Armee und die Franken in Nordgallien .................................... 7 3.1. Die Armee im 4. und 5. Jahrhundert ..................................................................................... 7 3.1.2. Grundlegende Interessen der römischen Soldaten ...................................................... 13 3.1.2.1. Politische Mitbestimmung .............................................................................................. 13 3.1.2.2. Prestigedenken ................................................................................................................ 17 3.1.2.3. Materielle Versorgung ..................................................................................................... 20 3.2. Angegliederte Streitkräfte: Laeti , gentiles und foederati ................................................. 23 3.2.1. Laeti ...................................................................................................................................... 26 3.2.2. Gentiles ................................................................................................................................ 28 3.2.3. Laeti und gentiles : Funktion, ethnische Bezeichnung und geographische Verteilung .......................................................................................................................................................... 29 3.2.4. Foederati .............................................................................................................................. 43 3.3. Foederati , Identität und ethnisches Vokabular im Militär ................................................. 51 3.3.1. Die fränkische Kriegskunst ............................................................................................... 55 3.3.2. Die Entstehung der Franken ............................................................................................. 69 3.3.3. Die funktionale Rolle der fränkischen foederati ............................................................. 76 3.4. Von den fränkischen foederati bis zum exercitus Francorum ......................................... 79 3.4.1. Chlodio und Aetius ............................................................................................................. 80 3.4.2. Childerich und Aegidius ..................................................................................................... 95 3.4.2.1. Die militärische Infrastruktur der nordgallischen Koalition ........................................ 97 3.4.2.2. Das Bewegungsheer von Soissons – Romani, Franken und Bretonen ............... 101 3.4.2.3. Childerichs Franken ...................................................................................................... 105 3.4.2.4. Die Bretonen .................................................................................................................. 106 3.4.2.5. Das Anthemius-Momentum und Childerichs Siegelring .......................................... 108 3.4.3. Chlodwig und Syagrius .................................................................................................... 118 4. Die Rolle der Lex Salica für die fränkische Identität ........................................ 128 4.1. Die Forschung ...................................................................................................................... 130 4.2. Formale Bestandsaufnahme .............................................................................................. 133 4.3. Inhaltliche Fragen und Datierung ...................................................................................... 135 4.4. Personengruppen der Lex Salica - Die Amtsträger ........................................................ 138 4.4.1. Der König ........................................................................................................................... 138 4.4.2. Grafiones ........................................................................................................................... 139 4.4.3. Sacebarones ..................................................................................................................... 141 4.4.4. Pueri regis .......................................................................................................................... 141 4.4.5. Centenarius ....................................................................................................................... 142 4.4.6. Tunginus ............................................................................................................................
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