Preventing an Opioid Overdose

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

PREVENTING AN OPIOID OVERDOSE Know the Signs. Save a Life. Opioid Overdose Basics Prescription opioids (like hydrocodone, oxycodone, and morphine) and illicit opioids (like heroin and illegally made fentanyl) are powerful drugs that have a risk of a potentially fatal overdose. Anyone who uses opioids can experience an overdose, but certain factors may increase risk including but not limited to: · Combining opioids with alcohol or certain other drugs · Taking high daily dosages of prescription opioids · Taking more opioids than prescribed · Taking illicit or illegal opioids, like heroin or illicitly-manufactured fentanyl, that could could possibly contain unknown or harmful substances · Certain medical conditions, such as sleep apnea, or reduced kidney or liver function · Age greater than 65 years old Death from an opioid overdose happens when too much of the drug overwhelms the brain and interrupts the body’s natural drive to breathe. Learn more about opioids to protect yourself and your loved ones from opioid abuse, addiction, and overdose: www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose PREVENTING AN OPIOID OVERDOSE Signs and Symptoms of an Opioid Overdose During an overdose, breathing can be dangerously slowed or stopped, causing brain damage or death. It’s important to recognize the signs and act fast. Signs include: · Small, constricted “pinpoint pupils” · Falling asleep or loss of consciousness · Slow, shallow breathing · Choking or gurgling sounds · Limp body · Pale, blue, or cold skin What To Do If You Think Someone Is Overdosing It may be hard to tell if a person is high or experiencing an overdose. If you aren’t sure, Ask your doctor it’s best to treat it like an overdose— you about naloxone – a safe could save a life. medication that can quickly stop an opioid overdose. It can 1 Call 911 immediately. be injected into the muscle or sprayed into the nose to rapidly 2 Administer naloxone, if available. block the effects of the 3 Try to keep the person awake and breathing. opioid on the body. 4 Lay the person on their side to prevent choking. 5 Stay with him or her until emergency workers arrive. .

Copy Link

Recommended publications

Medications to Treat Opioid Use Disorder Research Report
Research Report Revised Junio 2018 Medications to Treat Opioid Use Disorder Research Report Table of Contents Medications to Treat Opioid Use Disorder Research Report Overview How do medications to treat opioid use disorder work? How effective are medications to treat opioid use disorder? What are misconceptions about maintenance treatment? What is the treatment need versus the diversion risk for opioid use disorder treatment? What is the impact of medication for opioid use disorder treatment on HIV/HCV outcomes? How is opioid use disorder treated in the criminal justice system? Is medication to treat opioid use disorder available in the military? What treatment is available for pregnant mothers and their babies? How much does opioid treatment cost? Is naloxone accessible? References Page 1 Medications to Treat Opioid Use Disorder Research Report Discusses effective medications used to treat opioid use disorders: methadone, buprenorphine, and naltrexone. Overview An estimated 1.4 million people in the United States had a substance use disorder related to prescription opioids in 2019.1 However, only a fraction of people with prescription opioid use disorders receive tailored treatment (22 percent in 2019).1 Overdose deaths involving prescription opioids more than quadrupled from 1999 through 2016 followed by significant declines reported in both 2018 and 2019.2,3 Besides overdose, consequences of the opioid crisis include a rising incidence of infants born dependent on opioids because their mothers used these substances during pregnancy4,5 and increased spread of infectious diseases, including HIV and hepatitis C (HCV), as was seen in 2015 in southern Indiana.6 Effective prevention and treatment strategies exist for opioid misuse and use disorder but are highly underutilized across the United States.
[Show full text]
The Opioid Epidemic: What Labs Have to Do with It?
The Opioid Epidemic: What labs have to do with it? Ewa King, Ph.D. Associate Director of Health RIDOH State Health Laboratories Analysis. Answers. Action. www.aphl.org Overview • Overdose trends • Opioids and their effects • Analytical testing approaches • Toxicology laboratories Analysis. Answers. Action. www.aphl.org Opioid overdose crisis 1 Analysis. Answers. Action. www.aphl.org Opioid overdose crisis 2 Analysis. Answers. Action. www.aphl.org Opiates and Opioids • Opiates vs. Opioids • Opiates: Naturally occurring, derived from the poppy plant • Opioids: “Opiate-like” drugs in effects, not chemical structure Includes opiates • Narcotic analgesics • CNS depressants • DEA Schedule I or II controlled substances • Additive effect with other CNS depressant drugs Analysis. Answers. Action. www.aphl.org Efficacy of Opioids • How do opioids work? • Bind with opioid receptors • Brain, spinal cord, GI tract, and throughout the body • Pain, emotion, breathing, movement, and digestion Opioid Receptor Analysis. Answers. Action. www.aphl.org Effects of Opioids Physiological Psychological • Pain relief • Drowsiness/ sedation • Cough suppression • Mental confusion • GI motility • Loss of memory • Respiratory depression • Lethargy/ apathy • Pupillary constriction • Euphoria/ tranquility • Itching • Mood swings • Constipation • Depression • Dependence • Withdrawal • Dependence Analysis. Answers. Action. www.aphl.org Opiates 1 Opiates • Naturally occurring alkaloids Opium • Latex from the opium poppy plant Codeine: • Mild to moderate pain • Antitussive Morphine: • Severe pain • Metabolite of codeine and heroin Analysis. Answers. Action. www.aphl.org Opiates 2 Semi-synthetic Opiates: • Synthesized from a natural opiate Heroin: • Schedule I narcotic Hydrocodone (Vicodin): • Mild to moderate pain • Metabolizes to hydromorphone (Dilaudid) Oxycodone (Oxycontin/Percocet): • Moderate to severe pain • Metabolizes to oxymorphone (Opana) Analysis. Answers. Action.
[Show full text]
Safety Notice 009/20 Acetylfentanyl and Fentanyl In
Safety Notice 009/20 Acetylfentanyl and fentanyl in non-opioid illicit drugs 16 October 2020 Background Distributed to: A cluster of hospitalisations due to unexpected opioid toxicity recently occured on • Chief Executives the Central Coast of NSW. Acetylfentanyl and fentanyl are circulating in NSW and • Directors of Clinical Governance may be misrepresented as or be adulterants in illicit cocaine or ketamine. • Director Regulation and Acetylfentanyl has a similar potency to fentanyl, both may cause serious harm and Compliance Unit death. People who do not use opioids regularly (‘opioid naïve’) may be unintentionally exposed and are at high risk of overdose. Even people who Action required by: regularly use opioids are at risk due to the relatively high potency of fentanyl and • Chief Executives acetylfentanyl. • Directors of Clinical Changes in illicit drug use in 2020, as well as variations in purity and alternative Governance ingredients, may be associated with unusual presentations and overdose. • Director Regulation and Compliance Unit Case management • We recommend you also Have a high index of suspicion for illicit fentanyl and fentanyl analogues in inform: suspected opioid overdose. This includes people who deny opioid use or • Drug and Alcohol Directors report use of other non-opioid illicit drugs including ketamine or stimulants and staff such as cocaine, but who present clinically with signs of an opioid • All Service Directors overdose. • Emergency Department • Intensive Care Unit • Airway management, oxygenation, and ventilation support take precedence • Toxicology Units over naloxone, where appropriate. • Ambulance • Cases may require titrated doses of naloxone with a higher total dose of • All Toxicology Staff 800 micrograms or more.
[Show full text]
The Opioid Crisis and the Black/African American Population: an Urgent Issue
THE OPIOID CRISIS AND THE BLACK/AFRICAN AMERICAN POPULATION: AN URGENT ISSUE THE OPIOID CRISIS AND THE BLACK/AFRICAN AMERICAN POPULATION: AN URGENT ISSUE U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration Office of Behavioral Health Equity Table of Contents Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................... 3 i. Purpose of the Issue Brief ........................................................................................................................ 3 ii. Sources of Information ............................................................................................................................ 4 Opioids in Black/African American Communities: Context .................................................................. 4 i. What Do the National Data Show? ........................................................................................................ 4 ii. Routes to Opioid Misuse and Overdose Deaths: Pain Management, Illicit Drug Use, and Opioid Comorbidities in Black/African American Communities .................................................... 6 iii. Challenges to Prevention, Treatment, and Recovery .......................................................................... 7 Strategies to Address Opioid Misuse and OUD in Black/African American Communities ............ 9 i. Standard Treatment ................................................................................................................................
[Show full text]
Brain Injury and Opioid Overdose
Brain Injury and Opioid Overdose: Acquired Brain Injury is damage to the brain 2.8 million brain injury related occurring after birth and is not related to congenital or degenerative disease. This includes anoxia and hospital stays/deaths in 2013 hypoxia, impairment (lack of oxygen), a condition consistent with drug overdose. 70-80% of hospitalized patients are discharged with an opioid Rx Opioid Use Disorder, as defined in DSM 5, is a problematic pattern of opioid use leading to clinically significant impairment, manifested by meaningful risk 63,000+ drug overdose-related factors occurring within a 12-month period. deaths in 2016 Overdose is injury to the body (poisoning) that happens when a drug is taken in excessive amounts “As the number of drug overdoses continues to rise, and can be fatal. Opioid overdose induces respiratory doctors are struggling to cope with the increasing number depression that can lead to anoxic or hypoxic brain of patients facing irreversible brain damage and other long injury. term health issues.” Substance Use and Misuse is: The frontal lobe is • Often a contributing factor to brain injury. History of highly susceptible abuse/misuse is common among individuals who to brain oxygen have sustained a brain injury. loss, and damage • Likely to increase for individuals who have misused leads to potential substances prior to and post-injury. loss of executive Acute or chronic pain is a common result after brain function. injury due to: • Headaches, back or neck pain and other musculo- Sources: Stojanovic et al 2016; Melton, C. Nov. 15,2017; Devi E. skeletal conditions commonly reported by veterans Nampiaparampil, M.D., 2008; Seal K.H., Bertenthal D., Barnes D.E., et al 2017; with a history of brain injury.
[Show full text]
Phencyclidine: an Update
Phencyclidine: An Update U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES • Public Health Service • Alcohol, Drug Abuse and Mental Health Administration Phencyclidine: An Update Editor: Doris H. Clouet, Ph.D. Division of Preclinical Research National Institute on Drug Abuse and New York State Division of Substance Abuse Services NIDA Research Monograph 64 1986 DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Public Health Service Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administratlon National Institute on Drug Abuse 5600 Fishers Lane Rockville, Maryland 20657 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, DC 20402 NIDA Research Monographs are prepared by the research divisions of the National lnstitute on Drug Abuse and published by its Office of Science The primary objective of the series is to provide critical reviews of research problem areas and techniques, the content of state-of-the-art conferences, and integrative research reviews. its dual publication emphasis is rapid and targeted dissemination to the scientific and professional community. Editorial Advisors MARTIN W. ADLER, Ph.D. SIDNEY COHEN, M.D. Temple University School of Medicine Los Angeles, California Philadelphia, Pennsylvania SYDNEY ARCHER, Ph.D. MARY L. JACOBSON Rensselaer Polytechnic lnstitute National Federation of Parents for Troy, New York Drug Free Youth RICHARD E. BELLEVILLE, Ph.D. Omaha, Nebraska NB Associates, Health Sciences Rockville, Maryland REESE T. JONES, M.D. KARST J. BESTEMAN Langley Porter Neuropsychiatric lnstitute Alcohol and Drug Problems Association San Francisco, California of North America Washington, D.C. DENISE KANDEL, Ph.D GILBERT J. BOTV N, Ph.D. College of Physicians and Surgeons of Cornell University Medical College Columbia University New York, New York New York, New York JOSEPH V.
[Show full text]
The Impact of Cannabis Access Laws on Opioid Prescribing
Journal of Health Economics 69 (2020) 102273 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Health Economics j ournal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/econbase The impact of cannabis access laws on opioid prescribing a,∗ b c Benjamin J. McMichael , R. Lawrence Van Horn , W. Kip Viscusi a Assistant Professor of Law, University of Alabama School of Law, Box 870382, 101 Paul W. Bryant Drive East, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, United States b Associate Professor of Management and Law, Executive Director of Health Affairs, Owen Graduate School of Management, Vanderbilt University, 401 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN, 37203, United States c University Distinguished Professor of Law, Economics, and Management, Vanderbilt University Law School. 131 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN, 37203, United States a r a t i c l e i n f o b s t r a c t Article history: While recent research has shown that cannabis access laws can reduce the use of prescrip- Received 5 October 2018 tion opioids, the effect of these laws on opioid use is not well understood for all dimensions Received in revised form 17 July 2019 of use and for the general United States population. Analyzing a dataset of over 1.5 bil- Accepted 7 December 2019 lion individual opioid prescriptions between 2011 and 2018, which were aggregated to the Available online 14 December 2019 individual provider-year level, we ﬁnd that recreational and medical cannabis access laws reduce the number of morphine milligram equivalents prescribed each year by 11.8 and 4.2 JEL classiﬁcation: percent, respectively. These laws also reduce the total days’ supply of opioids prescribed, I180 the total number of patients receiving opioids, and the probability a provider prescribes K19 any opioids net of any offsetting effects.
[Show full text]
SAMHSA Opioid Overdose Prevention TOOLKIT
SAMHSA Opioid Overdose Prevention TOOLKIT Opioid Use Disorder Facts Five Essential Steps for First Responders Information for Prescribers Safety Advice for Patients & Family Members Recovering From Opioid Overdose TABLE OF CONTENTS SAMHSA Opioid Overdose Prevention Toolkit Opioid Use Disorder Facts.................................................................................................................. 1 Scope of the Problem....................................................................................................................... 1 Strategies to Prevent Overdose Deaths.......................................................................................... 2 Resources for Communities............................................................................................................. 4 Five Essential Steps for First Responders ........................................................................................ 5 Step 1: Evaluate for Signs of Opioid Overdose ................................................................................ 5 Step 2: Call 911 for Help .................................................................................................................. 5 Step 3: Administer Naloxone ............................................................................................................ 6 Step 4: Support the Person’s Breathing ........................................................................................... 7 Step 5: Monitor the Person’s Response ..........................................................................................
[Show full text]
Examining Opioid and Heroin-Related Drug Overdose In
health Center for Health and Environmental Data watch November 2016 No. 100 Office of eHealth and Data • Health Surveys & Evaluation Branch Examining Opioid and Heroin-Related Drug • Public Health Overdose in Colorado Informatics Branch Allison Rosenthal, MPH • Registries and Vital SAMHSA/CSTE Applied Epidemiology Fellow, Violence and Injury Prevention Statistics Branch - Mental Health Promotion Branch; Kirk Bol, MSPH Registries and Vital Statistics Branch; Barbara Gabella, MSPH Violence and Injury Prevention - Mental Health Promotion Branch. Background Nationally and in Colorado, opioid use disorders have emerged as a significant public health concern. Starting in the 1990s, opioid prescriptions (or, pain medications such as oxycodone, hydrocodone, and their combination with acetaminophen) began to rise nationwide partially due to the promotion of extended-release tablets and a change in prescriber culture to recognize the needs of patients with chronic pain (Okie, 2010). The dramatic increase in use has been associated with dependency, addiction, and other adverse health events including, but not limited to: heroin use disorders, spread of hepatitis infections and HIV, and fatal drug overdose (Bonhert et al, 2011; Garland et al, 2014; Paulozzi et al, 2006; Peters et al, 2016; Suryaprasad et al, 2014; and Young & Havens, 2011). The National Survey on Drug Use and Health estimates that from 2013-2014, 4.9 percent of the Colorado population of ages 12 years and older used prescription pain relievers non-medically (95% CI: 4.0-6.1%), which is similar to the national rate (4.1%, 95% CI: 3.9-4.2%). The Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment (CDPHE) is monitoring the severity of the epidemic using a variety of available data, including mortality data from death certificates registered in Colorado.
[Show full text]
Risk of Death Associated with Kratom Use Compared to Opioids T ⁎ Jack E
Preventive Medicine 128 (2019) 105851 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Preventive Medicine journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ypmed Risk of death associated with kratom use compared to opioids T ⁎ Jack E. Henningfielda,b, , Oliver Grundmannc, Jane K. Babind, Reginald V. Fanta, Daniel W. Wanga, Edward J. Conea,b a PInneyAssociates, Bethesda, MD, United States of America b The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, United States of America c College of Pharmacy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America d The Law Office of Jane K. Babin, PC, San Diego, CA, J.D. University of San Diego School of Law, J.D. Law, Purdue University, United States of America ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Kratom use appears to be increasing across the United States, increasing attention to deaths in which kratom use Kratom was detected. Most such deaths have been ascribed to fentanyl, heroin, benzodiazepines, prescription opioids, Mitragynine cocaine and other causes (e.g., homicide, suicide and various preexisting diseases). Because kratom has certain Opioids opioid-like effects (e.g., pain relief), and is used by some people as a substitute for opioids for pain or addiction, Mortality risk kratom has been compared to “narcotic-like opioids” (e.g., morphine) with respect to risk of death despite Opioid epidemic evidence that its primary alkaloid, mitragynine, carries little of the signature respiratory depressing effects of morphine-like opioids. This commentary summarizes animal toxicology data, surveys and mortality data asso- ciated with opioids and kratom to provide a basis for estimating relative mortality risk. Population-level mor- tality estimates attributed to opioids as compared to kratom, and the per user mortality risks of opioids as compared to kratom are provided.
[Show full text]
Kratom Science Brief Columbus Ohio Public Hearing by Jack E
Kratom Science Brief Columbus Ohio Public Hearing By Jack E. Henningfield, PhD Vice President, Research, Health Policy and Abuse Liability PinneyAssociates, Bethesda, Maryland Professor, Adjunct, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine January 28, 2020 I would like to provide some background on the current state of kratom science, its place in public health, and the opioid epidemic in particular. I’d also like to review how our current knowledge can help determine the most appropriate way to regulate kratom in order to minimize risks to kratom consumers, while contributing to their health and wellbeing, as well as to the public health. During the 1980s and 1990s I headed the Clinical Pharmacology laboratory of the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) and led research across a wide range of substances including opioids, cannabis, cocaine and other stimulants, and a myriad of other drugs. I also worked NIDA, FDA and DEA on drug scheduling issues. I have published nearly 450 papers on these topics and contribute to numerous federal and international reports. I consult on pharmaceutical development and have contributed to the research and/or approval of for most treatments approved for drug, alcohol and nicotine addiction since the 1980s and have advised NIDA, CDC, FDA, the World Health Organization, and other organizations since then. I advise the American Kratom Association on kratom science. That began as a pro bono effort when DEA proposed placing kratom in Schedule I in 2016. My efforts were focused on setting the record straight because my colleagues and I at PinneyAssociates (a team with extensive opioid and other drug experience) believed that DEA and FDA were wrong on the science and policy, and worse, that banning kratom would result in the quick establishment of a deadly kratom black market.
[Show full text]
OXYCONTIN Safely and Effectively
HIGHLIGHTS OF PRESCRIBING INFORMATION day, 25 mg oral oxymorphone per day, 60 mg oral hydrocodone per day, or These highlights do not include all the information needed to use an equianalgesic dose of another opioid. (2.1) ® OXYCONTIN safely and effectively. See full prescribing information • Use the lowest effective dosage for the shortest duration consistent with for OXYCONTIN. individual patient treatment goals (2.1). OXYCONTIN® (oxycodone hydrochloride) extended-release tablets, for • Individualize dosing based on the severity of pain, patient response, prior oral use, CII analgesic experience, and risk factors for addiction, abuse, and misuse. Initial U.S. Approval: 1950 (2.1) • Instruct patients to swallow tablets intact and not to cut, break, chew, crush, WARNING: ADDICTION, ABUSE AND MISUSE; LIFE- or dissolve tablets (risk of potentially fatal dose). (2.1, 5.1) THREATENING RESPIRATORY DEPRESSION; ACCIDENTAL • Instruct patients to take tablets one at a time, with enough water to ensure INGESTION; NEONATAL OPIOID WITHDRAWAL SYNDROME; complete swallowing immediately after placing in mouth. (2.1, 5.10) CYTOCHROME P450 3A4 INTERACTION; and RISKS FROM • Do not abruptly discontinue OXYCONTIN in a physically dependent CONCOMITANT USE WITH BENZODIAZEPINES AND OTHER patient. (2.9) CNS DEPRESSANTS See full prescribing information for complete boxed warning. Adults: For opioid-naïve and opioid non-tolerant patients, initiate with 10 mg • OXYCONTIN exposes users to risks of addiction, abuse and misuse, tablets orally every 12 hours. See full prescribing information for instructions which can lead to overdose and death. Assess patient’s risk before on conversion from opioids to OXYCONTIN, titration and maintenance of prescribing and monitor regularly for these behaviors and conditions.
[Show full text]