DOCSLIB.ORG

Build a Model Tidepool Activity

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Build a Model Tidepool Activity Build a Model Tidepool Background The intertidal zone is the area of land between high and low tide. The intertidal is comprised of four distinct zones. Starting with the most inland zone, the spray zone is moistened by the splash of waves at high tide and is occasional submerged during extreme high tides or severe storms. Next, the high intertidal zone is dry most of the day and is only flooded during the peak of daily high tides. Then, the middle intertidal zone is where the daily tidal changes ebbs and flows. Finally, the low intertidal zone is almost always underwater except during the lowest tides of the year. As the tide recedes, saltwater is trapped in the low points along the shoreline, forming tidepools. These isolated pools can vary drastically in their size and depth and can be located in any of the intertidal zones. The marine life that can be found living in tidepools is abundant, including barnacles, mussles, snails, crabs, algae, urchins, anemones, sea stars, cucumbers, small fish, and many more! The plants and animals that live in and around tidepools must be very hardy. During low tide these plants and animals are exposed to the harsh sun, strong wind, or near freezing temperatures (depending on the season), increasing water temperature, and increasing salinity. The tides are influenced by the gravitational forces of the moon, sun and Earth, the Earth’s rotation, and the shape of the shoreline. Materials Needed Dish pan or plastic bin Lots of rocks and stones in various sizes Mini sea creatures (You can make your own out of clay or use plastic toys) Water Pitcher or cup Directions 1. Make mini sea creatures. 2. Fill your pan or bin with rocks. Arrange them so there are varying levels of rocks in your pan, creating a tide pool. 3. Place your mini sea creatures in the tide pool model. 4. Discuss which animals will be underwater first as water is added. 5. Add water one pitcher or cup at a time. (Pay attention to which animals are covered with water first.) Continue adding water until you reach high tide. Notice how all the animals are underwater during high tide. 6. Discuss which animals will be exposed to the air first. 7. Remove water one pitcher at a time until you’ve reached low tide. Notice how at low tide most animals are exposed to air. (This is a great time to talk about any body parts, adaptations, or movements sea creatures have to help them with low tide!) Explore Further Even more activities to inspire creativity and critical thinking for various ages. 1. Create waves in your tide pool. Talk about how waves and tides are different. 2. Place animals in the different intertidal zones. Talk about how different animals are adapted to live in different environments. Does the animal have a hard shell or soft body? Is the animal stationary or can it move locations? How can the animal keep from drying out during low tide? 3. If you live near the beach, go on a tide pool scavenger hunt. 4. Write a diary/journal entry about what a day in the life of your favorite tidepool animal would look like. Literature Resources Check out the children’s books below to discover even more about sea life in tidepools! In One Tidepool: Crabs, Snails, and Salty Tails by Anthony D. Fredericks Information about tidepools: https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/tide-pool.html Information about the Intertidal habitat and its zones: https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/intertidal-zone.html Information about tides: https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/tides.html Vocabulary Habitat- Environmental area where a particular animal normally lives. High intertidal zone- Floods during the peaks of daily high tides but remains dry for long stretches between high tides. Intertidal- The area where the ocean meets the land between high and low tides. Invertebrate- An animal that does not have a spine, such as, a sea star, sea anemone, or clam, Low intertidal zone-Virtually always underwater except during the lowest of tides. Middle intertidal zone- over which the tides ebb and flow twice a day, and which is inhabited by a greater variety of both plants and animals. Predator- an animal that lives by killing and eating other animals Prey- an animal that is hunted or killed by another animal for food Salinity- the amount of salt in a solution or liquid Spray zone- Dampened by ocean spray and high waves and is submerged only during very high tides or severe storms. Tide- The rise and fall of the ocean caused by the gravitational pull of the moon and the sun. Tidepool- An isolated pocket of seawater found in the ocean’s intertidal zone Vertebrate- An animal with a spine, such as a human, fish, seal, or whale, Next Generation Science Standards Disciplinary Core Ideas Practices Crosscutting Concepts ESS3A: Natural Developing and Patterns Resources Using Models Cause and Effect o K-ESS3-1 Constructing Structure and LS4C: Adaptations Explanations and Function o 3-LS4-3 Designing Solutions .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • INTERTIDAL ZONATION Introduction to Oceanography Spring 2017 The
    INTERTIDAL ZONATION Introduction to Oceanography Spring 2017 The Intertidal Zone is the narrow belt along the shoreline lying between the lowest and highest tide marks. The intertidal or littoral zone is subdivided broadly into four vertical zones based on the amount of time the zone is submerged. From highest to lowest, they are Supratidal or Spray Zone Upper Intertidal submergence time Middle Intertidal Littoral Zone influenced by tides Lower Intertidal Subtidal Sublittoral Zone permanently submerged The intertidal zone may also be subdivided on the basis of the vertical distribution of the species that dominate a particular zone. However, zone divisions should, in most cases, be regarded as approximate! No single system of subdivision gives perfectly consistent results everywhere. Please refer to the intertidal zonation scheme given in the attached table (last page). Zonal Distribution of organisms is controlled by PHYSICAL factors (which set the UPPER limit of each zone): 1) tidal range 2) wave exposure or the degree of sheltering from surf 3) type of substrate, e.g., sand, cobble, rock 4) relative time exposed to air (controls overheating, desiccation, and salinity changes). BIOLOGICAL factors (which set the LOWER limit of each zone): 1) predation 2) competition for space 3) adaptation to biological or physical factors of the environment Species dominance patterns change abruptly in response to physical and/or biological factors. For example, tide pools provide permanently submerged areas in higher tidal zones; overhangs provide shaded areas of lower temperature; protected crevices provide permanently moist areas. Such subhabitats within a zone can contain quite different organisms from those typical for the zone.
    [Show full text]
  • Dam Effects on Low-Tide Channel Pools and Fish Use of Estuarine Habitat
    Beaver in Tidal Marshes: Dam Effects on Low-Tide Channel Pools and Fish Use of Estuarine Habitat W. Gregory Hood Wetlands Official Scholarly Journal of the Society of Wetland Scientists ISSN 0277-5212 Wetlands DOI 10.1007/s13157-012-0294-8 1 23 Your article is protected by copyright and all rights are held exclusively by Society of Wetland Scientists. This e-offprint is for personal use only and shall not be self- archived in electronic repositories. If you wish to self-archive your work, please use the accepted author’s version for posting to your own website or your institution’s repository. You may further deposit the accepted author’s version on a funder’s repository at a funder’s request, provided it is not made publicly available until 12 months after publication. 1 23 Author's personal copy Wetlands DOI 10.1007/s13157-012-0294-8 ARTICLE Beaver in Tidal Marshes: Dam Effects on Low-Tide Channel Pools and Fish Use of Estuarine Habitat W. Gregory Hood Received: 31 August 2011 /Accepted: 16 February 2012 # Society of Wetland Scientists 2012 Abstract Beaver (Castor spp.) are considered a riverine or can have multi-decadal or longer effects on river channel form, lacustrine animal, but surveys of tidal channels in the Skagit riverine and floodplain wetlands, riparian vegetation, nutrient Delta (Washington, USA) found beaver dams and lodges in the spiraling, benthic community structure, and the abundance and tidal shrub zone at densities equal or greater than in non-tidal productivity of fish and wildlife (Jenkins and Busher 1979; rivers. Dams were typically flooded by a meter or more during Naiman et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Salinity and Temperature at an Intertidal Groundwater Seep
    Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 72 (2007) 283e298 www.elsevier.com/locate/ecss Spatial and temporal patterns of salinity and temperature at an intertidal groundwater seep Ryan K. Dale*, Douglas C. Miller University of Delaware, College of Marine and Earth Studies, 700 Pilottown Road, Lewes, DE 19958, USA Received 9 June 2006; accepted 31 October 2006 Available online 22 December 2006 Abstract Spatial and temporal patterns at an intertidal groundwater seep at Cape Henlopen, Delaware, were characterized using a combination of pore water salinity and sediment temperature measurements. Pore water salinity maps, both on a small scale (resolution of 0.1 m over a 1.25 m2 area) and large scale (1e5 m over a 1710 m2 area) showed reduced pore water salinities to as low as one-sixth seawater strength in a region 0e6m from the intertidal beach slope break. In this region, there was substantial spatial variability in pore water salinity at all measured scales (0.1e 90 m) alongshore. At À10 cm sediment depth, pore water salinity ranged from 6 to 24 in less than 1 m horizontally. To further characterize spatial patterns in discharge, we used novel temperature probes during summer low tides and found temperatures were much lower in a ground- water seep than the nearby sediment, as much as 8e9 C cooler at À30 cm sediment depth. Measurements over time using temperature loggers showed that despite strong tidal and diel forcing on surficial sediment temperatures, thermal anomalies due to groundwater discharge persisted over several-day sampling periods and were strongest at À20 and À30 cm depth.
    [Show full text]
  • Life in the Intertidal Zone
    Life in the Rocky Intertidal Zone Tidepools provide a home for many animals. Tidepools are created by the changing water level, or tides. The high energy waves make this a harsh habitat, but the animals living here have adapted over time. When the earth, sun and moon align during the full and new moon we have extreme high and low tides. Generally, there are two high tides and two low tides a day. An example of low and high tide is seen on the right. There are three zones within the tidepools: the high zone, the middle zone, and the low zone. Animals are distributed based on their adaptations to different living (competition and predation) and non living (wave action and water loss) factors. The tidepools at Cabrillo are protected and have been monitored by the National Park Service since 1990. You may notice bolts in Low Tide the rocky intertidal, these are used to assist scientists in gathering data to monitor changes. Tidepool Etiquette: Human impact can hurt the animals. As you explore the tidepools, you may touch the animals living here, but only as gently as you would touch your own eyeball. Some animals may die if moved even a few inches from where they are found. Federal law prohibits collection and removal of any shells, rocks and marine specimens. Also, be aware of the changing tides, slippery rocks and unstable cliffs. Have fun exploring! High Tide High Zone The high zone is covered by the highest tides. Often this area is only sprayed by the (Supralittoral or crashing waves.
    [Show full text]
  • Okeanos Explorer Rov Dive Summary
    OKEANOS EXPLORER ROV DIVE SUMMARY Site Name GB907 Expedition Kelley Elliott/ Coordinator/ Brian Bingham ROV Lead Stephanie Farrington (Biology) Science Team Leads Jamie Austin (Geology) General Area Gulf of Mexico Descriptor Cruise Season Leg Dive Number ROV Dive Name EX1402 3 DIVE02 ROV: Deep Discoverer Equipment Deployed Camera Platform: Seirios CTD Depth Altitude Scanning Sonar USBL Position Heading ROV Measurements Pitch Roll HD Camera 1 HD Camera 2 Low Res Cam 1 Low Res Cam 2 Low Res Cam 3 Low Res Cam 4 Low Res Cam 2 Equipment N/A Malfunctions Dive Summary: EX1402L3_DIVE02 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ In Water at: 2014-04-13T13:45:38.439000 27°, 05.899' N ; 092°, 37.310' W Out Water at: 2014-04-13T19:12:34.841000 27°, 05.096' N ; 092°, 36.588' W ROV Dive Summary Off Bottom at: 2014-04-13T18:24:04.035000 (From processed ROV 27°, 05.455' N ; 092°, 36.956' W data) On Bottom at: 2014-04-13T14:31:16.507000 27°, 05.519' N ; 092°, 37.099' W Dive duration: 5:26:56 Bottom Time: 3:52:47 Max. depth: 1266.7 m Special Notes Primary Jamie Austin, EX, UT Austin, [email protected] Stephanie Farrington, EX, HBOI/FAU, [email protected] Andrea Quattrini, Temple, Temple, [email protected] Scientists Involved Bernie Ball, Duke, Duke, [email protected] (please provide name / Brian Kinlan, NOAA NMFS, [email protected] location / affiliation / email) Carolyn Ruppel, Woods Hole, USGS, [email protected] Erik Cordes, Temple, Temple, [email protected] Larry Mayer, UNH, UNH CCOM, [email protected] Michael Vecchione,
    [Show full text]
  • A Guide to the Side of the Sea Lessons: Pre-Trip Activities Underwater Viewers Students Can Make Underwater Viewers for Studying Intertidal Life
    Lessons The following lessons are grouped into three categories: pre-trip, during the trip, and post-trip. If you do pre-trip lessons, plan how to refer to them while on the trip. If you plan to do any of the post-trip lessons, be aware of ways to prepare the students while on the trip by making observations or asking questions. Each category is further divided into Hands-On Activities and Other Activities of various types. California State Content Standards that can easily be addressed through the lessons are referenced by subject and number. See pages 143–146 for abbreviated summaries of the standards. Some of the hands-on activities are intended to be discovery activities (experiments) in which the students don’t know the answers ahead of time. The teacher should try to facilitate the students’ discoveries rather than telling them what to expect. Whenever possible, be a guide on the side! Also . it is HIGHLY recommended that the teacher: • Try out all experiments before having students do them. • Enlist the help of parent volunteers before, during, and after experiments. • Feel free to adapt, expand, or alter experiments to suit your needs, student needs, and resources. Hands-on or “lab” type activities are presented in a detailed lesson plan format. A few “other” activities are given as examples, but the resources in the curriculum of the resources section (p. 158) give many additional worthwhile activities. Many of the lessons begin before the field trip and continue with activities to be done while at the coast. Others that are listed as pre-trip can also be done after the trip.
    [Show full text]
  • Explore a Tide Pool Lesson Plan
    Waldo County 4-H Program 992 Waterville Rd, Waldo, ME 04915 (207) 342-5971 Ext (800) 287-1426 toll free in Maine (800) 287-8957 TDD [email protected] [email protected] Putting knowledge to work with the people of Maine Explore a Tide Pool Purpose of activity: The purpose of this activity is to explore tide pools along the intertidal coastline. In this activity, youth will explore what a tide pool is and what type of plants and animals live there. What is a tide pool? Tide pools are rocky pools on the seashore that are filled with seawater when the ocean tide goes out, creating low tide. Tide pools often have plants and animals living in the pool that have to adapt to environmental extremes like the hot sun on a summer day and predators such as seagulls. Plants that grow in tide pools include seaweed, algae, and sea grass. Animals that live in tide pools might be periwinkles, crabs, starfish, barnacles, and more. Materials: An interactive On-line Tide Pool experience • Green Crab discovery with Tidepool Tim, of your choice. Gulf of Maine Inc • PBS Interactivities: Exploring Tide Pools • Intertidal snails with Tidepool Tim, Gulf • What is a Tide Pool? of Maine Inc • Tide Pool Ocean Adventure Children or • Tidal Pool Scavenger Hunt Handout Kids Activity • Ecosystem of California: Intertidal Instructions: 1. Take an adventure and explore tide pools. Choose one interactive on-line resource to view or take your family on an adventure to the nearest coastline and look for tidepools. If you and your family are preparing for a beach trip, make sure you bring appropriate beach clothes, shows with non-slip tread, and sun protection.
    [Show full text]
  • Spatial Patterns of Macrozoobenthos Assemblages in a Sentinel Coastal Lagoon: Biodiversity and Environmental Drivers
    Journal of Marine Science and Engineering Article Spatial Patterns of Macrozoobenthos Assemblages in a Sentinel Coastal Lagoon: Biodiversity and Environmental Drivers Soilam Boutoumit 1,2,* , Oussama Bououarour 1 , Reda El Kamcha 1 , Pierre Pouzet 2 , Bendahhou Zourarah 3, Abdelaziz Benhoussa 1, Mohamed Maanan 2 and Hocein Bazairi 1,4 1 BioBio Research Center, BioEcoGen Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, 4 Avenue Ibn Battouta, Rabat 10106, Morocco; [email protected] (O.B.); [email protected] (R.E.K.); [email protected] (A.B.); [email protected] (H.B.) 2 LETG UMR CNRS 6554, University of Nantes, CEDEX 3, 44312 Nantes, France; [email protected] (P.P.); [email protected] (M.M.) 3 Marine Geosciences and Soil Sciences Laboratory, Associated Unit URAC 45, Faculty of Sciences, Chouaib Doukkali University, El Jadida 24000, Morocco; [email protected] 4 Institute of Life and Earth Sciences, Europa Point Campus, University of Gibraltar, Gibraltar GX11 1AA, Gibraltar * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: This study presents an assessment of the diversity and spatial distribution of benthic macrofauna communities along the Moulay Bousselham lagoon and discusses the environmental factors contributing to observed patterns. In the autumn of 2018, 68 stations were sampled with three replicates per station in subtidal and intertidal areas. Environmental conditions showed that the range of water temperature was from 25.0 ◦C to 12.3 ◦C, the salinity varied between 38.7 and 3.7, Citation: Boutoumit, S.; Bououarour, while the average of pH values fluctuated between 7.3 and 8.0.
    [Show full text]
  • Intertidal Sand and Mudflats & Subtidal Mobile
    INTERTIDAL SAND AND MUDFLATS & SUBTIDAL MOBILE SANDBANKS An overview of dynamic and sensitivity characteristics for conservation management of marine SACs M. Elliott. S.Nedwell, N.V.Jones, S.J.Read, N.D.Cutts & K.L.Hemingway Institute of Estuarine and Coastal Studies University of Hull August 1998 Prepared by Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS) for the UK Marine SACs Project, Task Manager, A.M.W. Wilson, SAMS Vol II Intertidal sand and mudflats & subtidal mobile sandbanks 1 Citation. M.Elliott, S.Nedwell, N.V.Jones, S.J.Read, N.D.Cutts, K.L.Hemingway. 1998. Intertidal Sand and Mudflats & Subtidal Mobile Sandbanks (volume II). An overview of dynamic and sensitivity characteristics for conservation management of marine SACs. Scottish Association for Marine Science (UK Marine SACs Project). 151 Pages. Vol II Intertidal sand and mudflats & subtidal mobile sandbanks 2 CONTENTS PREFACE 7 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 9 I. INTRODUCTION 17 A. STUDY AIMS 17 B. NATURE AND IMPORTANCE OF THE BIOTOPE COMPLEXES 17 C. STATUS WITHIN OTHER BIOTOPE CLASSIFICATIONS 25 D. KEY POINTS FROM CHAPTER I. 27 II. ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS AND PHYSICAL ATTRIBUTES 29 A. SPATIAL EXTENT 29 B. HYDROPHYSICAL REGIME 29 C. VERTICAL ELEVATION 33 D. SUBSTRATUM 36 E. KEY POINTS FROM CHAPTER II 43 III. BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONING 45 A. CHARACTERISTIC AND ASSOCIATED SPECIES 45 B. ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONING AND PREDATOR-PREY RELATIONSHIPS 53 C. BIOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL INTERACTIONS 58 D. KEY POINTS FROM CHAPTER III 65 IV. SENSITIVITY TO NATURAL EVENTS 67 A. POTENTIAL AGENTS OF CHANGE 67 B. KEY POINTS FROM CHAPTER IV 74 V. SENSITIVITY TO ANTHROPOGENIC ACTIVITIES 75 A.
    [Show full text]
  • Wave Energy and Intertidal Productivity (Leaf Area Index/Myfilus Californianus/Postelsia/Rocky Shore/Zonation) EGBERT G
    Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 84, pp. 1314-1318, March 1987 Ecology Wave energy and intertidal productivity (leaf area index/Myfilus californianus/Postelsia/rocky shore/zonation) EGBERT G. LEIGH, JR.*, ROBERT T. PAINEt, JAMES F. QUINNt, AND THOMAS H. SUCHANEKt§ *Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 2072, Balboa, Panama; tDepartment of Zoology NJ-15, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195; tDivision of Environmental Studies, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616; and §Bodega Marine Laboratory, P. 0. Box 247, Bodega Bay, CA 94923 Contributed by Robert T. Paine, October 20, 1986 ABSTRACT In the northeastern Pacific, intertidal zones we estimate standing crop and productivity in different zones of the most wave-beaten shores receive more energy from of exposed and sheltered rocky shores of Tatoosh Island (480 breaking waves than from the sun. Despite severe mortality 19' N, 1240 40' W), showing that intertidal productivity is from winter storms, communities at some wave-beaten sites much higher in wave-beaten settings. Finally, we consider produce an extraordinary quantity of dry matter per unit area the various roles waves may play in enhancing the produc- of shore per year. At wave-beaten sites of Tatoosh Island, WA, tivity of intertidal organisms. sea palms, Postelsia palmaeformis, can produce >10 kg of dry matter, or 1.5 x 108 J. per m2 in a good year. Extraordinarily METHODS productive organisms such as Postelsia are restricted to wave- The Power Supplied by Breaking Waves. Calculating the beaten sites. Intertidal organisms cannot transform wave power carried by waves in the open ocean. Waves generated energy into chemical energy, as photosynthetic plants trans- anywhere in the ocean-dissipate most of their energy against form solar energy, nor can intertidal organisms "harness" some shore as surf (13, 14).
    [Show full text]
  • Intertidal Zonation of Two Gastropods, Nerita Plicata and Morula Granulata, in Moorea, French Polynesia
    INTERTIDAL ZONATION OF TWO GASTROPODS, NERITA PLICATA AND MORULA GRANULATA, IN MOOREA, FRENCH POLYNESIA VANESSA R. WORMSER Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 USA Abstract. Intertidal zonation of organisms is a key factor in ecological community structure and the existence of fundamental and realized niches. The zonation of two species of gastropods, Nerita plicata and Morula granulata were investigated using field observations and lab experimentation. The Nerita plicata were found on the upper limits of the intertidal zone while the Morula granulata were found on the lower limits. The distribution of each species was observed and the possible causes of this zonation were examined. Three main factors, desiccation, flow resistance and shell size were tested for their zonation. In the field, shell measurements of each species were made to see if a vertical shell size gradient existed; the results showed an upshore shell size gradient for each species. In the lab, experiments were run to see if the zonation preference found in the field existed in the lab as well. This experiment confirmed that a zonation between these species does in fact exist. Additional experiments were run to test desiccation and flow resistance between each species. A difference in desiccation rates and flow resistance were found with the Nerita plicata being more resistant to both flow and desiccation. The findings of this study provide an understanding on why zonation between these two species could exist as well as why zonation is important within an intertidal community and ecosystems as a whole. Key words: community structure; gastropod; zonation; intertidal; morphometrics; Morula granulata; Nerita plicata; Mo’orea, French Polynesia; INTRODUCTION The main goal of an ecological survey is to because of the high species diversity, the explore and understand the key dynamic convenience of the habitat as well as the easy relationships among organisms living in a collection of the sessile organisms that inhabit community (Elton 1966).
    [Show full text]
  • Diversity of Intertidal Macroalgae Increases with Nitrogen Loading by Invertebrates
    UC Davis UC Davis Previously Published Works Title Diversity of intertidal macroalgae increases with nitrogen loading by invertebrates Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/47t5n0vn Journal Ecology, 85(10) ISSN 0012-9658 Authors Bracken, Matthew E S Nielsen, K J Publication Date 2004-10-01 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Ecology, 85(10), 2004, pp. 2828±2836 q 2004 by the Ecological Society of America DIVERSITY OF INTERTIDAL MACROALGAE INCREASES WITH NITROGEN LOADING BY INVERTEBRATES MATTHEW E. S. BRACKEN1,3 AND KARINA J. NIELSEN2 1Department of Zoology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-2914 USA 2Sonoma State University, Department of Biology, Rohnert Park, California 94928 USA Abstract. Many ecological phenomena are characterized by context dependency, and the relationship between diversity and productivity is no exception. We examined the re- lationship between macroalgal diversity and nutrient availability by evaluating the effects of reduced nutrients and their subsequent replacement via local-scale nutrient loading in tide pools. Macroalgae in Oregon coast high-intertidal pools have evolved in a nitrate-rich upwelling ecosystem, but instead of settling on low-intertidal reefs (where algae are often immersed in nutrient-rich nearshore waters) these individuals have colonized high-zone pools, where they are isolated from the ocean for extended periods of time and are subjected to extended periods of nitrate depletion. In some pools, this nutrient stress was ameliorated by a positive interaction: the excretion of ammonium by invertebrates. We conducted ex- perimental manipulations to quantify invertebrate-mediated ammonium loading and ma- croalgal ammonium uptake in high-intertidal pools.
    [Show full text]