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Coronavirus Disease (Covid-19) International Academic Research Journal of Internal Medicine & Public Health ISSN Print : 2709-3301 | ISSN Online : 2709-331X Frequency : Bi-Monthly Language : English Origin : Kenya Website : https://www.iarconsortium.org/journal-info/iarjimph Review Article Coronavirus Disease (Covid-19) Outbreak: A Narrative Review of Current Knowledge Article History Abstract: Coronaviruses are a diverse group of viruses infecting many different animals, and they can cause mild to severe respiratory infections in humans. In 2002 and 2012, Received: 29.01.2021 respectively, two highly pathogenic coronaviruses with zoonotic origin, severe acute Revision: 07. 02.2021 respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome Accepted: 18.02.2021 coronavirus (MERS-CoV), emerged in humans and caused fatal respiratory illness, making Published: 28.02.2021 emerging coronaviruses a new public health concern in the twenty-first century. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a highly transmissible and Author Details pathogenic coronavirus that emerged in late 2019 and has caused a pandemic of acute 1 2 Dr. Shaik Kareemulla* , P. Tejaswini , S. respiratory disease, named ‗coronavirus disease 2019‘ (COVID-19), which threatens human Yaseen Vamaliya2, S. Yasmeen2 and K. health and public safety. The disease is transmitted by inhalation or contact with infected Chaithanya Bharathi2 droplets and the incubation period ranges from 2 to 14 days. The symptoms are usually Author’s Affiliations fever, cough, sore throat, breathlessness, fatigue, malaise among others. The disease is mild in most people; in some (usually the elderly and those with comorbidities), it may progress 1Associate professor, Department of Pharmacy to pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and multi organ dysfunction. practice, P. Rami Reddy Memorial College of Many people are asymptomatic. The case fatality rate is estimated to range from 2 to 3%. Pharmacy, Kadapa, Andhra Pradesh, India Diagnosis is by demonstration of the virus in respiratory secretions by special molecular tests. Common laboratory findings include normal/ low white cell counts with elevated C- 2Pharm D Intern, Department of Pharmacy practice, reactive protein (CRP). In this Review, we describe the basic virology of SARS-CoV-2, P. Rami Reddy Memorial College of Pharmacy, current knowledge of clinical, epidemiological and pathological features of COVID-19 and Kadapa, Andhra Pradesh, India treatment approaches for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Corresponding Author* Dr. Shaik Kareemulla Keywords: Pandemic, 2019-nCOV, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, bat-SL-CoV, RT-PCR. How to Cite the Article: Dr. Shaik Kareemulla, P. Tejaswini, S. Yaseen Vamaliya, S. Yasmeen & K. Chaithanya History of Coronavirus: Bharathi (2021): Coronavirus Disease (Covid- Coronaviruses were first discovered in the 1930s when an acute 19) Outbreak: A Narrative Review of Current respiratory infection of domesticated chickens was shown to be caused Knowledge. Int Aca. Res. J Int. Med. Pub. by Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV). In 1931, Arthur Schalk and M.C. Hlth. 2(1)15-24. Hawn described new respiratory infection of chickens in North Dakota. Copyright @ 2021: This is an open-access article The infection of new-born chicks was characterized by gasping and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution license which permits listlessness. The chicks' mortality rate was 40–90%. Fred Beaudette and unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction Charles Hudson six years later successfully isolated and cultivated the in any medium for non commercial use infectious bronchitis virus (Dos Santos, W. G. 2020). In the 1940s, two (NonCommercial, or CC-BY-NC) provided the more animal coronaviruses i.e., Mouse Hepatitis Virus (MHV) original author and source are credited. and Transmissible Gastro Enteritis Virus (TGEV) were isolated. It was not realized at the time that these three different viruses were related. Human coronaviruses were discovered in the 1960s. They were isolated using two different methods in United Kingdom and United States. E.C. Kendall, Malcom Byone, and David Tyrrell working at the Common Cold Unit of the British Medical Research Council isolated from a boy a novel common cold virus B814. The virus was unable to cultivate using standard techniques which had successfully cultivated rhinoviruses, adenoviruses and other known common cold viruses. In 1965, Tyrrell and Byone successfully cultivated the novel virus serially by passing it through organ culture of human embryonic trachea. The new cultivating method was introduced to the lab by Bertil Hoorn. The isolated virus when intranasally inoculated into volunteers caused a cold and was inactivated by ether which indicates that it had a lipid envelope. Around the same time, Dorothy Hamre and John Procknow at the University of Chicago isolated a novel cold virus 229E from medical students, which they grew in kidney tissue culture. The novel virus 229E, like the virus strain B814, when inoculated into volunteers caused a cold and was inactivated by ether. The two novel strains B814 and 229E were subsequently imaged by electron microscopy in 1967 by Scottish virologist Almeida at St. Thomas Hospital in London. Almeida through electron microscopy was able to show that B814 and 229E were morphologically related by their distinctive club-like spikes and were morphologically related to IBV (Chaplin, S. 2020). A research group at the National Institute of Health the same year was able to isolate another member of this new group of viruses using organ culture and named the virus strain OC43 (OC means organ culture). Like B814, 229E, and IBV, the novel cold virus OC43 had distinctive club-like spikes when observed under electron microscope. The IBV-like novel cold viruses were also morphologically related to the mouse hepatitis virus. This new group of IBV-like viruses came in existence, known as Coronaviruses. The coronavirus strain B814 was lost. It is not known that which human coronavirus was present. Other human coronaviruses have been identified, including SARS-CoV in 2003, HCoV NL63 in 2004, HCoV Available: https://www.iarconsortium.org/journal-info/iarjimph 15 Dr. Shaik Kareemulla, et al., Int Aca. Res. J Int . Med. Pub. Hlth; Vol-2, Iss- 1 (Jan-Feb, 2021): 15-24 HKU1 in 2005, MERS-CoV in 2012, and SARS-CoV-2 in 2019. There also been a large number of animal coronaviruses identified since the 1960s. Transmission electron micrograph of organ cultured coronavirus OC43 Origin of Coronavirus: coronavirus of the species Beta coronavirus1 and Many human coronaviruses have their origin in subgenus Embecovirus was originated in rodents and bats. The human coronavirus NL63 shared a common not in bats. In the 1790s, equine coronavirus diverged ancestor with a bat coronavirus (ARCoV.2) between from the bovine coronavirus after a cross-species jump. 1190 and 1449 CE. The human coronavirus 229E Later in the 1890s, human coronavirus OC43 diverged shared a common ancestor with a bat coronavirus from bovine coronavirus after another cross-species (GhanaGrp1 Bt CoV) between 1686 and 1800 spillover event (Guo, Y. R. et al., 2020). It is CE. More recently, alpaca coronavirus and human speculated that the flu pandemic of 1890 may have been coronavirus 229E diverged before 1960. MERS-CoV caused by this spillover event, not by the influenza emerged in humans from bats through the intermediate virus, because of related timing, neurological symptoms host of camels. MERS-CoV, related to several bat and unknown causative agent of the pandemic. Besides coronavirus species, appears to have diverged from causing respiratory infections, human coronavirus SARS-CoV in 1986. A possible path of evolution of OC43 is also suspected of playing a role in neurological SARS coronavirus and keen bat coronaviruses is that diseases. In the 1950s, the human coronavirus OC43 SARS-related coronaviruses coevolved in bats for a began to diverge into its long time (Shereen, M. A. et al., 2020). The ancestors present genotypes. Phylogenetically, mouse hepatitis of SARS-CoV first infected leaf-nose bats of the virus (Murine coronavirus), which infects the mouse's genus Hipposideridae; subsequently, they spread to liver and central nervous system is related to human horseshoe bats in the species Rhinolophidae, then coronavirus OC43 and bovine coronavirus (Dhama, K. to Asian palm civets and finally to humans. Unlike et al., 2020). other strains such as beta coronaviruses, bovine Microbiology of Coronavirus: 16 Dr. Shaik Kareemulla, et al., Int Aca. Res. J Int . Med. Pub. Hlth; Vol-2, Iss- 1 (Jan-Feb, 2021): 15-24 Coronaviruses are large, roughly spherical particles expertise and hypotheses. Thus, there are different with bulbous surface projections. The average diameter criteria for testing, hospitalization and estimating of of the virus particles is around 125 nm. The diameter of cases making it difficult to calculate the number of the envelope is 85 nm and the spikes are 20 nm long. people affected by epidemic. Based on the data, the estimated case fatality ratio among medically attended The envelope of the virus in electron micrographs patients is approximately 2%. By 19th July 2020, based appears as a distinct pair of electron-dense shells (shells on the WHO reports, we have globally 1,40,07,791 that are relatively opaque to the electron beam used to confirmed cases and 5,97,105 deaths, distributed as scan the virus particle). The viral envelope consists of follows: Western Pacific
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