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La Gestion Des Risques Maritimes Environnementaux: Contribution Au UNIVERSITÉ PARIS I PANTHÉON SORBONNE _______ ÉCOLE DOCTORALE DE DROIT PRIVÉ _______ DOCTORAT EN DROIT _______ OLIVIER LASMOLES _______ LA GESTION DES RISQUES MARITIMES ENVIRONNEMENTAUX CONTRIBUTION AU RENFORCEMENT DE LA PROTECTION DE L’ENVIRONNEMENT MARIN _______ Thèse dirigée par M. Philippe DELEBECQUE, Professeur des universités ______ Soutenue le 19 mai 2014 _______ JURY : Professeur PHILIPPE DELEBECQUE (Directeur de thèse) Professeur ANNIE CUDENNEC (Rapporteur) Professeur LAURENT NEYRET (Rapporteur) FRANÇOISE ODIER PHILIPPE BOISSON Avertissement : L'université Paris I Panthéon Sorbonne n’entend donner aucune approbation ni improbation aux opinions émises dans les thèses ; ces opinions devront être considérées comme propres à leurs auteurs 2 À Nathalie, ma boussole À Alice et Louis, mes poissons-pilotes À ma Mère, partie trop tôt 3 « À trop se soucier de l'achèvement des choses, on n'entreprend jamais rien. » François 1er 4 REMERCIEMENTS À Philippe DELEBECQUE pour m’avoir permis de garder le cap même par temps fort. À Philippe BOISSON pour ses conseils judicieux et éclairés. À François LAFFOUCRIÈRE pour m’avoir accompagné tout au long de ce voyage. À Robert PIETRI pour m’avoir permis de naviguer entre les Charybde et Scylla de la langue française. À Jean-Paul LASMOLES pour m’avoir donné le goût du droit. À Henri DELAFONT pour m’avoir donné le goût de la mer. 5 UNIVERSITÉ PARIS I PANTHÉON SORBONNE _______ ÉCOLE DOCTORALE DE DROIT PRIVÉ _______ DOCTORAT EN DROIT _______ OLIVIER LASMOLES _______ LA GESTION DES RISQUES MARITIMES ENVIRONNEMENTAUX CONTRIBUTION AU RENFORCEMENT DE LA PROTECTION DE L’ENVIRONNEMENT MARIN _______ Thèse dirigée par M. Philippe DELEBECQUE, Professeur des universités ______ Soutenue le 19 mai 2014 _______ JURY : Professeur PHILIPPE DELEBECQUE (Directeur de thèse) Professeur ANNIE CUDENNEC (Rapporteur) Professeur LAURENT NEYRET (Rapporteur) FRANÇOISE ODIER PHILIPPE BOISSON 6 « Ce qui est commun au plus grand nombre fait l’objet des soins les moins attentifs. L’homme prend le plus grand soin de ce qui lui est propre, il a tendance à négliger ce qui est en commun. » ARISTOTE (Politique, III, 3) 7 RÉSUMÉ Le retentissement des catastrophes maritimes de ces dernières années, Erika, Prestige, Deepwater Horizon, a confirmé l’importance des enjeux de pollution marine, tant auprès du grand public que des décideurs politiques. Aucune leçon n’aurait-elle été tirée de ces précédents ? Les appels à une prise en compte accrue de la protection de l’environnement n’auraient eu que peu d’impact sur les pratiques des transporteurs et armateurs. Les atteintes à l’environnement marin doivent être au plus vite jugulées et ce grâce à des outils adaptés et efficaces. Or, le droit maritime, droit relatif à la navigation qui se fait sur la mer, ne serait plus en mesure de protéger correctement son environnement car fondé sur des principes de responsabilité civile. L’évolution des nécessités recommanderait que lui soient substitués les principes issus du droit commun de l’environnement, fondé sur la responsabilité pénale. Dans un premier temps, l’identification des risques maritimes, anciens comme contemporains, démontre que malgré une évolution certaine des technologies et un accroissement de leur complexité, ceux-ci demeurent fondamentalement identiques, avec en toile de fond le marin, le naviguant agissant dans le cadre d’une organisation. Dans un second temps, l’analyse du traitement des risques techniques démontre, en premier lieu, la capacité du droit maritime à se réformer en s’inspirant des bonnes pratiques issues de l’industrie offshore., L’analyse des risques juridiques confirme, en second lieu, que le droit maritime, malgré ses imperfections, possède les ressources pour se réformer et répondre aux attentes contemporaines en matière environnementale. 8 SUMMARY The impact of the maritime catastrophes of recent years such as Erika, Prestige, and Deepwater Horizon, has confirmed the concerns regarding marine pollution, both with the general public and political decision-makers. Has no lesson been learned from these events? Calls for greater awareness for environmental protection have had little impact on the practices of transporters and shipowners. Violations of the marine environment must be halted as soon as possible, using suitable and effective methods. Maritime law, which relates to navigation by sea, is no longer able to protect the environment because it is based on principles of civil responsibility. Changes in obligations suggest that this should be replaced by principles derived from common law on the environment, based on criminal responsibility. In the first part, the identification of maritime risks, both old and contemporary, demonstrates that in spite of some developments in technology and an increase in its complexity, it remains fundamentally identical, with the backdrop of the sailor, the navigator, acting within the framework of an organization. In the second part, the analysis of the treatment of technical risks demonstrates, firstly, the capacity of maritime law to reform, taking the lead from good practice derived from the offshore industry. Secondly, the analysis of legal risks confirms that maritime law, in spite of its imperfections, has the resources to reform and respond to contemporary expectations in environmental matters. 9 ABRÉVIATIONS Revues, éditeurs : ADMA Annuaire de droit maritime et aérien A.D.Mer Annuaire du droit de la mer AFDI Annuaire français de droit international AJDA Actualité juridique du droit administratif A&NZ Mar LJ The Australia and New Zealand Maritime Law Journal Arch. Phil. droit Archives de philosophie du droit BDEI Bulletin du droit de l’environnement industriel BYBIL British Yearbook of International Law D Recueil Dalloz DMF Le Droit Maritime Français EMuT Environment Multilateral Treaties J.-Cl. com. Juris-classeur de droit commercial JCP Juris-classeur périodique JMM Journal de la marine marchande LGDJ Librairie générale de droit et de jurisprudence LOSB Law of the Sea Bulletin (Bulletin du droit de la mer) PUF Presse universitaire de France RCA Responsabilité civile et assurances R.C.A.D.I. Recueil des cours de l’Académie de droit international de La Haye RDN Revue « Défense Nationale » Rec. CJCE Recueil des arrêts de la Cour de justice et du Tribunal de première instance Revue crit. DIP Revue critique de droit international privé Rev. jur. env. Revue juridique de l’environnement RFAP Revue française d’administration publique RTD civ. Revue trimestrielle de droit civil S Sirey Organisations: AESM Agence européenne de sécurité maritime ADEME Agence de l’environnement et de la maîtrise de l’énergie AIFM Autorité internationale des fonds marins ARENE Agence régionale de l’énergie et de l’environnement BIT Bureau international du travail BST Bureau de la sécurité des transports (Canada) C.C.R. Caisse centrale de réassurance C.E. Conseil d'État CE Communauté européenne ou Communautés européennes CESE Conseil économique, social et environnemental CJCE Cour de justice de la Communauté européenne CJUE Cour de justice de l’Union européenne CMI Comité maritime international CMLA Canadian maritime law association 10 CNIL Commission informatique et liberté CNUCED Conférence des Nations Unies sur le commerce et le développement C.P.J.I. Cour permanente de justice internationale C.P.J.I. série A Arrêts de la C.P.J.I. DCT Department of transport and communication (Australie) DOT Department of transport (Grande Bretagne) DOD Department of Defense (États-Unis d’Amérique) ECOSOC Conseil économique des Nations Unies FFSA Fédération française des sociétés d’assurances FIPOL Fonds internationaux d’indemnisation pour les dommages dus à la pollution par les hydrocarbures FonCSI Fondation pour une culture de sécurité industrielle GAREAT Gestion de l’assurance et de la réassurance des risques attentats et des actes de terrorisme GAREX Groupement d’assurances de risques exceptionnels GEMA Groupement des entreprises mutuelles d’assurances IACS International association of classification societies IAE International agency energy ICCL International council of cruise lines IDDRI Institut du développement durable et des relations internationales IFREMER Institut français de recherche pour l’exploitation de la mer MEPC Marine environmental protection committee MSC Marine safety committee NTIS National Technical Information Service (États-Unis d’Amérique) OACI Organisation de l’aviation civile internationale OCDE Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques OCLAESP Office central de lutte contre les atteintes à l’environnement et à la santé publique OHI Organisation hydrographique internationale OIT Organisation internationale du travail OMCI Organisation maritime consultative intergouvernementale OMI Organisation maritime internationale OMS Organisation mondiale de la santé ONEMA Office national de l’eau et des milieux aquatiques PAM Plan d’action pour la Méditerranée PNUE Programme des Nations Unies pour l’environnement SGM Secrétariat général de la Mer SHOM Service hydrographique et océanographique de la Marine UE Union européenne UIT Union international des télécommunications USCG US coast guard UK United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 11 Autres: AAC Alaska Administrative Code AAM Administrateur des affaires maritimes ALARP As low as reasonably practicable AS Alaska Statutes AUE Acte unique européen BRM Bridge ressource management CERCLA Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act CCNUCC Convention cadre des Nations-Unis sur le
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