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Rheumatoid Disease in the Larynx and Lung

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Rheumatoid Disease in the Larynx and Lung Ann Rheum Dis: first published as 10.1136/ard.17.3.286 on 1 September 1958. Downloaded from Ann. rheum. Dis. (1958), 17, 286. RHEUMATOID DISEASE IN THE LARYNX AND LUNG BY G. A. GRESHAM AND T. D. KELLAWAY From the Department ofPathology, University of Cambridge Visceral manifestations of rheumatoid disease have quantity of frothy fluid. The left vocal cord was recently received considerable attention. Lesions in swollen and shortened; the space between it and the vocal the larynx, lung, and heart are of clinical importance. fold was reduced so that the orifice of the sinus of the The object of this paper is to report one example of larynx was occluded. The changes in the right cord were similar but less severe. The perichondrium of the severe laryngeal involvement and another with un- cricoid stripped easily to reveal a median posterior usual pulmonary lesions. The histochemical pro- necrotic defect of cartilage, about 0-4 cm. in diameter. perties of these lesions are compared with those of a The lungs were firm and oedematous and contained histologically typical rheumatoid nodule. areas of consolidation in the lower lobes. Fibrous adhesions obliterated both pleural sacs. The heart Case Reports showed a moderate degree of right ventricular hyper- Case 1. Rheumatoid Disease of the Larynx trophy; the atria, valves, left ventricle, and coronary A woman aged 32 was admitted to hospital on Feb- arteries showed no important abnormality. ruary 10, 1957, with dyspnoea which had been present The spleen weighed 518 g. and had a dark purple-red copyright. for 3 weeks and had become worse in the last 3 days. cut surface in which Malpighian bodies were conspicuous. She had an unproductive cough. A similar attack, There was moderate enlargement of cervical, axillary, lasting one week, had occurred 6 weeks before admission. mediastinal, abdominal, and inguinal lymph nodes. Rheumatoid arthritis had been present since 1948; an A large grey-brown thymus was present (38 g.). arthrodesis of the left knee was done in 1951 because of The hip joints, right knee, ankles, and right elbow were severe flexion contracture. At this time there was facial ankylosed; there was an arthrodesis of the left knee. hirsutes and a palpable spleen; the blood haemoglobin The adjacent muscles were conspicuously wasted. The was 11 1 g. per 100 ml., the lowest white blood count was proximal interphalangeal joints showed characteristic 3,700 per cu.mm. with 65 per cent. polymorphonuclear "spindling" deformity; the fingers were deviated to the ulnar side. The wrist joints were swollen. neutrophil leucocytes, and the erythrocyte sedimentation http://ard.bmj.com/ rate (Wintrobe) was 30 mm. in the first hour (corrected). The body weighed 38 kg. and measured 160 x 38 cm At the final admission she was thin, pale, and slightly The breasts were small. Sparse long hairs were present cyanosed. Breathing was noisy and laboured. There on the chin and upper lip; axillary and pubic hair was of was little lateral movement of the chest; breathing was normal distribution. largely accomplished by the accessory muscles of respira- Histological Examination.-The larynx was hemisected tion. Laryngoscopy showed adduction of both cords: the longitudinally. Serial sections were made of the right left did not move and there was limitation of adduction half (Fig. 1, opposite) and also of a block taken from the on the right side. The interarytenoid region was left side through the full thickness of the posterior half of on October 1, 2021 by guest. Protected oedematous. Examination ofthe lungs revealed diffusely the vestibule of the larynx. This block was intended to scattered inspiratory and expiratory rhonchi. The include the left crico-arytenoid joint. respiratory rate was 40 per min., pulse rate 120 per min., The right crico-arytenoid joint contained a few flakes of temperature 990 F., and blood pressure 130/90 mm. Hg. fibrin (Fig. 2, opposite) and a fold of synovium. Foci of The patient was placed in a steam tent, but died granulation tissue in places replaced the lining of the suddenly 3 hours after admission. A tracheostomy was joint, and adjacent areas of cartilage showed areas of not made. bone absorption and also a few small areas of deposition She had been treated with cortisone in hospital in 1951, of newly-formed woven bone. and had had cortisone and Neomycin ointment to the eye Sections of the left side of the larynx (Fig. 3, opposite) a few months before death. During the last 2 days of did not reveal the arytenoid cartilage which had, appar- life she was treated with Achromycin. ently, been replaced by a dense chronic inflammatory Necropsy.-The soft tissues of the larynx were oede- infiltrate containing numerous plasma cells, lymphocytes, matous but the glottis was patent. The mucosa of the histiocytes, fibroblasts, scanty neutrophil polymorpho- larynx and trachea was yellow-red and covered by a small nuclear leucocytes, and occasional giant cells. 286 Ann Rheum Dis: first published as 10.1136/ard.17.3.286 on 1 September 1958. Downloaded from RHEUMATOID DISEASE IN THE LARYNX AND LUNG 287 copyright. Fig. I.-Longitudinal section of right side of larynx (Case 1), showing Fig. 3.-Longitudinal section of postero-lateral wall of laryngeal infiltration of aryepiglottic fold and relative positions of arytenoid (A) vestibule (Case I), showing corniculate (B) and cricoid (C) cartilages, and cricoid (C) cartilages. (E=epiglottis, T =thyroid cartilage.) Haem- oesophageal mucosa (M), and heavy inflammatory infiltrate around atoxylin and eosin. x 2-5. posterior necrotic defect in cricoid. Haematoxylin and eosin. x 3 5, http://ard.bmj.com/ on October 1, 2021 by guest. Protected Fig. 2.-Right crico-arytenoid joint (Case 1), showing flakes of fibrin and synovial folds in joint space and granulation tissue (arrowed) invading cartilage. Haematoxylin and eosin. x 17 Ann Rheum Dis: first published as 10.1136/ard.17.3.286 on 1 September 1958. Downloaded from 288 ANNALS OF THE RHEUMATIC DISEASES This exudate extended around the adjacent cricoid cartilage, which was invaded by similar granulation tissue containing small islands of cartilage (Fig. 4) clearly demonstrated by its metachromatic staining with 1 per cent. toluidine blue. A small area of the adjacent cartilage was necrotic. The corniculate cartilage appeared normal. i.d4S2,.,.' eG:rnAriZ' s.. a>~~~4 . 4 e;. j C~~~~~., .>1 .~~~~~~~~~~ fr -~I K. _- Ae )fg copyright. Fig. 5.-Left side of larynx, showing destruction of voluntary muscle (Case 1). Muscle fibres black. Mallory's phosphotungstic acid haematoxylin. x 90. cell exudate including occasional foreign body giant cells. es He .,.A. In the heart small perivascular foci of lymphocytes sow .. .. A. e.j were present in the ventricular septum. Foci of lympho- * - ., . cytes and plasma cells were found in sections of skeletalhttp://ard.bmj.com/ muscle. Fig. 4.-Case 1, postero-superior edge of cricoid cartilage (C), showing invasion of cartilage by granulation tissue (G), with isolated islands of cartilage (arrowed). Toluidine blue. x 16. Case 2. Cardiac and Pulmonary "Rheumatoid Disease" A man aged 57 was brought in dead, having collapsed one hour before whilst riding on a bus. He had recently The inflammatory infiltrate on both sides of the larynx in on extended from the epiglottis to the origin of the trachea, suffered pain the chest exertion. Rheumatoid the soft tissues including the pharyngo- arthritis had been present for 21 years. He had last seen involving all his doctor 5 years before, and had not apparently ever oesophageal mucous membrane. The infiltrate was most been treated with cortisone. on October 1, 2021 by guest. Protected severe around the cricoid cartilage on the left, resulting in considerablev .^&IS edamage / to the voluntary muscles, many of Necropsy.-A severe degree of rheumatoid arthritis the fibres of which were represented by giant cells was present in both hands and wrists. The forearms (Fig. 5). Ill-defined, brightly eosinophilic granular areas were wasted and both elbow joints swollen. A subcutan- with the staining properties of fibrinoid were present in eous node (2 cm. diameter) was found over the right this region. olecranon process. Other joints were involved to a less The spaces between the trabeculae in the ossified areas severe degree. of the arytenoid and cricoid cartilages were filled with The aortic valve was incompetent, the free margins of vascular connective tissue containing plasma cells and the cusps being thickened and fused at the commissures lymphocytes. (Fig. 6, opposite); there was no calcification of the valve Areas of recent bronchopneumonia were present in cusps. The left ventricle was moderately dilated and sections of lung, together with a severe degree of oedema hypertrophied (the heart weight 480 g.). and areas of intra-alveolar haemorrhage. Many bron- The lungs were emphysematous and contained diffuse chioles were surrounded by a slight chronic inflammatory tiny subpleural cysts in all lobes (Fig. 7, opposite). Ann Rheum Dis: first published as 10.1136/ard.17.3.286 on 1 September 1958. Downloaded from RHEUMATOID DISEASE IN THE LARYNX AND LUNG 289 Fig. 6.-Aortic valve (Case 2), showing thick free borders of cusps and commissural fusion. copyright. http://ard.bmj.com/ on October 1, 2021 by guest. Protected cm L2 31 4 5 Gj6 71 8II 9 '91 Fig. 7.-Subpleural pulmonary cysts (Case 2). Ann Rheum Dis: first published as 10.1136/ard.17.3.286 on 1 September 1958. Downloaded from 290 ANNALS OF THE RHEUMATIC DISEASES }nW U t I1. i .- j, spleL Lei1itex L". IurgIL-ed in the neck. Iest iukst i Mml II] LI Ug " ) e -!lli is sh|1nm C' IlItI nlal ItII It'i/J. ' mmi I- Lxen); I H' CL'.11 It(imC/ S'l |-ed tieilIcmem fiL diACeI- e I LCt" iit I I".
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