DOCSLIB.ORG

The Importance of Stool Tests in Diagnosis and Follow-Up of Gastrointestinal Disorders in Children

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Importance of Stool Tests in Diagnosis and Follow-Up of Gastrointestinal Disorders in Children Review / Derleme The importance of stool tests in diagnosis and follow-up of gastrointestinal disorders in children Çocuklarda sindirim sistemi hastalıklarının tanı ve izleminde dışkı incelemelerinin yeri Erhun Kasırga Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Celal Bayar University Faculty of Medicine, Manisa, Turkey Cite this article as: Kasırga E. The importance of stool tests in diagnosis and follow-up of gastrointestinal disorders in children. Turk Pediatri Ars 2019; 54(3): 141–8. Abstract Öz Stool is not just a simple waste material. Some stool tests can be Dışkı yalnızca basit bir atık değildir. Bazı dışkı testleri sindirim sistemi easily used in primary care in the differential diagnosis of disorders enfeksiyonları, malabsorpsiyon sendromları ve inflamatuvar bağırsak such as gastrointestinal infections, malabsorption syndromes, and hastalıkları gibi hastalıkların ayırıcı tanısında birinci basamak sağlık inflammatory bowel diseases. Stool tests can prevent unnecessary hizmetlerinde kolaylıkla kullanılabilir. Dışkı testleri sayesinde gerek- laboratory investigations. Stool analyses include microscopic ex- siz laboratuvar incelemeleri önlenebilir. Dışkı incelemeleri arasında amination, chemical, immunologic, and microbiologic tests. Stool mikroskobik inceleme, kimyasal, immünolojik ve mikrobiyolojik test- samples can be examined for leukocytes, occult blood, fat, sugars ler vardır. Dışkı örneği; lökosit, gizli kan, yağ, indirgeyici maddeler (reducing substances), pH, pancreatic enzymes, alpha-1 antitrypsin, olarak adlandırılan şekerler, pH, pankreas enzimleri, alfa-1 antitripsin, calprotectin, and infectious causes (bacteria, viruses, and parasites). kalprotektin ve enfeksiyöz nedenler (bakteri, virüs ve parazitler) açı- Stool should also be macroscopically checked in terms of color, con- sından incelenebilir. Dışkı renk, kıvam, miktar, şekil, koku ve mukus sistency, quantity, shape, odor, and mucus. varlığı açısından da makroskobik olarak kontrol edilmelidir. Keywords: Children, gastrointestinal disorders, stool tests Anahtar sözcükler: Çocuklar, dışkı testleri, sindirim sistemi hastalıkları Introduction Macroscopic examination of the stool Important information about diseases that affect the Stool samples should be evaluated macroscopically in gastrointestinal system can be obtained with stool ex- terms of color, consistency, quantity, form, odor, and aminations. Stool can be examined macroscopically, presence of mucus. The presence of a small amount of microscopically, chemically, immunologically, and mi- mucus in stool is normal. However, the presence of co- crobiologically. Stool samples to be examined should be pious mucus or bloody mucus is abnormal. The normal collected in a clean container, fresh or kept under appro- color is tawny due to the presence of bilirubin and bile. priate conditions. In infants, the stool may be green, its consistency may be watery or pasty. Stool color varies greatly depending on The aim of this review was to present the most up-to- diet. Clay-colored or putty colored stool is observed in bil- date information about stool tests that have an important iary obstructions. If more than 100 mL blood is lost from place in the diagnosis and follow-up of childhood gas- the upper gastrointestinal system, black, tarry stool is ob- trointestinal diseases. served. Besides bleeding, black-colored stool may also be Corresponding Author / Sorumlu Yazar: Erhun Kasırga E-mail / E-posta: [email protected] Received / Geliş Tarihi: 28.05.2018 Accepted / Kabul Tarihi: 24.07.2018 ©Copyright 2019 by Turkish Pediatric Association - Available online at www.turkpediatriarsivi.com ©Telif Hakkı 2019 Türk Pediatri Kurumu Dernegi - Makale metnine www.turkpediatriarsivi.com web adresinden ulasılabilir. DOI: 10.14744/TurkPediatriArs.2018.00483 OPEN ACCESS This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. 141 Kasırga E. The importance of stool tests in childhood Turk Pediatri Ars 2019; 54(3): 141–8 observed due to iron or bismuth treatment. Red-colored Abnormal stool colors stool is observed in lower gastrointestinal tract bleeding. It has been shown that evaluation of stool color using a ‘stool color card’ in newborn babies (Fig. 1) increases awareness of biliary atresia (1, 2). The Modified Bristol vis- ual stool scale, which evaluates stool consistency (Fig. 2), has been found to be beneficial in monitoring treatment efficiency in functional constipation (3). Microscopic examination of the stool The most important step in the detection of stool abnor- malities and intestinal problems is microscopic exami- Normal stool colors nation of the stool. Microscopic examination is a diag- nostic tool for defining protozoa, helminths, and fecal leukocytes. Erythrocytes and leukocytes are not observed in normal stool. In order to see leukocytes, examinations should be performed in stool samples obtained from the area with mucus. Leukocytes are generally observed in Figure 1. Stool color card used for screening biliary atresia bacterial infections. They are not observed in diarrheas in infants caused by viruses and parasites. The presence of leuko- cytes in the stool is not a sensitive test in the diagnosis of inflammatory diarrhea because its ability to detect in- Separate firm lumps, like goat stool (very difficult to extract) flammatory diarrhea varies greatly (4). For moving organisms, fresh stool can be examined im- mediately. If it is not possible to examine the stool im- In the form of sausage, but lumpy mediately, it may be kept in 10% formalin for helminths and protozoa. The smallest amount of stool required for examination is 2–5 grams. At least three consecutive stool In the form of sausage or snake, soft and smooth samples are required for the examination of parasites. Contamination of stool with urine should be avoided. Giardia can be detected in a single sample in 50–70% of cases and in a third sample in 90%. In the diagnosis of Bulgy pieces with irregular borders, intestinal amoebiasis, cysts and trophozoites belonging pulpy to Entamoeba histolytica (E. histolytica) are investigated through microscopy examinations. However, the person who performs this examination should be an expert in Watery, no solid piece is found this area. In addition, microscopy examinations cannot differentiate E. histolytica strains from Entamoeba dis- Figure 2. Modified Bristol stool scale par (E. dispar) and Entamoeba moshkovskii strains. Three samples may be needed to be sent on separate days to de- compared with microscopy examinations in the diagnosis tect infection because excretion of cysts and trophozoites of Giardia, Cryptosporidium, and Entamoeba infection (5). is variable. The samples are intensified and stained with iodine in order to detect cysts. Staining with iron hema- Occult blood in the stool toxylin and/or Wheatley trichrome should be performed In peroxidase-based tests, peroxidase-like activity of to search for trophozoites. In invasive intestinal amoe- hematin and/or hemoglobin transforms the catalyzer biasis, blood is generally present in stool samples. The to blue. A restrictive diet may not be needed during the presence of phagocyted erythrocytes is not diagnostic for test. A systematic review demonstrated that sticking to a E. histolytica infection. Phagocyted erythrocytes may also restrictive diet did not decrease the rate of occult blood be seen with E. dispar. Leukocytes may not always be ob- positivity. Iron preparations ingested orally do not cause served in the stool because they may be disintegrated by a positive hemoccult test. Ingestion of large amounts of parasitic organisms. A rapid antigen test is more useful vitamin C causes false-negative results and intake of vi- 142 Turk Pediatri Ars 2019; 54(3): 141–8 Kasırga E. The importance of stool tests in childhood tamin C should be limited to less than 250 mg daily for ables estimation of daily fecal weight. This is generally at least three days before sampling. Before examination, higher than 200 g/day in patients with steatorrhea. Pa- stool samples should not be diluted again. Dilution in- tients should consume 70–120 g fat daily for an accurate creases the test’s sensitivity, but causes an increase in false- estimation. More than 6 g/day fat in the stool is patholog- positive results. Aspirin and non-steroidal anti-inflamma- ical. In patients with steatorrhea, however, more than 20 g tory drugs may lead to false positivity by causing minor fat is generally found in the stool daily. The test does not bleeding in the gastrointestinal mucosa. In addition, the give an accurate result if less than 60 g fat is consumed test should be repeated with two samples daily for three daily (8). days to increase the test’s accuracy. A loss of about 2–5 mL blood daily is normal in the intestines. Hemorrhages The percentage of absorbed fat (fractional fat absorption) above this limit can be detected in the hemoccult test (6). can be calculated after determining the mean daily fat in- Immunohistochemical occult blood tests were developed take. Fractional fat absorption is calculated with the fol- in order to measure human hemoglobin directly in the lowing formula: stool using monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against the globin part of the human hemoglobin. It has high sen- (Fat intake - fat excreted)/fat intake x 100. sitivity and specificity in detecting lower gastrointestinal The percentage for normal fractional fat absorption is hemorrhages. In upper
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Morphology, Androgenic Function, Hyperplasia, and Tumors of the Human Ovarian Hilus Cells * William H
    THE MORPHOLOGY, ANDROGENIC FUNCTION, HYPERPLASIA, AND TUMORS OF THE HUMAN OVARIAN HILUS CELLS * WILLIAM H. STERNBERG, M.D. (From the Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Tulane University of Louisiana and the Charity Hospital of Louisiana, New Orleans, La.) The hilus of the human ovary contains nests of cells morphologically identical with testicular Leydig cells, and which, in all probability, pro- duce androgens. Multiple sections through the ovarian hilus and meso- varium will reveal these small nests microscopically in at least 8o per cent of adult ovaries; probably in all adult ovaries if sufficient sections are made. Although they had been noted previously by a number of authors (Aichel,l Bucura,2 and von Winiwarter 3"4) who failed to recog- nize their significance, Berger,5-9 in 1922 and in subsequent years, pre- sented the first sound morphologic studies of the ovarian hilus cells. Nevertheless, there is comparatively little reference to these cells in the American medical literature, and they are not mentioned in stand- ard textbooks of histology, gynecologic pathology, nor in monographs on ovarian tumors (with the exception of Selye's recent "Atlas of Ovarian Tumors"10). The hilus cells are found in clusters along the length of the ovarian hilus and in the adjacent mesovarium. They are, almost without excep- tion, found in contiguity with the nonmyelinated nerves of the hilus, often in intimate relationship to the abundant vascular and lymphatic spaces in this area. Cytologically, a point for point correspondence with the testicular Leydig cells can be established in terms of nuclear and cyto- plasmic detail, lipids, lipochrome pigment, and crystalloids of Reinke.
    [Show full text]
  • 16. Questions and Answers
    16. Questions and Answers 1. Which of the following is not associated with esophageal webs? A. Plummer-Vinson syndrome B. Epidermolysis bullosa C. Lupus D. Psoriasis E. Stevens-Johnson syndrome 2. An 11 year old boy complains that occasionally a bite of hotdog “gives mild pressing pain in his chest” and that “it takes a while before he can take another bite.” If it happens again, he discards the hotdog but sometimes he can finish it. The most helpful diagnostic information would come from A. Family history of Schatzki rings B. Eosinophil counts C. UGI D. Time-phased MRI E. Technetium 99 salivagram 3. 12 year old boy previously healthy with one-month history of difficulty swallowing both solid and liquids. He sometimes complains food is getting stuck in his retrosternal area after swallowing. His weight decreased approximately 5% from last year. He denies vomiting, choking, gagging, drooling, pain during swallowing or retrosternal pain. His physical examination is normal. What would be the appropriate next investigation to perform in this patient? A. Upper Endoscopy B. Upper GI contrast study C. Esophageal manometry D. Modified Barium Swallow (MBS) E. Direct laryngoscopy 4. A 12 year old male presents to the ER after a recent episode of emesis. The parents are concerned because undigested food 3 days old was in his vomit. He admits to a sensation of food and liquids “sticking” in his chest for the past 4 months, as he points to the upper middle chest. Parents relate a 10 lb (4.5 Kg) weight loss over the past 3 months.
    [Show full text]
  • Chronic Pancreatitis: What the Clinician Want to Know from Mri
    HHS Public Access Author manuscript Author ManuscriptAuthor Manuscript Author Magn Reson Manuscript Author Imaging Clin Manuscript Author N Am. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2019 August 01. Published in final edited form as: Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 2018 August ; 26(3): 451–461. doi:10.1016/j.mric.2018.03.012. CHRONIC PANCREATITIS: WHAT THE CLINICIAN WANT TO KNOW FROM MRI TEMEL TIRKES, M.D. Department of Radiology and Clinical Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA Keywords Pancreas; Chronic Pancreatitis; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Magnetic Resonance Cholangiopancreatography; Computerized Tomography INTRODUCTION Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is a low prevalence disease.1–3 In 2006, there were approximately 50 cases of definite CP per 100,000 population in Olmsted County, MN 3, translating to a total of 150,000–200,000 cases in the US population. Clinical features of CP are highly variable and include minimal, or no symptoms of debilitating pain repeated episodes of acute pancreatitis, pancreatic exocrine and endocrine insufficiency and pancreatic cancer. CP profoundly affects the quality of life, which can be worse than other chronic conditions and cancers.4 Natural history studies for CP originated mainly from centers outside the U.S.5−910,11 conducted during the 1960–1990’s and consisted primarily of males with alcoholic CP. Only one large retrospective longitudinal cohort study has been conducted in the US for patients seen at the Mayo Clinic from 1976–1982.12 While these data provide general insights into disease evolution, it is difficult to predict the probability of outcomes or disease progression in individual patients.
    [Show full text]
  • Lysochrome Dyes Sudan Dyes, Oil Red Fat Soluble Dyes Used for Biochemical Staining of Triglycerides, Fatty Acids, and Lipoproteins Product Description
    FT-N13862 Lysochrome dyes Sudan dyes, Oil red Fat soluble dyes used for biochemical staining of triglycerides, fatty acids, and lipoproteins Product Description Name : Sudan IV Other names: Sudan R, C.I. Solvent Red 24, C.I. 26105, Lipid Crimson, Oil Red, Oil Red BB, Fat Red B, Oil Red IV, Scarlet Red, Scarlet Red N.F, Scarlet Red Scharlach, Scarlet R Catalog Number : N13862, 100g Structure : CAS: [85-83-6] Molecular Weight : MW: 380.45 λabs = 513-529 nm (red); Sol(EtOH): 0.09%abs =513-529nm(red);Sol(EtOH):0.09% S:22/23/24/25 Name : Sudan III Other names: Rouge Sudan ; rouge Ceresin ; CI 26100; CI Solvent Red 23 Catalog Number : 08002A, 25g Structure : CAS:[85-86-9] Molecular Weight : MW: 352.40 λabs = 513-529 nm (red); Sol(EtOH): 0.09%abs =503-510nm(red);Sol(EtOH):0.15% S:24/25 Name : Sudan Black B Other names: Sudan Black; Fat Black HB; Solvent Black 3; C.I. 26150 Catalog Number : 279042, 50g AR7910, 100tests stain for lipids granules Structure : CAS: [4197-25-5] S:22/23/24/25 Molecular Weight : MW: 456.54 λabs = 513-529 nm (red); Sol(EtOH): 0.09%abs=596-605nm(blue-black) Name : Oil Red O Other names: Solvent Red 27, Sudan Red 5B, C.I. 26125 Catalog Number : N13002, 100g Structure : CAS: [1320-06-5 ] Molecular Weight : MW: 408.51 λabs = 513-529 nm (red); Sol(EtOH): 0.09%abs =518(359)nm(red);Sol(EtOH): moderate; Sol(water): Insoluble S:22/23/24/25 Storage: Room temperature (Z) P.1 FT-N13862 Technical information & Directions for use A lysochrome is a fat soluble dye that have high affinity to fats, therefore are used for biochemical staining of triglycerides, fatty acids, and lipoproteins.
    [Show full text]
  • An Improved Method of Staining Lipides : - Acetic- Carbol - Sudan
    . Onderstepoort J ournal of Vetet·inary Science and Animal l ndustrJJ, Volu-me 19, Nmnbers 1 and 2, Jamwry and April, 1944. Printed in the Union of South Africa by the Government Printer, Pretoria. An Improved Method of Staining Lipides : - Acetic- Carbol - Sudan. By CECIL JACKSON, Section of Anatomy, Onderstepoort. INTRODUCTION. THE literature on the microscopical demonstration of fats and fat-like substances is largely a record of dissatisfaction with previous methods. It is noteworthy how many authors, investigating the lipides of normal or patho­ logical tissues, have felt impelled to turn their attention to imprpvement of technique. Some of these have gone_ further and have become absorbed in the problem of fat-staining for its own sake and apart from the difficulties they originally encountered. 'l'he technique of Sudan staining is essentially a physico-chemical prqblem and histologist§ or pathologists venturing into this realm have sometimes had to run the gauntlet of expert criticism. This danger may act as a deterrent to investigation; but it is comforting to reflect that a successful technique will stand up to a lot of argument about its rationale: a good method will remain, irrespective of the ability of its author to defend or explain the theory underlying it, Many attempts have been made, either to modify the methods of using existing dyes or to introduce new dyes in the hope of securing improvement in fat staining. Thus we have seen " Sudan III ", " Scharlach R ", and " Sudan IV " successively become _the favourite or at least the most highly recommended substances; and there are a number of technical variations depending on the solvents used or on the -procedure of making the dilutions from stock solutions.
    [Show full text]
  • Navigating Home Care: Parenteral Nutrition—Part Two
    NUTRITION ISSUES IN GASTROENTEROLOGY, SERIES #11 Series Editor: Carol Rees Parrish, M.S., R.D., CNSD Navigating Home Care: Parenteral Nutrition—Part Two by Gisela Barnadas Parenteral nutrition (PN) is often used for patients who are unable to absorb suffi- cient nutrition through the gastrointestinal tract. PN can be safely administered in the home setting with proper assessment and monitoring of the patient. An interdiscipli- nary team approach is used to identify and avoid potential complications, which may occur. This article provides the physician with specific guidelines for evaluating, ordering and monitoring PN therapy in the home patient. It also addresses financial and reimbursement considerations with emphasis on understanding the often con- fusing, Medicare guidelines. CASE 1 • What resources are available to help manage this JR is a 65-year-old female with vascular disease, patient in the home? hypertension, diabetes and history of a hysterectomy. • What resources are there available for the patient? She presents with severe abdominal pain, vomiting and • Will insurance pay for this? diarrhea. A small bowel series documents a bowel obstruction, most likely due to bowel ischemia. Find- Providing total parenteral nutrition in the home ings during surgical intervention included: twisted, (HPN) is by no means a new treatment option. The gangrenous small bowel with multiple adhesions first record of a patient receiving HPN was a 36-year- resulting in resection of her distal jejunum, ileum and old woman with extensive metastatic ovarian carci- right colon, leaving an intact duodenum, approximately noma in 1968.(1) While the exact number of people 100 cm of the jejunum and most of her left colon.
    [Show full text]
  • How to Construct and Use a Simple Device to Prevent the Formation of Precipitates When Using Sudan Black B for Histology
    Acta Botanica Brasilica 29(4): 489-498. 2015. doi: 10.1590/0102-33062015abb0093 How to construct and use a simple device to prevent the formation of precipitates when using Sudan Black B for histology João Marcelo Santos de Oliveira1 Received: April 17, 2015. Accepted: July 1, 2015 ABSTRACT The present work aims to demonstrate the stages of fabrication and use of a simple device to avoid the formation or fixa- tion of precipitates from Sudan Black B solution on tissues. The device consists of four coverslip fragments attached to a histology slide, which serve as points of support for the histological slide under analysis. To work properly, the histology slide with the sections should be placed with the sections facing downwards the device. A small space between the device and the histology slide is thereby created by the height of the coverslip fragments. When Sudan Black B is applied, the solution is maintained within the edges of the device and evaporation is minimized by the small space, thereby reducing the consequent formation of precipitates. Furthermore, by placing the sections facing downward the device, any sporadically formed precipitates are prevented from settling on and fixing to the sectioned tissues or organs. By avoiding the formation of precipitates, plant cells, tissues and organs can be better observed, diagnosed and photomicrographically recorded. Keywords: histochemical tests, histology, lipids, plant anatomy, Sudan Black B Introduction for organic solvents, printer ink, varnishes, resins, oils, fats, waxes, cosmetics and contact lenses. Sudan reagents, including the traditional Sudan III, IV Lansink (1968) isolated two pure fractions of Sudan and Sudan Black B (SBB), are widely utilized to determine Black B, in addition to impurities, and denominated them lipids (Horobin 2002) in animals, plants and hydrophobic SBB-I and SBB-II.
    [Show full text]
  • A Method for Staining Whole Brains for Gross and Macroscopic Study by W
    [ 134 ] A METHOD FOR STAINING WHOLE BRAINS FOR GROSS AND MACROSCOPIC STUDY BY W. HEWITT Department of Anatomy, St Thomas's Hospital Medical School, London A number of staining techniques are available for the macroscopic examination of thick slices of brain. Examples are those of Mulligan (1931) or Tompsett (1955), which stain the grey matter; or those of Waldman & Michaels (1954) or Brody & Wirth (1957), which colour the white matter with sudan stains. In all of these only the surface of a previously cut slice is stained and surface staining has a number of disadvantages. The techniques of Mulligan (1931) and Tompsett (1955) require a painstaking removal of the membranes and blood vessels, before sections are cut, to prevent smearing of the grey and white matter. Even then success is by no means always assured. Surface-stained brain slices will also be spoilt, by exposure ofunstained areas underneath, if accidentally knocked or chipped. Moreover, the section originally made may not be the one desired and it is not possible to pare away the surface to the desired level. Apart from these disadvantages, it can be useful to stain a whole brain so that when it is sectioned the grey and white matter can be clearly distinguished. For these reasons a technique has been developed for staining a whole brain using sudan stains. This was devised before the writer was aware of the staining methods of Waldman & Michaels (1954) and Brody & Wirth (1957); it is in fact based on a different principle. METHOD The brains can be fixed in either 70 % alcohol or, for preference, 10 % formaldehyde.
    [Show full text]
  • Sudan Dyes and Other Illegal Dyes
    Sudan dyes and other illegal dyes Analysis in spices and food Sudan dyes, e.g. Sudan I to IV, Sudan In October 2004, the governmental Orange G, Sudan Red B, Sudan Red G, chemical institute “Bergisches Land” in Sudan Red 7B, and Sudan Black B as Wuppertal, Germany, reported the well as other dyes like 4-(Dimethylamino)- identification of two prohibited colours: azobenzene (Butter Yellow) and Para Butter Yellow and Para Red in bell pepper Red are basically synthetically produced powder and curry. azo dyes. Their degradation products are In February 2005, Great Britain experi- considered to be carcinogens and enced an extensive Rapid Alert action teratogens. Due to this fact, the EU does cycle. Due to the widespread use of one not permit the use of these colours as batch of chilli powder contaminated with food additives. However, in some Sudan I, batches of different products like countries, these dyes are still occasionally Worcester sauce, pizzas, pot noodles and used in order to intensify the colour of bell seafood sauces were subjected to com- pepper and chilli powder. plete recalls. Background Another recent concern is the discovery of the natural colour annatto in food and During 2003, the EU-Rapid Alert System spice mixes. Annatto (E 160b) is permit- (RASFF) issued a series of notifications ted by the EU for use in a variety of foods concerning the presence of Sudan dyes and beverages but not in spices and in chilli products and others such as spice mixtures. Its main colouring constit- spices, mixtures of spices, tomato uent is Bixin, with Norbixin being present sauces, pastas and sausages.
    [Show full text]
  • Origin of Life Characteristics of Life Lab Wax Paper Toothpicks Hand
    Unit 1: Origin of Life Characteristics of Life Lab Wax paper Toothpicks Hand lens Sugar Warm Water Plastic bottles Balloons (15 inch) Measuring spoons Measuring cups Plastic funnels Glucose strips Watches or timers Yeast Food coloring Unit 2: Large Biological Molecules Organic Compounds Lab Unlabeled sucrose, lactose or glucose Water Hot plate Vegetable oil Butter or margarine Iodine (IKI) Sudan stain Biuret reagent Assortment of foods containing starch, sugar and/or lipids Unit 3: Membranes & Enzymes Diffusion Lab Clear cups Plastic funnels Dialysis tubing 15% glucose/1% starch solution Medicine cups or small beakers Plastic pipets Glucose strips String Distilled water Starch indicator (IKI) Osmosis Lab Clear cups Dialysis tubing Medicine cup or small beaker String Distilled water 0.2 M sucrose solution 0.4 M sucrose solution 0.6 M sucrose solution 0.8 M sucrose solution 1.0 M sucrose solution Marking pencils Labeling tape Calculators Paper towels Balances Unit 4: Genes DNA Extraction Lab Plastic cups Sports drink, such as gatorade 15 ml test tube 3 ml graduated plastic pipets Microcentrifuge tubes String Liquid soap 70% ethanol Bucket of ice or freezer Scissors Marking pencil or labels Test tube racks Unit 5: Energy Processing Cellular Respiration Lab Plastic cups At least 2 carbohydrates, such as sucrose, glucose, lactose and/or starch Balloons Yeast Hot plates Balances Beakers Water Thermometers String Rulers Photosynthesis Lab pH paper 50 ml test tubes Elodea 250 ml graduated cylinders Sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) Balances Plastic funnels Distilled water Light source Beakers Stopwatches Test tube racks Weighing dishes or weigh paper Unit 6: Prokaryotes & Viruses Gram Stain Lab Microscopes Microscope slides and cover slips Marking pencils Inoculation loops Bunsen burners Bacterial colonies Agar plates Small washbasins or bowls Crystal violet stain Gram’s iodine Safranin stain Alcohol decolorizing agent Blotting paper Unit 7: Eukaryotes & Gene Expression Animal vs.
    [Show full text]
  • Application of Standard Micro-Anatomical Staining Methods to Epoxy Resin-Embedded Sections
    J Clin Pathol: first published as 10.1136/jcp.22.5.589 on 1 September 1969. Downloaded from J. clin. Path. (1969), 22, 589-592 Application of standard micro-anatomical staining methods to epoxy resin-embedded sections S. R. APARICIO AND P. MARSDEN From the Department ofPathology, School of Medicine, Leeds SYNOPSIS Staining of semi-thin sections of osmium-fixed epoxy resin (Epon or Araldite)-embedded tissues with haematoxylin and acid dyes as counterstains (eosin or phloxin) was successfully achieved after intense oxidation using hydrogen peroxide as the oxygen donor. Results are closely similar to those obtained with paraffin sections (haematoxylin and eosin): nuclei stain blue, cytoplasm and extracellular structures (eg, collagen, elastica, basement membranes) stain with varying shades of red. Preliminary studies show that similarly good results, comparable with standard paraffin- embedded histological materials, can be obtained, using H202 pretreatment, with Weigert's iron haematoxylin, Mallory's phosphotungstic acid haematoxylin, Alcian blue, PAS reaction, Sudan III, Sudan black, oil red, Gomori's aldehyde fuchsin, and Baker's acid haematein. Staining of semi-thin sections of osmium-fixed, since Epon and Araldite became universally adopted copyright. epoxy resin-embedded tissues was developed in as embedding media. the last decade, mainly using basic aniline dyes This communication reports a simple and efficient in neutral or alkaline solutions (Bencosme, Stone, method of obtaining haematoxylin-eosin and haema- Latta, and Madden, 1959; Moore, Mumaw, and toxylin-phloxin epoxy resin preparations identical Schoenberg, 1960; Richardson, Jarett, and Finke, in colour contrast with paraffin sections. 1960; Trump, Smuckler, and Benditt, 1961; Grimley, Albrecht, and Michelitch, 1965; Lee and Hopper, MATERIAL AND METHODS 1965; Aoki and Gutierrez, 1967; Aparicio and Mars- http://jcp.bmj.com/ den, 1969; Huber, Parker, and Odland, A variety of tissues (human brain, peripheral nerve, 1968).
    [Show full text]
  • STAINING TECHNIQUES — Staining Is an Auxiliary Technique Used in Microscopy to Enhance Contrast in the Microscopic Image
    STAINING TECHNIQUES Staining is an auxiliary technique used in microscopy to enhance contrast in the microscopic image. Stains or dyes are used in biology and medicine to highlight structures in biological tissues for viewing with microscope. Cell staining is a technique that can be used to better visualize cells and cell components under a microscope. Using different stains, it is possible to stain preferentially certain cell components, such as a nucleus or a cell wall, or the entire cell. Most stains can be used on fixed, or non-living cells, while only some can be used on living cells; some stains can be used on either living or non-living cells. In biochemistry, staining involves adding a class specific (DNA, lipids, proteins or carbohydrates) dye to a substrate to qualify or quantify the presence of a specific compound. Staining and fluorescence tagging can serve similar purposes Purposes of Staining The most basic reason that cells are stained is to enhance visualization of the cell or certain cellular components under a microscope. Cells may also be stained to highlight metabolic processes or to differentiate between live and dead cells in a sample. Cells may also be enumerated by staining cells to determine biomass in an environment of interest. Stains may be used to define and examine bulk tissues (e.g. muscle fibers or connective tissues), cell populations (different blood cells) or organelles within individual cells. Biological staining is also used to mark cells in flow cytometry, flag proteins or nucleic acids on gel electrophoresis Staining is not limited to biological materials, it can also be used to study the morphology (form) of other materials e.g.
    [Show full text]