River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme Environmental Impact Statement Volume Ii: Main Document

RIVER ILEN (SKIBBEREEN) DRAINAGE SCHEME ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT

VOLUME II: MAIN DOCUMENT

April 2013

rpsgroup.com/ireland

RIVER ILEN (SKIBBEREEN) DRAINAGE SCHEME

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT

VOLUME II: MAIN DOCUMENT

DOCUMENT CONTROL SHEET

Client Cork County Council & Office of Public Works (OPW)

Project Title River lien (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme

Document Title Environmental Impact Statement - Volume" Main Document

Document No. RPS/MCE0703RPOO04F01

DCS TOC Text List of Tables List of Figures No. of Appendices This Document Comprises 1 7 247 1 1 0

Rev. Status Author(s) Reviewed By Approved By Office of Origin Issue Date

Client Aileen A01 RPS Brendan Brice Cork March 2013 Approval Fitzgerald

Aileen F01 Final RPS Fitzgerald Cork April 2013 Jo¥ Barry

Environmental Impact Statement – River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme Volume II Main Document

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 INTRODUCTION 1-1 1.1 Overview 1-1 1.2 Study Area 1-1 1.3 Brief Description of the Proposed Works 1-2 1.4 Purpose and Scope of the EIS 1-2 1.5 EIS Team 1-2 1.6 EIS Structure 1-3

2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION 2-1 2.1 Background and Need for the Drainage Scheme 2-1 2.2 History of Flooding 2-1 2.3 Overview of the Key Characteristics Of The Proposed Scheme 2-3 2.4 Detailed Description of the Proposed Works 2-4 2.5 Site Investigation 2-9 2.6 Outline Construction Stage Methodology 2-9

3 METHODOLOGY 3-1 3.1 Environmental Impact Statement 3-1 3.2 Work Completed To Date 3-1 3.3 Limitations Encountered 3-2 3.4 Consultation 3-2

4 CONSIDERATION OF ALTERNATIVES 4-1 4.1 Introduction 4-1 4.2 Methodology on Assessment ff Alternatives 4-1 4.3 Reasons for Choosing the Preferred Alternative 4-3 4.4 Preferred Alternative 4-4

5 STRATEGIC AND STATUTORY PLANNING CONTEXT 5-1 5.1 Introduction 5-1 5.2 Methodology 5-1 5.3 Strategic Planning Context 5-1 5.4 Statutory Planning Context 5-9 5.5 Conclusions 5-18

6 COMMUNITY AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT ASSESSMENT 6-1 6.1 Introduction 6-1 6.2 Methodology 6-1 6.3 Description of Existing Environment 6-3 6.4 Potential Impacts 6-12 6.5 Mitigation Measures 6-24 6.6 Predicted Residual impacts 6-28

7 AQUATIC FLORA AND FAUNA (INCLUDING WATER QUALITY AND FISHERIES) 7-1 7.1 Introduction 7-1 7.2 Methodology 7-1 7.3 Existing Environment 7-4 7.4 Potential Impacts 7-17 7.5 Mitigation Measures 7-20 7.6 Residual Impacts 7-22

8 TERRESTRIAL FLORA AND FAUNA 8-1 8.1 Introduction 8-1 8.2 Methodology 8-1 8.3 Existing Environment 8-2

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8.4 Potential Impacts 8-15 8.5 Mitigation Measures 8-16 8.6 Residual Impacts 8-18

9 LANDSCAPE AND VISUAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 9-1 9.1 Introduction 9-1 9.2 Methodology 9-2 9.3 Receiving Environment 9-6 9.4 Potential Landscape and Visual Impacts 9-9 9.5 Mitigation Measures 9-24 9.6 Conclusion and Residual Impact 9-25

10 AIR QUALITY AND CLIMATE 10-1 10.1 Introduction 10-1 10.2 Methodology 10-1 10.3 Existing Environment 10-7 10.4 Potential Air Quality and Climate Impacts 10-11 10.5 Do-Nothing Impact 10-13 10.6 Mitigation Measures 10-13 10.7 Residual Impacts 10-14

11 NOISE AND VIBRATION 11-1 11.1 Introduction 11-1 11.2 Assessment Methodology 11-2 11.3 Receiving Environment 11-5 11.4 Potential Impacts 11-12 11.5 “Do Nothing” Scenario 11-14 11.6 Predicted Impacts 11-14 11.7 Proposed Mitigation Measures 11-17 11.8 Monitoring 11-18 11.9 Residual Impacts 11-18

12 CULTURAL HERITAGE 12-1 12.1 Introduction 12-1 12.2 Assessment Methodology 12-2 12.3 The Receiving Environment 12-4 12.4 Potential Impacts 12-18 12.5 Mitigation Measures 12-20 12.6 Residual Impacts 12-21

13 SOILS, GEOLOGY, HYDROLOGY AND HYDROGEOLOGY 13-1 13.1 Introduction 13-1 13.2 Methodology 13-1 13.3 Existing Environment 13-4 13.4 Potential Impacts 13-20 13.5 Mitigation Measures 13-23 13.6 Cumulative Impacts 13-25 13.7 Predicted Residual Impacts 13-25

14 MATERIAL ASSETS 14-1

14.1 Introduction 14-1 14.2 Methodology 14-1 14.3 Existing Environment 14-2 14.4 Potential Impacts and Mitigation 14-5 14.5 Residual Impact 14-9

15 INTERACTION OF THE FOREGOING 15-1

16 BIBLIOGRAPHY 16-1

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 ii Rev. F01 Environmental Impact Statement – River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme Volume II Main Document

LIST OF FIGURES

Chapter 1 Figure 1.1 ARSR Figure 1.2 Overview of the proposed flood Relief Scheme

Chapter 2 Figure 2.1 Current Flood Extents & Proposed Flood Benefit

Chapter 5 Figure 5.1 Skibbereen Town Development Plan 2009 – 2015 Constraints Map Figure 5.2 Skibbereen Town Development Plan 2009 – 2015 – Zoning Map Figure 5.3 Skibbereen Local Area Plan 2011 – Zoning Map

Chapter 6 Figure 6.1 Way-marked Cycle Routes based in Skibbereen

Chapter 8 Figure 8.1 An overview of habitats within the study area Figure 8.2 Dense stands of Japanese knotweed along the lower reaches of the Millrace Figure 8.3 Himilayan Balsam and Japanese Knotweed are patchy distributed along the Caol stream from the SuperValu Car Park for approximately 400 m upstream Figure 8.4. Japanese Knotweed along the main Ilen channel downstream of John F. Kennedy Bridge Figure 8.5. Locations of otter activity Figure 8.6 Historical locations for freshwater pearl mussel (needs to be updated)

Chapter 9 Figure 9.1 ZVI Figure 9.2 Viewpoint Locations

Chapter 10 Figure 10.1 Air Quality Locations Figure 10.2 Windrose for Cork Airport Met Station

Chapter 11 Figure 11.1 Noise Monitoring Locations

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 iii Rev. F01 Environmental Impact Statement – River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme Volume II Main Document

Chapter 12 Figure 12.1 RMPs in Study Area

Chapter 13 Figure 13.1 Soils Map - data from EPA website. Figure 13.2 Subsoil Map - data from GSI or EPA website. Figure 13.3 Bedrock Geology Map - data from GSI website. Figure 13.4 Hydrology Map - OS topo map with layout of proposed scheme. Figure 13.5 Bedrock Aquifer Map - data from GSI website. Figure 13.6 Aquifer Vulnerability Map - data from GSI website.

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 iv Rev. F01 Environmental Impact Statement – River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme Volume II Main Document

LIST OF TABLES

Chapter 3 Table 3.1 Summary of Statutory Consultation Table 3.2 Consultees during EIS Scoping Stage

Chapter 4 Table 4.1 Weighting for each of the Core Criteria

Chapter 6 Table 6.1 Population and Rates of Population Change at Local, County and State Levels for 2002, 2006 and 2011 Table 6.2 Population of each area categorised into independent, dependent and childbearing cohorts between 2006 (to nearest %) Table 6.3 Average no. of persons per household, 2002 & 2006 Table 6.4 (a) Labour Force and Unemployment Level, 2011 Table 6.4 (b) Labour Force and Unemployment Level, 2006 Table 6.5 (a) Persons at Work by Industry 2011 Table 6.5(b) Persons at Work by Industry 2006

Chapter 7 Table 7.1 Consultation Table 7.2 Designated Sites Located Within 10km of the Proposed Development Table 7.3 EPA biotic index scheme Table 7.4 EPA Q values for the Waterways in Relation to the Study Area Table 7.5 WFD Status of Watercourses within the Study Area Table 7.6 Predicted impacts in the absence of mitigation

Chapter 8 Table 8.1 Consultation Table 8.2 Designated Sites Located Within 10 km of the Proposed Development Table 8.3 Terrestrial habitat values and predicted impacts

Chapter 10 Table 10.1 Description of Air Monitoring Locations Table 10.2 Limit for Protection of Human Health Table 10.3 EU Directive 1999/30/EC on Ambient Air Quality Limits Table 10.4 EU Directive 2000/69/EC on Ambient Air Quality Limits Table 10.5 Ambient Air Quality in the Site of the Proposed Scheme (07/07/12 – 07/08/12)

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 v Rev. F01 Environmental Impact Statement – River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme Volume II Main Document

Chapter 11 Table 11.1 Maximum Permissible Noise Levels at the Façade of Dwellings During Construction1 (NRA Guidelines, October 2004) Table 11.2 Significance Scale for Changes in Noise Levels (Perceptible to Human Beings) Table 11.3 Baseline Noise Sensitive Receptor Locations Table 11.4 Measured Baseline Noise Levels Table 11.5 List of Construction Plant/Machinery and Associated Sound Power Levels Table 11.6 Predicted Noise Levels at Noise Sensitive Locations During Construction

Chapter 12 Table 12.1 List of identified archaeological sites within study area and potential scheme impacts Table 12.2 List of architectural heritage sites in close vicinity to scheme and potential impacts

Chapter 13 Table 13.1 Assessment of Magnitude of Impact Table 13.2 Gauging Stations

Chapter 14 Table 14.1 Access Routes Table 14.2 Estimated Construction Traffic Table 14.3 Existing Daily Traffic

Chapter 15 Table 15.1 Interaction of Impacts

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 vi Rev. F01 Environmental Impact Statement – River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme Volume II Main Document

List of Appendices (Volume III)

APPENDIX 3 METHODOLOGY

Appendix 3.1 EIA Scoping Report

Appendix 3.2 List of Responses from Statutory Bodies

Appendix 3.3 List of Responses from Scoping Stage

APPENDIX 5 STRATEGIC STATUTORY PLANNING CONTEXT

Appendix 5.1 The Planning System and Flood Risk Management – Guidelines for Planning Authorities 2009 (Extract)

APPENDIX 7 AQUATIC FLORA AND FAUNA INCLUDING WATER QUALITY AND FISHERIES

Appendix 7.1 Site Evaluation Scheme and Criteria for Assessing Impact

Appendix 7.2 AA Screening Report

Appendix 7.3 Fish Survey Report

APPENDIX 8 TERRESTRIAL FLORA AND FAUNA

Appendix 8.1 Habitats affected by the proposed scheme

Appendix 8.2 Bat Survey Report

APPENDIX 11 NOISE AND VIBRATION

Appendix 11.1 Noise Terminology

APPENDIX 12 CULTURAL HERITAGE

Appendix 12.1 Photographic Record

Appendix 12.2 Inventory Descriptions of Recorded Archaeological Sites within Study Area

Appendix 12.3 Protected Structures within the Study Area

Appendix 12.4 Translation of Placenames in the Study Area

Appendix 12.5 Summaries of Archaeological Investigations within the Study Area

Appendix 12.6 Underwater Archaeological Assessment

Appendix 12.7 Cartographic Sources extracts

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 vii Rev. F01 Environmental Impact Statement – River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme Volume II Main Document

APPENDIX 13 SOILS, GEOLOGY AND HYDROGEOLOGY

Appendix 13.1 Geotechnical Ground Investigation Borehole Logs and Site Investigation Report

APPENDIX 14 MATERIAL ASSETS Appendix 14.1 ESB Network Appendix 14.2 Eircom Network Appendix 14.3 Broadband Network Appendix 14.4 CIS Water Network Appendix 14.5 Sewerage Network

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 viii Rev. F01 Environmental Impact Statement – River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme Volume II Main Document

PREFACE

The structure of the Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) for the Skibbereen (River Ilen) Drainage Scheme is laid out in the preface of each volume for clarity. It consists of three volumes as follows:-

Volume I - Non-Technical Summary

A non-technical summary of the information contained within the Main Volume (Vol. II).

Volume II - Environmental Impact Statement (EIS)

This volume deals with the environmental impact of the proposed scheme and includes drawings to accompany the text of the EIS.

Volume III - Technical Appendices

This volume contains responses to written consultation and specialist technical information. Appendices numbering has been set so that numbering corresponds with Chapter number. Note: Certain Chapters do not include appendices.

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 ix Rev. F01 Environmental Impact Statement – River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme Volume II Main Document

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This Environmental Impact Statement has been prepared by RPS and their Environmental Sub- consultants, with the assistance of the Office of Public Works and Cork County Council.

Environmental Sub-Consultants

Flora and Fauna (Aquatic and Terrestrial) DixonBrosnan and Associates

Cultural Heritage John Cronin & Associates

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 x Rev. F01 Environmental Impact Statement – River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme Volume II Main Document

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 OVERVIEW

Cork County Council (CCC), in conjunction with the Office of Public Works (OPW), are undertaking a flood risk assessment and management study for an area of potential significant risk, Skibbereen, Co. Cork – the Skibbereen Flood Risk Assessment and Management Study (FRAMS).

This Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) has been prepared for the River (Ilen) Skibbereen Drainage Scheme, a key deliverable from the Skibbereen FRAMS study, comprising engineering works designed to defend vulnerable areas in Skibbereen against flooding.

The OPW is the lead agency for flood risk management in Ireland. The coordination and implementation of the Government’s policy on the management of flood risk in Ireland, in conjunction with its responsibilities under the Arterial Drainage Acts, 1945-1995, form one of the four core services of the OPW.

The EIS will be put on public display in accordance with the Arterial Drainage Act (1945) and Amendment Act (1995), from 11th April 2013 until 9th May 2013 and the closing date for submissions will be 31st May 2013.

1.2 STUDY AREA

Skibbereen Town centre is located around the junction of the River Ilen and its tributary the Caol Stream with development of the town being largely forced along the valleys of both due to steep hills in the east and south.

The River Ilen itself is approximately 23 km in length and has a catchment of 245 km2 to just upstream of its junction with the Caol Stream within the town. The River Ilen rises in the mountains north of the town at Mullagmesha, flows north to south before turning almost due west through approximately a 90 degree bend at Skibbereen to ultimately discharge into Roaringwater Bay at Ringarogy Island, 10 km downstream. Skibbereen Town is located at the head of the estuary which is tidal to 1.5 km upstream of the town as far as the hospital at Lurriga.

Details of the area identified as at risk from flooding, referred to as the Area of Potential Significant Risk (APSR) is presented in Figure 1.1 below.

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1.3 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED WORKS

The design of the River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme has evolved through an initial screening process of a range of potential engineering measures typically considered for drainage schemes, the development of potential options and finally the development of a preferred scheme design.

The preferred scheme will largely consist of hard defences including flood walls and embankments, pumping stations and culverts. Other works will include localised regrading works and drainage works, strengthening works to existing masonry arch structures, and localised channel widening. An overview of the proposed River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme is provided in Figure 1.2 below. Chapter 2 Project Description provides further details on the proposed Drainage Scheme.

1.4 PURPOSE AND SCOPE OF THE EIS

The purpose of this EIS is to document the current state of the environment in the vicinity of the proposed scheme with an overall aim of quantifying the possible effects, if any, of the proposed drainage scheme on the environment.

This Environmental Impact Statement has been prepared in accordance with EC (Environmental Impact Assessment) Regulations 1989 to 2001, and the recommendations of the Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) Draft Guidelines on the Information to be contained in Environmental Impact Statements (2002) and Advice Notes on Current Practice (on the preparation of Environmental Impact Statements) (EPA, 1998) and in accordance Schedule 6 of the Planning and Development Regulation 2001, relating to the information to be contained in an EIS. Chapter 3 Methodology and Consultation below provides an overview of the methodology used in order to prepare this EIS.

The classification of impacts in this EIS will follow the definitions provided in the Glossary of Impacts contained in two documents referred to above. The consistent application of terminology in the EIS facilitates the assessment of the proposed development on the receiving environment.

1.5 EIS TEAM

This EIS has been prepared by RPS consultants and additional specialist sub-consultants for the Cultural Heritage and the Aquatic and Terrestrial Flora and Fauna elements of the EIS. The study team comprises:-

Socio Economic RPS Aquatic Flora & Fauna DixonBrosnan and Associates Terrestrial Flora & Fauna DixonBrosnan and Associates Landscape & Visual RPS Air Quality & Climate RPS Noise and Vibration RPS Cultural Heritage John Cronin & Associates Soils, Geology, Hydrology & Hydrogeology RPS Material Assets RPS

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1.6 EIS STRUCTURE

This EIS is contained within three volumes as follows.

Volume 1:

1. EIS - Non-Technical Summary: This document provides a non-technical summary description of the proposed development. It also outlines the application processes and the statutory consultation process. A summary description of the main potential impacts associated with the proposed development and the proposed measures to mitigate against these impacts is also provided.

Volume 2:

2. EIS - Main Report: The EIS includes 16 chapters, which are as follows:-

Chapters 1-5 provide an introduction to the EIS, describes the consultation process and sets out the statutory application processes and legislative context. The Chapters also outline the need for the proposed development; the alternatives considered and describe the proposed development including the associated construction activities.

Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter 2 Project Description Chapter 3 Methodology and Consultation Chapter 4 Consideration of Alternatives Chapter 5 Strategic & Statutory Planning Context

Chapters 6-14 provide details on the existing environment prior to the proposed development for the various specialist areas, describe the potential impacts (including residual and indirect impacts) during the construction and aftercare phases of the proposed development, the mitigation measures proposed in order to eliminate or reduce these impacts and any residual impacts.

Chapter 6 Community and Socio – Economic Impact Assessment Chapter 7 Aquatic Flora & Fauna (Including Water Quality and Fisheries) Chapter 8 Terrestrial Flora and Fauna Chapter 9 Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment Chapter 10 Air Quality and Climate Chapter 11 Noise & Vibration Chapter 12 Cultural Heritage Chapter 13 Soils, Geology, Hydrology and Hydrogeology Chapter 14 Material Assets

Chapter 15 – Summarises the indirect, cumulative and interaction of impacts.

Chapter 16 – References / Bibliography

Volume 3 – Technical Appendices

Volume 3 includes the technical appendices, which contain supplementary information to the main EIS report including details on consultation, ecology, archaeology, etc.

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Legend

Area of Potential Significant Risk (APSR)

Study Area

Project Issue Details Innishmore, T +353 21 4665900 Ballincollig, F +353 21 4873742 River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drawn by: T Hurley Project No. MCE0703 Co Cork,  E [email protected] Checked by: A Fitzgerald File Ref. Ireland W rpsgroup.com/ireland Drainage Scheme Approved by: B Brice MCE0703Mi0001F01

Scale: N.T.S. Drawing No. Rev.

Client Title Date: April 2013 Mi0001 F01 Cork Skibbereen Study Boundary Notes 1. This drawing is the property of RPS Group Ltd. It is a confidential document and must not be copied, used, or its contents divulged without prior written consent. County and Flood Extent 2. All levels are referred to Ordnance Datum, Malin Head. 0 50 100 3. Ordnance Survey Ireland Licence EN 0005013 Council Figure 1.1 Kilometers ©Copyright Government of Ireland.

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Environmental Impact Statement – River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme Volume II Main Document

2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

2.1 BACKGROUND AND NEED FOR THE DRAINAGE SCHEME

RPS were appointed by Cork County Council, in conjunction with the OPW, in February 2011 to complete a study to identify appropriate flood risk alleviation measures for the town of Skibbereen, Co. Cork and to prepare a Flood Risk Assessment and Management Plan (FRAMS). This scheme was progressed following severe flooding in Skibbereen in November 2009 and December 2009. Prior to November 2009, the most severe flood event affecting Skibbereen occurred in August 1986.

Following detailed assessment of the flood risk in Skibbereen and evaluation of potential options for Flood Risk Management (see Chapter 4 Consideration of Alternatives) a Preferred Option was identified. The preferred River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme, the subject of this environmental impact assessment, is illustrated in Figure 1.2 Layout Plan of the Proposed Works and described in Sections 2.3 and 2.4 below. Figure 2.1 below details the Current Flood Extents & Proposed Flood Benefit areas.

2.2 HISTORY OF FLOODING

2.2.1 Overview of Flooding

This scheme was progressed following severe flooding in Skibbereen in November 2009 and December 2009. Prior to November 2009, the most severe flood event affecting Skibbereen occurred in August 1986. Other recorded flood events in 1969, 1974, 1975 and 1982 were less severe. Frequent flooding also occurred in the 1940’s and 1950’s.

Serious flooding of residential and commercial properties occurs in two main areas in Skibbereen:

• Adjacent to the Caol Stream and near its junction with the Ilen River. Flooding in this area invariably affects all of Townsend Street, the Baltimore Road, part of Market Street and Mardyke Street, 98th Street, part of Main Street, and Bridge Street. This area includes much of the commercial heart of Skibbereen; and

• On the Mill Road affecting Glenilen Terrace and the houses between the junction with the Cork Road and Lurriga House.

• The Marsh Road and Glencurragh areas located to the north of the town have also been subjected to serious flooding in the past.

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BENEFITING LANDS

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Environmental Impact Statement – River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme Volume II Main Document

2.3 OVERVIEW OF THE KEY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PROPOSED SCHEME

The proposed Drainage Scheme is based on Primary and Secondary flood risk management measures.

The proposed height of the defences will typically be 500 mm above the predicted 0.5% Annual Exceedence Probability (AEP) event, often referred to as the 200-year flood event, levels as determined by hydraulic modelling completed as part of the Skibbereen FRAMS. Additional hydrological assessments are being undertaken by RPS in conjunction with the OPW that may result in a re-evaluation of estimated of design flood flows. While significant modifications to the scheme are described below are not anticipated, these assessments may result in minor modifications to the proposed defence height and lengths at ‘detailed design stage’.

All engineering works will be designed in accordance with best practice procedures and guidelines.

The Primary Measures as illustrated in Figure 1.2 include:-

River Ilen

• Embankments & flood walls. • Sealing of existing opes. • Localised channel widening upstream of John F. Kennedy Bridge. • Localised regrading works at John F. Kennedy Bridge. • Works at Mill Race upstream of Showgrounds Stream.

Caol Stream

• Hard defences including flood walls and the construction of a formed channel (circa 340m) (downstream of Baltimore Road). • Embankments / walls upstream of Baltimore Road. • Non-return valves on existing drainage. • Grouting/strengthening works to masonry arch structures. • Non return valve on existing uncontrolled storm drainage discharging into stream. • Pumping stations as required.

Assolas Stream

• Hard defences comprising embankments / walls.

Glencurragh Stream

• Pumping station (circa 1m3/s capacity). • Non return valve at crossing of Schull Road.

Showgrounds Stream

• Hard defences comprising embankments and flood walls • Two no. culverts under embankments.

Local Drainage

• Stormwater / road drainage upgrade at Baltimore Road / Castletownshend Road. • Upgrade of road drainage on Ilen Street. • Sealing of opes from historic redundant culverts. • Localised pumping or sealing of storm system, if necessary, to manage road drainage at Cork Road and Marsh Road.

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The secondary measures recommended as part of the Flood Risk Management Strategy include:-

• Increased public awareness; • Proactive and planned maintenance programme; • Planning & development controls; and • Management of lands with flood plain.

2.4 DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PROPOSED WORKS

2.4.1 River Ilen Flood Relief Proposals

Beginning at the downstream end of the works, approximately 300 m upstream of the western extremity of the town (near Abbeystrowry Cemetery), the following flood defences are proposed along the River Ilen.

(Ilen) 1 Approximately 147 m of flood wall along the northern bank of the river, located adjacent to the Schull Road, along the boundary of a public seating area. The masonry faced reinforced concrete wall will be approximately 1.4 m high in relation to the level of the adjacent Schull Road.

(Ilen) 2 Approximately 709 m of embankment along the northern bank of the river, located adjacent to the Schull Road, from the upstream end of the wall in 1 above to John F. Kennedy Bridge. The embankment will vary from approximately 1.2 to 1.8 m high in relation to the level of the adjacent Schull Road.

(Ilen) 3 A combination of approximately 135 m of floodwall and embankment along the southern bank of the river, located adjacent The Flax Mills. The wall/embankment will be approximately 1.2 m high in relation to the level of the adjacent access road around The Flax Mills houses.

(Ilen) 4 Approximately 105 m of flood wall along the southern bank of the river, located just downstream of John F. Kennedy Bridge. The masonry faced reinforced concrete wall will be approximately 1.2- 1.8 m high in relation to the level of the adjacent carpark.

(Ilen) 5 Regrading of approximately 1670 m2 of the bed of the River Ilen at John. F. Kennedy Bridge.

(Ilen) 6 Structural protection works to the bridge supports at John. F. Kennedy Bridge in the form of reinforced concrete beams constructed around the supports. This work will be required as a result of the regrading work proposed around the support structures.

(Ilen) 7 Approximately 270 m of flood wall along the southern bank of the river, located upstream of John F. Kennedy Bridge. This section of works also incorporates flood walls to be constructed along the quay edge on the Caol stream, down stream of Main Street Bridge. The masonry faced wall will be approximately 1.4 -1.7 m high in relation to the level of the adjacent carparks and yards to the rear of Bridge Street properties, or approximately 0.9m above the access deck at Thornhills. Where feasible, the flood defence wall will be constructed along the existing quay edge. However, subject to detailed engineering design, it is possible that the wall will be constructed by sheet piling offset from the existing river wall by approximately 2 to 3 m in the river direction. In this instance and where works encroach significantly into the river so as to restrict channel capacity, then works will be completed on the opposite river bank to compensate for volume of river lost.

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(Ilen) 8 Approximately 12 m of flood wall along the southern bank of the river, located 62 m upstream of the new footbridge at Levis Quay. The height of the masonry faced reinforced concrete wall is to be approximately 1.7 m in relation to the level of the adjacent property and yard. Some works will also be completed at the new mixed use development at Levis Quay. It is proposed to construct a wall between six existing arches along a boardwalk over the River Ilen. The wall height will be approximately 500 mm, and a handrail is proposed to be placed on top.

(Ilen) 9 To the rear of the properties on North Street, it is proposed to construct approximately 210 m of embankment, floodwall and stone revetment along the eastern bank of the river. The top of the flood defence wall will be approximately 1.2 – 1.8 m higher than the level of the existing yards in this area. The overall width of the flood defences along this stretch of river is approximately 9.5 m, which encroaches into the river. The loss in channel flow capacity resulting form this defence on the eastern bank will be compensated on the western bank by widening of the river channel over this length of works. Where widened the formed river bank will be reinforced with gabions of similar existing sewer in line of proposed embankments which will be incorporated into the works.

(Ilen) 10 Between the eastern bank of the River Ilen and Cork Road, it is proposed to construct approximately 313 m of embankment in the sports grounds of the school. The embankment will be approximately 1.25 -1.8 m high in relation to the level of the adjacent sports pitches.

(Ilen) 11 Approximately 424 m of flood embankment along the eastern bank of the river, from 70 m north of the Showgrounds stream to the Rugby Club property. The height of the flood defence embankment will be approximately 1.8 – 2.4 m above the levels in the adjacent fields.

(Ilen) 12 Approximately 308 m of flood wall along the eastern bank of the river, located between the confluence of the River Ilen with the Showgrounds Stream and Skibbereen County Hospital. The masonry faced reinforced concrete wall will be approximately 1 to 1.5 m high in relation to the level of the adjacent Mill Road.

(Ilen) 13 Between the western bank of the River Ilen and the rear of the industrial premises along Marsh Road, it is proposed to construct approximately 547 m of embankment at the river bank. The height of the embankment will vary from approximately 1.4 to 2.0 m high in relation to the level of the adjacent industrial premises.

(Ilen) 14 It is proposed to construct approximately 217 m of flood embankment along the south side of the N71 Skibbereen Relief Road. The embankment will be approximately 300 – 600 mm high in relation to the level of the adjacent Relief Road.

(Ilen) 15 It is proposed to construct approximately 211 m of flood embankment along the south side of the N71 Skibbereen Relief Road. The embankment will be approximately 300 – 600 mm high in relation to the level of the adjacent Relief Road.

2.4.2 Caol Stream Flood Relief Proposals

Works along the Caol Stream downstream of Main Street Bridge are included in Ilen 7 above, beginning immediately downstream of Main Stream Bridge, in the town centre and travelling in an upstream direction, the following flood defences are proposed along the Caol Stream.

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(Caol) 1 Approximately 340 m of reinforced concrete formed channel section between Main Street Bridge and the Market Street road bridge in Field’s Supervalu Carpark. The channel width will be a minimum of 5 m and the sides of the channel will be approximately 1.2 m to 1.6 m high in relation to the adjacent road/carpark level. There are two existing crossings along the Caol, the parapets of which are to be amended to be solid walls. A thalweg will be provided within the channel to emulate the existing streambed features in so far as possible (refer to Chapter 7 Aquatic Flora and Fauna). The existing masonry arch bridges on either end of the proposed channel section are to be regrouted where required. Walls will be masonry faced on both sides of the channel as far as Warners Lane (chainage 2,630 m) and on the public side only between Warners Lane and Market Street Bridge.

(Caol) 2 Upstream of Market Street, it is proposed to construct approximately 320 m of reinforced concrete flood wall along southern/western bank of the Caol Stream. The wall is to be constructed to the rear of the industrial premises along Castletownshend Road. The proposed wall will be approximately 1.5 m high in relation to the level of the adjacent industrial areas.

(Caol) 3 Upstream of Market Street, it is proposed to construct approximately 83 m of masonry clad flood wall along northern/eastern bank of the Caol Stream. The wall is to be constructed in the grassed area adjacent Chapel Lane. The height of the wall will be approximately 1.2 m in relation to the level of the adjacent Chapel Lane roadway.

(Caol) 4 From the industrial premises on Castletownshend Road to the Caravan Park site, it is proposed to construct approximately 558 m of embankment wall along the southern/western bank of the Caol Stream. The embankment will be approximately 1.5 to 2.5 m high in relation to the level of the adjacent fields.

2.4.3 Assolas Stream (Carrigfadda) Flood Relief Proposals

The Assolas Stream passes under Townshend Street approximately 80 m northwest of the Baltimore Road / Townshend Street roundabout. Beginning at this point and travelling upstream, the following flood defences are proposed along the Assolas Stream: -

(Assolas)1. Approximately 35 m of flood wall along the northern bank of the stream, located along a residential property boundary. The masonry faced reinforced concrete wall will be approximately 1.3 m high in relation to the level of the adjacent garden.

(Assolas)2. Approximately 65 m of embankment along the southern bank of the stream, located along the edge of a field adjacent the roundabout. The embankment will be approximately 1.3 m high in relation to the level of the field.

(Assolas)3. Approximately 202 m of embankment along the northern bank of the stream, located along various property boundaries. The height of the embankment will vary from 0.6 to 1.8 m approximately in relation to the level of the adjacent land.

(Assolas)4. Approximately 277 m of flood wall along the southern bank of the stream, located along property boundaries. There is an existing wall at Lidl but this does not have sufficient height to provide 500 mm freeboard and it is therefore proposed to construct a concrete stub wall, approximately 450 mm high, on top of the existing bank through the grounds of Lidl. The remainder of the wall will be approximately 1.1 m high in relation to the level of the adjacent gardens.

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(Assolas)5. Approximately 92 m of embankment along the southern bank of the stream, located in front gardens between the stream and the Baltimore Road. The embankment will be approximately 0.5 m high in relation to the level of the gardens. Works will also be required along the access roads to the three houses to bring the ground levels to flood defence level.

(Assolas)6. An existing double culvert (2 x 600 mm diam pipes) to the east of the Care Centre on Baltimore road will be replaced with a single box culvert of similar or greater hydraulic capacity under the public roadway.

(Assolas)7. Approximately 180 m of the Assolas is culverted (1500 mm diameter) upstream of its confluence with the Caol Stream. There are two manholes on the culvert which will be sealed as part of these works. A further open section of channel, on the downstream side of the where the Assolas crosses Townsend Street, will be sealed.

2.4.4 Glencurragh Stream Flood Relief Proposals

The confluence of the Glencurragh Stream with the River Ilen is located to the southwest of The Moorings housing estate on the Schull Road, N71. The following flood defence works are proposed along the Glencurragh Stream: -

(Glencurragh)1. Immediately west of the Moorings Housing Estate, it is proposed to construct a pumping station adjacent the Glencurragh Stream. Flows from the stream will be pumped from the pumping station under the Schull Road to discharge to the River Ilen when water levels do not allow the stream to freely discharge to the main Ilen channel. A headwall and anti-scour measures will be provided at the discharge point. A non return valve will be fitted to the downstream side of the existing Glencurragh Stream under the Schull Road. An onsite electricity generating facility may also be provided to operate pumps as an alternative to the electricity station.

The pumping station will require an underground pump sump with access points, an above ground control kiosk, and may require an electricity supply sub-station. A hard-standing area will be required in the location of the pump station to allow access and maintenance to the sump.

2.4.5 Mill Race Flood Relief Proposals

The confluence of the Mill Race with the River Ilen is located in the townland of Lurriga, along the northernmost section of floodwall proposed as part of the River Ilen flood defence works (Refer to (Ilen)12). Beginning at the confluence and travelling upstream, the following flood defences are proposed along the Mill Race.

(Mill Race) 1. The downstream section of the existing Mill Race will be culverted over approximately 68 m upstream from the Mill Road crossing. The culvert will run parallel to a local road (east of Mill Road), and under this roadway. The Lurriga land drain will be diverted from its existing road crossing to this new crossing.

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(Mill Race) 2. Approximately 117 m of embankment will be constructed to run parallel to the new land drain route. The height of the embankment, which will be constructed in fields, will vary from approximately 1.8 to 2.0 m in relation to the level of the adjacent local road. Approximately 150 m of 400 mm diameter storm sewer will also be laid along this local road, catering for surface water runoff in the area. All manholes up to a level of 500 mm above flood level will be sealed.

2.4.6 Showgrounds Stream (Clurrigha) Flood Relief Proposals

The confluence of the Showgrounds Stream with the River Ilen is located to the northwest of the Showgrounds on the Mill Road. Beginning at this point and travelling upstream, the following flood defences are proposed along the Showgrounds Stream: -

(Showgrounds) 1. Approximately 48 m of concrete culvert (approx 2.7 x 1.5) between the River Ilen flood defence embankment/wall and the Mill Road crossing. The culvert will pass under the roadway.

(Showgrounds) 2. Approximately 14.5 m of flood embankment and approximately 36 m of reinforced concrete flood wall along the eastern side of Mill Road. The embankment will be located within an open field and will tie into existing high ground levels locally and to the section of reinforced concrete flood wall. The flood will tie in on its southern end with Showgrounds 3. The top of this section of works will be a maximum of 1.9 m high in relation to the level of the adjacent road.

(Showgrounds) 3. Approximately 250 m of flood embankment along the southern bank of the stream, located along boundary of the Showgrounds. The embankment will be approximately 1.5 m high in relation to the level of the adjacent grounds. The bank will tie into a proposed section of masonry faced reinforced concrete floodwall at the eastern end of the Showground site. The wall will run parallel to the adjacent road. It will be approximately 77 m long and 1.2 m high in relation to the level of the adjacent road.

(Showgrounds) 4. Approximately 223 m of embankment running perpendicular to the stream along the roadside boundary of the Lurriga Road, and to the rear of a private property at the Cork Road/Lurriga Road junction. A short section of culvert will be laid under the line of the proposed embankment. The height of the embankment will vary from approximately 1.1 to 1.5 m in relation to the level of the adjacent road.

2.4.7 Drainage Proposals

Where required, new surface water sewers will be laid behind the proposed flood defences to collect existing surface water runoff and discharge it in a controlled manner via non-return valves through the flood defences to the river. As part of this work, new gullies and stormwater sewers may be required to connect to the new system. Existing stormwater outlets will also to be redirected to new sewers as required. Non-return valves will be installed on all outlets to the river. At a number of locations, small stormwater pumping stations will be constructed behind the flood defences at discharge points. Control kiosks will be required for any proposed pumping stations. When the river water level is high in times of flood, these pumps will become operational to ensure a continuous discharge of stormwater to the river. Onsite electricity generating facilities may also be provided within the pumping stations to operate pumps as an alternative to the electricity station.

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2.5 SITE INVESTIGATION

Chapter 13 Soils, Geology, Hydrology and Hydrogeology provides summary details of Site Investigations undertaken to date. Further detailed geotechnical ground investigation will be carried out prior to the detailed design of the proposed works. A number of boreholes will be drilled behind the existing quay walls, along the proposed line of defences to determine the insitu ground conditions. Structural condition surveys of adjacent structures will be completed as part of detailed engineering design to determine their current structural condition.

2.6 OUTLINE CONSTRUCTION STAGE METHODOLOGY

2.6.1 General

All relevant safety, structural and engineering codes and standards will be adhered to throughout the construction stage.

2.6.2 Duration

The contract duration will be determined by the Contractors work proposals accounting for any timing and seasonal restrictions imposed by the EIS or other statutory bodies. However, it is expected that it will take approximately 24 months to complete the proposed works. Typical normal working hours will be 08:00 to 18:00 Monday to Friday and 08:00 to 16:00 on Saturday but these may be varied in exceptional circumstances with the agreement of Cork County Council (on behalf of the OPW).

2.6.3 Access

Access to construct the proposed works will vary depending on the watercourse, the location of the works along the watercourse and the nature of works to be carried out. The Construction Contractor is likely to use a variety of access locations, temporary works and construction techniques.

Where possible, it is expected that the Contractor will gain access from the river banks. However, in areas where working space is restricted on the landside, the Contractor may gain access and construct a temporary working area within the river channel. Similarly, for works such as masonry facing to proposed floodwalls, this may, depending on the Contractors preferred works proposals, be carried out from a temporary working platform on the riverside of the works.

It is expected that access to construct the proposed flood defences which are located away from the river’s edge where possible will be from the landward side in order to avoid any impact to the river, e.g. embankments.

Where in-stream works are proposed, e.g. regrading of the riverbed and structural works to piers at John F. Kennedy Bridge, the Contractor will be required to enter the watercourse at agreed designated safe access points on the river bank.

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Further details of the access requirements at each location will be determined during the detailed design stage of the project. Should access from the river channel be required, the details will be discussed with staff from the various statutory bodies including the Inland Fisheries Ireland (IFI) and National Parks and Wildlife Service (NPWS) and appropriate mitigation measures will be agreed to avoid negative impacts on the rivers/streams.

2.6.4 Equipment

It is expected that most of the equipment used will be standard construction plant for a project of this nature, e.g. mechanical excavators, dump trucks, dewatering pumps, ready mix concrete lorries, pile drivers, rock breakers etc. The results of the site investigation and the successful contractor’s construction methods will determine the specific equipment required.

2.6.5 Temporary Protection Work

It is not envisaged that temporary flood protection works to Skibbereen Town will be necessary prior to or during construction. It is likely, however, that the Contractor will require localised temporary works to keep his working area dry and/or protect the working area from inundation.

These temporary works are likely to include but are not limited to earthen dams, steel sheet piles, sandbags and dewatering equipment, depending on the location of the works and the adjacent water level. Safety considerations will require the Contractor to provide temporary fencing to working areas. In some locations, this may involve temporary public road closures.

2.6.6 Clearance of Vegetation

In order to reduce potential damage to vegetation that will be retained following the works, efforts will be made to limit the amount of work to be carried out within the spread of trees, shrubs or hedges to be retained. No soil, spoil, construction materials or rubbish will be stored or tipped and no construction plant or vehicles will be parked within the spread of existing trees, shrubs or hedges.

Clearance of some vegetation will be required at and adjacent to the proposed works. Where work must take place inside or close to the spread of trees to be retained, then a qualified Arboriculturist should be consulted and works should take place outside the nesting period.

The Contractor will take all reasonable precautions to protect, in the course of his work, any existing plant materials from malicious or accidental damage and will endeavour to ensure that no branches will be lopped and no roots over 50 mm diameter severed from growing trees without prior consultation with an Arboriculturist. Where possible, vegetation will be reinstated following completion of the project.

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2.6.7 Biotic Contaminants

Invasive alien species such as Himalyan balsam and Japanese knotweed are present (See Chapter 8 Terrestrial Flora and Fauna) within the proposed works areas and these species could potentially be dispersed downstream via the River Ilen into Roaringwater Bay and Islands cSAC as a consequence of the proposed works.

The Contractor will take every precaution to prevent the spread of invasive species (Japanese Knotweed in particular) encountered during the works by ensuring that all plant and equipment that comes in contact with these species (and soil deemed contaminated with species) are regularly cleaned in the appropriate manner.

The Contractor will be obliged to comply with The European Communities (Birds and Natural Habitats) Regulations 2011 which contain important new provisions to address the problem of invasive species.

See Section 8.5 of Chapter 8 Terrestrial Flora and Fauna for further details on mitigation measures with regards to the control of invasive species.

2.6.8 Reinstatement

2.6.9 In Stream Works

The most significant in-stream works are proposed at John F. Kennedy Bridge (regrading works) and in the Caol Stream, where a concrete channel section is to be installed / constructed.

The remainder of the proposed works primarily consist of the construction of flood defences on the river banks. Where possible, the flood defences are located away from the river’s edge to avoid encroachment into the river channel. However, certain flood walls may also be constructed in the river channel outside of the existing walls.

It is therefore envisaged that temporary access to the river banks to construct the proposed flood defences may be required.

The following areas have been identified where access for construction may be within or via the river channel:-

• Approximately 43 m of in stream riverbed regrading works in the River Ilen at John F. Kennedy Bridge.

• Structural works to bridge piers at John F. Kennedy Bridge.

• Approximately 310 m of flood wall along the southern bank of the River Ilen, located upstream of John F. Kennedy Bridge.

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• To the rear of the properties on North Street, it is proposed to construct approximately 260 m of embankment, floodwall and stone revetment along the eastern bank of the River Ilen. Working space and access to the rear of these properties is restricted.

• To compensate for the loss of river channel along the eastern bank caused by the construction of the embankment, floodwall and revetment to the rear of North Street as outlined above, widening of the river channel over the same length of works is required along the western bank of the River Ilen.

• Approximately 340 m of concrete channel section along the Caol Stream between Main Street Bridge and Market Street.

• Approximately 290 m of flood walls along the banks of the Assolas Stream.

• Approximately 330 m of flood walls along the banks of the Caol Stream.

• Installation of a non return valve on the Glencurragh Stream.

• Two culverts, approximately 48 m and 15 m on Showgrounds Stream.

• Approximately 60 m of culvert of Mill Race east of Mill Road.

The extent of the temporary in-stream works is not limited to those outlined above. The full extent can only be determined at the detailed design stage, following a comprehensive geotechnical ground investigation. However, for the purpose of this assessment it has been assumed that all of the above works will be required and the resulting potential impacts have been addressed in each of the chapters.

2.6.10 Construction of the Flood Defences

Construction of the flood defences outlined above is likely to involve but is not limited to the following construction activities:

• Site investigation • Temporary Works • Pile driving • Sheetpiling • Excavation for foundations, including over excavation of unsuitable materials • Blinding of formations • Steel fixing • Placing and stripping of formwork • Placing of cast in situ concrete • Placing of precast concrete components • Placing of fill material • Placing of pipes • Grouting of existing structures • Masonry facing • Landscaping • Reinstatement

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2.6.11 Construction of the Drainage Scheme

The construction of the reinforced concrete flood defence walls is likely to be carried out by traditional methods whereby a hole is excavated large enough to accommodate the foundations. Then the foundation and wall steel reinforcement will be fixed. Temporary formwork is erected to form the faces of the wall. Concrete is poured to form the wall and the formwork is removed several days later. Then masonry cladding will be fixed to those parts of the wall that will be designated to receive masonry facing. Finally, the ground on both sides of the wall will be backfilled and reinstated. It should be pointed out that during the construction of foundations, it may be necessary to use dewatering pumps to keep the working area dry.

Some of the proposed wall sections will be on sheet piled foundations. The sheet piles will be driven from the land side where possible; however it may be necessary to work from the river to complete these works, and the exact methodology will be determined by the successful Contractor. The appropriate pile driving methods will be determined when the geotechnical site investigation results are available. On completion of the pile driving, the ground to the rear of the piles will be excavated and a drainage pipe in a granular trench will be laid. Formwork for the concrete surround will be erected and concrete will be poured to form a wall around the top of the sheet pile to the required height. The formwork will then be removed, and a masonry facing will be fixed as required. A capping stone will also be fixed to the top of the wall where required. The ground will be backfilled and reinstated to its original condition on completion of the works.

The design criteria for the proposed embankment is to ensure that they be stable and control seepage to acceptable levels. The type of material to be used will have low permeability characteristics overlain by grassed topsoil. The construction of the earthen flood defence embankments is likely to comprise excavation of existing ground to a create formation level for the bank, before placing and compaction of the bank material. The top layer of the embankment will consist of topsoil and will be grass seeded. A toe drain will be provided where required to provide drainage at the foot of the embankment. Alternative designs for seepage control such as sheet piling, grout curtains etc. will also be considered as part of the detailed engineering design.

The construction of drainage and pumping stations will involve excavation to formation level, and placing and compaction of granular bedding material, before placing of pipes/chamber. The trench will be backfilled and compacted with suitable granular material, before the area is reinstated as appropriate.

Concrete Culvert sections are also required as part of the works. These are expected to be pre-cast concrete sections which will be cast off-site and then delivered to site. The existing watercourse will be over-pumped or diverted while the works are being completed. The watercourse bed will be excavated to formation level before the culvert sections are lifted into place. The ground on either side of the culvert will then be backfilled and in general will be grass seeded. Where a watercourse is to be diverted from its original path, the ground will be excavated along the new route to formation level before the sections are dropped into place. The ground will be backfilled to the new culvert, and the surrounding ground will be reinstated as appropriate. The original watercourse channel will be backfilled using excavated material. The surface will be grass seeded or otherwise, as appropriate. A watertight seal between the new culvert sections and older sections/bridge crossings will be ensured.

The extent of disturbance to the lands, to banks and the river bed will be dependent on the successful Contractor. In certain locations, where there is a possibility of seepage underneath the flood defence, either sheet piles or grouting techniques may be required to provide a cut-off. The sheet piles may be metal or plastic and will be driven to the required depth using a piling hammer or similar.

A formed concrete channel with walls to flood defence level is to be laid along the Caol Stream. The existing river bed will be excavated to formation level, before the channel sections are placed. Existing walls/revetments along the bank will be removed where necessary. The ground behind the wall sections of the channel will be excavated and drainage placed to the rear of the wall sections.

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The ground will be backfilled to the wall and reinstated as appropriate to its location. The parapets of existing bridges will be replaced with solid concrete sections also which will be tied into the wall sections of the channel. A watertight seal between all sections of the channel will be ensured. Masonry cladding will be fixed to those parts of the wall that are designated to receive masonry facing. It is expected that the concrete sections will be pre-cast off site and lifted into place. However exact method of construction of this section of works will be determined by the successful Contactor.

The works required at John F. Kennedy Bridge will require the removal of river bed material from underneath the bridge. It is unlikely that the material excavated can be reused elsewhere on the project. It will be necessary to dispose of this unsuitable material off site in accordance with any requirements governing construction waste. Works will also be required to support the exposed bridge piers. This will involve the construction of a reinforced concrete apron at the piers. It will be necessary to complete this work in the dry. This involves erecting temporary dams around the working area, and dewatering works may be required. The bed level will be excavated to form formation level for the apron, before then the steel reinforcement is fixed. Temporary formwork is erected to form the faces of the apron. Concrete is poured to form the apron and the formwork is removed several days later. The temporary dams will be removed on completion of this work.

2.6.12 Welfare Facilities

Prefabricated temporary buildings will be provided for the site workers during the construction works. These facilities will include welfare facilities and office space as required. Any effluent generated from the welfare facilities will be discharged to the public sewer.

Plant and machinery may also be stored at this location. A wheelwash will be provided at exit points from the works site to ensure that vehicles leaving the works area do not carry excess soil and material onto the adjacent public road infrastructure.

2.6.13 Maintenance

The Office of Public Works are obliged, under the terms of the Arterial Drainage Acts, 1945 and 1995, to maintain completed flood relief schemes in proper repair and effective condition. This may mean, inter alia:-

• Clearing obstructions to flows from time to time, e.g., fallen trees, significant weed growth, build up of materials likely to impact on the performance of the scheme;

• Repairing and rebuilding structures (walls and embankments);

• Prevention of erosion/undermining of the completed works of the scheme; and

• Regular inspection, maintenance and upgrade of all mechanical equipment associated with the proposed works

While the maintenance requirements of the scheme will be monitored and reviewed on an annual basis, it is envisaged that maintenance works would only be undertaken as and when required, e.g., on a six to ten year cycle.

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3 METHODOLOGY

3.1 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT

This Environmental Impact Statement has been prepared in accordance with EC (Environmental Impact Assessment) Regulations 1989 to 2001, and the recommendations of the Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) Draft Guidelines on the Information to be contained in Environmental Impact Statements (2002) and Advice Notes on Current Practice (on the preparation of Environmental Impact Statements) (EPA, 1998). The details of the methodology to be used in each individual discipline are given in the relevant chapter of the text.

Each of the main section of the report follows the same general format, as follows:-

• An Introduction describing the purpose of the section.

• A description of the Methodology used in the section.

• A description of the aspects of the Existing Environment relevant to the environmental topic under consideration.

• An assessment of the Impact of the proposed development on the environmental topic under consideration.

• Recommendation for Mitigation measures to reduce or eliminate any significant negative impacts identified.

• An assessment of the Residual Impact, which will remain assuming that the recommended mitigation measures are fully and successfully implemented.

3.2 WORK COMPLETED TO DATE

The following tasks have been undertaken by the EIS and design team:

• Environmental Constraints Report (RPS, July 2011) and Public Consultation on Constraints (public consultation 23rd March 2011);

• EIA Scoping Report (RPS, July 2012);

• Identification of flood relief options;

• Environmental inputs to overall Multi-Criteria Analysis (MCA) of flood relief options;

• Selection of Preferred Flood Relief Option based on MCA results;

• Public Consultation on the emerging Preferred Flood Relief Option (public consultation 25th of January 2011); and

• Appropriate Assessment Screening Report (See Appendix 7.2 AA Screening) (October, 2012 and updated in February 2012).

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Where possible this EIS utilises existing information from previous studies in the area. Additional surveys have been carried out where necessary to update the baseline data for the current impact assessment.

Additional reports completed by the design team that are referred to in the EIS comprise the following:-

• Hydrology Report; • Hydraulic Model and Hydraulics Report; • Economic Damages Assessment; • Flood Risk Assessment and Flood Maps; • Preliminary Geotechnical Site Investigations; and • Multi-criteria analysis of Flood Relief Options.

3.3 LIMITATIONS ENCOUNTERED

No limitations were encountered during the preparation of this EIS.

3.4 CONSULTATION

Much of the guidance and legislation relating to EIA stresses the importance of inclusive consultation with key stakeholders and the public for any given project.

3.4.1 Summary of Consultation during the Constraints Stage

3.4.1.1 Public Consultation

As part of the Constraints Study a Public Consultation Day was held in the Town Hall in Skibbereen on the 23rd of March 2011 between 3pm and 9pm.

The main objectives of the public consultation day were to:-

• Gather information on flood events; • Gather information on possible flood relief options; • Outline the design and statutory process; • Provide an opportunity for comment at an early stage; and • Gather information about environmental constraints.

The Public Consultation Day was initiated with a presentation from RPS, Office of Public Works (OPW) and Cork County Council (CCC) to the Members of Skibbereen Town Council, the purpose of which was to present the study area and the project to the elected members, prior to the Public Information Event, and to outline the process involved in the preparation of the Skibbereen Drainage Scheme.

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This presentation was held in Skibbereen Town Council between 2.00pm and 3.00pm. Following the presentation members of staff from the OPW, Cork County Council, Environmental Team and Design Team (RPS) were available to answer questions from members of the Council.

Following the presentation the public exhibition opened at 3.00pm and remained open to the public until 9.00pm. During which time members of the public met and discussed key issues with members of the Design Team (RPS), the Environmental Team (RPS), Cork County Council, Skibbereen Town Council and the OPW.

Questionnaires were also circulated at the Public Consultation Day and were returned by freepost to RPS. A total of 166 no. questionnaires were given out during the course of the day and 50 no. were returned to RPS.

Notification of the Public Consultation Day was advertised as follows:-

• Public notices were erected on traffic poles throughout Skibbereen Town; • Public notices were placed in schools, library, shops etc; • Public notice on the Southern Star Newspaper; and • Advertising on Red FM and C103.

A consultation report was prepared (May, 2011) which summarised the information gathered during the course of the consultation day and from the key questionnaires posed and discussions with members of the public and the study team. Key information that was provided during this first stage of consultation comprised information on the following:

• Types of property flooded; • Depths of flooding; • Source of flooding; • Flood mitigation measures currently in place by members of the public; • View on flood relief options; • Suggested flood relief options; and • Environmental Constraints.

With regards environmental constraints in general people felt that while the environment should be protected, the protection of people and their homes was considered a priority. The protection of water quality emerged as most important environmental issue that should be addressed as part of the EIS (refer to Chapter 7 Aquatic Flora and Fauna and Chapter 13 Soils, Geology Hydrology and Hydrogeology).

3.4.1.2 Stakeholder Consultation

Consultation, in writing, was carried out with a number of relevant stakeholders and consultees identified for this project (Table 3.1). These stakeholders were invited to submit information or requirements that they considered should be included in the constraints report. They were also notified and invited to the Public Consultation Day as described above in Section 3.4.1 above. Information gathered at the information say was used to inform the EIS and the design of the scheme.

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Table 3.1: Summary of Statutory Consultation

Environmental Authorities EPA Regional Inspectorate Department of the Environment Heritage and Local Government Dept. of Communications, Energy and Natural Resources Primary Stakeholders OPW Cork County Council South West Regional Authority Skibbereen Town Council Secondary Stakeholders An Taisce Skibbereen Rowing Club Fáilte Éireann Irish Creamery Milk Suppliers Association Fáilte Ireland RIPPLE committee Geological Survey of Ireland Skibbereen Flood Committee The Heritage Council Coomhola Salmon Trust Landscape Alliance Ireland Skibbereen Tourist Information Office NPWS Teagasc Local group National Roads Authority Teagasc Headquarters West Cork Southern Regional Fisheries Board Skibbereen Historical Society South Western River Basin District Authority O'Donovan Rossa GAA Club Birdwatch Ireland Skibbereen Fire Service County Development Board Skibbereen Rugby Club Coillte Teoranta (Forest Service) Skibbereen Business Association Inland Fisheries Ireland Irish Wildlife Trust Irish Farmers Association Bat Conservation Ireland National Parks & Wildlife Service Birdwatch Ireland West Cork River Ilen Angler's Club Fáilte Ireland South West

For this Consultation phase RPS received four responses from the following key stakeholders:-

• National Roads Authority; • Inland Fisheries Ireland; • South Western River Basin District; and • Geological Survey of Ireland.

A copy of these responses is included in Appendix 3.2 List of Responses from Statutory Bodies.

3.4.2 Stage 2 - Summary of Consultation during the development of Preferred Flood Relief Option

3.4.2.1 Public Consultation

As part of the Stage 2 Consultation at Option Selection Stage, members of the public and stakeholders were again contacted, asked for their input and invited to a Public Consultation Day held on 25th of January 2012.

Notification of the Public Consultation Day was advertised as outlined above for Stage 1.

The objective of public consultation at the Option Selection Constraints Stage was to:

• Present an update of progress to date; • Present preliminary results from the study; • Present the emerging preferred option for flood risk management; and

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• Solicit comments and response from stakeholders to the proposed Drainage Scheme.

All attendees of the Public Consultation Day were encouraged to sign a register of attendance. A total of 110 signatures were received, although it was felt that the actual attendance was significantly higher, well in excess of 150 persons.

A consultation report was prepared in January 2012 which summarised the information gathered during the course of the consultation day and from the questionnaires. During this stage of the consultation the comments received largely comprised of the following:

• Additional Information Requests;

• Concerns/clarification with regards to the potential for impact from the proposed measures on individual properties, including:-

• Prevention of water coming through floors; • Access arrangements across embankments; • Specific details of measures on individual properties; • Compensation arrangements and the associated process; • Concerns regarding the capacity of the John F. Kennedy Bridge to cater for the flood flow; • Suggested alternative flood relief measures; • Clarification regarding the increase in water level and an increased frequency of flooding upstream of the proposed defences; • Clarification regarding planning implications of proposed works; • Availability of funding for the scheme; • Provision for future planned riverside walkway; and • Implications for potential development in the benefiting lands.

3.4.3 Stage 3 - EIS Scoping Stage

A Scoping Report was prepared in July 2012 and as part of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) process, a copy of the Scoping Report (Appendix 3.1 EIA Scoping Report) was issued to key stakeholders outlined in Table 3.2. The purpose of this scoping report was to provide an overview of the options considered, a description of the key environmental issues/constraints, a brief description of the preferred option and the scope of the EIA and EIS.

Consultees were invited to contribute to the EIA by suggesting baseline data, field survey techniques and potential impacts that should be addressed throughout the EIA process and in preparation of the EIS.

Table 3.2 below provides a summary of the responses received during this Scoping Stage of the consultation process. (Refer to Appendix 3.3 List of Responses from Scoping Stage for full details).

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Table 3.2: Consultees During EIS Scoping Stage

Consultee Summary Response Cork County Council (Planning Section) Acknowledgement. Irish Planning Institute Declined to comment given the IPA represent individuals in the private and public sector. An Bord Pleanála Acknowledgement- No Comments at this stage. Institute of Geologists Acknowledgement- No comment. South Western River Basin District Scheme should comply with the objectives of the Water Framework Directive. Reference in particular should be made to Section 4.2.3 of the SWRBD Plan which refers to new modifications or sustainable development and Section 6.1.1 Land Use Planning. Inland Fisheries Ireland Raised concerns over culverting streams widening of the main channel and the potential impact to fisheries. Recommended addressing in terms of fisheries loss of habitat and impact on fish passage. Advised that they would submit detailed comments upon review of the EIS. Waterways Ireland Acknowledgement- No comment. Fáilte Ireland Fáilte Ireland Guidelines for the treatment of tourism in EISs should be adhered to. Irish Creamery Milk Suppliers Avoid impacts to agricultural activity and/or farmland Association upstream or downstream of the proposed works. A full analysis of any proposal must be undertaken and guarantees given regarding the flooding of agricultural lands. National Roads Authority Refer to the NRA Guidelines and circulars. Consultation with relevant Local Authority regarding existing and future road schemes, i.e. potential impacts associated with the N71.

Address potential landscape and visual, dust and noise, traffic and safety impacts.

Potential cumulative impacts associated within other road schemes in the areas.

Department of Agriculture Food and the Potential impacts to soil quality including destabilization of Marine banks, soil erosion, run-off and soil contamination.

Avoidance of impacts to Agricultural activity. Health Service Executive (2 responses) Human beings and potential impacts upstream and downstream of the works Landuse intensification in flood protected areas.

Water and impacts to WWTP (wastewater treatment plant).

Groundwater vulnerability.

Air and noise impacts.

Pest control.

Provision of construction compounds.

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3.4.4 Consultation Meetings

In addition to the consultation outlined above, DixonBrosnan and Associates (ecologists working on behalf of RPS) and the RPS Project Manager for the design of the proposed Drainage scheme consulted with Inland Fisheries representatives through a series of phone calls and site meetings on a number of occasions.

Consultation was also undertaken with the NPWS District Conservation Officer (Mr. Declan O Donnell).

Summary details of all consultation with regards to aquatic and terrestrial ecology is summarised in Table 7.1 of Chapter 7 Aquatic Flora and Fauna and Table 8.1 of Chapter 8 Terrestrial Flora and Fauna respectively.

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4 CONSIDERATION OF ALTERNATIVES

4.1 INTRODUCTION

This section of the EIS contains a description of the alternatives that were considered for meeting the objective of reducing flood risk in Skibbereen.

Article 5 of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Directive (85/337/EEC) states that the information contained in an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) should include an outline of the main alternatives studied by the developer and an indication of the main reasons for the final choice, taking into account the environmental effects.

The consideration of alternatives is an effective means of selecting the option with the least environmental impact. The EPA document “Guidelines on the Information to be Contained in EISs (EPA, 2002) states that it is important to acknowledge however the existence of difficulties and limitations when considering alternatives including hierarchy, non environmental factors and site specific issues, as discussed below and detailed in the overall Multi Criteria Analysis Report (River Ilen (Skibbereen) Option Development Process Multi Criteria Analysis, RPS, January 2011). A description of the ‘no development’ or ‘do nothing’ scenario is also outlined in the MCA and summarised below.

4.2 METHODOLOGY ON ASSESSMENT OF ALTERNATIVES

A preliminary environmental constraints assessment was prepared by RPS in July 2011. The purpose of this report was to describe the environmental constraints in the Study Area that required consideration throughout the environmental impact assessment process to enable selection of possible flood relief options with the least environmental impact.

Following this, RPS undertook an Option Development Process through the use of Multi Criteria Analysis (MCA). As part of the study a series of flood maps were prepared for Skibbereen (Area of Potential Significant Flood Risk, (APSR)).

The primary objective of the MCA process was to identify a flood risk management solution capable of providing flood protection to the design standard within the APSR.

Prior to the Multi Criteria Analysis stage of the option development process RPS completed a Preliminary Option Screening Process whereby a wide range of flood risk management measures were screened for their potential applicability in achieving the Flood Risk Management Objectives for the Skibbereen APSR. This Preliminary Measure Screening determined whether a measure was either practical and/or applicable and had the potential to achieve a positive benefit when evaluated under the core criteria which comprised:-

• Applicability to the area; • Social; • Environmental; • Cultural; and • Economic.

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Following this initial screening exercise, a number of primary and secondary flood risk mitigation measures were carried forward to the Multi-Criteria Analysis which comprised the following:- a) Do nothing (BASELINE MEASURE against which all other options were be scored)

Primary Measures b) Upstream storage c) Diversion of watercourse d) Improvement of channel conveyance e) Hard defences

Secondary Measures f) Channel or flood defence maintenance works / programme g) Strategic development management h) Planning & development and building regulation control i) Proactive maintenance regime. j) Land use management k) Public awareness campaign l) Flood warning system

Based on the above measures, RPS developed sixteen potential flood risk management options for the Skibbereen APSR assessment unit. These options were variant combinations of the primary measures identified as having flood management potential following initial hydraulic modelling of the options. In general, the options included combinations of the following elements:-

Hard Defences

• Cut-off wall; • Cut-off embankment; and • Culvert (following consultation with the IFI re-designed to comprise a U-box to avoid potential impacts to protected fish species).

Diversion • Re-aligned River Ilen Channel with walls/embankments to contain peak water levels. Original channel to be retained as a water feature.

Overflow Diversion

• Overflow channel with walls/embankments to contain peak flows & water levels with flow control structure upstream & downstream to divert peak flows and levels.

Overpumping

• Storm pumping station with capacity up to peak flow and associated structures.

Channel Conveyance

• Channel widening; and • Channel deepening.

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In developing these options consideration was given to hydrological estimation, hydraulic modelling and available engineering records and surveys for the Skibbereen APSR, including:-

• River Channel & Cross Section Survey (Murphy Surveys March 2011); • Aerial Survey (2m DTM & DEM) (OPW, August 2010); • Skibbereen Sewerage Scheme - Geotechnical Site Investigation (2005); • Skibbereen Flood Relief Scheme – Geotechnical Site Investigation (1988); • Skibbereen Sewerage Scheme – Collection System - Record Drawings (2010); • Defence Asset Survey (RPS 2011); • Review of existing & historic culverts and outfalls (RPS & CCC 2011); • Skibbereen Relief Road & Bridge – Scheme Drawings (2002); and • Various other records and surveys available to RPS.

The options were assessed using Multi-Criteria Analysis (MCA). MCA evaluates the proposed option based on technical, economic, environmental and social core criteria. This uses a standardised evaluation system adopted by the Office of Public Works for CFRAM projects.

The core criteria were weighted as indicated in Table 4.1 below.

Table 4.1: Weighting for each of the Core Criteria

Criteria Overall Marks (%)

Technical 10

Economic 30

Environmental 30

Social 30

A number of objectives and sub-objectives were then assigned to each of the core criteria. Each objective was also assigned an indicator and minimum requirements / aspirational targets against which each option was scored.

4.3 REASONS FOR CHOOSING THE PREFERRED ALTERNATIVE

Based on the Multi-Criteria Analysis of the primary options, as outlined above, the following is the Preferred Option which emerged to meet the overall objective of the FRAMS by reducing Flood Risk in Skibbereen to the design standard required. This option was chosen as the preferred alternative as it had the highest ‘Benefit: Cost’ ratio and the highest MCA score (including technical, environmental and social criteria) out of all the 16 options representing a strong economic return.

According to the MCA Report, the preferred option had the following benefits over the other options:-

• Defence option will minimise risk to infrastructure. • Defences located to maximise existing flood plain where feasible while providing required flood protection. • Defences designed to minimise the risk of property flooding.

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• No significant impact on long term water quality. • No increased or decreased pollution risk is envisaged. • No longterm impact on fish populations is envisaged. • No impacts on recorded archaeological monuments.

4.4 PREFERRED ALTERNATIVE

The Preferred Option is illustrated in Figure 1.2 and described in Chapter 2 Project Description. The preferred option is based on the Primary Measures and flood relief works in the following key areas within the APSR (refer to Sections 2.3 and 2.4 of Chapter 2 Project Description for details):-

• River Ilen; • Caol Stream; • Assolas Stream; • Glencurragh Stream; • Showgrounds Stream; and • Local Drainage.

In addition, Secondary Measures recommended as part of the River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme include:-

• Increased public awareness; • Proactive and planned maintenance programme; • Planning and development controls; and • Management of lands within flood plain.

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5 STRATEGIC AND STATUTORY PLANNING CONTEXT

5.1 INTRODUCTION

This Chapter provides an overview of the planning context for the proposed River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme. Strategic policy documents provide detail on the planning policy context for the town of Skibbereen nationally, regionally and county wide and for the proposed drainage scheme. This statutory planning review focuses on the relevant development plans, which provide local planning policies and objectives for the area where the scheme is proposed to be implemented.

5.2 METHODOLOGY

For the purposes of this EIS, RPS has undertaken a desktop review of the proposed flood relief option details against relevant planning policy documents and assessed the significance of these policy documents to the proposed scheme and the study area. A site visit was also undertaken on September 3rd 2012 to inform this chapter. Consultation with relevant stakeholders, which included the Department of the Environment, Community and Local Government, the South West Regional Authority, Cork County Council and Skibbereen Town Council as detailed in Chapter 3 Methodology and Consultation also informed this review.

5.3 STRATEGIC PLANNING CONTEXT

The following documents set the proposed Drainage Scheme in its strategic planning policy context:-

• EU Floods Directive 2007/60/EC; • National Floods Policy 2004 and the Catchment Flood Risk and Assessment Programme (CFRAM); • Water Framework Directive (See Chapter 7 Aquatic Flora and Fauna for details); • The Planning System and Flood Risk Management – Guidelines for Planning Authorities 2009; • National Spatial Strategy 2002-2020; • Our Sustainable Future: A Framework for Sustainable Development for Ireland 2012; • National Climate Change Strategy 2007-2012; • National Development Plan 2007-2013; • South West Regional Planning Guidelines 2010-2022; • South Western River Basin District Plan; • North and West Cork Strategic Plan 2002-2020; • Cork County Development Plan 2009-2015 and Review 2013; and • Skibbereen Town Development Plan 2009 - 2015

The proposed flood relief infrastructure will be located primarily in the functional area of Skibbereen Town Council and partly within the functional area of Cork County Council. The Skibbereen Town Development Plan 2009 and the Skibbereen Electoral Area Local Area Plan 2011 cover this area from a statutory planning perspective; therefore the relevance of the Cork County Development Plan 2009-2015 is at a strategic level. Land use zoning and development management are discussed under the Statutory Planning heading (See Section 5.4 below).

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5.3.1 EU Floods Directive 2007/60/EC

Directive 2007/60/EC (Directive on the Assessment and Management of Flood Risks) came into effect in November 2007. Its aim is to reduce and manage the risks that floods pose to human health, the environment, infrastructure and property. It is applicable to coastal areas and to river basins where flood risk occurs.

To implement this Directive, each state is required to carry out a preliminary assessment to identify river basins and associated coastal areas at risk of flooding. For zones identified, flood risk maps and flood risk management plans must be prepared by 2013 and 2015 respectively, to prevent flooding, and protect lands and structures. The improved provision of information on flood risk and flood risk management to the public is also a key tenet of the Directive.

Long-term developments, such as climate change, as well as sustainable land use practices must be taken into consideration in co-ordinating flood risk management practices. Physical development in flood risk zones is one of the factors identified as contributing to flooding.

The Directive was published on foot of the need for concerted action following the occurrence of over 213 major damaging floods in Europe between 1998 and 2009, with particularly severe events in 2002 and 2005. The European Commission reference EEA findings: ‘Between 1998 and 2009, floods in Europe have caused some 1126 deaths, the displacement of about half a million people and at least €52 billion in insured economic losses.’ (Ref.http://ec.europa.eu/environment/water/flood_risk/index.htm).

This EIS is being prepared as part of the River Ilen (Skibbereen) Flood Risk Assessment and Management Study to meet the requirements of Directive 2007/60/EC.

5.3.2 National Flood Policy 2004 and the CFRAM Programme

Ireland’s National Flood Policy is based on the adoption by Government of the recommendations made in the Report of the Flood Policy Review Group 2004. The policy objective is as follows:-

'to minimise the national level of flood risk to people, businesses, infrastructure and the environment, through the identification and management of existing, and particularly potential future, flood risks in an integrated, proactive and catchment-based manner'.

The policy identifies the Office of Public Works (OPW) as the lead agency nationally for the coordination of flood risk management, including the development of flood maps and catchment based Flood Risk Management Plans (FRAMS) in conjunction with other agencies. Key recommendations also include the development of policy and guidelines on the consideration of flood risk in planning and development management guidelines, and an increased focus on non-structural flood risk management measures, supported where necessary by structural flood relief measures. The policy seeks to reduce flood damage exposure by identifying and managing existing and potential future flood risks through an integrated, proactive approach. Flood risk management is to be conducted at a river basin level.

The OPW and partner organisations, including local authorities, have been working towards the implementation of programmes to deliver the policy and the requirements of the EC Floods Directive 2007. This work programme is generally covered by the national Catchment Flood Risk Assessment and Management (CFRAM) programme, which commenced in 2011. In implementing the CFRAM programme, the requirements of the EU Water Framework Directive and the current River Basin Management Plans are being taken into account.

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The CFRAM Programme comprises three phases: Preliminary Flood Risk Assessment, CFRAM Studies and parallel activities, and Implementation and Review. Skibbereen falls under the South West CFRAMS project. This scheme was provided with funding by the OPW following the November 2009 flood event and is at implementation and review stage.

5.3.3 The Planning System and Flood Risk Management – Guidelines for Planning Authorities 2009

The Guidelines for Planning Authorities ‘The Planning System and Flood Risk Management’ were issued by the Minister for the Environment, Heritage and Local Government and the Minister of State (Department of Finance) with special responsibility for the OPW in November 2009, and hereafter are referred to as the ‘Guidelines’. The Guidelines set out government policy on appropriate planning and development with respect to flood risk.

The Guidelines discuss the impacts of flooding, which are important to note in the context of the proposed scheme and for the purposes of this EIS. Impacts include:-

• Impacts on People and Communities – e.g. physical injury, illness (including long-term chronic illness and stress) and loss of life, financial implications and inability to recover and maintain acceptable living conditions after a flood event, requirement for Major Emergency responses;

• Impacts on Property – e.g. damage to contents, electrical fittings, structural damage, displacement of occupants, financial costs;

• Impacts on Infrastructure – e.g. shut down or disruption of transport routes or utilities, damage to infrastructure, long-term closure of businesses and associated job losses; and

• Impacts on the Environment – e.g. soil erosion, bank erosion, land slides, damage to vegetation, impacts on water quality and habitats.

The Guidelines set out a framework to ensure full consideration of flooding and flood risk in development and local area plans and development management. The purpose of the Guidelines is to ensure that either risks are not created in the first instance, or alternatively that existing risks to existing property and people are not exacerbated.

Further detail is set out in Appendix 5.1 The Planning System and Flood Risk Management – Guidelines for Planning Authorities 2009 (Extract), which provides an overview of the content of the Guidelines, however in short, the Guidelines categorise land into three categories based on flood risk probability and group development into three types based on vulnerability to flooding.

The proposed development in this instance is a drainage scheme and much of the content of the Guidelines relates to the policy and regulatory framework of other development types in flood risk areas. The Guidelines do have relevance in this case in that any works should not exacerbate existing risks and the implementation of the proposed drainage scheme will influence the probability of flooding in various areas of the town, thus altering future flood risk mapping and the types of development that may be permitted in particular areas that could not be sanctioned in the current environment.

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5.3.4 National Spatial Strategy 2002-2020

The National Spatial Strategy (NSS) is a twenty year planning framework. It seeks to achieve a better balance of development and population growth between regions, with particular reference to rebalancing trends that have seen a concentration of investment and population in the Greater Dublin Area and the eastern part of Ireland generally. The concentration of major economic development there has meant that the ‘potential of other areas is systematically under-realised’, according to the NSS. The NSS aims to sustain an improved quality of life, an improved economic position and a high quality environment throughout Ireland through closer matching of where people live with where they work. The Strategy seeks to focus development within existing settlements, taking care to use urban land efficiently and sensitively.

The NSS designates certain settlements as gateways and hubs (Cork City; Mallow and Tralee- Killarney respectively for the south west) to act as engines of growth for the regions in which they are located. Growth can then be supported by urban structures of appropriate scale and strength, including other large, medium and small towns.

The NSS identified Skibbereen as a medium sized town (1,500-5,000 population), which plays an important economic and service function along a relatively remote part of the south-west coastline. Critical factors identified to activate the potential of towns such as Skibbereen in their important county roles include initiatives to release capacity in terms of land and services for sustainable growth. The town of Skibbereen is also identified as an urban strengthening opportunity; such towns are located on important economic and transport corridors or in important locations, have capacity to grow, and are to become a focus for the local authority settlement policies. The surrounding rural area of the town is considered as ‘diversifying, with emerging management issues’.

5.3.5 Our Sustainable Future: A Framework for Sustainable Development for Ireland 2012

This Framework, launched in June 2012 is Ireland’s main contribution to the Rio +20 Conference held earlier this year, and sets out a range of environmental, economic and social measures to implement the green economy and sustainable development agendas nationally. The Framework seeks to improve decision making, based on a move towards a greater evidence base that accounts for issues including susceptibility of lands to flooding. The Framework seeks to implement The Planning System and Flood Risk Management: Guidelines for Planning Authorities (2009) as part of its package of 70 measures to improve the quality of life for current and future generations.

5.3.6 National Climate Change Strategy 2007-2012

The National Climate Change Strategy 2007-2012, follows on from the first national strategy (published in 2000, reviewed in 2002), and takes account of the public consultation process that followed further review in Ireland’s Pathway to Kyoto Compliance (2006). The Strategy seeks to indicate how Ireland intends to meet its 2008-2012 commitments, to show how these measures position the country for the post-2012 period and identify areas where further measures are being researched and developed to enable Ireland to meet 2020 commitments. The principal measures contained within the Strategy include adaptation measures, including the development of a flood risk strategy. The Strategy supports the implementation of the recommendations of the Flood Policy Review Group and notes the increase in the exchange of information on flood research projects through the British-Irish Council.

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5.3.7 National Development Plan 2007-2013

The current National Development Plan (NDP) seeks to guide the development of the country in the period 2007-2013. Strong urban centres are directly relevant to regional growth and development, affecting employment, incomes and quality of life throughout the regions.

The NDP involves the investment of €52 billion from 2002 to 2006 and a predicted €184 billion between 2007 and 2013 in economic and social infrastructure, enterprise, science, agriculture sectors, education, training and environmental services.

Chapter 10 of the NDP covers Social Infrastructure Priority: Flood Risk Management which aims to inject investment to provide flood relief, prevent the creation of new problem areas and maintain existing defences. This will be achieved through structural works (such as flood relief walls and embankments as proposed for Skibbereen) connected with the construction of Flood Relief Schemes in a number of locations at risk of flooding. The Schemes are to be implemented in an environmentally friendly fashion as far as possible, taking into account the principles of the Government’s National Biodiversity Plan. A programme of non-structural measures is also funded, including the Flood Hazard Mapping Programme.

5.3.8 South Western Regional Planning Guidelines 2010-2022

The Regional Planning Guidelines for the South West Region (hereafter referred to as the RPGs), provide a framework for the development of the South West Region over twenty years and seek to implement the NSS at regional and local level.

The RPGs promote sustainable economic growth in the context of environmental protection and enhancement, noting that the conservation of freshwater and marine habitats are key issues. The guidelines acknowledge the quality of life in the southwest, which benefits citizens’ well-being and attracts population and investment. The RPGS seek to reduce the impact of climate change on the region by 2022.

Skibbereen is located in the Western sub-area of the south west. The Western Area is characterized by rural areas of distinctive natural beauty, attractive towns and villages, a strong tourist base, potential for rural diversification, a location peripheral to hubs, gateways and the Atlantic Corridor and a more limited potential for employment opportunities than other planning areas. Improvements to infrastructure are considered necessary to reduce the impacts of peripherality. Access to recreational facilities is considered one of the key advantages to locating in settlements in the Western Area. Towns in the Western Area are noted as having market, service, tourism and enterprise functions.

The importance of agriculture to the regional economy of the south west is noted and protecting the quality of the productive environment is an objective of the RPGs. Facilities to attract anglers are among the opportunities for further tourism development in the south west.

Section 6.5 of the RPGs covers Flood Risk Management. Impacts of flooding on human activities are acknowledged and the RPGs refer to the likely increase in risk of flooding at both coastal and inland locations due to climate change. The need for policy and actions to be developed to reduce flood risk is highlighted, as is the need for local and regional authorities to co-operate on this matter as flood and water movement can cross functional area boundaries.

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The RPGs note the requirement for local authorities to implement the Flood Risk Management Guidelines of 2009 and a Flood Risk Appraisal was carried out for the RPGs in line with policy guidance contained therein. Regional Policy of note is set out in REAS-05: Flood Risk Management and states:-

Consideration must be given to future appropriate land use policies in accordance with the requirements of the DEHLG Planning Guidelines The Planning System and Flood Risk Management. Strategic and local flood risk assessments and plans should be prepared where appropriate.

It is an objective of the Regional Planning Guidelines to promote the completion by the local authorities in the region of CFRAM Studies covering the South West by 2016, including a review of long term flood risk management options.

It is an objective of the Regional Planning Guidelines to ensure that significant developments in upland areas, such as wind farm developments, roadway construction, peatland drainage and forestry proposals, provide sufficient storm water attenuation so as to avoid the occurrence of river erosion or flooding downstream.

This proposal meets the requirements of the RPGs.

5.3.9 South Western River Basin District Plan 2009-2015

This plan covers the period 2009–2015 and has been prepared in consultation with all stakeholders. It sets out the measures to be taken by all stakeholders and the tools to prioritise the application of available resources to those measures, with the aim of achieving the objectives of the Water Framework Directive.

This Plan notes that:-

According to the Environmental Protection Agency 2009 report on urban waste water discharges, Skibbereen is among the 28 agglomerations nationally requiring secondary treatment that did not have the required level of treatment in place and were non-compliant with the requirements of the Urban Waste Water Treatment Regulations.

Section 4.2.3 of the Plan (New modifications or sustainable development) notes:-

Alternative objectives can also be set in cases where certain developments may cause a failure to achieve good status or to maintain high status. This is subject to the developments being of overriding public interest and/or there being overriding benefits to human health and safety. Alternative options for delivering these benefits must be considered and all practicable steps must be taken to mitigate adverse impact on the water body as required by Regulation 33 of the European Communities Environmental Objectives (Surface Waters) Regulations, S.I. No. 272 of 2009.

The absence from the plan of such developments does not preclude them from progressing, but they must be reported to the EC during subsequent plan updates. Examples of such developments may include the implementation of measures such as flood relief schemes.

Section 6.1.1 of the Plan (Land Use Planning) notes:-

Any potential impacts from future development on waters can be mitigated by properly incorporating the objectives established in this plan into development plans to ensure sustainable development.

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The proposed Drainage Scheme EIS and Design has been prepared in accordance with the SWRBMPs (See Chapter 7 Aquatic Flora and Fauna).

5.3.10 North and West Cork Strategic Plan 2002-2020

The North and West Cork Strategic Plan (N&WCSP) sets out a strategic framework for development for those parts of Cork County outside of the Cork Area Strategic Plan area. The N&WCSP aims for additional growth in towns such as Skibbereen, to try to rebalance the area’s population structure and provide a critical mass of population for the development of employment, services and other facilities to allow the town become self-sustaining and help support the wider area.

In terms of water resource management the N&WCSP discusses the aquatic habitat and the river environment in a broad sense, noting the influence of flood plains and surrounding land use practices on this environment. Developments listed as causing changes to the ecology and hydrological patterns of rivers include flood relief and drainage works. The N&WCSP notes that impacts resulting from such developments can involve destruction of in stream habitats, interference and removal of fish spawning and nursery grounds, the decrease in flow or increased rapidity and scouring, with consequences for quality and amenity can occur. Chapter 7 Aquatic Flora and Fauna of this EIS addresses any potential impacts to water quality, habitats and fisheries from the proposed drainage scheme.

The N&WCSP also acknowledges a shift from viewing rivers as an effluent outlet and flood nuisance cause to seeing rivers as an opportunity for amenity. Such increased access to rivers is considered a worthwhile goal, as awareness of water quality objectives tends to increase. River Corridor Management Plans for urban areas such as Skibbereen are promoted by the N&WCSP to improve habitats and provide attractive linear amenity facilities.

5.3.11 Cork County Development Plan 2009-2015

The current Cork County Development Plan (CDP) came into operation during February 2009 and provides a six-year planning framework for the county.

For planning purposes, the County is divided into four planning areas; Skibbereen is located in the West Strategic Planning Area. The West Strategic Planning Area has been associated with declining socio-economic indicators, according to the CDP, but this is offset by its attractive towns and scenery. The main opportunity identified by the CDP to strengthen the permanent population structure of the area is through strengthening the economic and employment base of the towns and larger villages and by developing the tourism and leisure economy.

The policy and objectives of this plan for the West Strategic Planning Area include:-

c. To establish an appropriate balance in the spatial distribution of future population growth so that Bantry, Castletownbere, Dunmanway and Skibbereen, can accelerate their rate of growth, broadly in line with the North and West Cork Strategic Plan, and achieve a critical mass of population to enable them to maximise their potential to attract new investment in employment, services and public transport.

As a main town, Objective SET1-1 promotes the sustainable development of Skibbereen to achieve a target population and enhance its capacity to attract new investment for the benefit of its population and rural hinterland. Furthermore, Objective SET3-20, which refers specifically to the settlement of Skibbereen reinforces this objective, and designates Skibbereen as an important centre for population, employment, services and tourism, serving a wider rural area including the islands.

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The town is designated as a District Employment Centre in the CDP. Such centres will serve the employment needs of urban areas as well as large rural hinterlands. Land will need to be provided within Skibbereen to accommodate employment activities. Land use zoning is discussed in more detail in the Local Area Plan (see Section 5.4 below). Future development is to be sympathetic to the architectural and historic character of the town.

As regards flood risk management, the overall strategy for the County, through Objective STA1-1(c) places flood risk management to the forefront of the development plan:-

It is an objective of this plan to ensure that growth and development of the county is managed in a manner that does not expose the population to increased risk from natural hazards such as flooding.

Section 6.5.22 of the CDP, in discussing surface water drainage management identifies a Major Flood Relief Scheme as a key infrastructural need.

Policies on flooding are set out in Sections 6.5.23 to 6.5.26 of the CDP. The Council seeks to avoid or minimise the threat of flooding in new developments, to minimise the impact of structures and earthworks on flood plains and river flow, and to reduce, insofar as possible, the rate and quantity of surface water run-off from all new developments.

Development that is sensitive to the effects of flooding, unless such development has been justified as essential in terms of sustainable and proper planning will be discouraged from locating in areas at risk of flooding. Any such development that is justified is to incorporate measures to reduce and manage flooding risks to the development itself and elsewhere through an appropriate flood risk assessment.

Any embankments in or across flood plains or river channels are discouraged in case of restriction or obstruction of flow and increased risk of flooding to property and land upstream. Where such structures are necessary, in exceptional cases, they should be designed to minimise and/or compensate for any potential negative effects, according to Section 6.5.25. (It should be noted that in this instance, embankments proposed are specifically designed for flood relief purposes, with due cognisance of any potential upstream impacts).

Appropriately designed developments that are less sensitive to the effects of flooding may be permissible in flood plains, provided they do not significantly reduce the flood plain area or otherwise restrict flow across the floodplain, e.g. parks, sports pitches and car park. Adequate drainage systems should be provided in these developments to deal with flood risk and minimise the rate and quantity of runoff through the use of semi permeable materials for example.

Objectives INF 5-9 requires sustainable urban drainage systems (SUDS) in all new large-scale developments and Objective 5-10 is to provide support for funding and to improve and extend surface water infrastructure to accommodate planned levels of growth.

Objective INF5-12 on Prevention of Flooding states the following:-

It is a general objective to manage surface water catchments and the use and development of lands adjoining streams, watercourses and rivers in such a ways as to minimise damage to property by instances of flooding and with regard to any conservation objectives of European sites within the relevant catchments and floodplains.

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An Appropriate Assessment Screening Report was undertaken to ensure avoidance of impacts to Natura 2000 sites (refer to Appendix 7.2 AA Screening Report).

Objective INF5-13 deals with Drainage and Flooding:-

(a) It is a general objective to implement the policies and guidelines of the Department of Environment, Heritage and Local Government and of the Office of Public Works in relation to flood plains and areas sensitive to flooding.

(b) It is an objective of this Plan to strongly discourage development, which is sensitive to the effects of flooding, unless justified as essential in terms of sustainable and proper planning, and, if so justified, incorporates measures to reduce and manage flooding risks to the development itself and elsewhere to the satisfaction of the planning authority, as developed through an appropriate flood risk assessment. Developments that are less sensitive to the effects of flooding, such as playing pitches, parks and car parks, may be permissible in flood plains, provided they do not significantly reduce the flood plain area or otherwise restrict flow across floodplains.

In January 2013, Cork County Council commenced a review of the current County Development Plan. An Issues Paper: ‘Planning for Cork County’s Future’ has been published. This paper includes Climate Change Adaption among its key principles and notes the need to adapt to effects such as flooding. A Green Infrastructure Strategy is proposed, which for example, would protect river corridors from inappropriate development to assist in preventing flood risk. A County wide Strategic Flood Risk Assessment of the policies and objectives carried out in the forthcoming development plan will be carried out.

The Issues Paper, in discussing retail and town centre development, advises vacancy is becoming more pronounced in some towns; Skibbereen has the highest overall general vacant gross floorspace of all towns surveyed. Future retail development will be encouraged to locate in existing vacant floorspace in the town centre. In this context the proposed drainage scheme is critical to reduce the impacts of flood risk on the use of such space.

The Drainage Scheme as proposed meets Cork County Council requirements as set out in their statutory development plan.

5.4 STATUTORY PLANNING CONTEXT

The proposed development is located in the town of Skibbereen and its environs. Skibbereen Town is in the functional control of Skibbereen Town Council and guided by the principles of the Skibbereen Town Development Plan, 2009. The Skibbereen Environs and hinterland (Skibbereen Rural and Woodfort EDs) is within the functional control of Cork County Council and is guided by the principles of the Skibbereen Electoral Area Local Area Plan 2011.

5.4.1 Skibbereen Town Development Plan 2009-2015

The Skibbereen Town Development Plan 2009-2015 sets out proposals to guide the physical land use development of the town over a six year period.

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5.4.1.1 General Content

In discussing physical development issues, the plan provides a detailed description of land uses within the town, identifying areas of retail, mixed use commercial, industrial and residential uses. Undeveloped land banks are also identified.

In terms of townscape the 19th century layout is cited as providing a distinct urban structure, the importance of the river and quays being obvious; however it is noted that the town moved away from the river in a southern direction along Market Street and Townshend Street in later times. The townscape is now reversing these trends and is beginning to recognise the role of the River Ilen; the river is acknowledged as having a strong part to play in the town’s enduring character. The natural floodplain must be recognised along with the river corridor and this flood plain and areas subject to flooding are identified in the plan.

The town’s role as an administrative, employment, commercial, health, recreational and educational centre for a wide hinterland is acknowledged. The town also seeks to enhance its tourism function.

Additional employment in the town is needed to retain and attract population; the plan considers that the town needs to reinvent itself and grow in confidence to attract investment and population. Fundamentally, to achieve objectives for the development of the town, Skibbereen must be a desirable place to live.

An Architectural Conservation Area covers the entire town centre and 163 no. listed buildings are located within Skibbereen. The town is partially included within a Zone of Archaeological Potential. There are five Historic Quays in Skibbereen. Chapter 12 Cultural Heritage of this EIS addresses potential impacts to Cultural Heritage from the proposed walls and embankments.

The River Ilen is listed as a strength and opportunity for the town but its flooding potential is considered a threat. A high level of vacant units in the town centre is noted among its weaknesses. This is discussed in detail in the plan as it affects investor confidence and if unchecked can adversely impact on town centre vibrancy and health; an overall assessment indicates acute problems in the town centre.

The N71 is identified as a strategic route running through Skibbereen. A car park for 200 cars is proposed for the Marsh, linked by existing pedestrian bridge to Levis’ Quay.

5.4.1.2 Town Centre Proposals

Plans for the town centre, urban renewal and regeneration are set out in part 3 of the plan. Four quarters are identified, including a riverfront quarter and five opportunity sites are identified and prioritised for development (Policy TC1-1 applies and Policy TC1-2 considers their development in the context of flood risk management requirements). The opportunity sites are as follows:-

• Opportunity Site 1: Fair Field, considered suitable for town centre development;

• Opportunity Site 2: Yard to rear of North Street, considered suitable for town centre development;

• Opportunity Site 3: West Backlands, considered suitable for mixed town centre uses plus river walkway;

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• Opportunity Site 4: Secondary Schools, considered suitable for educational or community purposes unless not needed for same; and

• Opportunity Site 5: Marsh Lands, considered suitable for public car park, Bus Eireann/tour bus stop/facility and open space uses.

5.4.1.3 Open Spaces and Amenity Walks

An Open Space Strategy has been provided for the town; much of the town’s open space provision is to the north of the town and much of that area is currently prone to flooding. Amenity walks are proposed, which are generally clustered around the river and its banks. The provision of one such walk along the southern bank of the Ilen is an objective of the plan. Policy ENV5 requires all future development on the southern bank of the Ilen to make provision for a 3 metre wide walkway along the waterfront. A high quality combined cycleway and walkway are also planned for the northern bank between the upstream bridge and the John F. Kennedy Bridge and beyond to link with the area of open space between the River Ilen and the Schull road (Objective ENV 8).

5.4.1.4 Flooding

One of the aims of the plan (set out in Section 14.1) is to protect existing and future population from possible future flooding events as far as possible.

The Plan states that no detailed flood risk assessment/analysis had been undertaken as part of the plan preparation process and thus the development strategy set out adopts a precautionary approach in accordance with the flooding guidelines. The plan advises that no development other than sports/recreation uses will be permitted on land identified as a flood plain. Objective WU9 of the Skibbereen Town Plan states as follows:-

‘Adopt a precautionary flood risk management approach including the continued implementation of flood remedial works and avoidance of flood risk areas for new developments.’

Surface water management policies are outlined in Policies WU3-1 and WU3-2, however the main policies of the Town Council pertinent to flooding area are set out in Policy WU4. These are informed by national guidelines and the text is provided in Appendix 5A of the Plan.

The Plan illustrates a defined flood risk area in Map 2 as outlined in Figure 5.1 of this Report. This flood zone is derived from historical OPW Flood hazard mapping and is also inherited from the Skibbereen Town Development Plan 2004. It does not cover the extent of areas inundated during the November 2009 flood event. The extent of the 2009 flood area is covered by RPS flood mapping which is based on more up-to-date information (See Figure 1.1 APSR)

5.4.1.5 Zoning

On examining the areas proposed to benefit from the proposed flood defences (shown in yellow on Figure 2.1 Overview of the proposed flood Relief Scheme), these areas apply broadly to three separate areas of the town, i.e. northeastern, northwestern and southern blocks of land. Zoning is as follows:-

• Northeastern block – residential, open space/sports/recreation/amenity, commercial, educational/institutional/civic, mixed use and amenity walk;

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• Northwestern block – commercial, residential, neighbourhood centre, open space/sports/recreation/amenity, landmark sites/nodal gateway; and

• Southern block – town centre, commercial, mixed use, residential, agriculture and indicative route of future distributor road.

The current zoning maps for Skibbereen Town and environs are provided in Figures 5.2 and 5.3.

Most of the proposed flood relief works will be located within the development boundary of the town and therefore are on or adjacent lands zoned under this plan.

5.4.2 Skibbereen Urban Study 2002

The Town Plan refers to the Skibbereen Urban Study 2002, which focuses on physical development options for an area defined by derelict riverfront lands to the south, the Marsh area and lands just north of the relief road. The study examined the development potential of these lands in the context of the flood risk posed by the River Ilen.

The Marsh area was deemed unsuitable for commercial development given restrictions that included necessary flood relief measures in the form of a relief channel1. It was recommended that the land be used for car parking2 and amenity purposes. Land to the north of the relief road was noted as prone to flooding and part of this area was recommended to be used for amenity purposes; the remainder of those lands were identified for industrial use.

Pedestrian linkages were central to the recommendations of the study to ensure that the riverfront area became a focal point of the town; a pedestrian bridge has been provided at Levis’ Quay to link the Marsh land with the town centre. A boardwalk along the southern bank of the river3 and additional pedestrian bridges were proposed linking the riverfront sites to the marsh lands. Development at the Marsh and at some of the key riverfront sites had commenced at the time of writing of the 2009 Town Plan. The West Backlands and part of the East Backlands (See 5.4.1.2 above) opportunity sites follow through from key development opportunities identified during the study.

5.4.3 Skibbereen Electoral Area Local Area Plan 2011

5.4.1.6 General Content

The Skibbereen Electoral Area Local Area Plan, 2011, (SEALAP), was adopted in July 2011. The SEALAP focuses on implementation of the development strategy for County Cork at a local level. At the outset it must be noted that significant changes to plans of this level since the previous plan period include the ‘assessment and management of flood risks in relation to future development and the inclusion of ‘Indicative Flood Extent Maps’ for the settlements of this electoral area’. This is due

1 This relief channel was not implemented and is not part of the current flood relief scheme proposal.

2 Part 8 Planning Permission is now in place for the proposed car park and the proposed scheme modelling has taken account of this future use.

3 Boardwalks have been provided in a limited area near Levis’ Quay.

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to the increase in concerns over the incidence and effects of flooding. The SEALAP implements the principles of the Guidelines for Planning Authorities ‘The Planning System and Flood Risk Management, November 2009’. Further details on the flood risk mapping provided for this plan are set out in Appendix 5.1 The Planning System and Flood Risk Management – Guidelines for Planning Authorities 2009 (Extract). Objectives of the plan relating to Flood Risk and this proposed drainage scheme are in line with national policy and are also set out in Appendix 5.1 The Planning System and Flood Risk Management – Guidelines for Planning Authorities 2009 (Extract).

Skibbereen is one of three main settlements within this electoral area. Section 1.5.12 identifies the main towns as the most significant material asset of the areas:-

They represent the product of many decades of investment in buildings…, health facilities, schools, social and community facilities and wealth of supporting infrastructure. Across the County as a whole, the 2006 census recorded that over 25% of the population lived in the main towns. In addition, many people who live in villages, smaller settlements or rural areas rely on the main towns for at least one important aspect of their daily lives (e.g. work, shopping, education etc).

The SEALAP seeks to make the best use of investments in the built fabric and infrastructure in the main towns, establish these as the main location for future investment and prioritise investment in infrastructure to support the development of land identified for the future needs of the towns.

According to this plan, the strategic aims for Skibbereen are ‘for continued growth and development with Skibbereen acting as the primary urban centre for a large rural hinterland with key employment, educational, service and tourism functions. Set in the heart of West Cork, Skibbereen as a county town and growth/development centre performs an important employment, service and social function for an extensive rural hinterland’.

Skibbereen is described as an attractive town in terms of landscape and townscape. Future development must be sympathetic to the architectural and historic character of the town, according to the SEALAP.

5.4.2.2 Flooding

A detailed discussion on flooding is included in the SEALAP; parts of the town are identified as being at risk of flooding and these follow the path of the River Ilen through the town. Amendments to zoning have been made based on the potential flood risk to these lands. The floodplain of the River Ilen is noted as lying to the north of the town; this is identified in the Skibbereen Town Development Plan 2009-2015 (see Section 5.4.1 of this EIS). Areas of land subject to flooding historically are also identified therein.

The SEALAP refers to river alignment works that have reduced flooding frequency and note further alleviation measures contained in the Skibbereen Urban Study 2002, which also contains specific proposals to offset any increase in flood water level caused by the potential development of the Marsh area for community and recreation purposes. Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems will be required for developments within the area.

5.4.2.3 Zoning

The land use zoning map for Skibbereen Environs is illustrated in Figure 5.3. Based on the Indicative Flood Extent Maps, significant areas of Skibbereen Town are located within Flood Zone A, and within Flood Zone B to a lesser extent. Much of this land will benefit from the proposed drainage scheme.

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Lands within the Environs of Skibbereen, as covered by the SEALAP, which are zoned for development in/adjacent to current flood risk areas include most of the area of land zoned for industry I-02 at the north of the town. Residential area R-02 abuts an area susceptible to flooding; however an area previously zoned for residential development south of this has been dezoned based on indicative flood extent maps. Open space area O-01 is predominantly located in an area of flood risk. A small area of land block I-01 at the northeast of the town, zoned for industry, is located within a Zone A flood susceptible area and a small part of R-04, zoning for residential development at the south east corner of the town is located within a Zone B area. Relevant zoning objectives within the SEALAP 2011 are set out in Figure 5.3.

Development Boundary Objective DB-04 requires all proposals for development within areas identified as being at risk of flooding to comply with Objectives FD 1-1- to 1-6 (see above and Appendix 4A of the Plan) and with the provisions of the Ministerial Guidelines ‘The Planning System and Flood Risk Management’. Where specific parcels of zoned lands are included within areas susceptible to flooding, the zoning objective also specifically provides that any proposal for development on these sites is accompanied by a flood risk assessment that complies with Chapter 5 of the Guidelines.

In terms of proposed flood relief infrastructure, much of this development is to take place on, adjacent or near lands zoned for development within the SEALAP.

A green belt for Skibbereen Town has been identified in the Plan, where development will be restricted and lands will be reserved primarily for agriculture, open space and recreation uses.

5.4.2.4 Other

The existence of the Lough Hyne Nature Reserve cSAC and pNHA c5km from the town is noted as are scenic routes S82, S90 (N71 Skibbereen to Leap and Skibbereen to Ballydehob) and S88 (R595 Skibbereen to Baltimore). The SEALAP refers to the Draft Landscape Strategy 2007, which designates landscape in the area as of low value, medium sensitivity and of local level landscape importance. Chapter 9 Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment discusses visual impact from the proposed drainage scheme. The existence of archaeological monuments in the environs area which require protection is also noted and is discussed in Chapter 12 Cultural Heritage of this EIS.

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0 50 100 Kilometers

Client Cork County Council

Project River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme

Title Skibbereen Town Development Plan 2009 - 2015 Constraints Map Figure 5.1 Innishmore, Ballincollig, Co Cork, Ireland T +353 21 4665900 F +353 21 4873742 E [email protected] W rpsgroup.com/ireland Issue Details

Drawn by: T Hurley Project No. MCE0703

Checked by: A Fitzgerald File Ref.

Approved by: B Brice MCE0703Mi00023F01

Scale: N.T.S. Drawing No. Rev.

Date: April 2013 Mi0023 F01

Notes 1. This drawing is the property of RPS Group Ltd. It is a confidential document and must not be copied, used, or its contents divulged without prior written consent. 2. All levels are referred to Ordnance Datum, Malin Head. 3. Ordnance Survey Ireland Licence EN 0005013 ©Copyright Government of Ireland.

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0 50 100 Kilometers

Client Cork County Council

Project River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme GORTNAa.. Title Skibbereen Town Development Plan 2009 - 2015 Figure 5.2 Innishmore, Ballincollig, Co Cork, Ireland T +353 21 4665900 F +353 21 4873742 E [email protected] W rpsgroup.com/ireland Issue Details

Drawn by: T Hurley Project No. MCE0703

Checked by: A Fitzgerald File Ref.

Approved by: B Brice MCE0703Mi00022F01

Scale: N.T.S. Drawing No. Rev.

Date: April 2013 Mi0022 F01

Notes 1. This drawing is the property of RPS Group Ltd. It is a Ordnance confidential document and must not be copied, used, or its contents divulged without prior written consent. Survey 2. All levels are referred to Ordnance Datum, Malin Head. 3. Ordnance Survey Ireland Licence EN 0005013 '''''''''' ©Copyright Government of Ireland.

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0 50 100 Kilometers

Client Cork County Council

Project River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme

Title Skibbereen Local Area Plan 2011 - Zoning Map

Figure 5.3 Innishmore, Ballincollig, Co Cork, Ireland T +353 21 4665900 F +353 21 4873742 E [email protected] W rpsgroup.com/ireland Issue Details Ordnance Drawn by: T Hurley Project No. MCE0703 Survey Checked by: A Fitzgerald File Ref. I m oM Approved by: B Brice MCE0703Mi00021F01

Scale: N.T.S. Drawing No. Rev. Open Space I Sports Town Centre I Mi0021 F01 D Settlement Boundary Industry Date: April 2013 Recreation I Amenity Neighbourhood Centre Special Policy Area • Utilities D Area Susceptible to Flooding: Zone A o 1. This drawing is the property of RPS Group Ltd. It is a Notes Existing Built-up Area Residential CI:I:I:J Roads r--' confidential document and must not be copied, used, D Community I Utility Business Enterprioo I I Area SuS(;~plible to Flooding: Zone B or its contents divulged without prior written consent. •o 2. All levels are referred to Ordnance Datum, Malin Head. • CI:I:I:J D Walkwa}'S ----' 3. Ordnance Survey Ireland Licence EN 0005013 - ©Copyright Government of Ireland.

Environmental Impact Statement – River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme Volume II Main Document

5.5 CONCLUSIONS

5.5.1 Strategic Planning Context

The proposed development complies with the strategic planning context as set out above. The proposed scheme has been developed on a river catchment basis, taking into account the drainage regime of the River Ilen basin and crossing local authority boundaries as the study area is located in both the Cork County and Skibbereen Town Council functional areas. The overall flood risk management scheme includes both structural and non-structural aspects in an integrated approach to flood prevention. This is in line with European Directives and national policy for flood risk management. The progress of the drainage scheme is ahead of the target date for the preparation of the schemes for the south west region. This scheme is considered a major infrastructural need in current county level planning policy.

In keeping with national policy guidance, the proposed development seeks to prevent and reduce flood risk in the River Ilen basin. This will benefit Skibbereen Town, identified as a main town within county level planning policy and an important service centre for its hinterland, as recognised by national, regional and local strategic policy. Current planning policy seeks to guide development to settlements and encourage growth. Reducing flood risk provides a more favourable and certain environment for residential, commercial and other development necessary to provide accommodation, employment and services for the town’s residents, the wider rural community and visitors. Infrastructural improvements such as those proposed protect existing assets and encourage the provision of further facilities, which are important in settlements in peripheral areas like West Cork, with particular reference to Skibbereen’s designation as an urban strengthening opportunity in the NSS and a District Employment Centre in the current Cork County Development Plan. The reduction of flood risk in the town centre is considered an essential factor in reducing vacancy rates.

The scheme complies with national and regional policy in that it is subject to Environmental Impact Assessment (as set out in this EIS) and Appropriate Assessment Screening included in Appendix 7.2 AA Screening Report to take into consideration any potential adverse environmental effects. The scheme has been designed with due cognisance of environmental constraints (as documented in the Environmental Constraints Report, RPS 2011) and has been modified where necessary to avoid and reduce impacts. Mitigation is proposed where necessary throughout this EIS. Assessments carried out include consideration of changes to the river’s hydrological and ecological patterns.

The County Development Plan policy discourages embankments that might restrict or obstruct flow and increase risk of flooding upstream. In this case the proposed embankments and flood walls are designed to increase the holding capacity of the natural flood plain and work with the river’s regime. There will be displacement of floodwaters to upstream areas during flood events as a result of the proposed works. This will be limited to the holding of additional floodwaters in existing floodplains. No highly vulnerable land uses, as defined within the Flood Risk Management Guidelines, are anticipated to be affected. This matter is discussed further in Chapter 6 Community and Socio- Economic Impact Assessment of this EIS.

The scheme also takes account of the amenity value of the River Ilen.

5.5.2 Statutory Planning Context

5.5.2.1 Overall Context

The proposed scheme will protect and enhance Skibbereen’s role as a population, service and employment centre and a tourist centre within the wider area.

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The proposed scheme will help improve town centre vitality and vibrancy, which is important to develop and maintain a strong urban centre and attractive environment. This is important in the context of the relatively high vacancy rates in the town centre, which might otherwise be exacerbated by persistent and/or serious flood damage. Further discussion on this matter is provided in Chapter 6 Community and Socio-Economic Impact Assessment of this EIS.

The implementation of the scheme will influence future flood risk mapping. Managing flood risk to protect significant areas of the town will allow more flexibility and certainty when formulating future development plan zoning objectives for these areas, i.e. for premises which are currently located within Flood Risk Zones A and B, but are to benefit from the proposed scheme. Where site development would currently be restricted to low vulnerability development classes, or where strong justification would be needed to allow a development to proceed that would be suitable for the particular location if flood risk were not a factor, higher vulnerability classes are likely to be permissible in future.

The scheme takes account of the natural flood plain of the river and seeks to maximise its capacity for the containment of flood waters. It should be noted that the flood relief measures outlined in the Skibbereen Urban Study, such as the proposed flood relief channel, will not proceed and will be superseded by the development proposals outlined in this application for should the scheme be approved.

The proposed scheme respects the importance of the river to the character of the town. Proposed flood defences will be kept to an optimal height to deal with severe flood events, with appropriate reserves, but will not exceed the necessary heights. This avoids excessive loss of river views and overly dominant structures. In terms of historic character and the built environment, Chapter 12 Cultural Heritage discusses the proposed scheme in detail as it relates to the cultural heritage of the town; Chapter 9 Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment addresses visual impact. In the context of the public realm, the proposed flood walls will be stone finished in keeping with many of the existing walls in the town centre and on approach roads such as the R593 Drimoleague Road/Mill Road.

5.5.2.2 Impacts on Potential Future Development Sites

Some undeveloped zoned lands will benefit from the provision of flood defences. These lands include a residentially zoned area at the northwest of the town, a proposed neighbourhood centre site (also northwest of the town centre), areas zoned for open space and amenity uses and brownfield development sites located in the area designated for town centre uses (See Figures 5.2 and 5.3).

There will be some landtake required to construct flood defences on undeveloped but zoned lands. These plots are predominantly zoned for open space; the main objectives and proposals in place for such lands include amenity walks, which are discussed in detail below, and the proposed car park at the Marsh, which will be unaffected.

Works to be carried out to the west of the Ilen (the northern part of ‘Ilen 13’ as per details outlined in Section 2.4) will result in a small section of embankment (150 m of the 547 m section of embankment to be provided in this location) being located within plot I-02, which is zoned for industrial uses in the SEALAP. This area is minimal in the context of the size of the overall site (15.6 ha) and the structure itself will not preclude future industrial development at this location. Part of the site will be contained as part of the future floodplain by the proposed embankment; however much of the site is currently susceptible to flooding given its location within the existing floodplain and this would be a consideration in any flood risk assessment for development proposals at the site in the absence of the proposed scheme.

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The embankment proposed perpendicular to the stream along the roadside boundary of the Lurriga Road (‘Show 4’), which is to comprise an area of c.100 m long embankment will dissect a commercially zoned land block, however the proposed line of the embankment is located within agricultural land along a field boundary that separates the land from a dwelling house and garden. Based on property ownership information received from the client, it appears that the dwelling house and associated curtilage are in separate ownership. The embankment in itself will not preclude commercial activity at either side of the embankment. It will benefit the western portion of the land block (the section in residential use) which is currently susceptible to flooding. The eastern portion of the land block will remain susceptible to flooding and thus no change in development constraints is anticipated in that area.

While works described under ‘Caol 4’ are to be located in residentially zoned lands, the flood relief wall in question will be provided adjacent an area of incidental open space currently connected to the access to an existing housing development (Cois Caol). Access to the remainder of the residentially zoned land block beyond will be unaffected.

Works detailed as ‘Assolas 3’ will involve the construction of an embankment on residentially zoned land; however, the proposed embankment will protect the remainder of the lands, which are currently susceptible to flooding, from future flood events and thus create a more favourable environment for any future development proposals.

The proposed pumping station (Glen 1) adjacent the Glencurragh Stream will be located in lands zoned for Phase II Residential Development. The pumping station will include an underground pump sump with access points, an above ground control kiosk and possibly, an electricity substation. A hard-standing area will be required for access and maintenance purposes. In the context of the overall area of land zoned for future residential development, it is anticipated that the proposed pumping station will be located beside the road and that intrusion on this area of zoned land will be minimal. The future development of residential uses in this area will not be precluded, however the development of a layout for a housing area will need to consider the proposed infrastructure as a constraint.

In considering the potential development of the opportunity sites identified in the Skibbereen Town Plan (See Section 5.1.4.2), it is considered that the proposed scheme will indirectly allow several sites to be brought forward for development in a more certain context (subject to meeting requirements of the Planning System and Flood Risk Management – Guidelines for Planning Authorities 2009). Opportunity Sites 2 and 3 (East and West Backlands) will benefit from the flood relief works; landtake from the proposed flood relief structures in these areas is likely to be minimal and will not prevent redevelopment. These sites are particularly important in terms of achieving compact urban development and a strong urban core. Impacts on amenity walks which should be provided as part of the redevelopment of these sites are considered below. The north-western part of Opportunity Site 4 (Secondary Schools) will benefit from the drainage scheme but will have to accommodate an embankment; landtake is minimal in the context of the overall site. Limited river channel widening works will be required at the southern part of Opportunity Site 5 (The Marsh) but will not impact on proposals for this site in any significant manner; proposed car parking and amenity uses in line with the Skibbereen Urban Study including a riverside walkway will remain implementable at this location. The proposed scheme is based on modelling that takes account of proposals for the Marsh lands. Opportunity Site 1 (Fair Field) will be unaffected.

5.5.2.3 Amenity Walks

The current Skibbereen Town Development Plan objectives for the town set out a number of amenity walks, most of which are routed along the river banks. The amenity walk lines are indicative only and do not form part of proposals for the proposed Drainage Scheme. The proposed scheme has however avoided impinging on these indicative walkway lines should they be developed in the future.

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On the northern bank, the proposed works will not interfere with likely future walking routes at The Marsh. The objective to provide a walkway/cycleway along the northern bank of the Ilen on the Schull Ballydehob road will however need to be considered in consultation with the local authority and property owners where necessary at detailed design stage. The indicative route along the river will not be affected but access to the road from the riverside at the western end of this area could be obstructed by the proposed embankment and flood wall in this location. The proposed works will not preclude access over the embankment/wall if necessary in the future.

At the southern bank, the existing route west of John F. Kennedy Bridge will be unaffected. Where flood walls are to be provided west of John F. Kennedy Bridge, the works required to provide these structures will aim not to preclude the future provision of boardwalks or other walkways by others to allow a complete riverside loop walk to be in place in the future. Walks will not be provided as part of the proposed scheme (current planning policy states that 3 m wide walks are to be provided for as part of any developments in this area).

East of John F. Kennedy Bridge, details of access to the river front at the West Cork Hotel grounds will be finalised at detailed design stage; views of the river will remain. Existing boardwalks where they have been provided at new developments east of Levis’ Quay will remain. The works required to provide flood walls and embankments at the rear of properties on North Street will aim not to preclude the future provision of boardwalks or other forms of pedestrian facilities at this location by others. As advised above, 3 m wide walks are to be provided as part of developments on the southern side of the Ilen in this location under current planning policy.

The potential for the development of a proposed riverside amenity walk running north along the Ilen from the town rugby grounds will be influenced by an embankment. Alternative access arrangements and/or rerouting is likely to be required should this route be developed in future. The Town Council can consider provision of the amenity walk here in future without compromising the integrity of the flood defence embankment.

5.5.3 Overall Conclusion

The proposed development complies with strategic planning policy. No specific mitigation is recommended.

In terms of the statutory planning policy context for the town of Skibbereen, the following is noted:

Future development proposals on zoned land that is susceptible to flooding are currently required to be assessed in accordance with the relevant Flood Risk Guidelines. Any undeveloped zoned land that remains susceptible to flooding following scheme implementation will remain subject to that requirement. Some undeveloped zoned land will benefit from the proposed scheme and on balance the impact will be significant, positive and long-term.

At operational stage, the proposed scheme will influence design and route options for the future implementation of policy objectives to provide amenity walks and a cycleway for the town in some areas. In these areas, the works required will aim not to preclude the future development of walking routes by other parties in future. Consultation will be carried out with the local authority and property owners as necessary at detailed design stage.

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6 COMMUNITY AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT ASSESSMENT

6.1 INTRODUCTION

Human beings comprise one of the most important elements of the “environment”. Any potential impact on human beings that may arise from the proposed River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme must therefore be appropriately assessed. The principal concern is to ensure that human beings within the study area experience no significant unacceptable diminution in aspects of “quality of life” as a consequence of the construction and operation of the proposed development. Relevant components of “Human Beings” in this section of the EIS include: population, employment, and community aspects.

This section considers in detail the existing socio-economic context of the site, identifies the various sensitive ‘communities’ within the vicinity of the site, and assesses the potential for impact on same. Other sections of this EIS, which are relevant for the purposes of assessing impact on the socio- economic characteristics of the town and its environs, as appropriate, are referenced as necessary.

6.2 METHODOLOGY

6.2.1 Evaluation and Impact Assessment

The proposed development is a Drainage Scheme to be located within Skibbereen Town and its environs, within the catchment of the River Ilen. Proposed infrastructure comprises a pumping station, walls, embankments, culverts, overflow channel and some localised channel widening as well as drainage works, bridge regrading works (J.F.K. Bridge), works to a mill race, insertion of valves and general facilitating works. These works are typical requirements of a Drainage Scheme in an urban area. Non-structural measures are also proposed as part of the overall flood risk management scheme and these include increased public awareness, proactive and planned maintenance programme, planning and development controls and the management of lands within the flood plain. Such secondary measures are increasingly part of policy on integrated approaches to flood relief.

The fundamental goal of the proposed drainage works is to protect human beings and their activities from adverse impacts associated with flood events to their properties. However, the impacts associated with the construction and operation of the scheme must be considered, particularly in light of the location of the works within and around a settlement that is home to a significant resident population. Skibbereen also serves as an important employment and service centre for its hinterland and its location within West Cork places it in a busy tourist area. Impacts on the working and visiting communities must therefore also be taken into account.

This socio-economic impact assessment is carried out by way of a combination of desk-based studies and site visits and investigations. The methodology adopted is based on the guidelines and recommendations contained in the EPA advice documents as follows:-

• Guidelines on the information to be contained in Environmental Impact Statements (2002); and

• Advice notes on Current Practice in the preparation of EIS (2003).

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Having regard to these advices, the issues examined include economic activity, social considerations, land use, and health and safety matters. Where appropriate we have examined impacts on human beings as impacts on different groupings of people in general, rather than specific individuals.

Information on the demographic and employment characteristics of the resident population within the catchment area which are considered of relevance is provided. Population information is sourced mainly from the Census of Population 2011 and 2006. Consideration of current unemployment patterns is based on up-to-date information available from the Live Register (Skibbereen Area).

Information on tourists visiting the area was obtained from Fáilte Ireland Annual Tourism Fact Sheets which were accessed via their website.

Information on insurance issues was sourced from representatives of the insurance industry and from an internet search.

Identification of sensitive communities and land uses was undertaken by a mix of site visits and a review of Development Plan mapping.

The focus of the chapter is therefore to establish the potential for socio-economic impacts on population and employment in the area and on potential impacts to the community, including the resident, working and visiting community. Land use is considered in addressing potential impacts on the resident and working community. In this regard, any particularly sensitive land uses are identified and considered in this assessment. Each section will set out the detail of the existing environment, the characteristics of the development that could have socio-economic impacts; the consequences of such impacts; and mitigation measures where considered necessary.

6.2.2 Consultation

A summary of consultation carried out and of responses to consultation relevant to this chapter is provided in Chapter 3 Methodology and Consultation of this EIS. Chapter 7 Aquatic Flora and Fauna addresses all consultation responses with regards to potential impacts to fisheries, water and protected species,. Relevant consultees include Fáilte Ireland, Inland Fisheries Ireland, River Ilen Angler’s Club, Skibbereen Rowing Club, Skibbereen Rugby Club, Skibbereen Flood Committee and various other local groups, government departments and semi-state bodies. Issues raised are also discussed where relevant throughout this Chapter.

6.2.3 Site Visit

A site visit to inform this chapter was carried out on September 3rd 2012. The site visit comprised of a walkover of the scheme where access was available; in other areas the sites were viewed from the public road. In a limited number of areas, full views were unavailable; however aerial photography provided sufficient information. The site visit also confirmed land uses and provided an overview of the town and environs.

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6.3 DESCRIPTION OF EXISTING ENVIRONMENT

6.3.1 Demography and Employment - Statistical Context

The most recent Census of Population for which population statistics are currently available is the Census of Population 2011. The Small Area Population Statistics provide detailed, local information on socio-economic groups and employment in the area, on an Electoral Division basis.

Live Register information presents the most up to date situation as regards unemployment.

For the purposes of comparison, information on population levels and change within the State, County Cork and for the Electoral Divisions of Skibbereen Urban, Skibbereen Rural and Woodfort (in which the study area is located), is provided. While these EDs do not correlate precisely to the study area, they are considered the best fit for the purposes of providing meaningful statistics. The study area is determined on a river catchment basis and therefore does not directly relate to any political or administrative boundaries; therefore for the purposes of statistical analysis figures provided cover the entire areas of each ED which the study area fully or partially contains.

Population Levels

Table 6.1 below presents population figures for the years between 2002 and 2011. It incorporates a comparison between rates of growth/decline across the Electoral Divisions of the immediate catchment area, as well as comparisons with the County and State averages.

Table 6.1: Population and Rates of Population Change at Local, County and State Levels for 2002, 2006 and 2011

Change Change 2006 - Population Population Population Area 2002 - 2006 2011 2002 2006 2011 (% Change) (% Change) State 3,917,203 4,234,925 4,588,252 +8.2 +8.3 County Cork 324,767 361,877 399802 +11.4 +10.4 Study Area Totals 3550 3932 4197 +10.7 +9.8 Skibbereen Urban 2,000 2,338 2568 +17 +9.8 Skibbereen Rural 1,146 1,200 1252 +4.7 +4.3 Woodfort 404 394 377 -2.5 -4.3 Source: Census of Population 2002, 2006 and 2011

The population of the State increased at rates of 8.2% and 8.3% between the inter-censal periods of 2002 to 2006 and 2006 to 2011. Growth within Cork County has been higher during those periods, at 11.4% and 10.4% respectively. Population growth within the overall study area lies between the two; ahead of the state average but slower than the county rate. This relatively strong growth is attributable particularly to the growth rates in the Skibbereen Urban area in both inter-censal periods, especially during 2002-2006, where growth stood at 17%. It is likely that this level of growth occurred primarily because of the occupation of new housing developments in the town during that time. Population in Woodfort ED, the more rural of the EDs considered, has declined due to natural decrease or out-migration. Growth within the Skibbereen Rural ED has been relatively low over the same timeframe. The rate of growth within the study area is likely to be below the county average due to the distance of the location from the Cork Metropolitan area.

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Age Profile

The age profile of the catchment population of the State, Cork County and the relevant Electoral Divisions for 2006 and 2011 are highlighted in Table 6.2 below. For ease of analysis of the structure of the population residing within each catchment area, three categories are examined:-

• The dependant population (i.e. those persons within the 0-14 and 65+ age cohorts);

• The working/independent population (i.e. those persons residing within the 15-64 year age cohorts); and

• The childbearing population (aged 15-44).

Table 6.2: Population of Each Area Categorised into Independent, Dependent and Childbearing Cohorts between 2006 and 2011 (to nearest %)

15-64 Years (0-14) And 65+ Years Child-Bearing Area Independent Dependent 15-44 Years 2006 2011 2006 2011 2006 2011 State 69 67 31 33 47 44 Cork County 68 65.9 32 34 46 43 Skibbereen Urban 68 65 32 35 46 43 Skibbereen Rural 60 55 40 45 32 32 Woodfort 69 66 31 34 44 36 Study Area 66 62 34 38 41 37 Source: Census of Population 2006 and 2011

From an analysis of the above, it is concluded that the proportion of the population in the independent age cohort for the study area was below the county and state figures in 2006 and had fallen to a lower level again by 2011. This could be attributed to out-migration from the area among this age group in recent years. The Skibbereen Rural ED showed a particularly significant drop between 2006 and 2011, i.e. from 60% to 55%.

There is a higher proportion of population in the dependant age group within the study area for both 2006 and 2011 than in the county or state areas. This has increased between 2006 and 2011 and has implications in that these categories, particularly those in the 65+ cohort are more vulnerable to the impacts of flood events than those in the independent age cohort. Again the Skibbereen Rural ED is of note due to the fact that it has a particularly high level in this cohort (45% in 2011 as opposed to 35% and 34% in Skibbereen Urban and Woodfort EDs respectively).

The child-bearing cohort, or the younger sub-groups of the independent cohort, is significantly lower than the State and County average and has declined between 2006 and 2011 from 41% to 37%; particularly high levels of decline in Woodfort ED are influential where the proportion of the population in this cohort declined from 44% to 36% in the corresponding period. National and county levels in this cohort have also declined, however, as advised previously, these are at a higher level. Numbers in this cohort have implications for the population profile and population trends in the area in future. A low and declining number in this cohort is likely to result in population decrease or a slower rate of increase in forthcoming intercensal periods excluding other factors such as in and out migration.

Household Size

Table 6.3 below illustrates the average no. of persons per household in the study area, Cork County and the State in 2006 and 2011.

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Table 6.3: Average Number of Persons per Household, 2002 & 2006

Area 2006 2011 State 2.9 2.72 Cork County 2.9 2.82 Study Area Average 2.84 2.64 Skibbereen Urban 2.34 2.27 Skibbereen Rural 3.07 2.75 Woodfort 3.12 2.9 Source: Census of Population 2006 & 2011

The average number of persons per household for the State in 2011 was 2.72 persons, falling from 2.9 persons per household in 2006 (continuing a trend of decline from the average of 3.2 persons per household in Ireland in 2002). Household size in County Cork also fell between 2006 and 2011, albeit by a smaller margin (from 2.9 to 2.82). The relevant electoral areas follow a similar trend of decline, which is particularly noticeable in the Skibbereen Rural ED. The overall study area has a lower average household size in both years analysed; in 2011 this stood at 2.64.

Employment Status

The most recent information available from the Census of Population in respect of the principle economic status of the local population of the relevant Electoral Divisions, is from the 2011 Census of Population.

This information, together with corresponding detail from the 2006 Census is shown in Tables 6.4 (a) and (b) below.

In this regard, it is clear that the unemployment level of the local catchment area is close to the state average and is significantly above the county average. The Skibbereen Urban area experienced a particularly high level of unemployment in 2011, at 18.3%. These unemployment levels are generated purely from the principle economic status of persons over 15 years recorded in the Census of Population and are useful for comparing the relative performance of an area compared with State or County averages. Significant increases at all levels are noted since corresponding data was collected for 2006, which is representative of the current recession.

Table 6.4 (a): Labour Force and Unemployment Level, 2011

1st time Unemployment Area At Work Unemployed Work Force Jobseeker Level State 1,807,360 34,166 390,677 2,572,121 15.1% Cork County 164,441 2,006 26,597 224,115 11.8% Study Area Total 1,579 31 332 2,227 14.9% Skibbereen 972 25 262 1,430 18.3% Urban Skibbereen Rural 438 3 49 576 8.5% Woodfort 169 3 21 221 9.5% Source: Census of Population 2011

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Table 6.4 (b): Labour Force and Unemployment Level, 2006 1st time Unemployment Area At Work Unemployed Work Force Jobseeker Level State 1,930,042 29,372 150,084 2,109,498 7.1% Cork County 167092 1839 8646 213,423 4% Study Area Total 1758 20 120 2254 5.3% Skibbereen 1085 14 89 1,384 6.4% Urban Skibbereen 470 5 27 618 4.4% Rural 203 1 4 252 1.6% Woodfort Source: Census of Population 2006

A recording of numbers receiving unemployment benefits is obtained from live register figures recorded by the Central Statistics Office. Live register1 figures are updated on a monthly basis. In this regard, it should be noted that the standardised unemployment rate recorded for the State as a whole in January 2013 was 14.6%. This includes casual and part-time workers entitled to payments. This rate has almost trebled from the January 2008 figure of 4.9%.

The number of people on the live register for the local Skibbereen Social Welfare Office for January 2013 was 1,315; this number is a significant increase from 2008 when the numbers stood at 413 for the corresponding month. January 2012 figures were 1,268. Figures reached a high point in 2011, with 1,375 people on the live register in this area. Emigration is likely to be a factor in fluctuating numbers in recent years. The rate of increase in the live register figures locally in the period 2008 to 2013 is higher than that of the state increase. This is likely to relate to the study area’s lack of proximity to a major urban area and trends are consistent with those concluded from an assessment of the census data on the principle economic status of the population.

The Census information from 2011 and 2006 also provides information on the type of industry in which local people are employed in. This information is also provided for the State and County levels for comparative purposes. The key employment sectors in the study area in 2011 were commerce and trade and professional services. This is typical of such a study area which predominantly comprises an urban area; a more rural study area would indicate a higher number engaged in agriculture, fishing and forestry. The most significant changes in the industries providing employment in the study area between 2006 and 2011 were the reductions in the numbers employed in building and construction and in manufacturing industry.

Table 6.5 (a): Persons at Work by Industry 2011

Agri. Building and Manuf’g Commerce Transport Public Profess- Other Total Forestry Construction Industry and Trade and Admin. ional Area and Comm’ns Services Fishing State 91,526 87,371 209,803 456,289 146,530 113,860 425,349 276,632 1,807,360 Cork County 1,564 731 7,922 18,561 2,796 3,647 28,347 11,722 75,290 Study Area Total 21 7 36 216 14 45 265 154 758 Skibbereen 5 3 28 147 11 18 166 119 497 Urban Skibbereen 9 3 3 50 3 23 78 25 194 Rural Woodfort 7 1 5 19 0 4 21 10 67 Source: Census of Population 2011

1 The Live Register does not record ‘unemployment’ as it also captures employed people such as those in casual or part-time employment that are in receipt of payments from the state such as Jobseeker’s Benefit.

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Table 6.5(b): Persons at Work by Industry 2006

Agri. Building Manuf’g Comm- Transport Public Profess- Other Total Forestry and Industry erce and and Admin. ional Area and Const- Trade Comm’ns Services Fishing ruction

State 22,421 155,774 239,396 44,4818 85,392 100,354 302,349 265,800 1,616,304 Cork County 2,652 15,068 25,206 33,716 6,480 7,311 25,909 17,944 134,286 Study Area Total 32 153 197 350 69 68 296 166 1,331 Skibbereen 15 110 154 231 39 35 167 123 874 Urban Skibbereen 10 34 27 82 25 26 96 32 332 Rural Woodfort 7 9 16 37 5 7 33 11 125 Source: Census of Population 2006

6.3.2 Community and Population Groupings

Resident Population

The town of Skibbereen and its environs is the only settlement within the study area. Residential areas have developed along linear routes, i.e. the main approach roads to the town and there is also a strong residential component within the town centre, comprised of older housing stock and more recent development including new apartment buildings. Residential areas on the outskirts comprise planned housing developments, and individual houses on their own plots. The larger planned developments are predominantly located at the west of the town, along the southern bank of the Ilen (e.g. Inis Alainn, Newbridge Park) and to the north of the N71 (e.g. The Moorings), and to the east and southeast of the town centre (e.g. The Hawthorns, The Mills, Pound Hill). The town centre accommodates most of the older units. Services for residents, including retail and business services are concentrated within the town centre.

The Skibbereen Electoral Area Local Area Plan advises that there were 1427 dwellings in Skibbereen in 2010. There were 10 units under construction that year, 49 units were vacant. There were outstanding planning permissions for 338 units. No new additional development is required to accommodate the town’s 2020 population target according to the plan. There is zoned land potential for a further 1629 residential units within the town and its environs.

Significant areas of residential property within Skibbereen are currently subject to flooding. These include established residential properties within the town centre (to the south of the River Ilen and adjacent/near the Caol Stream), residential areas along the Glencurragh Road/north of the Schull/Ballydehob Road, part of The Flax Mills development south of the Ilen west of the town centre, dwellings and gardens on Mill Road including Glenilen Terrace, a number of properties on the Baltimore Road and an area near the Cork Road at the east of the town. See Figure 1.2.

Some of the proposed flood relief measures will take place on or adjacent residential properties. These include embankments and walls to the northwest of the Baltimore Road, walls along the Caol Stream both to the rear of residential properties or visible along approaches to residential developments, a wall north of properties at The Flax Mills (and embankments to the east and west), an embankment and wall to the rear of residential properties on North Street (many of these buildings have a commercial component), embankments and walls along/in the area of Mill Road and a proposed pumping station near dwellings at Glencurragh (The Moorings Residential Estate). See Figure 1.2.

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Working Population

Skibbereen is designated as a District Employment centre in the Cork County Development Plan, which is discussed in more detail in Chapter 5 Strategic and Statutory Planning Context. As a service and employment centre for its residents and hinterland, the town accommodates a significant working population.

Employment is provided in public facilities within the town centre and outside it at locations such as the Civil Defence Cork West, Skibbereen Fire Station and the Health Service Executive facilities at the hospital grounds. The Marsh Road, to the north of the town is the key industrial location in Skibbereen; facilities located here include CH Marine, Cork Co-operative Marts, the NCT centre and also, a business park which is occupied by some retail warehousing units (Heat Merchants/Electric Merchants and Seán O’Driscoll Bedding & Furniture) among other uses. There are a number of unoccupied units here. Commercial areas include the Castletownshend Road for example, where businesses operating include Carbery Pre-Cast and Field’s Bakery. Commercial enterprises, such as professional services, are located within the town centre and at smaller sites scattered throughout the study area.

Retail activity is concentrated within the town centre including convenience stores such as Field’s Super Valu, and comparison outlets, with a strong interiors/crafts emphasis. Family run businesses dominate the retail sector within Skibbereen. There are some retail multiples in operation within the town, including a Lidl store on the Baltimore Road. Retail activity is important as a service for the wider rural hinterland and for the vitality and vibrancy of the town centre as well as for direct economic impacts. Some retail warehousing is evident at the business park on the Marsh Road, as discussed above, and near the Baltimore Road Roundabout.

In terms of employment in the tourism and recreation sector, there are two hotels, along with a number of guesthouses and B&Bs that provide employment. Employment in the bar/restaurant sector is boosted by the tourist trade.

Many of the town’s employment providers are located in areas currently subject to flooding, for example, the industrial area east of the Marsh Road, the commercial area east of the Baltimore Road roundabout and areas within the town centre where services (including tourism), retail and professional services are located.

Visiting Population

Fáilte Ireland’s ‘Overseas Visitors to Counties in 2011 – Preliminary Estimates, July 2012’ advises that 1,081,000 people visited County Cork in 2011, generating an estimated revenue of €432 million. Cork was the second most visited county after Dublin. Visitor numbers to Cork were highest from Britain (396,000), followed by Mainland Europe (390,000) and North America (220,000). Preliminary estimates for tourism numbers by region provide a figure of 1,614,000 visitors to the South West in 2011, second only to the Dublin region. Estimated revenue for the South West is €618 million. If these estimates are confirmed by the CSO on release of final figures, this will represent a change in trends from the decline in visitor numbers that has occurred since 2007. For example, 1,448,000 people visited the South West in 2010 but 1,514,000 people visited the region in 2009.

In the context of Skibbereen and West Cork, any increase in tourist numbers to the South West region must be cautiously considered, as media reports in recent times suggest a strong upturn in visitor figures to Cork City, stemming from the listing of the city as one of Lonely Planet’s recommended top ten city breaks in 2009 and the visit of Queen Elizabeth II to the city in 2011.

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More detailed information on visitor numbers, origins and reasons for visits are available for the South West region for 2010. As outlined above, this region is particularly popular for European and British visitors. British visitors often arrive to visit friends or family in the region and tend to stay within the south west for this reason. Three in five visited between March and October 2010; the arrival of British holidaymakers specifically peaked in August. European visitors to the region travelled here mainly for holidays and June, July and August were the peak arrival months. The largest proportion of North American visitors travelled to the South West in September. While more North American visitors visited Kerry, a greater number of British and European visitors visited Cork in 2010. Revenue from overseas tourists was higher in County Cork than in County Kerry (€352mn versus €154mn). 57% of overseas visitors in 2010 stayed in hotels, guesthouses or B&Bs, while 27% stayed with friends and relatives. Visitor numbers include those on business trips.

While a summer peak is evident, visitors do come to the region throughout the year; visits to friends and family are particularly more spread across the calendar year. None of the region’s top ten visitor attractions for 2010 are located within the study area, however Skibbereen does contain a number of tourist attractions.

The main visitor facility is the Skibbereen Heritage Centre which is located within the restored Old Gasworks Building on Upper Bridge Street. The Heritage Centre includes an exhibition on the Great Famine, an archaeology trail of Skibbereen and genealogy services. It is also home to the Lough Hyne Visitor Centre. The West Cork Arts Centre is located in the town. The traditional streetscape and the riverside location in itself are also attractions of the town. An organised historical walking tour of Skibbereen visits locations that have direct links with the Great Famine. A mass famine grave site is located at Abbeystrowery Graveyard just west of the town.

The town is a cycling hub, designated as such by Fáilte Ireland in the national cycling strategy. A number of full and half day cycling routes are based in the town. Routes include loops towards Tragumna and Toe Head, Baltimore and Lough Hyne and to Mount Kid northwest of the town. See Figure 6.1 below:

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Figure 6.1: Way-marked Cycle Routes based in Skibbereen

The River Ilen offers salmon and sea trout game angling, from the town centre north for 5 km, with some fishing for brown trout.2 Accessible angling sites in the area are at Ballyhilty Bridge, which is over 1km upstream of the proposed physical flood relief works. Rudd and pike are found at Lough Abisdealy; Liss Ard Estate provides fishing on the grounds as part of its accommodation and activity offer. Chapter 7 Aquatic Flora and Fauna provides detailed information on fisheries in the study area.

The River Ilen is also used for rowing; Skibbereen Rowing Club has a boathouse at the west of the town at Drisheen.

In the immediate area, there is also an 18-hole golf course. The West Cork area is a popular venue for walking (there are mapped routes within the Liss Ard Residential Estate for example).

Annual events held in the town which attract visitors include ‘A Taste of West Cork Food Festival’, Skibbereen Arts Week, Skibbereen Show and the Liss Ard Music Festival held just outside the town. An adventure race is being held at Liss Ard this year. The current Skibbereen Electoral Area LAP promotes the town as a centre for Arts and Crafts for West Cork; a new building for the West Cork Arts Centre is planned just west of the Caol Stream south of Levis’ Quay.

2 According to Fáilte Ireland figures, 127,000 overseas visitors engaged in angling while in Ireland in 2010; 57,000 of these visitors came from Britain.

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Skibbereen is also an important base for tourists visiting West Cork. Within easy reach of the town are the fishing and boating villages of Glandore, Union Hall, Baltimore and Castletownsend. Scuba diving is available in areas such as Lough Hyne and in Baltimore. The town is also close to ferry points at Baltimore and Cunnamore Point for Oileáin Chleire, Sherkin and Heir Islands. There are also sites of archaeological interest in the area.

Within the town, there are a number of small guesthouses and B&Bs, with accommodation for visitors also provided by hotels such as the Eldon Hotel and West Cork Hotel (both located on the southern banks of the Ilen). A hostel is also located within the town on Main Street. The Hideaway Camping & Caravan Park is located on the Castletownsend Road. The town also contains a number of bars, restaurants and cafés. The Liss Ard Residential Estate outside the town also provides accommodation.

Within the study area itself, the most important area for visitors is the town centre as this is the main focus for tourist activity; the Heritage Centre, West Cork Arts Centre, heritage walks, tourist accommodation, hotels, bars, restaurants and café’s are located here. Much of the town centre is a designated Architectural Conservation Area, with a significant number of protected structures of architectural and historic importance, which contribute to its attractive streetscape.

Consultation has been undertaken with Fáilte Ireland, the local Tourist Office and relevant recreational groups within the town regarding the proposed Drainage Scheme.

6.3.3 Land Use

The most vulnerable land uses in the context of flood risk include Garda, ambulance and fire stations, hospitals, emergency access points and command centres that would require to be operational during flood events, schools, dwelling houses, hostels, residential institutions, caravans/mobile home parks, sheltered housing and essential infrastructure3. Essential infrastructure, such as telecommunications, is discussed in Chapter 14 Material Assets.

The Skibbereen Community Services Campus, operated by the Health Service Executive is located to the north of the town, just outside the study area on the R593. This facility includes the County Hospital, ambulance base, mental health services and a day care centre. The main access to this facility from the town centre is via Mill Road which is prone to flooding.

Currently, significant numbers of properties and facilities classed as highly vulnerable land uses and developments in Skibbereen are susceptible to flooding. These include significant residential areas, as discussed above, other premises that are occupied by people overnight such as the Eldon Hotel, facilities required to remain operational during flood events, such as the Fire Station on Marsh Road and the access road to the ambulance base, and schools such as St. Fachtna’s de la Salle.

While other uses are considered, ‘less vulnerable’ in the context of flood risk management, flood impacts can regardless be costly and traumatic events for occupants and owners. The study area contains many retail, commercial, industrial and leisure buildings, a bus depot and agricultural lands, which all fall under this vulnerability category. The study area also contains ‘water-compatible’ uses such as recreational facilities, for example, playing pitches and changing rooms associated with the town’s rugby (Skibbereen RFC), soccer and GAA (O’Donovan Rossa) clubs. The town’s playground and Showgrounds are susceptible to flooding.

3 Ref: The Planning System and Flood Risk Management: Guidelines for Planning Authorities – See Chapter 5 Planning Context for Further Details.

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Some of the land uses extant within Skibbereen are concentrated in clusters. Educational facilities are concentrated at the northeast of the town. Open space and recreational facilities are located primarily to the north of the town. Clusters of industrial and commercial activity are discussed above under employment.

A large tract of land to the north of the River Ilen and town centre has not been developed due to historic flooding, this area is locally known as the Marsh area.

There is an existing riverside walkway, forming part of the town’s Slí na Sláinte walking route at the western side of the town, along the southern bank of the Ilen; the route lies north of housing developments such as Inis Álainn, Newbridge Park and Riverdale Estate and is used regularly.

There are formal and obvious access points to the river located at Levis’ Quay (steps), the West Cork Hotel (steps and pontoon) and north of the Flax Mills housing development (slipway).4 There are also likely to be less obvious and informal access points to the river.

6.3.4 Health and Safety Aspects

Currently significant areas of Skibbereen are prone to flooding. Flood events have implications for human health and safety. The study area’s communities are at risk of injury or illness during flood events, including those trapped in flooded buildings, wading through floodwaters and those employed in the emergency services and volunteer groups.

No works are proposed to current road safety barriers along the town’s relief road. There are a number of life buoys located adjacent the rivers within the study area.

6.4 POTENTIAL IMPACTS

6.4.1 Construction Phase

6.4.1.1 Demography and Employment

Population

The construction phase of the proposed development does not have the potential to materially impact on population levels or the profile of the local population. A number of construction workers may move into the area on a temporary basis for the duration of the construction phase, i.e. over 24 months. This could have a slight short-term positive impact for local businesses and accommodation providers but is not likely to impact on population levels.

Employment Status

It is expected that the construction of the River Ilen Drainage Scheme will be for a duration of 24 months. It is not known at this stage how many jobs will be created, however employment will be

4 Note this was roped off on date of site inspection and does not appear to be frequently used.

______RPS/MCE0703RP0004 6-12 Rev. F01 Environmental Impact Statement – River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme Volume II Main Document generated directly by the proposed scheme. Additionally, some existing employment is likely to be supported through local spending generated by construction workers, e.g. on fuel, food, building supplies, haulage services etc. This will generate a slight positive short-term impact, particularly in the context of the downturn in construction employment locally and nationally in recent years.

Some disruption to existing businesses may arise during the construction period, due to works close to premises, road closures etc., however this will be for a temporary period only and no significant impacts such as job losses due to this construction phase are likely. Impacts are likely to be neutral.

Overall a slight positive short-term impact on employment is predicted.

6.4.1.2 Community and Population Groupings

Resident Population

The construction of the proposed development will give rise to some disruption for the resident population. The construction phase is likely to involve works including pile driving, excavation, placing of cast in situ concrete, placing of pipes and masonry facing along with other construction processes as set out in Section 2.3 and 2.4 of this EIS. Potential impacts include construction noise, and issues with dust and vibration, arising from the construction processes and from associated construction traffic. Also there is likely to be disruption to vehicular and pedestrian traffic due to works under or adjacent public roads (culverting at two locations on the R593, U-box construction on the Caol Stream between Levis’ Quay and the bridge at the southern end of Market St., embankment construction, drainage works, sheet piling on the Caol Stream etc.) the movement of construction vehicles and potential road closures or requirements for signalling during culverting, regrading and drainage works. Visual amenities for the resident population will be impacted upon by the presence of plant and security fencing and the nature of the works being undertaken. Such impacts on the resident population as a group are predicted to be moderate temporary adverse impacts and intermittently, may be significant in particular locations.

Temporary disruption to amenity uses in parts of the river is also anticipated; this is covered in more detail in the discussion on the Visiting Community below.

Impacts will arise particularly to the residential amenities of the occupants of specific residential properties within the study area where some of the proposed flood defences are to be constructed on or adjacent residential properties (i.e. embankments constructed within residents gardens). Residents predicted to be most affected by construction works and associated impacts are those on or adjacent whose lands elements of the proposed flood defence scheme are to be constructed.

These are as follows:-

• Residents of dwelling houses on the Baltimore Road, where embankments are to be constructed in front gardens (3 no. properties).

• Residents of dwelling houses on the Baltimore Road and fronting onto the local road to west of same, where flood walls or embankments are to be constructed in rear gardens.

• Residents of Market Street where a walled channel is to be provided within the Caol Stream at the rear boundary of residential properties.

• Residents of The Flax Mills, where flood walls and embankments are to be constructed (Numbers 1-10 particularly).

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• Residents of properties on the western side of North street where a significant embankment, floodwall and stone revetment is to be constructed in the Ilen.

• Residents of Mill Road where flood walls and embankments are to be constructed adjacent residential properties (c.8 properties).

• Residents of a dwelling on the Cork Road, where an embankment is to be constructed to the rear of a residential premises (1 no. dwelling house).

• Residents of Upper Bridge St., where a flood wall is to be constructed (c.2 properties in particular).

Predicted impacts include temporary loss of residential amenity through construction noise, vibration and dust, temporary loss of use of part of private gardens in places (particularly residential properties on Baltimore Road), temporary loss of privacy through the presence of construction workers and impacts on visual amenity within private properties while works are in progress. Some localised removal of trees and planting will also be required. Cumulatively, these impacts are considered to be moderate to significant temporary adverse impacts. However, this must be considered in terms of the operational impacts on these properties, which will benefit from the provision of the overall Drainage Scheme .

Working Population

The sources of potential impact during the construction phase are generally similar to those likely to be experienced by the resident population, i.e. primarily noise, dust and vibration from the construction process and construction traffic, disruption to movement and circulation due to traffic management measures (including road closures) and construction traffic, disruption to public parking areas that are likely to be used by employees and customers of town centre businesses and visual impacts due to the construction process and the presence of temporary plant and temporary hoardings. ‘Visibility/Prominence’ of commercial premises and access to some properties may be impacted upon during the construction phase. Impacts are anticipated to be moderate to significant, temporary, short-term.

Potential effects on particular individual premises and properties accommodating workers are discussed under land use.

Visiting Population

Visitors will experience some disruption during the construction period, due to construction related process and activities(noise, dust, vibration, construction traffic movements, temporary access arrangements in the study area due to road closures etc.) in the same manner as residents and workers, though the visiting community will experience these impacts for a much shorter time period. Works will not be continuous over all areas where construction activity is required during the two-year period. Views of the river from the town (the river being an important amenity feature in this regard) will be impacted temporarily where works, including in-stream works are being carried out (See Chapter 9 Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment). Generally impacts are anticipated to be short-term, moderate and negative.

Visitors availing of tourist facilities within and around the town may experience some disruption during their stay in locations where works are being carried out. For example, works will need to be carried out at or adjacent the West Cork Hotel, the Heritage Centre, the Eldon Hotel, The Hideaway Camping & Caravan Park and some bars and restaurants.

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Activities at the Heritage Centre will be carried out adjacent to construction work activities and visitors may experience some noise, dust and vibration; where a wall is to be provided. The orientation of the visitor centre access should keep impacts to slight-moderate, negative and temporary.

Visitors to the West Cork Hotel are also likely to be inconvenienced and experience disruption during the construction process; particularly given that the enjoyment of the seating and amenity area/boardwalk within the hotel grounds is premised upon its riverside location. Impacts are anticipated to be slight-moderate, negative and temporary

A wall is to be constructed at the rear of the Eldon Hotel car park and temporary disruption due to construction processes here is likely to arise impacting on visitors in a slight temporary negative manner.

An embankment is to be constructed at The Hideaway Camping & Caravan Park, this could have temporary, moderate, negative impacts on visitors to the site in terms of noise, dust and conflict with construction traffic as well as the loss of riverside amenity.

Construction activities will impact negatively (temporary, moderate) on the terrace of the Riverside Café where an outdoor seating area overlooks the river.

Visitors utilising the town’s amenity walk (Slí na Sláinte route) and/or the cycle routes based in the town will experience disruption when construction activities are being carried out in the areas where these are located. Pedestrian routes and cycle routes will be affected for only relatively short distances at the start and finish of loops and minor inconvenience on a temporary basis only is likely to occur. These are considered to be temporary, slight, negative impacts.

Visiting anglers may be inconvenienced while works are ongoing; this is considered an unavoidable temporary impact of a slight magnitude given the numbers involved. Chapter 7 Aquatic Flora and Fauna provides further detail on impacts to fisheries.

6.4.1.3 Land Use

Construction works may affect land uses within the study area through temporary landtake for construction purposes, temporary severance of particular land areas to facilitate construction works and temporary access restrictions (access to land uses, including amenity areas, and to the river may be affected).

Land uses occurring within the study area are set out above under the description of the existing environment. The most sensitive land uses likely to be affected during construction are residential units, hotels and other tourist amenities, and schools.

Impacts on hotels and tourist amenities are considered for the most part under the Visiting Community.

Amenity and recreation uses to be affected by construction works include the Showgrounds, the grounds of the Skibbereen RFC, the town soccer pitches, the playing pitch associated with St. Fachtna’s de la Salle and the O’Donovan Rossa GAA grounds. The operations of the various sports clubs could be disrupted during the relevant playing seasons. A public seating area (separate to the sports facilities) north of the Ilen on the Schull road will be unavailable for use during the construction

______RPS/MCE0703RP0004 6-15 Rev. F01 Environmental Impact Statement – River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme Volume II Main Document of a flood wall in this location and part of an embankment adjacent. The use of the sports pitches and showgrounds is not continuous and avoidance of construction during events such as matches can minimise impacts. Overall impacts are expected to be temporary, slight and negative.

Retail and commercial facilities, particularly those in the town centre will be affected by disruption to traffic circulation during road closures and works to areas such as the insertion of the U-box into the Caol Stream from Levis’ Quay to the upstream bridges. This disruption to access and temporary land take in public parking areas will impact workers and customers. This will occur for a temporary period only and is considered an unavoidable slight to moderate adverse impact.

Particular premises are likely to be subject to temporary landtake for construction, for example the Lidl outlet on the Baltimore Road, commercial premises on North Street and Bridge Street and industrial premises between Market Street and the Baltimore Road roundabout on the Marsh Road. However, where working room is tight, access for construction will be from platforms within the river. Thus construction land take will be limited to areas where suitable space is available. Impacts will be slight to moderate, temporary and negative.

Some flood relief measures are to be located on agricultural lands and accordingly limited areas of agricultural land will be affected during the construction phase; impacts will be temporary, slight and negative.

Construction traffic could conflict with traffic generated by uses such as schools. Works are proposed to be carried out adjacent St. Fachtna’s de la Salle and the access road to the other secondary schools in the town (Mercy Heights and Rossa College) and on lands across the road from Abbeystrowery N.S. Impacts predicted will be temporary, negative and moderate.

Water based uses will also be affected temporarily during construction; and some works, particularly in-stream works, will affect activities of anglers (see Visiting Community above and Chapter 7 Aquatic Flora and Fauna) of the rowing club, particularly those works in the area around John F. Kennedy Bridge. However, as previously stated, works will not be ongoing in all areas for the entire 2- year construction period and the impacts are considered to be temporary, negative and slight to moderate.

Access points to the river will be unavailable for use in certain areas during the construction process; these include the steps at Levis’ Quay during the construction of the adjacent wall, the slip north of the Flax Mills from the commencement of construction of the wall and flood gate and the steps to the pontoon at the West Cork Hotel from the commencement of the construction of the adjacent wall. These are unavoidable temporary moderate adverse impacts, although it should be noted that some of these access points will be unavailable on a permanent basis and this is detailed below under Operational Stage Impacts.

6.4.1.4 Health and Safety Aspects

The construction process has the potential to impact on the health and safety of two groups; construction workers and members of the public. Where possible, construction access will be taken from the riverbank, however where working space is restricted on the landside, it will be necessary to construct temporary working platforms within the river channel. Masonry facing to flood walls may also be carried out from in-stream temporary working platforms. In-stream works such as river bed regrading and bridge regrading, as well as the construction of the walled channel within the Caol Stream, will need to be carried out from within the watercourse. Works will therefore be undertaken in and adjacent the river and its tributaries in and close to a busy urban environment. Works on and adjacent public roads will also be required and public safety must be considered accordingly.

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The construction of the proposed new flood relief infrastructure will be carried out under the supervision of a Project Supervisor Construction Stage (PSCS) in accordance with Heath and Safety Regulations. The PSCS will manage and co-ordinate health and safety matters during the construction stage in accordance with the provisions and requirements of the Safety, Health and Welfare at Work (Construction) Regulations, 2006. The PSCS will be appointed before the construction work begins and will remain in that position until all construction work on the project is completed. All work, including in-stream works and works within, under or adjacent the public road will also be managed in this regard. Generally, any potential adverse impacts regarding health and safety issues at construction stage are considered to be temporary and slight at most given the requirement to adhere to relevant Health and Safety Regulations during construction.

A reduction in the number or lack of accessibility to life buoys of such features could have significant adverse impacts. This could result in a temporary significant negative impact should a potential drowning incident occur in the absence of a life buoy in the vicinity of a life saving device location.

6.4.2 Operational Phase

6.4.2.1 Demography and Employment

Population Levels

There are a significant number of residential properties located within the town centre and its environs which are currently subject to flooding, according to the RPS Flood Study Zone mapping (See Figure 1.2). These residential areas are described above in Section 6.3.2 and will benefit from the proposed scheme. Severe flood events occurred within the town in November 2009 and December 2010. Other flood events of significance occurred in 1986 (severe) and 1982, 1975, 1974, 1969 (less severe). Frequent flooding was recorded in the 1940s and 1950s. Given that flood water damage can render homes inhabitable for a temporary or even permanent period, repeated serious flood events could reduce population levels in parts of the town prone to regular flooding, in the event that a Drainage Scheme is not put in place. Information provided from the insurance industry confirms that 2% of the Irish population are currently excluded from flood cover; flood cover is unlikely to be provided by insurance companies following one serious (or two minor) flood events that impact a property.5 This represents an economic deterrent to those living in or considering relocating to a residential property in an area susceptible to flooding.

The development of the proposed Drainage Scheme has the potential to generate a significant positive long-term impact in this regard, as it could help to maintain existing population and furthermore might attract additional population to residential areas of the study area if concerns relating to floodrisk are allayed. Furthermore, as discussed in Chapter 5 Strategic and Statutory Planning Context, the development of this Drainage Scheme will reduce the risk of flooding on residentially zoned lands.

At operational stage, maintenance and repair work will be carried out as necessary but this is anticipated to be infrequent and therefore does not have the potential to impact on population levels through the attraction of a related permanent workforce to the study area.

Overall, impacts on population are expected to be positive, long-term and significant in that reduced risk, uncertainty and trauma associated with flood events should help retain existing population and possibly support increases in the population of the study area.

5 Source: Irish Insurance Federation and Media Reports (September 2012).

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Employment Status

The Office of Public Works is obliged to maintain flood relief and drainage schemes in proper repair and in an effective condition. Works such as clearance of obstructions, repair or rebuilding of embankments and prevention of erosion will need to be carried out as required, for example on a six year cycle, with needs determined based on annual inspection. However, the works are not expected to be significant or to require a large number of workers for a significant period. Therefore, the potential for any material changes to employment levels in the area based on physical works requirements is considered low and in any case, impacts would be positive.

The overriding impact of the proposed scheme at operational stage for employment is expected to be the improved certainty for operators of businesses in parts of the study area that are currently prone to flooding. The reduction of the risk of flooding in the locations identified will reduce incidences of flood damage to premises, goods, and services such as telephones and IT facilities, thus reducing clean-up costs and insurance premiums and preventing the need for businesses in the town to close either temporarily or permanently to remediate properties. Businesses experience the same difficulties in obtaining flood insurance cover as residential properties, which are discussed above. This should result in the retention of existing jobs.

A reduction in the occurrence of flood damage to businesses should improve investor confidence in Skibbereen as a location. This should encourage new businesses to establish and allow expansions which might otherwise have been deferred or cancelled on foot of uncertainty regarding flooding. These are potential positive impacts.

Employment is not expected to be negatively affected by any factors at operational stage; no land take proposed is expected to impede the future continuance of existing economic activity.

On the whole, predicted impacts for employment as a result of the proposed Drainage Scheme are expected to be moderate, positive and long-term. While no materially significant change in employment is to be generated by the operation of the flood relief measures themselves, improved certainty in the business environment, reduced costs associated with clean up operations and improved opportunities to obtain flood cover from the insurance industry should assist businesses in continuing operations in the study area, thus reducing a threat to existing jobs and encouraging the establishment of new businesses.

6.4.2.2 Community and Population Groupings

Resident Population

The proposed scheme will protect approximately 170 residential properties from flood risk during a 1 in 200 year flood event. Therefore the scheme will have a significant positive impact on residents through the reduction of risk from serious flooding events to homes; this will reduce financial costs incurred following flood damage to homes and gardens, difficulties arising in obtaining insurance cover and occurrences of displacement from homes and the associated disruption and stress with such an impact. Therefore, economic and health benefits are likely to occur. The proposed development has the potential to create significant long-term positive impacts for the residential population as a group.

The quality and appearance of the urban environment and the retention of businesses, services, amenities and associated employment are also likely to result in positive impacts for residents of the area.

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The proposed scheme may result in some imperceptible to moderate negative impacts for some individual residents, through the physical and visual changes to property boundaries or other parts of properties. There is likely to be loss of planting and trees on private residential properties along parts of the proposed scheme route. For example, adjacent the Assolas Stream (i.e. Assolas 4 and Assolas 5 in Chapter 2 Project Description), and along the Caol Stream, particularly where works are to be carried out at the section described as Caol 1. However, where walls are to be provided within or adjacent to such private residential properties a high quality of masonry finish is proposed and where embankments are proposed, these are to be seeded with grass. While some negative impacts could arise at individual properties where flood defences are to be constructed, it is set out as part of the Outline Construction Methodology (Chapter 2 Project Description) that lands entered on or disturbed during construction will be reinstated to their original condition upon completion of the main works; landscaping is to take place following construction in a manner appropriate to each area. This will mitigate against any material negative impacts at operational stage. The OPW will have the right to enter private residential properties to inspect and maintain the flood defences in future. This could have impacts such as further temporary damage to gardens, loss of privacy and residential amenity for temporary periods, etc.

Notwithstanding same, the residential properties where flood defences are to be constructed will benefit from the works to be carried out by way of protection from future flood events. This will also outweigh impacts arising from any future requirement for access for inspection or maintenance.

Therefore the overriding impact on the residential population will be significant, long-term and positive impact.

Working Population

As discussed above in relation to employment, many of the town’s working community will see a significant positive impact due to reduction in severity and occurrence of flood events. The proposed scheme will protect 136 non-residential properties from flood risk during a 1 in 200 year flood event.

The risk of flood damage to properties, stock, telecommunications and other infrastructure, will be reduced in areas of the town where commerce is centred, such as the town centre south of the Ilen along the Caol Stream and the industrial units north of the town on Marsh Road. This will reduce incidences of temporary or permanent closure of business premises and the associated disruption and stress to the working community. The development of the Drainage Scheme for the River Ilen and its tributaries has the potential to generate increased certainty among business owners and their employees in terms of the trading environment in the town, thus improving the likelihood of job security. The scheme will reduce the burden of the financial costs of closures, which is particularly relevant in the current economic climate, where business operating environments are already constrained. Repeat occurrences of flood damage can hinder the ability to obtain insurance cover and prevent a business from recovering from a serious flood event and recommencing trading. The likely improvements in certainty of business operating conditions can have an important positive impact on town centre appearance, vibrancy and vitality. The proposed Drainage Scheme is anticipated to have a significant positive impact on the working population of Skibbereen at operational stage by reducing flood risk and associated effects on the working community.

The proposed scheme will generally alter the appearance of the study area in places, which will be visible to the working community. Landscaping appropriate to the area will be carried out during reinstatement works. Visual impact is discussed in Chapter 9 Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment.

Outside of the town, some displacement of flood waters is expected to occur, however it is anticipated that this will be limited to the holding of additional flood waters within existing flood plains. No land

______RPS/MCE0703RP0004 6-19 Rev. F01 Environmental Impact Statement – River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme Volume II Main Document uses considered as ‘highly vulnerable’ under current flood risk guidelines are anticipated to be affected; however, some disruption to the farming community in upstream locations may occur. This would be considered a slight negative long-term impact given that the areas affected are to be existing flood plains.

Visiting Population

A number of facilities located within the study area will benefit from the proposed Drainage Scheme as they are currently prone to flooding. These include the Skibbereen Heritage Centre on Upper Bridge St., the Eldon Hotel, the car park of the West Cork Hotel and a number of bars and restaurants. The site of the proposed new West Cork Arts Centre is also currently susceptible to flooding. The scheme therefore has the potential to result in a significant positive impact for visitors to the town, who currently risk disruption to their activities and enjoyment due to flood events.

The proposed reduction of town centre flood damage occurrence should facilitate improvements in the quality of the urban environment, including an improvement in the appearance of buildings in the traditional townscape and knock-on effects such as reductions in vacancy rates. This should improve or at least maintain the attractiveness of Skibbereen as a place to visit.

Impacts on visiting anglers could arise due to interference with fish levels at operational stage arising from loss of habitat due to the existence of the proposed structures or impeded movements of fish through culverts for example. Research indicates that no commercial salmon or sea trout were caught on the River Ilen during 2010 (according to the latest published data from Inland Fisheries Ireland). The Ilen river’s attractiveness for angling is not as strong as other rivers in the area, such as the Bandon. This suggests that any impacts arising are likely to be slight to moderate in terms of the numbers of visitors affected. However, from consultation with local anglers, the IFI and NPWS as set out in Chapter 7 Aquatic Flora and Fauna, and findings outlined therein that advise that angling is carried out in the area, that the river is of national importance and is an important salmonid fishery, it is clear that there is potential for adverse impacts on angling.

In terms of activity at Lough Abisdealy, a walled channel is proposed at the Caol Stream (this replaces an earlier culvert proposal). This proposal has been discussed with the IFI, and there have been no objections raised. The channel will be designed to be “fish-friendly”, and a thalweg will be provided within the channel to emulate the existing streambed features in so far as possible. No impact (Neutral) on activity at Lough Abisdealy is envisaged.

Some flood defences have the potential to impact negatively on the visiting community. Flood walls are proposed to the north of the Heritage Centre and the West Cork Hotel and an embankment with a wall is proposed adjacent the rear terrace of the Riverside Cafe on North Street. These structures could interfere with the attractive visual connection with the river at these locations.

No significant changes in outlook from the Heritage Centre are proposed; the wall at this location will be relatively low. Impact at operational stage is expected to be positive overall.

The works adjacent the West Cork Hotel will impact on the current enjoyment of the riverside location by hotel visitors. However, views to the river are to remain. Seating will be available on the riverside of the proposed wall. Operational stage impacts on this property in this respect are considered likely to be neutral (see also Land Use below).

A walled channel is to be constructed adjacent the site for the proposed new West Cork Arts Centre, this has replaced an earlier proposal for culverting at this location. The current proposal, while the river will remain open, will involve the construction of walls ranging from 1.2 m to 1.6 m high in relation

______RPS/MCE0703RP0004 6-20 Rev. F01 Environmental Impact Statement – River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme Volume II Main Document to the level of the adjacent roads and car park, thus representing a change to the visual relationship of this area with the river. However river views will remain, particularly from the proposed cantilevered first floor and as the site is currently susceptible to flooding, the overall impact on this property is expected to be moderate, positive and long-term.

Views of flood defences along scenic routes, such as the N71 towards Ballydehob and Schull, from approach roads into the town such as Mill Road and from central areas such as publicly accessible areas beside the Caol Stream have the potential to impact on the visual amenities of visitors. However, a high quality masonry finish is proposed to be provided where appropriate and embankments are proposed to be seeded with grass. Visual impact is discussed in detail in Chapter 9 Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment.

Overall, a significant long-term positive impact is expected for the visiting community at operational stage as the risk of disruption to holidays and business trips through flooding of accommodation, restaurants and entertainment venues, visitor facilities and generally around footpaths and roads in the study area will be reduced.

6.4.2.3 Land Use

As discussed throughout this chapter, it is clear that a significant number of land uses within the study area will benefit from the proposed Drainage Scheme . These include residential, industrial, commercial, retail, educational, social and community, and amenity and recreational land uses. Given the number of activities and scale of lands affected, the reduction of flood impacts on these land uses, is likely to be a significant long-term positive impact.

Where feasible the scheme as proposed will maintain open areas, including the existing flood plain, for the storage and conveyance of flood waters. It will provide additional and secured capacity within a flood plain to store waters in the event of a 1 in 200 year flood. Any displacement of flood waters to new areas is to be limited to the holding of additional flood waters in existing floodplains. No highly vulnerable land uses are anticipated to be affected. However, there could be impacts on agricultural operations at these locations.

There will be some land take which will affect users of particular parts of the study area. Land take will predominantly be from public areas. There will be limited loss of public amenity however.

At Upper Bridge Street, a low wall is proposed to be provided relative to the level of the boardwalk adjacent the town’s Heritage Centre (Ilen 4 – note levels provided in Chapter 2 Project Description refer to car park level as opposed to boardwalk); this will not impede existing views and the boardwalk will be replaced as necessary. The Heritage Centre will benefit from the proposed Drainage Scheme. Any land take of private property in this area will be limited as ground conditions in public areas are favourable. Furthermore, properties east of the Heritage Centre will also benefit from the proposed scheme.

An embankment and wall is proposed to be provided to the rear of properties on North Street (Ilen 9). These structures will be carried out within the river bed where possible and channel widening will be carried out on the opposite side of the river. There may be some requirements for land take of private property at this location should obstacles to the current proposals be encountered at detailed site investigation stage. The exact extent will be determined following detailed site investigation; consultation will be carried out with the relevant landowners and compensatory measures put in place as necessary. Landowners in this location, where they currently enjoy access to the river bank and the amenity afforded by views of same, will lose this connection. However, these properties will benefit from a reduced risk of flooding.

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A small portion of the car park and planted area to the west of the library will be used for an embankment (Ilen 9), however a considerable amount of off-street parking is available in the town (e.g., former Mart site, rear of Super Valu) and a further car park is proposed at The Marsh.

An embankment is proposed to be provided on the grounds of St. Fachtna’s de la Salle secondary school (Ilen 10). The use of the playing fields in terms of layout will not be affected by the proposed embankment; however access from the school buildings to the south will be impacted by the proposed embankment in this location, which could sever the built-up area of the site from its associated green area. It is noted that a new secondary school is to be constructed in Skibbereen, however at the time of writing this existing school is operational. The severity of potential impact is lessened by the fact that the site will cease to be an operational school however any severance may limit the nature of future uses here. In this regard, provision will be made for movement between the two areas of the site at detailed design stage. Overall, the impact on the property is anticipated to be positive in that the buildings will benefit from a reduction in flood risk.

An embankment will be provided within the Skibbereen RFC grounds (Ilen 11) which will affect part of the existing pitch. The current configuration will need to be amended. It is noted that this pitch is not the sole playing pitch used by Skibbereen RFC. The RFC Clubhouse will benefit from flood relief works as part of this Drainage Scheme . Overall, there is potential for a slight to moderate negative impact.

An embankment will be located on incidental lands associated with playing pitches accessed from the Marsh Road (Ilen 13); this will not however affect pitch layout or access.

Some limited land take will be required to the rear of industrial premises on the Baltimore Road (Caol 2); existing security fences will be retained or replaced as appropriate.

An embankment is proposed to be constructed at The Hideaway Camping & Caravan Park site on the Castletownsend Road (Caol 4). Current proposals for an embankment have implications for the layout and use of the site. There are approximately 12 no. caravan pitches along the south eastern boundary of the overall site. Screen planting is also evident in this location which is considered relevant from the context of amenity of the site for users. The proposed embankment will be provided along this side of the property and will result in the need to locally alter the layout of this facility. This is considered a permanent significant impact on the operation of the existing land use in this location.

An embankment is proposed to be provided along the northern boundary of the Showgrounds (Show 3), which will change the current profile of that part of this site and while shown just north of the parade ring could have implications for the current parade ring layout and usage, along with impacts on circulation within the site. The embankment will be 1.5 m high above existing ground level at its maximum height. Given its location adjacent the parade ring which has also been used for trotting and sulkey racing, this may be of benefit to the owners from the perspective of its potential as a viewing area, if the embankment is designed in such a manner as to allow public access on an occasional basis. Notwithstanding that the entire showgrounds will benefit from reduced risk of flooding, and the potential to design this embankment to a standard suitable for use as a public viewing area, the predicted impact is considered moderate, negative and permanent given the nature and frequency of the usage of the site.

A number of agricultural holdings will be affected by landtake by embankments. These include areas affected by works at the Mill Stream (Mill 1 and 2), River Ilen (Ilen 2, Ilen 11 (part of), Ilen 13), the Showgrounds Stream (Show 4) and the Assolas Stream (Assolas 3). This will impact on usage of

______RPS/MCE0703RP0004 6-22 Rev. F01 Environmental Impact Statement – River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme Volume II Main Document these fields by the owner(s), as livestock will not be permitted to graze on the proposed embankments. While the embankments will generally be located on headlands as close to the public road boundary as possible, to minimise loss of usable ground for agriculture, there will ultimately be a reduction in the usable area available to the property owners. Stock proof fencing will be required to replace existing field boundaries and on areas where animals grazing can cause damage to embankments. Compensation may be deemed appropriate provided for loss of use of agricultural land in these cases. The land take in question is not considered significant given that the agricultural use of the areas in question does not appear intensive. Some of the land in question is poor in quality and may in fact be disused. It is considered that there is potential for a slight, negative, long-term impact.

Structures to be provided along the Assolas Stream are generally proposed along property boundaries and are proposed to be provided within public areas. However, embankments are to be located on residential lands on the Baltimore Road (Assolas 5). These embankments are proposed to be 0.5m high and can be maintained as lawn however. The areas of garden to the south of these embankments will benefit from a reduced risk of flooding.

A discussion on impacts on the future development of zoned lands through land take is provided in Chapter 5 Strategic and Statutory Planning Context.

In terms of potential impact on access points to the river, the stepped access at Levis’ Quay will be unaffected (Ilen 7); impact will be neutral.

The slipway north of The Flax Mills will be blocked off by a flood wall (Ilen 3); therefore any future use will be precluded. At the time of site visit, this slipway was roped off and there was no evidence of regular usage. The loss of this amenity is considered as a slight negative long-term impact given the likely levels of usage.

The access point to the pontoon at the West Cork Hotel will be modified but maintained (Ilen 7); revised arrangements will be developed in consultation with the landowners at detailed design stage.

The use of the river by anglers can continue; details of fisheries at operational stage are set out in Chapter 7 Aquatic Flora and Fauna.

6.4.2.4 Health and Safety Aspects

Construction of the proposed scheme will be carried out in accordance with relevant health and safety standards. An inspection and maintenance programme is proposed. In this regard there are no likely and significant impacts expected to arise in relation to health and safety.

Severe flood events can cause injury or death and contamination issues can cause illness. Dealing with a severe flood event and the ensuing clean-up operation and associated costs can cause stress. This can be particularly acute within a built-up area such as the study area, which contains significant resident, working and visiting populations, including vulnerable population groups such as the elderly. The reduction of severe flood events will be a significant positive impact in this regard.

The associated expected reduction in the need for emergency plan mobilisation or use of emergency services during severe flood events is a positive impact, as is the reduction of the impacts of flood events on access to such services (i.e. the fire station and access road to the hospital are subject to flooding).

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Safety features such as ring buoys should be replaced in suitable positions where they are relocated during the construction process, and new locations considered based on any increased risks.

Walls and embankments are to be provided within publicly accessible areas; however the urban environment regularly contains walls adjacent rivers and roads and other ‘climbable’ structures. Impacts are expected to be neutral.

Expected impacts such associated with the reduced risk of flood events are expected to be significant positive and long-term.

6.5 MITIGATION MEASURES

6.5.1 Construction Phase

6.5.1.1 Demography and Employment

No significant adverse predicted impacts on demography are identified. Accordingly no mitigation measures are considered necessary.

No significant adverse impacts on employment levels are identified however mitigation measures of some benefit to employment levels in the area are set out below under Working Community.

6.5.1.2 Community and Population Groupings

Resident Population

Significant negative impacts may potentially arise for local residents due to construction traffic and construction activities.

Proposed mitigation involves the preparation of a Construction Management Plan and a Construction Traffic Management Plan. Hours of operation during the construction phase should be limited to normal working hours so as to protect residential amenities during evening and weekends as a general rule. However extended hours may be necessary in limited circumstances where specific construction techniques require same or extended operating hours will limit road closures for example. The Contractor will liaise with affected residents in this regard. A rationale should be provided for all incidences of extended working hours.

See Chapters 10, 11 and 14 on Air, Noise and Material Assets for other relevant mitigation measures.

It is recommended that impacts be mitigated through the publication of any proposed temporary circulation, access and parking arrangements in the local media prior to the commencement of construction, with updates as necessary throughout the construction process.

In terms of residents specifically affected by construction works on or adjacent their properties, mitigation is required as follows:

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• Detailed extent of area required for construction/storage purposes, nature of proposed works within private property and overall timeframe estimated for the scheme works as a whole to all landowners in advance of construction works.

• The Contractor will employ a Community Liaison Officer (CLO) whose role, in part, will be to liaise with property owners to let them know about plans which may affect their properties and provide details with respect to timeframes etc..

• Reinstate all gardens/yards/driveways to condition prior to commencement of construction other than where changes are necessary due to the construction of or presence of the flood defence feature or unless otherwise subject to agreement with the landowner(s) in a timely manner.

• Provide suitable protective screening where works are being carried out on residential properties.

• Implement all relevant mitigation measures regarding the control of emissions such as noise and dust during the construction process.

Working Population

The local working population may be moderately negatively impacted upon by the construction phase in the same way as the local resident population. These impacts will also be mitigated in the same way by the adoption of good construction and traffic management measures and by the dissemination of information to owners and operators of places of work. Such measures should be identified in a formal construction management plan and construction traffic management plan as per above and the working community would also benefit from an organised information campaign on temporary access arrangements and proposed construction detail as described above regarding residents.

See Chapters 10, 11 and 12 on Noise, Air and Climate and Material Assets for other relevant mitigation measures.

Visiting Population

Recommended mitigation measures considered necessary include:

• Measures to ensure that the visiting community are notified of the construction programme through the local tourist office/ Fáilte Ireland website, with particular emphasis on providing information on any disruption to visiting anglers, cyclists or walkers.

• Liaison with local accommodation and other visitor service providers and the carrying out of works within or adjacent such facilities during low season where practicable.

• Implement measures outlined in a Construction Management Plan and Construction Traffic Management Plan, particularly where construction traffic conflicts with pedestrian or cycle routes.

• Implement mitigation measures outlined in Chapters 7, 9, 10 and 11, Aquatic Flora and Fauna, Landscape, Air Quality and Noise.

6.5.1.3 Land Use

Construction activities may potentially negatively impact on the sensitive uses such as schools. Should the construction programme allow it, construction in the vicinity of schools should be limited to or concentrated during the holiday period. Alternatively, the implementation of a preparation of a

______RPS/MCE0703RP0004 6-25 Rev. F01 Environmental Impact Statement – River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme Volume II Main Document construction management plan (including a construction traffic management plan) to mitigate against such adverse impacts should be prioritised. Similarly, phasing of works around peak user times of other uses such as specific sports facilities and seasonal tourist facilities should be considered. Regular updates and consultation with all sports clubs affected by construction works will be required. Town centre land uses would benefit from specific attention to vehicular and pedestrian circulation and access arrangements to commercial and social and community facilities within the CMP.

Ongoing consultation with other land users specifically affected by proposed construction works will be required.

In terms of river users, notification of local anglers and the rowing club of proposed works and likely dates should be undertaken. Key seasons of use should be avoided where possible in the relevant areas. Mitigation measures outlined in Chapter 7 Aquatic Flora and Fauna should be adhered to in relation to impacts on angling.

6.5.1.4 Health and Safety Aspects

It is recommended that a programme for the management and continued provision of life buoys in suitable locations and in suitable conditions be developed prior to the commencement of the construction programme.

Appropriate health and safety site management and construction techniques shall be adopted during construction under the supervision of a PSCS in accordance with Heath and Safety Regulations. No outstanding potential impacts on public health and safety are considered likely. Other than the adoption of good site practices then no further remedial or mitigation measures are considered necessary.

6.5.2 Operational Phase

6.5.2.1 Demography and Employment

No adverse predicted impacts are identified at operational stage. No mitigation measures are required.

6.5.2.2 Community and Population Groupings

Predicted impacts are predominantly positive. For the residential and working community, no mitigation is required provided plans to reinstate and landscape areas damaged or disturbed during the construction phase are implemented in a timely manner following the carrying out of the works.

Impacts on the visiting community will also be generally positive. There will be some changes that could impact negatively on the amenities of particular properties; mitigation is recommended as follows:-

• Ensure final design solution of flood wall and adjacent lands at the Heritage Centre replicate the existing standard of amenity at this visitor attraction.

• Liaise with owners and operators of North Street properties where works are to be carried out in terms of impacts on amenities such as the terrace at the Riverside Cafe/Restaurant, and modify design solutions to minimise any significant loss of amenity at operational stage where appropriate.

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Mitigation measures as recommended in Chapter 9 Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment should be implemented.

6.5.2.3 Land Use

Impacts will be generally positive, significant and long-term and the overriding benefits to the town are considered to outweigh any negative impacts. Significant areas of land and a wide range of uses will benefit from reduced flood risk.

The overall flood risk management scheme involves secondary measures such as appropriate planning and development management in line with national guidance; new development on flood plains or areas susceptible to flooding should be assessed in line with national guidelines. This is inherent in the scheme and in relevant planning policy and accordingly no specific mitigation is considered necessary.

However, in relation to some specific land uses the following mitigation is recommended:

• Given the impact on the current configuration of the Skibbereen RFC playing pitch adjacent their clubhouse, ongoing consultation with the club is recommended with a view to ensuring that long-term adverse impacts on the activities of the club in Skibbereen do not arise.

• Consultation with the owners of the Hideaway Camping & Caravan Park and a detailed review of the impact of the proposed embankment on existing operations and layout is recommended. Design modifications and/or appropriate compensation should be developmed or provided as necessary.

• Stock proof fencing will be required to replace existing field boundaries and on areas where animals grazing can cause damage to embankments and any compensation deemed appropriate provided for loss of use of agricultural land.

• Ongoing consultation with the Skibbereen Show Society is recommended. Design enhancements, modifications and/or appropriate compensation for impacts to current layout should be provided as necessary.

• Ownership and status of the slip access at the Flax Mills should be confirmed and alternative access arranged to be provided or compensation provided for loss of access if appropriate.

• Levis Quay (existing access will be retained.

No other specific mitigation measures are recommended at this stage in relation to land take or severance; compensation will be payable to landowners where appropriate.

6.5.2.4 Health and Safety Aspects

The proposed scheme will be constructed and maintained in accordance with the relevant standards. No mitigation measures are required in this regard.

In terms of water safety, a programme for the suitable placement of life buoys along the river on a permanent basis should be developed.

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6.6 PREDICTED RESIDUAL IMPACTS

6.6.1 Construction Phase

6.6.1.1 Demography and Employment

The construction of the proposed development will have a slight positive short-term impact on demography due to the possible movement into the town of some construction / contractor related employees for parts of the construction phase.

The generation of a number of construction jobs for an approximate 24 month period is considered a slight positive short-term impact. The knock on benefits to building suppliers and local service providers will reinforce this positive impact.

6.6.1.2 Community and Population Groupings

Resident Population

Provided mitigation measures such as a Construction and Traffic Management Plan are put in place, impacts will be minimised to slight to moderate negative impacts, short-term in the context of the resident community at large and temporary for individual properties. These will be unavoidable given the nature of the works required and should be considered in the context of the positive operation impacts discussed below.

Working Population

Provided mitigation measures such as a Construction and Traffic Management Plan are put in place, impacts will be minimised to slight negative impacts, short-term in the context of the working community at large and temporary for individual employment premises. These will be unavoidable given the nature of the works required.

Visiting Population

Provided mitigation measures such as a Construction and Traffic Management Plan and information provision through tourist services are put in place, impacts will be minimised to slight, temporary, negative impacts. These will be unavoidable given the nature of the works required.

In respect of fish angling impacts are likely to be temporary moderate during construction, however overall there will be an improvement to the channel resulting in increased usage once banks are complete.

6.6.1.3 Land Use

General access to land uses will suffer some unavoidable slight temporary negative impacts during construction. This is also applicable to access to the waterway from the four formal access points identified.

6.6.1.4 Health and Safety Aspects

With the adoption of proper and safe construction practices on site under the supervision of an appointed PSCS as required by Health and Safety regulations and the implementation of mitigation regarding water safety; impacts should be neutral.

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6.6.2 Operational Phase

6.6.2.1 Demography and Employment

Any remaining impacts on population will be long-term, significant and positive and impacts on employment will be long-term, moderate and positive as flood risk in the study area is reduced.

6.6.2.2 Community and Population Groupings

Resident and Working Population

The reduction of flood risk will have a long-term significant positive impact on the residential and working communities. There may be imperceptible to slight long-term (but intermittent) impacts on some upstream farming activities.

Visiting Population

The proposed development will generally have a long-term significant positive impact on the visiting community through the reduction of flood risk. With mitigation, negative impacts on specified properties in the tourist sector can be reduced to neutral or imperceptible-slight negative long- term impacts.

6.6.2.3 Land Use

The proposed development will reduce flood risk on a range of urban land uses within the study area. Overall, impacts will be significant, long-term and positive. Provided appropriate mitigation is agreed with the specified land owners referred to above, significant adverse long-term impacts can be avoided or the significance of these impacts reduced to slight or even imperceptible levels. However, where agreements and/or appropriate design solutions or compensation cannot be developed to address impacts identified, there may be long-term adverse impacts for some specified land uses. This is also applicable to the proposed loss of access to the river at the one point identified for mitigation.

6.6.2.4 Health and Safety Aspects

With mitigation, no adverse impacts are predicted. The proposed works will reduce considerably the Health and Safety risks associated with flood events and this is considered a significant positive long-term impact.

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7 AQUATIC FLORA AND FAUNA (INCLUDING WATER QUALITY AND FISHERIES)

7.1 INTRODUCTION

RPS commissioned DixonBrosnan and Associates (Environmental Consultants) to prepare this Chapter which addresses the impacts of the proposed works on aquatic ecology, water quality and fisheries. DixonBrosnan had previously provided ecological input into the design process during the constraints and identification of preferred option stages (July, 2011) in order to assist the design team in identifying a flood relief solution with the least environmental impacts on water quality and fisheries.

This chapter describes and evaluates the habitats with their representative flora and fauna in order to describe and assess the impacts that would result from the proposed drainage scheme. The chapter follows the structure and protocols detailed in Advice notes on current practice in the preparation of Environmental Impact Statements (EPA 2003) and Guidelines on the information to be contained in Environmental Impact Statements (EPA 2002). The classification scheme used in the NRA publication Guidelines for assessment of ecological impacts of National Road Schemes (NRA, 2006a Appendix 7.1 Site Evaluation Scheme and Criteria for Assessing Impact) was also used in this report. This ecological assessment was carried out by Carl Dixon M.Sc. Applied Ecology and Vincent Murphy M.Sc. Ecosystem Conservation & Landscape Management.

7.2 METHODOLOGY

7.2.1 Desktop Review and Identification of Significant Constraints

Desk top studies and walk over surveys were carried out in June and July 2011 and relevant ecological constraints were identified. These were detailed in a Constraints Report (July, 2011) and were factored into the matrix used to determine the preferred option for the drainage scheme (Multi Criteria Analysis Report, January 2012). This chapter assesses the impacts on aquatic ecology potentially arising from this preferred flood relief option.

7.2.2 Consultation

As statutory bodies responsible for Fisheries and Ecology respectively both the IFI (Inland Fisheries Ireland) and NPWS (National Parks and Wildlife Service) were consulted at the Constraints Stage and during the EIS Stage. Inland Fisheries Ireland noted that the Ilen is an important fishery for Atlantic Salmon (listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive) and that significant impacts on this species in particular should be avoided. IFI also stated that their preferred option was to avoid culverting on the Caol Stream due to loss of habitat and potential impacts on salmon migrating through any culverted area. On this basis culverting of this stream was avoided. In this regard, DixonBrosnan and Associates worked closely with the design team to identify a solution for the Caol Stream that would have the least impact on fisheries whilst also providing for flood relief in the area. An overview of consultation undertaken with regards to ecology (freshwater and terrestrial) is provided below in Table 7.1.

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Table 7.1: Consultation

Date and Method of Consultee Summary of Consultation Consultation National Parks and Wildlife Phone call Declan O' Donnell Primary concern is that potential Service (NPWS) (District Conservation Officer) impacts on designated sites are 13/6/2011 and 17/9/2012 effectively dealt with. No specific concerns in relation to local ecology. Inland Fisheries Ireland Michael McPartland The River Ilen is an important (IFI) Environmental Officer IFI salmonid river and assessment of Letter 8/4/11 flooding events should be on a catchment basis. Need detailed assessment of existing conditions and detailed impact assessment based on the measures proposed. Inland Fisheries Ireland Michael McPartland Important that free migration of (IFI) Environmental Officer IFI salmonids and in particular Atlantic Meeting on site 25/10/2011 salmon is maintained. Mr. McPartland expressed concern that diversion or partial diversion of the river could prevent upstream migration of salmonids if not correctly designed. The IFI noted that salmonid populations could occur within small tributaries and in particular the Caol Stream and that fish stock assessments of relevant streams is recommended for the EIS stage under licence. Minimisation of silt plumes during site works would be necessary. Inland Fisheries Ireland Michael McPartland Primary concern is that culverting on (IFI) Environmental Officer IFI the Caol would be problematic given Meeting on site 13/9/2012 that small numbers of juvenile during preparation of EIS salmon which were recorded on the Caol Stream. There could be impacts on migration and direct loss of habitat. All Instream mitigation measures which must seek to recreate as natural a habitat as possible and should be designed by a specialist with experience in this type of design work. Inland Fisheries Ireland Dr. Joe Caffrey Abisealy lake was surveyed in (IFI) 20/9/12 December 2011 and held a large stock of rudd and pike. No evidence of a substantial brown trout population. Cork County Council John Redmond (Planning The primary issues to be addressed Department) 3/9/12 Letter by the EIS are protection of water quality during construction, invasive species and potential impacts on Annex II species. Environmental Protection Website Review information on water quality Agency (EPA). http://www.epa.ie/rivermap/data and ensure avoidance of impacts. South Western River Basin Letter 27/3/2012 Meet the objectives of the Water District Framework Directive.

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7.2.3 Field Surveys

Aquatic Habitats

As part of this environmental impact assessment detailed surveys were carried out in June, August and September 2012 to identify and assess the impact of the proposed drainage scheme on aquatic ecology. As walk over surveys within the overall study had already been carried out in June and July 2011, the surveys carried out in 2012 focused specifically on the areas affected by the proposed site works. Habitats were identified according to the classification scheme outlined in the Heritage Council publication A Guide to Habitats in Ireland (Fossitt, 2000) and in line with the guidelines contained in Best Practice Guidance for Habitat Survey and Mapping”, Heritage Council, 2010.The classification scheme used to define impacts is based on a classification scheme used by the National Roads Authority (NRA) Guidelines for the assessment of ecological impacts of National Road Schemes (NRA, 2006a). This classification scheme is included in Appendix 7.1 Site Evaluation Scheme and Criteria for Assessing Impact. Where required, seasonal factors were taken into consideration during the preparation of this chapter.

Fish Stock Assessment

DixonBrosnan and Associates received a Section 14 licence from the Department of Communications, Energy & Natural Resources for an electro-fishing fish stock assessment. All bio security protocols as submitted to and agreed with the Department Communications, Energy & Natural Resources were followed during surveying. Sampling was focused on tributaries of sufficient size to support fish where it was considered there may be potential for impacts. Sampling was carried out using a Safari Back Pack electro-fishing unit. No work was carried out on the Ilen as there is sufficient available information available on fish stocks within it. The objective of the study was to determine the following:

1. Presence/absence for all fish species including lamprey and European Eel in tributaries of the Ilen affected by site works;

2. Presence/absence of Atlantic salmon within the Caol Stream; and

3. Generalised assessment of value of all streams for other salmonid species.

A fish Survey Report is included as Appendix 7.3 Fish Survey Report of the EIS.

Water Quality

As the areas of watercourse affected by site works are tidal in nature biological surveys of water quality (i.e. macro-invertebrate analysis and assignment of Q values) were not feasible. Similarly short-term chemical surveys are of limited value in accurately determining background nutrient levels in tidal watercourses where there are strong tidal fluctuations in water levels. It is also noted that tidal watercourses are relatively robust in comparison to their freshwater equivalent, due to increased dilution and due to the fact that habitats and communities must adapt to fluctuating levels of silt, salinity and regular changes in flow pattern. Although chemical and biological water quality surveys were not carried out, observations which were indicative of water quality status i.e. presence of salmonids, high silt levels and excessive algal growth were recorded where relevant.

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7.3 EXISTING ENVIRONMENT

7.3.1 Designated Sites

There are no designated conservation sites within the study area. Thus the study area does not include nor is it located adjacent to a Special Area of Conservation (SAC), Natural Heritage Area (NHA), Special Protection Area (SPA), National Park or Nature Reserve. The River Ilen flows into Roaringwater Bay and Islands cSAC (Site Code 101) which is located approximately 8 km to the southwest of the works area and this is the only designated SAC which could theoretically be directly affected. The qualifying interests for this site are summarised below in Table 7.2 (refer to Appendix 7.2 AA Screening for full details).

Table 7.2: Designated Sites Located Within 10 km of the Proposed Development

Approximate Location Designatio Site Site Name Qualifying interests (at nearest point) n Type Code Relative to Skibbereen Roaringwater Designated for: cSAC 000101 8 km to the southwest Bay and Large shallow inlets and bays Islands [1160] Reefs [1170] Vegetated sea cliffs of the Atlantic and Baltic coasts [1230] Harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) [1351] Otter (Lutra lutra) [1355] Grey seal (Halichoerus grypus) [1364] European dry heaths [4030] Submerged or partly submerged sea caves [8330]

No significant impact on the qualifying interests and conservation objectives for this or any of the other designated Natura 2000 sites is envisaged.

See Appendix 7.2 Appropriate Assessment Screening.

7.3.2 The Ilen Catchment

The study area is located in the catchment of the River Ilen, EPA code HA20 The main channel of the River Ilen and several minor tributaries of the River Ilen, including the Caol Stream, run through the study area. The location of the river and an overview of site works is provided in Figure 1.2 Overview of the proposed flood Relief Scheme. Further information on habitats and fish species is provided in the Fish Survey Report included in Appendix 7.3 Fish Survey Report.

The River Ilen is a medium sized spate river with a catchment of 245 km2. The river rises in the hills north of Skibbereen Town at Mullaghmesha and flows north to south for approximately 23 km into Roaringwater Bay. The study area is located approximately 3 km upstream of the bay however it is strongly tidal. There is a large meander within the town which has formed a low-lying flat floodplain known as The Marsh. The Ilen is an important salmon, sea trout and brown trout fishery and supports

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 7-4 Rev. F01 Environmental Impact Statement – River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme Volume II Main Document a number of Annex II species including freshwater pearl mussel, salmon and potentially lamprey species.

As this is a tidal waterway, walkover surveys were carried out at low tide, and as such the flow descriptions reflect the low tide appearance of the river. For ease of description, the study area has been divided into three sections.

Downstream of JFK Bridge (the Bridge on Ilen street)

Starting on the downstream end of the Ilen, adjacent to a public park on the N71 and moving upstream to JFK Bridge, the Ilen has a broad, shallow flow. The river bed is primarily gravel however high volumes of fine silts indicate that this section is mainly a depositing section of the intertidal area of the Ilen. Few trees overhang this section and those that do are associated with residential properties on the river bank. Bankside vegetation is a combination of marsh species and grassland species. See Plate 7.1.

JFK Bridge to N71 Bridge

Upstream of JFK Bridge to upstream of the rear of the presbytery, the Ilen has a number of pools and deep glides. The major pools are at the rear of the West Cork Hotel immediately upstream of JFK Bridge and at the confluence of the Caol Stream. These pools are in excess of 3 meters deep at low tide and are potential holding pools for migrating fish. The glide substrate consists of cobbles and boulders and provides suitable habitat for brown trout. This section of the river is relatively well shaded by immature trees on one side and a 3-storey building on the other. From the presbytery to the N71 Bridge, the Ilen is mainly an open glide with gravel and cobbles on the river bed. Trees are more scrub-like and thus do not shade the river to any great extent. As more light reaches the river in this area, more aquatic vegetation such as water crowsfoot is present. The stretch may be considered intermediate between depositing and eroding. Underneath the N71 road bridge, on the eastern side, a large area of estuarine silt deposition was noted; this is the most upstream example of significant deposition of estuarine silt. See Plate 7.2.

Upstream of N71 Road Bridge

This area contains a mix of riffle, pool and glide systems and is characteristic of an eroding river system. On the first bend in the river upstream of the N71 a change in the gradient of the river was noted with steep riffle. Upstream of this is a deep pool. Pools are also present between the Mill Stream and Showgrounds stream confluences with the Ilen. There are also a number of in-stream islands that have formed around protruding bedrock. Overhanging trees are present in this area and are mainly native species such as Ash and Sycamore though non-native species such as planted Leyland cypress and conifers are also present. This area upstream of the N71 may experience high levels of brackish water, but the main tidal influence is from water backing up. This section is of high value for salmonids. See Plate 7.3.

The following works, which will have or are expected to have an instream component, are planned for the main Ilen channel. The extent of the temporary in-stream works in all watercourses can only be determined at the detailed design stage, following a comprehensive geotechnical ground investigation. More detail on these works is provided in Chapter 2 Project Description. The proposed works are shown on Figure 1.2 Overview of Proposed Flood Relief Scheme.

• Approximately 1670 m2 of in stream riverbed regrading works in the River Ilen at John F. Kennedy Bridge.

• Structural works to bridge piers at John F. Kennedy Bridge.

• Approximately 310 m of flood wall along the southern bank of the River Ilen, located in the vicinity of John F. Kennedy Bridge.

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Plate 7.1: Ilen Downstream of JFK Bridge

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Plate 7.2: Ilen - JFK Bridge to N71 Bridge

Plate 7.3: Ilen - Upstream of N71 Road Bridge

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7.3.3 Tributaries of the Ilen Affected by the Proposed Works

A total of 5 tributaries of the Ilen at present will potentially be affected by site works and these watercourses are shown in overview on Figure 1.2 in Chapter 2 Project Description. More detail on these works is provided in Chapter 2 Project Description. The extent of the temporary in-stream works in all watercourses can only be determined at the detailed design stage, following a comprehensive geotechnical ground investigation.

7.3.3.1 Caol Stream

The largest tributary within the study area is the Caol Stream which rises in Lough Abidealy and joins the Ilen 250 m downstream of John F. Kennedy Bridge. This stream has suffered from heavy pollution from sewage in the past (EirEco, 2007) however it appears to have recovered well and now supports brown trout throughout its length. Small numbers of juvenile salmon were recorded by the fish stock survey as well as flounder, stickleback, grey mullet and eel (See Appendix 7.3 Fish Survey Report).

The lower section of the stream is largely enclosed by concrete walls with some areas shaded by an existing treeline. Upstream of the town the middle reaches of the stream are deep, slow flowing and in places choked with aquatic and emergent vegetation; these areas are suitable for adult brown trout and stickleback in particular but are of less value for juvenile salmonids or European eel. Higher up the catchment is Abisealy Lake which is fringed with reeds and is utilised at present as a pike fishery. A netting survey on the lake in December 2011 ascertained that it holds a good stock of rudd and pike however brown trout were largely absent. It is noted that although the cold weather may have reduced fish movements and thus the number of brown trout in the lake was underestimated, it is considered unlikely that it supports a significant population of salmonids (Dr. Joe Caffery IFI pers. comm.).

A second tributary drains agricultural land (moderate quality pasture) in the eastern part of the catchment. Although slow flowing in parts and often overgrown it does have some sections of natural riffle-glide habitat which is suitable for juvenile salmonids interspersed with deeper pools which support adult brown trout. However as the channel divides into smaller channels, flows rapidly diminish. Spawning/juvenile habitat is confined to the middle to upper reaches. Small numbers of eel were recorded throughout the Caol Stream.

The downstream section of the Caol Stream which will be affected by site works consists of tidal, slow flowing sections of the watercourse with deep silt and extensive macrophyte growth. Large parts of stream have been significantly modified with a straightened channel bounded by concrete walls. It is used by adult brown trout, stickleback and eel in small numbers and flounder and mullet move into the lower reaches to feed on a flooding tide.

Instream works will be required for the Coal Stream and will comprise approximately 340 m of concrete walled channel between Main Street Bridge and Market Street. The sides of the channel will be approximately 1.2 m to 1.5 m high in relation to the adjacent road/carpark level. A thalweg will be provided within the channel to emulate the existing streambed features in so far as possible.

Approximately 413 m of flood walls and 557 m of embankments are proposed along the banks of the Caol Stream upstream of Market Street. The channel in these areas has been significantly modified in the past as shown in Plates 7.4 and 7.5.

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Plate 7.4: Caol Stream

Plate 7.5: Caol Stream

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7.3.3.2 Assolas Stream (Carrigfadda Stream)

The Carrigfadda Stream (Assolas Stream) is a small tributary of the Caol Stream which is extensively culverted in its lower reaches. Upstream of the culvert, it runs parallel to the R595 (Baltimore) road and is heavily overgrown with brambles which in places form a tunnel, which completely shades the stream. There are some open sections; however the stream is generally shallow and flows during dry weather would be expected to be very low. Approximately 1 km upstream of its confluence with the Caol the stream swings abruptly southward under a minor road. No fish were detected in this watercourse, during the Fish Stock Survey (see Appendix 7.3 Fish Survey Report), however it is of sufficient size to support macro-invertebrate populations and possibly small populations of fish such as eel, stickleback and brown trout in pockets. A section of the Carrigfadda Stream (Assolas Stream) is shown in Plate 7.6.

The following works, which will have or are expected to have an instream component, are planned:

• An existing double culvert to the east of the Care Centre on Baltimore Road will be replaced with a single box culvert under the public roadway

• Approximately 35 m of flood wall along the western bank of the stream, located along a property boundary. The masonry faced reinforced concrete wall will be approximately 1.3 m high in relation to the level of the adjacent garden.

• Approximately 277 m of flood wall along the eastern bank of the stream, located along property boundaries. There is an existing wall at Lidl but this does not have sufficient height to provide 500 mm freeboard and it is therefore proposed to construct a concrete stub wall, approximately 450 mm high, on top of the existing bank through the grounds of Lidl. The remainder of the wall will be masonry faced reinforced concrete, approximately 1.1 m high in relation to the level of the adjacent gardens.

Plate 7.6: Carrigfadda Stream (Assolas Stream)

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Plate 7.7: Millrace

7.3.3.3 Millrace

Directly draining to the main Ilen channel, this is a small stream with very limited flows which resembles a drainage ditch in parts. The lower sections are silted, tidal and overgrow. Apart from flounder and stickleback remaining in small pools as the tide recedes the stream is too small to have significant value for fish (See Appendix 7.3 Fish Stock Survey). As a precautionary measure some of the silted areas were checked for juvenile lamprey; however none were detected. A section of the Mill Race is shown in Plate 7.7.

The following works, which will have or are expected to have an instream component, are planned:

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The downstream section of the existing Mill Race will be culverted over approximately 108 m upstream from the Mill Road road crossing, parallel to a local road, and culverted under this local roadway. The Mill Race will be diverted from its existing road crossing to this new crossing.

7.3.3.4 Showgrounds Stream (Lurriga Stream)

This shallow stream flows along the southern boundary of the townland of Lurriga from west to east and discharges into the Ilen River. The southern banks of this stream, within the study area, consists of a sports ground and the northern side is dominated by farmland. The lower reaches of this stream are brackish. Small numbers of brown trout and stickleback were recorded in the middle reaches of the stream during the fish stock survey (see Appendix 7.3 Fish Survey Report). Excessive algal growth in the lower reaches is indicative of nutrient enrichment probably due to the large number of cattle watering points within the stream. See Plate 7.8.

The following works, which will have or are expected to have an instream component, are planned:

Approximately two sections of concrete culvert, one 48 m of culvert between the River Ilen flood defence embankment/wall and the eastern side of the Mill Road, and one 15 m culvert to the east of Lurriga Road. The culverts will pass under the roadway.

Plate 7.8: Lurriga Stream (Showgrounds Stream)

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7.3.3.5 Glencurragh Stream

The confluence of the Glencurragh Stream with the River Ilen is located to the southwest of The Moorings Housing Estate on the Schull Road, N71.This is a small, heavily modified and silty stream which is of no significant fisheries value. A section of the stream is shown in Plate 7.9. The following works, which will have or are expected to have an instream component, are planned:

Immediately west of The Moorings Housing Estate, it is proposed to construct a pumping station (PS) adjacent the Glencurragh Stream. Flows from the stream will be pumped from the PS to the River Ilen when the tidal influence in the Ilen channel does not allow the stream to freely discharge to the main Ilen channel. A non return valve will be fitted to the downstream side of the existing Glencurragh Stream culvert under the Schull Road.

Plate 7.9: Glencurragh Stream

7.3.4 Water Quality

7.3.4.1 EPA Data

The Environmental Protection Agency carries out a biological assessment of most river channels in the country on a regular basis. The assessments are used to derive Q values, indicators of the biological quality of the water. The biological health of a watercourse provides an indication of long term water quality. The EPA website, http://www.epa.ie/rivermap/data, contains information regarding water quality in selected Irish rivers based on surveys carried out by the EPA. The EPA Q value scheme is summarised in Table 7.3.

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The intermediate ratings Q1-2, Q2-3, Q3-4 and Q4-5 are used to denote transitional conditions, while ratings within parenthesis indicate borderline values. Great importance is attached to the EPA biotic indices, and consequently it is these data that are generally used to form the basis of water quality management plans for river catchments.

Table 7.3: EPA Biotic Index Scheme

Q Value Water Quality Pollution Condition 5 Good Unpolluted Satisfactory 4 Fair Unpolluted Satisfactory 3 Doubtful Moderately polluted Unsatisfactory 2 Poor Seriously polluted Unsatisfactory 1 Bad Seriously polluted Unsatisfactory Source: EPA 2011

In estuarine waterways the EPA rates water quality as Unpolluted, Intermediate, Potentially eutrophic and eutrophic. The former two are considered to be acceptable estuarine water quality, while the latter two water quality ratings are considered as unsatisfactory.

Within the overall study area, the EPA indicators of water quality are shown in Table 7.4 below.

Table 7.4: EPA Q values for the Waterways in Relation to the Study Area

River/ Approximate Distance from Location 2009 Q Values Waterway Development Site Ilen Caheragh 9.4 km upstream on the river Ilen 4 - Satisfactory

Saivnoise Robins’s cross 7.8 km upstream and 500m upstream 4 - Satisfactory of the confluence of this river with the Ilen Ilen Ballyhilly Bridge 1.2 km upstream of the of the study 4 - Satisfactory area Ilen Estuary Timoleauge & Lurriga crossroads to Horseshoe Estuarine & coastal Courtmacksherry harbours on Sherkin Island water quality – Unpolluted

It is noted that water quality has improved in recent years and is expected to improve further with the completion of the new wastewater treatment plant for Skibbereen which is expected to be completed in approximately the next 2-3 years.

7.3.4.2 Water Framework Directive

The Water Framework Directive (WFD) is a key initiative aimed at improving water quality throughout the EU. It applies to rivers, lakes, groundwater, and coastal waters. The Directive requires an integrated approach to managing water quality on a river basin basis; with the aim of maintaining and improving water quality. The Directive requires that management plans be prepared on a river basin basis and specifies a structured approach to developing those plans. It requires that a programme of measures for improving water quality be brought into effect by 2012 at the latest.

Specifically the WFD aims to:-

• Protect/enhance all waters (surface, ground and coastal waters); • Achieve "good status" for all waters by December 2015;

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• Manage water bodies based on river basins (or catchments); • Involve the public; and • Streamline legislation.

(A) The Water Frameworks Directive assesses the water quality of rivers and ranks their status as follows:-

• High • Good • Moderate • Poor • Bad • Yet to be determined

B) The Water Frameworks Directive also determines the “Risk” level of a river as follows:-

• 1a – At risk of not achieving Good Status • 1b – Probably at risk of not archiving Good Status • 2a – Expected to achieve Good Status • 2b – strongly expected to achieve Good Status

C) The Water Frameworks Directive also sets out the future plans for the protection and restoration of rivers as follows:-

• Protect • Restore – 2015 • Restore – 2021 • Restore - 2027

The Ilen River, Ilen Estuary and Caol Stream have been assessed and classified as detailed below in Table 7.5.

Table 7.5: WFD Status of Watercourses Within the Study Area

Watercourse Status Risk Future Plans River Ilen, Freshwater Good 2a – Expected to achieve Protect section upstream of study Good Status area Caol stream Moderate 1b – Probably at risk of not Restore - 2015 achieving Good Status River Ilen Estuary Good 1a – At risk of not Protect achieving Good Status (Source WFDI, 2011)

A fish stock survey was carried out at sites on the Ilen Estuary downstream of Skibbereen, as part of the programme of monitoring for the Water Framework Directive (WFD), in October 2008 by staff from the Central Fisheries Board (CFB) and the South Western Regional Fisheries Board (SWRFB). Overall twenty three species including, many rocky habitat marine species (e.g. ballan wrasse, corkwing wrass and two-spotted goby) were captured in the survey indicating good diversity. A Water Framework Directive fish classification tool, Transitional Fish Classification Index or TFCI, has been developed for the island of Ireland (Ecoregion 1) using NIEA and CFB data. The Ilen Estuary has been classed as “Good” (EQR=0.675) status using the fish classification tool (SWRBD 2008).

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South Western River Basin District Plan

This Plan covers the period 2009–2015 and has been prepared in consultation with all stakeholders. It sets out the measures to be taken by all stakeholders and the tools to prioritise the application of available resources to those measures, with the aim of achieving the objectives of the Water Framework Directive.

This Plan notes that:-

Section 4.2.3 of the Plan (New modifications or sustainable development) notes:-

Section 6.1.1 of the Plan (Land Use Planning) notes:-

Any potential impacts from future development on waters can be mitigated by properly incorporating the objectives established in this plan into development plans to ensure sustainable development.

7.3.5 Fisheries

The River Ilen is fished primarily for salmon and sea trout with little active fishing for brown trout. Spring fish run the river from March onwards and there are good runs of grilse from June to September. The main runs of salmon can be expected in May, June and July and these fish which make up the majority of the catches, average 2 kg. (4-5 lb.) Later, towards the end of August and into September, there has been a tendency for what can be described as a late or autumn run to appear with some salmon up to 7 kg. (RIAC, 2011).Sea trout run the river from March onwards.

There is a draft net station some 1.5 m below Skibbereen in the Oldcourt/Church Cross area which operates from June to August respectively. However this does not appear to have been used in the last three years. The total quota for the River Ilen for 2011 is 417 broken down into 393 for rod and line and 24 for draught net. (Steve Rourke River Ilen Anglers Association pers. comm. 2011) The River Ilen is estimated to have a spawning requirement of over 900 salmon. Some stocking of the Ilen with salmon was carried out by the Coomhola Salmon Trust in 1992. (EirEco, 2007). A large part of the river is managed by the River Ilen Anglers' Club based in Skibbereen. The season for Salmon & sea trout opens on February 15th and closes on September 30th for Salmon and on October 12th for sea trout. Although local information suggests that there were angling areas within the study area in the past, angling is now largely confined to the freshwater section of the Ilen upstream of the hospital. The loss of angling areas within the town may be due to poor water quality which prevents fish from holding in these areas (Steve Rourke River Ilen Anglers Association pers. comm.) It is noted however

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 7-16 Rev. F01 Environmental Impact Statement – River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme Volume II Main Document that both sea trout and salmon migrate through the study area and any impedance of their movement could impact on populations. The Caol Stream does support brown trout of in excess of 0.5 lb in small numbers, which could be fished for; however angling pressure on this stream is probably light at present.

7.3.6 Rare or Protected Aquatic Fauna

Lamprey Species

Three species of lamprey namely brook lamprey (Lampetra planeri), river lamprey (Lampetra fluviatilis and sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) occur in Ireland and all three species are listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive. The aquatic habitats within the study area are tidal and as such do not provide suitable spawning areas for this species (i.e. gravel or cobble river bed substrate) or suitable habitat for juvenile ammocoete lamprey (sandy substrates that are rich in organic sediment). However as suitable habitats for lamprey exist within the overall catchment and in the absence of any definitive studies on their presence or absence, it is considered probable that this species migrate through the study area. Thus lamprey species could potentially be affected by direct barriers to migration or by plumes of silt which could also impact on migration.

No lamprey were recorded during the Fish Stock Survey undertaken in August and September 2012 by DixonBrosnan and Associates.

Atlantic Salmon

Atlantic salmon is listed under Annexes II and V of the EU Habitats Directive and Appendix III of the Bern Convention and is known to occur within the river. Although adults will migrate through the study area there are no suitable spawning gravels in this area due to its tidal nature. Salmon and sea trout will be passing through the study area virtually year round. However the quieter times for salmonid movement through the area tend to be during the period from January to March (M. McPartland pers. comm. 2011).

European Eel

Eels, which are considered under threat due to a massive decline in stocks, are present within the main channel and its tributaries (refer to Section 7.3 for records of Fish Survey)

Freshwater Pearl Mussel

Potential impacts to Freshwater Pearl Mussels are discussed in Chapter 8 Terrestrial Flora and Fauna.

7.4 POTENTIAL IMPACTS

7.4.1 Construction Impacts

Works within the riverbed could potentially impact directly on aquatic habitats, macrophytes and macro-invertebrate populations. Aquatic invertebrates may be smothered by excessive deposits of silt from suspended solids or displaced. In areas of stony substrate, silt deposits may result in a change in the macro-invertebrate species composition, favouring less diverse assemblages. Aquatic plant communities may also be affected by increased siltation. Submerged groups in particular are likely to

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 7-17 Rev. F01 Environmental Impact Statement – River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme Volume II Main Document be eliminated or stunted by excessive deposition of suspended solids, reducing plants ability to photosynthesise.

High silt levels could settle on the river bed downstream causing damage to habitats and could potentially impact on fish health. Fish gills may become abraded by excessive exposure to elevated suspended solids level which can also lead to infection This may result in poor fish health and in rare cases mortality.

A particular concern is that high silt levels from site works will coincide with low water levels in the River Ilen when fish are concentrated in pools downstream of the works being carried out. Plumes of silt, if severe, could theoretically prevent fish such as salmon and lamprey from migrating through the study area or may change the timing of migration. If for example fish migration is delayed or if fish are displaced, fish may congregate in certain areas which will make them susceptible to predation from seals and human poaching.

During construction concrete or hydrocarbons derived from construction activity (e.g. hydraulic oil or fuel spills) could also impact on water quality. Hydrocarbons can be directly toxic, may become trapped in sediments and can affect gaseous exchange at the water surface reducing oxygen levels.

7.4.2 Operational Stage

Structures such as culverts, particularly if incorrectly designed, may prevent fish from migrating through them due to the flow pattern in the culvert or behavioral changes resulting from the imposition of a new structure i.e. increased shade etc if not appropriately designed. This can lead to a net loss of large areas of habitat as fish are unable to colonise or spawn within aquatic habitats upstream of an inappropriately designed culvert.

Culverts and the bases of walls and embankments will directly impact on the substratum of the river directly removing habitat for macroinvertebrates and aquatic plants. Instream structures may change flow patterns resulting in loss of gravel substrate, increased siltation and may remove meanders and natural riffle-pool sequences, which are important for fish populations. Removal of riparian vegetation may reduce shade levels in summer and may remove refuges for adult fish. It may also destabilise the riverbanks thus causing increased erosion. This in turn may lead to a wider, shallower channel with fewer refuges for adult salmonids. Increased erosion may also lead to increased levels of suspended solids in the longer term.

7.4.3 Cumulative Impacts

If works coincide with periods of very dry weather silt plumes could have a greater impact on fish populations and in particular Atlantic salmon holding station in pools downstream of works. If this occurs during times of peak fish movement the impact may be worsened. Poor water quality due to excess nutrients or toxicity from oil or fuel spills could also increase stress on fish under these conditions.

7.4.4 Predicted Impacts in the Absence of Mitigation

The predicted impacts in the absence of mitigation are detailed below in Table 7.6 below. The classification scheme which was used to determine the value of habitats and predicted impact on

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 7-18 Rev. F01 Environmental Impact Statement – River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme Volume II Main Document them is based on the classification scheme used in the NRA publication Guidelines for assessment of ecological impacts of National Road Schemes (NRA, 2006a Appendix 7.1). It is noted that the barrier between the tidal and freshwater sections of the different rivers is difficult to define precisely.

Table 7.6: Predicted Impacts in the Absence of Mitigation

Habitat Type Habitat Value Predicted Impacts in the Absence of Mitigation Tidal River CW2 Nationally The overall Ilen catchment supports a number of (Ilen) Important B Annex II species including Atlantic salmon, otter, grey seal (occasional) and freshwater pearl mussel (upstream of the works area). It is also a nationally important salmon and sea trout fishery. The section of the River Ilen within the study area is tidal in nature and as such does not support areas suitable for salmonid or lamprey spawning, juvenile lamprey populations or populations of freshwater pearl mussel. There will be direct impacts on the bed of the river due to widening, regrading, bridge maintenance and other works but no long term significant impacts on Habitats Directive Annex II species. The construction impacts are expected to be short-term and have the potential to be major negative in the absence of mitigation. The impacts are predicted to be moderate negative in the long term in the absence of mitigation. Tidal River CW2 High value C Supports a healthy population of brown trout and (Caol Stream and small numbers of juvenile Atlantic salmon were Showground stream) recorded upstream of the works area. The showground stream does support small numbers of trout but is considered of less ecological value overall. Works on the downstream section of the Caol Stream will reduce habitat quality for invertebrates and fish. However no significant impact on salmon migrating through this area is predicted to occur outside of the immediate works period as no culverting is proposed. The construction impacts will be moderate negative to major negative in the short term in the absence of mitigation. The long term impacts are predicted to be moderate negative in the absence of mitigation. Tidal River CW2/ Moderate Value Supports small numbers of trout although affected Depositing river FW2 D by localised nutrient enrichment in the lower Lurriga Stream reaches. The construction impacts will be moderate (Showgrounds negative in the short term in the absence of Stream) mitigation. The long term impacts are predicted to be minor negative in the absence of mitigation. Tidal River CW2/ Low to No fish were detected in this watercourse however Depositing river FW2 Moderate Value it is of sufficient size to support macro-invertebrate Carrigfadda Stream E to D populations and possibly small populations of fish (Assolas Stream) such as eel, stickleback and trout in pockets. The construction impacts will be minor negative in the short term in the absence of mitigation. The long term impacts are predicted to be minor negative in the absence of mitigation. Tidal River CW2/ Low Value E Low value habitat overall. The construction impacts Depositing river FW2 will be minor negative in the short term in the (Mill Race stream) absence of mitigation. The long term impacts are predicted to be minor negative in the absence of mitigation.

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Habitat Type Habitat Value Predicted Impacts in the Absence of Mitigation Tidal River CW2/ Low value E Low value habitat, heavily modified and silted with Depositing river FW2 limited flows. The construction impacts will be (Glencurragh minor negative in the short term in the absence of stream) mitigation. The long term impacts are predicted to be minor negative in the absence of mitigation.

7.5 MITIGATION MEASURES

7.5.1 Construction

Works associated with the drainage scheme will be carried out under the supervision of a suitably qualified and experienced ecologist (for in stream works only, i.e. monitoring of suspended solids).

Where possible, it is expected that the Contractor will primarily gain access from the river banks; however temporary working areas within the river channel may be required for certain works. Works such as masonry facing to proposed floodwalls may be carried out from a temporary working platform on the riverside of the works. It is expected that access to construct proposed flood defences which are located away from the river’s edge will be from the landward side in order to avoid any impact to the river, e.g. embankments. Where in-stream works are proposed, the Contractor will be required to enter the watercourse, e.g. regrading of the riverbed and structural works to piers at John F. Kennedy Bridge etc. During such works, machine movements in the river will be minimised. Where feasible works should be carried out from the river bank or platforms constructed for this purpose.

Where access to the river channel is required, detailed method statements will be drawn up which deal specifically with the different works proposed. The method statements will be drawn up in consultation with the supervising ecologist and agreed with the NPWS and IFI prior to the commencement of works.

Detailed silt control methods will be required for all in-stream works. Although Atlantic salmon move through the Ilen system throughout the year movements are lowest in the period from January to March. Ideally works within the main channel of the Ilen should be carried out during this period. It is noted however that weather conditions may preclude works during this time window. Any works will require effective control of silt and it is expected that a variety of methods may be required i.e. silt curtains, coffer dams, dewatering, silt sumps etc.

Instream works on the Caol and Ilen and resultant silt plume should not, if possible, extent beyond 60% of the width of the watercourse to prevent significant impacts on migrating fish.

It is noted that due to tidal flooding use of silt curtains may be problematic and detailed measures for control of silt will need to designed and agreed with the IFI. A flexible, adaptable approach will be required to control silt levels and some restrictions on the timing of works (e.g. restricting works to an outgoing tide with silt curtains downstream of site works) may be required due to tidal factors if alternative silt control measures prove ineffective.

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The level of suspended solids within the Ilen will naturally vary depending on seasonality, river flows and tidal influence and greater fluctuations would be expected compared with an equivalent freshwater ecosystem. It is recommended therefore that baseline data be obtained on suspended solid levels and nutrient levels within the works area of the Caol and River Ilen in the period prior to the commencement of site works. This data should be obtained from a minimum of twenty samples over the full range of the tidal cycle. Based on this data specific limits can be reached for levels of suspended solids and nutrients in the mixing zone downstream of site works which take account of baseline tidal fluctuations. These limits will be agreed with IFI and NPWS and incorporated into the detailed method statement for site works. Ongoing monitoring will also be agreed to ensure that site works do not elevate levels of suspended solids and nutrients above the set limits.

Where possible, concrete works will be carried out in dry conditions with no in-stream pouring of concrete. It may be necessary therefore to effectively sheet-pile or cofferdam sections of the river and pump out the river water during the construction of the proposed works. If required, fish populations which become isolated will be salvaged via electrofishing under licence from the Department of Communications, Energy & Natural Resources and in consultation with Inland Fisheries Ireland.

It is expected that most of the equipment used will be standard construction plant for a project of this nature, e.g. mechanical excavators, dump trucks, dewatering pumps, ready mix concrete lorries, pile drivers, rock breakers etc. All machinery should be maintained in good condition to prevent leakage of hydrocarbons. Fuelling and lubrication of equipment must not be carried out within 30 m of any watercourse.

All contractors, sub-contractors and in particular machinery operators must be made aware of the provisions for protecting water quality as outlined in the method statements.

Where possible, excavated material should not be stockpiled for a long-term period within 10 m of a watercourse. Where this measure is not implementable then specific silt control measures should be planned as part of the detailed method statement for site works in each specific area. Similarly bare soil along river banks must be prevented from collapsing or running off into watercourses. Mitigation measures with regard to invasive species are detailed in Chapter 8 Terrestrial Flora and Fauna.

7.5.2 Operation

All culverts and walls must be designed to minimise impacts on fish and macro-invertebrate populations. All culverts will be designed with solid floors suppressed by an appropriate amount to allow for suitable streambed material to be deposited and for a suitable habitat to be generated within a given culvert. As natural a flow pattern as possible under low water/ low tide conditions will be provided in channels affected by site works. The structure and flow pattern within culverts on minor streams will be designed to allow fish to move through them. The slope of culverts will follow the existing gradient and trash screens are not envisaged. No significant drops in level at the outflows from culverts are proposed. It is noted that as these minor streams are tidal, free movement of fish through culverts at high tide is expected to occur.

Although local information suggests that there were angling areas within the study area in the past, angling is now largely confined to the freshwater section of the Ilen upstream of the hospital. The loss of angling areas within the town may be due to poor water quality which prevents fish from holding in these areas (Steve Rourke River Ilen Anglers Association pers. comm). It is noted that water quality in the River Ilen is improving due to changes in the wastewater treatment collection and treatment system. It is likely therefore that increased salmon usage of pools within the study area could occur in the future and thus the works should ensure that these pools are retained in the Ilen once works are complete and that the Ilen is returned as close to its pre-works structure as possible.

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Input from a qualified fisheries/aquatic engineering specialist with experience in the design of instream structures is required into the design of culverts and the post-works flow patterns and channel structure. Such supervision is particularly important for works on the Ilen and Caol Rivers. The specialist in conjunction with the supervising ecologist will be required to visit the watercourses prior to the commencement of site works to assess the existing channel structure, fish holding features, substrate composition, flow patterns etc. Where feasible such structures will be incorporated into the channels following completion of works.

Culverts will be maintained to ensure that they do not become blocked and impassable.

Lands entered or disturbed during construction will be reinstated to their original condition upon completion of the main works. Landscaping is to take place following construction, in a manner appropriate to each particular area. In particular hedges and trees along rivers will be replanted, where feasible, using the same mix of native species as originally present. Where such planting is unfeasible replacement planting will be carried out elsewhere within the study area.

7.5.3 Cumulative

The works in the River Ilen and Caol Stream are expected to generate relatively high levels of silt. The lower reaches of these rivers are tidal and therefore a high level of dilution would be provided at high tide and the habitats downstream of works are quite robust. However cumulative impacts could arise where levels in the river are exceptionally low or where other stressors such as a pollution incident have occurred. In these circumstances there could be cumulative impacts, particularly on migrating salmon and sea trout. Where significant pollution incidents are noted or suspected or where water levels in the river are particularly low, works should be paused and only resumed in consultation with IFI and NPWS.

It is noted that reduction of flooding within the town will have a net positive impact on aquatic ecology as high flood levels within an urban setting have the potential to introduce into the river a wide range of potentially toxic substances including sewage, hydrocarbons, household chemicals etc.

7.6 RESIDUAL IMPACTS

A range of site works will be carried out in the main channel of the River Ilen which have the potential to generate silt and although there is no spawning areas or particularly sensitive aquatic habitats within or downstream of the works, such works could impact on aquatic habitats or migrating fish including salmon (Annex II), lamprey species (Annex II), European eels and sea trout/brown trout. Similarly spills of hydrocarbons could impact on fish populations and aquatic habitats. Whilst the mitigation measures required to control silt must take account of tidal factors, the control of silt and prevention of hydrocarbon contamination is expected to be effective. Overall, and although there will be some changes in bankside vegetation, the structure of the river will remain largely unchanged and there will be no barriers to migrating fish. Overall the impact is expected to be localised and short- term and is therefore predicted under the NRA classification scheme to be Moderate Negative.

The Caol Stream supports brown trout, eels and salmon and is tidal within the works area. The provision of a 340 m walled channel will impact on areas of the stream which have been significantly modified and thus is not of high ecological value in relation to the overall Caol Stream. However it does support adult brown trout and eel in small numbers, is visited by flounder and grey mullet and

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 7-22 Rev. F01 Environmental Impact Statement – River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme Volume II Main Document also salmon and possibly sea trout will migrate through the works area. The walled channel will be designed to preserve and recreate natural flow and substrate conditions as much as possible. Overall there will be a net loss of moderate quality habitat and generation of silt/disturbance during site works; however no significant long term impact on fish populations within the Caol is predicted. Overall the impact is expected to be localised and long-term and is therefore predicted under the NRA classification scheme to be Moderate Negative.

The Showgrounds stream supports a small population of brown trout and as such is of local value. No fish were detected in the section of watercourse in which the culvert will be placed and water quality in this section of the stream appears to be impaired by upstream agricultural impacts. The culvert will be designed to allow fish to migrate through it and to recreate as much as possible the natural substrate. As movement of fish will not be prevented, fish within this stream are not expected to become isolated from the main channel. Overall impact is expected to be localised and long-term and is therefore predicted under the NRA classification scheme to be Minor Negative.

No fish were detected in the Assolas Stream (Carrigfadda Stream) however it is of sufficient size to support fish in certain sections. Overall impact is expected to be localised and long-term and is therefore predicted under the NRA classification scheme to be Minor Negative.

The remaining watercourses to be affected (Mill Race and Glencurragh stream) are small and of no significant value for fish. Overall impact is expected to be localised and long-term and is therefore predicted under the NRA classification scheme to be Not Significant.

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8 TERRESTRIAL FLORA AND FAUNA

8.1 INTRODUCTION

In parallel to the assessment of impacts on aquatic ecology, DixonBrosnan and Associates (Environmental Consultants) were also commissioned by RPS to prepare this Chapter which addresses the impacts of the proposed works on terrestrial ecology. DixonBrosnan and Associates had previously provided ecological input into the design process during the constraints and identification of preferred option stages.

This Chapter describes and evaluates the habitats with their representative flora and fauna in order to describe and assess the impacts which would result from the proposed drainage scheme. The chapter follows the structure and protocols detailed in Advice notes on current practice in the preparation of Environmental Impact Statements (EPA 2003) and Guidelines on the information to be contained in Environmental Impact Statements (EPA 2002). The classification scheme used in the NRA publication Guidelines for assessment of ecological impacts of National Road Schemes (NRA, 2006a Appendix 7. 1) was also used in this report. This ecological assessment was carried out by Carl Dixon M.Sc. Applied Ecology and Vincent Murphy M.Sc. Ecosystem Conservation & Landscape Management.

8.2 METHODOLOGY

8.2.1 Desktop Review

Desk top studies and walk over surveys were carried out in 2011 and relevant ecological constraints were identified. These were detailed in the Constraints Report prepared by RPS (July, 2011) and were factored into the matrix used to determine the preferred option for the drainage scheme (Multi Criteria Analysis Report, January 2012). This Chapter assesses the impacts on terrestrial ecology potentially arising from this preferred flood relief option.

8.2.2 Consultation

As the statutory bodies responsible for Fisheries and Ecology respectively, both the IFI (Inland Fisheries Ireland) and NPWS (National Parks and Wildlife Service) were consulted at the Constraints Stage and during the EIS Stage. The results of consultation with IFI are detailed in Chapter 7 Aquatic Flora and Fauna, which assesses impacts on aquatic flora and fauna including water quality and fisheries. It is noted that there is a degree of overlap between this Chapter 8 Terrestrial Flora and Fauna and Chapter 7 Aquatic Flora and Fauna. The NPWS noted that otters, bat species and kingfisher are known to utilise the River Ilen catchment (O’Donnell pers. comm.). The NPWS database notes the presence of three protected invertebrate species in the 10 km squares W03 and W13 within which the proposed flood relief option is located. Freshwater mussels are not considered an issue as the areas to be affected are tidal in nature. Neither Marsh fritillary (butterfly) nor the Kerry slug were recorded, or are likely to occur. Four protected and Red Data Book plant species are recorded within the 10 km squares W03 and W13, namely lesser snapdragon, annual knawel, wood cranesbill and Killarney Fern. None of these species are likely to occur within the study area. Two locally scarce plants were recorded in the area in 1997; pink-flowered hedge bindweed and English scurvy grass (RPS 1997). None of the species identified above were recorded within the areas affected by the proposed works during the field surveys undertaken in June, August and September 2012 as described below. The timeline and a brief summary of consultations with the NPWS District Conservation Office is detailed below Table 8.1. Further details on consultation is provided in Chapter 3 Methodology and Consultation and Table 7.1 of Chapter 7 Aquatic Flora and Fauna.

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Table 8.1: Consultation

Consultee Date Summary of Response National Parks and Wildlife Phone call Declan O' Donnell Otters, bat species and kingfisher Service (NPWS); (District Conservation Officer) are known to utilise the Ilen 13/6/2011 and 17/9/2012 catchment. Primary concern is that potential impacts on designated sites are effectively dealt with. No specific concerns in relation to local ecology.

8.2.3 Field Survey

As part of this environmental impact assessment surveys were carried out in June, August and September 2012 to identify and assess the impact of the proposed drainage scheme on flora and fauna. As walk over surveys within the overall study had already been carried out in June and July 2011, the surveys carried out in 2012 focused specifically on the areas affected by site works. Habitats were mapped according to the classification scheme outlined in the Heritage Council publication A Guide to Habitats in Ireland (Fossitt, 2000) and in line with the guidelines contained in Best Practice Guidance for Habitat Survey and Mapping”, Heritage Council, 2010. Invasive species were also recorded and mapped. The classification scheme used to define the value of habitats and to define impacts is based on a classification scheme used by the National Roads Authority (NRA) Guidelines for the assessment of ecological impacts of National Road Schemes (NRA, 2006a). This classification scheme is included in Appendix 7.1. The presence of fauna was determined via direct observation or through observation of tracks and signs. Where required, seasonal factors were taken into consideration during the preparation of this chapter.

8.3 EXISTING ENVIRONMENT

8.3.1 Designated Sites

There are no designated conservation sites within the study area. Thus the study area does not include, nor is it located adjacent to a Special Area of Conservation (SAC), Natural Heritage Area (NHA), Special Protection Area (SPA), National Park or Nature Reserve. Table 8.2 below provides an overview of Natura 2000 sites within 10 km of the study area.

Table 8.2: Designated Sites Located Within 10 km of the Proposed Development

Designation Site Approximate Location Site Name Qualifying interests Type Code (at nearest point) Relative to Skibbereen Lough Hyne Designated for the habitats cSAC 000097 4 km to the south- Nature Reserve reefs, large shallow inlets & southwest and Environs bays, submerged and partially submerged sea caves. Sheep’s Head Important populations of SPA 004156 4 km to the south to Toe Head Chough and Peregrine breed in the SPA. There is also a nationally important population of Black Guillemot and smaller populations of other

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Designation Site Approximate Location Site Name Qualifying interests Type Code (at nearest point) Relative to Skibbereen breeding sea birds; Fulmar, Herring Gull, Kittiwake, Shag and Great black- backed Gull. Castletownsend Sessile Oak and Beech cSAC 001547 6 km to the east- woodland with an southeast understorey of Holly and Hazel. Designated for the species Killarney Fern. Roaringwater Designated for the habitats cSAC 000101 8 km to the southwest Bay and Islands reefs, large shallow inlets & bays, vegetated sea cliffs of the Atlantic coast, European dry heath and submerged and partially submerged sea caves as well as the species otter, harbour porpoise and grey seal. Myross wood Semi-natural woodland cSAC 001070 8.5 km to the east consisting of Oak, Downy Birch, Holly, Hazel, Sycamore, Beech and Silver Fir with a diverse ground flora including many ferns. Designated for the Killarney Fern.

Special Areas of Conservation

The River Ilen flows into Roaringwater Bay and Islands cSAC (Site Code 101) approximately 8 km from the works area and this is the only designated SAC which could theoretically be directly affected. The qualifying interests for this site are detailed below:-

Large Shallow Inlets and Bays [1160] Reefs [1170] Vegetated Sea Cliffs of the Atlantic and Baltic Coasts [1230] Harbour Porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) [1351] Otter (Lutra lutra) [1355] Grey Seal (Halichoerus grypus) [1364] European Dry Heaths [4030] Submerged or Partly Submerged Sea Caves [8330]

At this stage no significant impact on the qualifying interests and conservation objectives for this or any of the other designated SACs outlined in Table 8.2 are envisaged.

See Appendix 7.2 Appropriate Assessment Screening.

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Special Protection Areas (SPAs)

The Sheep’s Head to Toe Head SPA is located 6km south of Skibbereen. The habitats within the SPA are mainly sea cliffs with sand dunes at Barley Cove and Crookhaven. The part of the SPA from Baltimore to Toe Head includes sheltered bays, estuaries and exposed headlands. Peregrine and Chough breed in the SPA. No significant impact on the qualifying interests and conservation objectives for this designated site is envisaged.

See Appendix 7.2 Appropriate Assessment Screening.

8.3.2 Habitats

A number of site visits were carried out throughout 2011 and 2012 (refer to section 8.2.3 for details). All habitats were classified to level 3 of the classification scheme outlined in A Guide to Habitats in Ireland (Fossitt 2000). It should be noted that some of the habitats are transitional and where this occurs they are placed in the category they most resemble. The habitats to be affected by site works are generally common and unlikely to support rare or protected species. No rare or uncommon species of plant were recorded within the areas affected by the proposed site works. A broad overview of habitats within the study area is presented in Figure 8.1 below. Notes on the specific areas affected by site works and the habitats they contain are included as Appendix 8.1 Habitats affected by the proposed scheme. An overview of habitats and their ecological value is presented in Table 8.3. The evaluation scheme used in Table 8.3 is based on the scheme detailed in the NRA publication Guidelines for assessment of ecological impacts of National Road Schemes (NRA, 2006a) (Appendix 7.1 Site Evaluation Scheme and Criteria for Assessing Impact).

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Figure 8.1: An Overview of Habitats Within the overall Study Area based on the initial constraints study

* It is noted that the barrier between the tidal and freshwater sections of the watercourses is difficult to define precisely.

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Table 8.3: Terrestrial Habitat Values and Predicted Impacts

Habitat Predicted Impacts in the Absence of Mitigation Habitat Type Value Measures Tidal River CW2 Nationally The overall Ilen catchment supports a number of (Ilen) Important B Annex II species including Atlantic salmon, otter, grey seal (occasional) and freshwater pearl mussel. It also supports kingfisher which is listed on Annex I of the Birds Directive. There will be direct impacts on the bed of the river due to widening works and disturbance of mammals such as otter and grey seal and birds but no long term significant impacts on Habitats Directive Annex II species or Birds Directive Annex I species is predicted. The construction impacts on terrestrial ecology are expected to be short-term and have the potential to be moderate negative in the absence of mitigation. The long-term impacts are predicted to be moderate negative in the absence of mitigation. Tidal River CW2 High value C Is used extensively by otter and specialised bird (Caol Stream and species such as heron and dipper. Works on the Showground downstream section of the Caol Stream will reduce Stream) habitat quality for invertebrates and may cause some short-term displacement of otter and other fauna. However no significant impact on otter or salmon migrating through this area is predicted to occur. The construction impacts on terrestrial ecology are expected to be short-term and have the potential to be moderate negative in the absence of mitigation. The impacts are predicted to be minor negative in the long term in the absence of mitigation. Tidal River CW2/ Moderate Supports small numbers of trout and although affected Depositing River Value D by localised nutrient enrichment in the lower reaches FW2 could potentially provide feeding habitat for otter and Lurriga Stream piscivorous birds. The construction impacts will be (Showgrounds minor negative in the short term in the absence of Stream) mitigation. The long term impacts are predicted to be minor negative in the absence of mitigation. Tidal River CW2/ Low to No fish were detected in this watercourse which Depositing River Moderate reduces its value for species such as otter and FW2 Value E to D piscivorous birds. The construction impacts will be Carrigfadda Stream minor negative in the short term in the absence of (Assolas Stream) mitigation. The long term impacts are predicted to be minor negative in the absence of mitigation. Tidal River CW2/ Low Value E Low value habitat overall. The construction impacts Depositing River will be minor negative in the short term in the FW2 absence of mitigation. The long term impacts are Mill Stream and predicted to be minor negative in the absence of Glencurragh Stream mitigation. Treelines WL2/ Moderate Small sections of treelines / hedgerows will be Hedgerows WL1 value D affected by the proposed works. Where treelines adjoin watercourses they help to provide structural support for river banks, cover and shade for fish and food for invertebrates and fish. The construction impacts will be moderate negative in the short term in the absence of mitigation. The long term impacts are predicted to be minor negative in the absence of mitigation.

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Habitat Predicted Impacts in the Absence of Mitigation Habitat Type Value Measures

Scrub WS1 Low to Occurs at various locations and species vary moderate depending on ground conditions i.e. gorse on dryer value E to D ground, Willow where wetter conditions prevail. Does provide some cover and feeding habitat for birds and invertebrates. The construction impacts will be moderate to minor negative in the short term in the absence of mitigation. The long term impacts are predicted to be minor negative in the absence of mitigation. Reed and Large Low to Limited in extent. The construction impacts will be Sedge Swamp FS1 moderate minor negative in the short term in the absence of value E to D mitigation. The long term impacts are predicted to be minor negative in the absence of mitigation. Horticultural land Low value E These are all common low value habitats within the BC2/ Buildings and development area. The construction impacts will be artificial surfaces minor negative in the short term in the absence of BL3/ Improved mitigation. The long term impacts are predicted to be agricultural minor negative in the absence of mitigation. grassland GA1/ Amenity grassland GA2 Wet grassland GS4/ Earth bank BL2/ Drainage ditch FW4/ Dry meadow and grassy verge GS2

8.3.3 Invasive Species

Two notable invasive species were noted during the site survey namely Japanese Knotweed and Himalayan Balsam. Both of these species are highly invasive and impact on ecology by forming dense stands, particularly along watercourses, and suppressing native vegetation. Japanese Knotweed in particular can be easily spread and is very difficult to eradicate and extreme care is required for any works where this species is present. Figure 8.4 shows the areas identified as supporting invasive species during survey work in 2011 and 2012. It is noted that these species may spread in the period between these surveys and the commencement of works. The distribution of invasive species is shown below in Figures 8.2 to 8.4 below.

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Fig. 8.2: Dense Stands of Japanese Knotweed long the Lower Reaches of the Mill Race

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Fig. 8.3: Himalayan Balsam and Japanese Knotweed are Patchy Distributed Along the Caol Stream from the SuperValu Car Park for Approximately 400 m Upstream

Fig. 8.4: Japanese Knotweed Along the Main Ilen Channel Downstream of John F. Kennedy Bridge

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8.3.4 Mammals

Otters

Otters, along with their breeding and resting places are protected under the provisions of the Wildlife Act 1976, as amended by the Wildlife (Amendment) Act, 2000. Otters have additional protection because of their inclusion in Annex II and Annex IV of the Habitats Direct which is transposed into Irish law in the European Communities (Natural Habitats) Regulations (S.I 94 of 1997), as amended. Otters are also listed as requiring strict protection in Appendix II of the Berne Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats and are included in the Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species (CITES)(Guidelines for the treatment of otters prior to the construction of National Road schemes NRA 2005b).

Although rare in parts of Europe they are widely distributed in the Irish countryside in both marine and freshwater habitats. Otters are solitary and nocturnal and as such are rarely seen. Thus surveys for Otters rely on detecting signs of their presence. These signs include spraints (faeces), anal gland secretions, paths, slides, footprints and remains of prey items. Spraints are of particular value as they are used as territorial markers and are often found on prominent locations such as grass tussocks, stream junctions and under bridges. In addition they are relatively straightforward to identify.

Otters occasionally dig out their own burrows (holts) but generally they make use of existing cavities as resting placing or for breeding sites. Suitable locations include eroded riverbanks, under trees along rivers, under fallen trees, within rock piles or in dry drainage pipes or culverts etc. If ground conditions are suitable the holt may consist of a complex tunnel and chamber system. Otters often lie out above ground especially within reedbeds where depressions in the vegetation called “couches” are formed. Generally holts or resting areas can be located by detecting signs such as spraints or tracks.

A previous report on the River Ilen carried out in 2007 (EriCo, 2007) observed otter foraging upstream of John F. Kennedy Bridge. The same report noted the presence of a known holt immediately downstream of the same bridge and the presence of a second holt on the western bank opposite Parochial House. The DixonBrosnan surveys carried out in June and July 2011 and June, August and September 2012 did not record evidence of Otters in these areas; however it is expected that Otter use the main channel of the Ilen at various locations. The only signs of otter recorded in 2011 were noted upstream of Curragh Bridge in the vicinity of the confluence area with the Lurriga stream. In September 2012 otter prints were recorded on the Mill Race 30 m upstream of its confluence with the main channel of the Ilen. It is possible that otters are feeding on common frog which was observed in this area and on fish that move into this channel during high tide. Given its limited size, the Mill Race is unlikely to be a critical feeding resource. Extensive evidence of otter activity was also recorded on the Caol Stream including spraints, slides and resting areas. No breeding holts were recorded in this area. These signs were noted in a defined area associated with a privet walkway running northwest for approximately 350 m from a caravan and camping park. This walkway is well maintained with bankside vegetation such as willows, alder, grasses, bramble, reeds and iris. On the other side of the lawn path is a line of planted immature ash trees up to 4 m in height. On the other side of this treeline is an area of marsh. These habitats in combination provide excellent cover and resources for Otters however no holts were detected within 150 m of the proposed works during surveys in 2011 and 2012.

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Figure 8.5: Locations of Otter Activity

Grey Seal

Grey seal are a qualifying interest for the Roaringwater Bay and Islands cSAC located 8 km downstream of the study area. They do move upstream to feed and have been recorded feeding on salmon in pools in the river close to the hospital immediately upstream of the study area. (Steve Rourke (River Ilen Anglers Association) pers. comm, 2011). Although there may be some minor disturbance of this species during construction works on the Ilen, it will be limited to the duration of the works. As this is a mobile species for which the Ilen this far upstream is unlikely to be a critical feeding resource, no significant impact on this species is envisaged.

See Appendix 7.2 Appropriate Assessment Screening which addresses impacts to Natura 2000 sites and their qualifying features in further detail.

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8.3.5 Bats

A bat survey was carried out within the study area (see Appendix 8.2 Bat Survey Report) in September 2011. The primary aims of the study were to identify any potential roosting sites and to observe general activity patterns within the study area. The desktop study did not identify any significant bat roosts within the study area and there are no known roosts of lesser horseshoe bat, which are listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive, within this general area. The most downstream bridge on the Caol Stream has a small number of crevices which could potentially be used by bats however it is probable that the crevices under this tidal bridge flood and thus it is not expected to be of value for bats. None of the trees to be removed are of sufficient age or have the structural elements which would make them suitable as large scale bat roosts.

The activity survey only recorded Soprano Bat (soprano pipistrelle) feeding within the study area. However it is considered probable that other species, particularly Daubenton's Bat could feed along watercourses during other times of the year. It is noted that the larger watercourses will remain as linear features although there will be culverting on minor streams. Soprano bat was the only species detected and activity was confined to the Ilen River. This adaptable species would be expected to adapt to relatively minor changes in channel structure associated with the works. The removal of bankside vegetation and possible changes in aquatic invertebrate populations may reduce prey availability particularly in the short term. However regrowth of vegetation and recreation of aquatic substrates will minimise the impacts in the longer term.

8.3.6 Birds

Kingfisher are known to occur along the river particularly in the lower sections (D O’ Donnell NPWS pers. comm. 2011). The 2004 EIS prepared for the Skibbereen Wastewater Treatment Plant (RPS- MCOS 2004) notes the following in relation to birds along the Ilen River.

“The river is fished by small numbers of cormorant, while the edges are used by a few redshank, mallard and grey wagtail. Flocks of oystercatcher and black-headed gull congregate either where there are larger areas of silt or, in the case of the gulls, where side streams enter. West of the site, the islands were being used as a high tide roost by lapwing (45), oystercatcher (25), curlew (1), greenshank (1) and cormorant (1).

In summer, the river would attract good numbers of swallows, sand martins, willow warblers and bats to feed on its abundant fly life.

The marine part of the estuary begins some 2 km below the outflow and consists of extensive mudflats at Newcourt and around Inishbeg Island. There are small numbers of shorebirds here in autumn and winter, involving widgeon, knot, curlew and redshank” (RPS-MCOS 2004).

In addition grey heron, little egret, lesser black back gull, common gull, kestrel, grey wagtail, dipper, pied wagtail, greenfinch, dipper, starling, jackdaw, chaffinch, mallard, swallow, blue tit, great tit, blackbird, rook, jackdaw and magpie were noted during the walkover surveys in 2011 and 2012.

Although breeding of common countryside birds in habitats such as treelines adjoining watercourses is likely to occur, no breeding sites for more specialist aquatic birds such as kingfisher (listed on Annex I of the Birds Directive), dipper, heron or grey wagtail were recorded within the area affected by site works. Cormorants were noted overflying the channel. Modifications to the channels of the River Ilen, Caol and minor streams may increase turbidity levels and cause disruptions to fish and invertebrate populations in the short term reducing prey availability and may cause disturbance to bird

______RPS/MCE0703RP0004 8-12 Rev. F01 Environmental Impact Statement – Skibbereen (River Ilen) Drainage Scheme Volume II Main Document species. However in the longer term the impact on birds is likely to decrease as vegetation regrowth occurs and the substrate and fish habitat within the channels improve.

BirdWatch Ireland and RSPB NI have agreed a list of priority bird species for conservation action on the island of Ireland. These Birds of Conservation Concern in Ireland are published in a list known as the BoCCI List. In this BoCCI List, birds are classified into three separate lists (Red, Amber and Green), based on the conservation value and priority of the species. The Red List birds are of high conservation concern, the Amber List birds are of medium conservation concern and the Green List birds are not considered threatened. Specific criteria are used to classify a bird into one of these three categories. Several species noted within the overall study area (cormorant, common gull, swallow, starling, kestrel) are included on the Amber List. Curlew and lapwing are included on the Red List. Little Egret is listed on Annex I of the EU Birds Directive. Overall however impacts will be largely confined to short term disturbance and the long-term impact on birds is not expected to be significant.

8.3.7 Other Vertebrates

No other protected mammals (Wildlife Act 1976 & 2000) were recorded within the study area. No signs of badger were recorded and given that most of the area to be affected is urban/suburban it is considered unlikely that this species will be present within the area affected. Hedgehog could occur in the study area however no large areas of habitat suitable for this species will be affected. Other protected species such as stoat and Irish hare could occur on the periphery of the works area however again no habitat of particularly high value for these species was recorded. In addition these species are mobile and any impact would be localised and short-term. Common frog, which is also protected under the Wildlife Act was recorded in the lower section of the Mill Stream. This area will be culverted leading to a small localised impact on this species.

8.3.8 Invertebrates

Pearl Mussel

Margaritifera margaritifera, commonly called the freshwater pearl mussel, is one of three species of large Unionacean bivalves found in Irish freshwaters. This species is known to exist in the River Ilen although no formal study has been completed (D O’ Donnell NPWS pers. comm.). Mussel shells were noted in the river during the walkover survey by DixonBrosnan in June 2011.

A previous survey undertaken in 1997 as part of the Environmental Impact Study for the Skibbereen Northern Relief Road (RPS Cairns, 1997) carried out a survey for freshwater pearl mussel using sub- aqua equipment. No live specimens were recorded within the 1997 study area. The 1997 EIS also noted that the nearest known population of freshwater pearl mussel was approximately 1.2 km upstream of the current 2013 study area. The closest known location for freshwater pearl mussel in relation to the current study area is shown below in Figure 8.6. The habitats to be directly affected are influenced by tidal movements and the presence of significant numbers of this species within the study area is highly unlikely. Provided that there are no significant impacts on salmonid populations in the river (freshwater pearl mussel is dependent on the presence of salmon and trout as hosts for its larvae) no impact on freshwater pearl mussel is envisaged. Impacts on salmonid populations are dealt with in detail in Chapter 7, Aquatic Flora and Fauna; this chapter concludes that the long-term impact on salmonids will range from minor to moderate negative. Overall no significant long term risk to populations of freshwater pearl mussel is envisaged.

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Legend

Historical locations for freshwater pearl mussel

Flood Defences

Project Issue Details Innishmore, T +353 21 4665900 Ballincollig, F +353 21 4873742 River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drawn by: T Hurley Project No. MCE0703 Co Cork, [email protected]  E Checked by: A Fitzgerald File Ref. Ireland Wrpsgroup.com/ireland Drainage Scheme Approved by: B Brice MCE0703Mi0003F01

Scale: N.T.S. Drawing No. Rev.

Client Title Date: April 2013 Mi0003 F01 Cork Historical locations for Notes 1. This drawing is the property of RPS Group Ltd. It is a confidential document and must not be copied, used, or its contents divulged without prior written consent. County freshwater pearl mussel 2. All levels are referred to Ordnance Datum, Malin Head. 0 50 100 3. Ordnance Survey Ireland Licence EN 0005013 Council Figure 8.6 Kilometers ©Copyright Government of Ireland.

Environmental Impact Statement – Skibbereen (River Ilen) Drainage Scheme Volume II Main Document

8.4 POTENTIAL IMPACTS

A description of the proposed works is given in Section 2.4 of Chapter 2 Project Description. The main elements of the works are described below and shown on Figure 1.1 ARSR.

8.4.1 Potential Construction Impacts

The contract duration will be determined at the detailed design stage. It is expected that it will take approximately 24 months to complete the works. Construction will require direct removal of habitat and although none of the terrestrial habitats are of particularly high value, there will be a net loss of vegetation which in turn will impact on birds, mammals and invertebrates. The loss of connective habitats and trees within the wider landscape could disrupt commuting routes for bats and birds. High levels of noise and disturbance have the potential to disturb and/or displace sensitive species including birds such as curlew and lapwing and mammals such as otter and grey seal. Instream works will result in a net loss of aquatic habitat for flora and invertebrates and the loss of bankside vegetation may have an ecological impact. Although the watercourses within the study area are largely tidal and thus sensitive receptors such as freshwater pearl mussel and spawning salmonids will not be affected, high levels of suspended solids during works could impact on aquatic ecology. Impacts on fish and watercourses are discussed further in Chapter 7 Aquatic Flora and Fauna.

8.4.2 Potential Operation Impacts

Once completed, areas from which vegetation was removed will gradually revegetate; however new habitat types may form in these areas. The Office of Public Works are obliged, under the terms of the Arterial Drainage Acts, 1945 and 1995, to maintain completed flood relief schemes in proper repair and effective condition. This may mean, inter alia:-

• Clearing obstructions to flows from time to time, e.g., fallen trees, significant weed growth, build- up of materials likely to impact on the performance of the scheme;

• Repairing and rebuilding structures (walls and embankments); and

• Prevention of erosion/undermining of the completed works of the scheme.

8.4.3 Potential Cumulative Impacts

No significant cumulative impacts have been identified.

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8.5 MITIGATION MEASURES

8.5.1 Construction Stage

Habitats and Flora

The removal of habitats will be kept to the minimum necessary and trees, hedges and bankside vegetation will be retained where possible. Where possible the amount of work to be carried out within the spread of trees, shrubs or hedges to be retained will be minimised.

Any trees or hedgerows scheduled for retention should be protected from damaging construction activities by the erection of appropriate fencing. NRA guidelines on the protection of trees and hedges prior to and during construction should be followed (NRA, 2006c).

The Wildlife Amendment Act 2000 (S.46.1) provides that it is an offence to cut, grub, burn or destroy any vegetation on uncultivated land or such growing in any hedge or ditch from the first of March to the 31st of August. Exemptions include the clearance of vegetation in the course of road or other construction works or in the development or preparation of sites on which any building or other structure is intended to be provided. None the less it is recommended that vegetation be removed outside of the breeding season where possible. In particular, removal during the peak-breeding season (March-June) should be avoided.

No soil, spoil, constructional materials or rubbish will be stored or tipped and no construction plant or vehicles will be parked within the spread of existing trees, shrubs or hedges. The Contractor will take all reasonable precautions to protect, in the course of his work, any existing plant materials from malicious or accidental damage and will endeavour to ensure that no branches will be lopped and no roots over 50 mm diameter severed from growing trees without express prior permission from an Arboriculturist.

Clearance of some vegetation will be required at and adjacent to the proposed works. A qualified arboriculturist shall prepare a plan of all trees to be retained in advance of commencement of development.

Where possible, vegetation will be reinstated following completion of the project. A new planting scheme will focus primarily on native species which were removed by site works. When mature these new planted areas will function as replacement habitat for that removed.

Invasive Species

The invasive alien species Himalayan balsam and Japanese knotweed were recorded within the proposed works areas and wider study area and these species could potentially be dispersed downstream by incorrect work practices. It is noted that the locations noted are indicative of the current distribution of the species within the works area but should not be considered definitive.

Although there are mature stands of Japanese Knotweed (i.e. along the Mill Race) there are also young plants which indicate that the plant may be actively spreading. Works may require access to areas outside the immediate works area (i.e. stockpiling material, storage of machinery etc) and these areas could support this species. It is recommended therefore that a pre-construction survey of invasive species is conducted prior to the commencement of site works.

______RPS/MCE0703RP0004 8-16 Rev. F01 Environmental Impact Statement – Skibbereen (River Ilen) Drainage Scheme Volume II Main Document

The Contractor shall also take every precaution to prevent the spread of invasive species (Japanese Knotweed in particular) encountered during the works by ensuring that all plant and equipment that comes in contact with these species (and soil deemed contaminated with species) are regularly cleaned or disposed off in the appropriate manner. The contractor shall be obliged to comply with The European Communities (Birds and Natural Habitats) Regulations 2011 which contain important new provisions to address the problem of invasive species. Whilst Himalayan balsam can be treated relatively straight forwardly with herbicides treatment of Japanese Knotweed may involve burial, bunding, herbicides or a combination of methods. Relevant guidance documents include The Management of Noxious Weeds and Non-Native Invasive Plant Species on National Roads (2008), Kelly, J., Maguire, C.M. and Cosgrove, P.J. (2008). Best Practice Management Guidelines Japanese knotweed Fallopia japonica prepared for NIEA and NPWS as part of Invasive and Managing Japanese knotweed on development sites - The Knotweed Code of Practice (2006) UK Environmental Agency.

8.5.2 Otters and Grey Seal

Evidence of Otters was recorded along the River Ilen and Mill Race and in particular along the Caol Stream. Grey seal have been recorded in the Ilen within the study area. Although no breeding holts were recorded there is the potential for site works to cause disturbance to otters and given the 24 month duration of works a repeat survey of the Caol Stream and River Ilen is recommended prior to the commencement of works on these watercourses.

The NRA publication Guidelines for the Treatment of Otters prior to the Construction of National Road Schemes outlines the mitigation measures described below (NRA, 2005b). In line with the mitigation measures outlined in the NRA guidelines a preconstruction survey will be conducted no more than 10- 12 months in advance of construction. The objective of the survey is to ensure that no new holts have been constructed since the previous survey and to specifically check for breeding holts. It is noted that no evidence of a breeding holt was detected, and no active holts were located in the area to be directly affected. However if active holts are detected in the area to be affected, specific measures will be required. Removal of Otters or holts can only be carried out under a Section 25 derogation under the 1997 Habitats Regulations. In addition, derogations are also required for any works likely to cause significant disturbance i.e. blasting and piling when this occurs within 150 m of a breeding holt. Where works are proposed within 150 m of a breeding holt appropriate mitigation measures such as screening or reduced working hours may be required. It is noted that otters do not have a defined breeding season.

There will be no blasting carried out as part of the proposed development in proximity to an Otter holt. Other mitigation measures may include timing of works to avoid impact on breeding females or young cubs which can use a breeding holt for approximately 21 weeks. Exclusion of Otters from holts and provision of alternative holts may also be required using similar methodologies to those employed for Badgers. If such mitigation measures are required detailed methodologies will be agreed with the National Parks and Wildlife Service prior to commencement of works which could impact on otters. No specific measures are considered necessary in relation to grey seal as this species would be expected to move away from sources of disturbance and won’t breed in proximity to site works.

8.5.3 Bats

Replacement of the trees removed will aid in minimising impacts on feeding bats. In particular trees along watercourses should be replaced with native species where feasible to do so. It is considered unlikely that any of the man made structures or trees affected by site works support significant bat roosts. None of the bridges, including the John F. Kennedy Bridge have, the necessary structure i.e. cracks, crevices etc to support bat roosts. However as a precautionary measure mature trees and the

______RPS/MCE0703RP0004 8-17 Rev. F01 Environmental Impact Statement – Skibbereen (River Ilen) Drainage Scheme Volume II Main Document bridge on the Caol Stream should be checked for bats prior to the commencement of works. Where bats are detected mitigation measures including exclusion measures/replacement habitat will be agreed with the NPWS and carried out under licence. Any maintanance work carried out in the future should be carried out with a view to minimising impacts on bats. It is recommended that any mature trees felled should be left for 24 hours prior to mulching to allow any bats, if present, to escape.

8.5.4 Birds

As mentioned above under habitat mitigation the Wildlife Amendment Act 2000 (S.46.1) provides that it is an offence to cut, grub, burn or destroy any vegetation on uncultivated land or such growing in any hedge or ditch from the first of March to the 31st of August. It is therefore recommended that vegetation be removed outside of the breeding season where possible. In particular, removal during the peak-breeding season (March-June) should be avoided.

8.5.5 Invertebrates

No specific mitigation measures are considered necessary in realation to invertebrates including freshwater pearl mussel. The mitigation measures specified in relation to fish (Chapter 7 Terrestrial Flora and Fauna and Section 8.5.1) should ensure that salmonid populations are not affected as this could potentially impact on freshwater pearl mussel.

8.6 RESIDUAL IMPACTS

The terrestrial habitats to be affected by the proposed works are not generally of high ecological value (i.e. minor to moderate value at a local level). No rare or uncommon species or habitats will be affected. Appropriate planting of primarily native species and natural regrowth of vegetative cover will minimise the impact in the long-term. Thus the impact will largely be localised and will not have a significant, detrimental impact on terrestrial habitats. Long term, local impacts will range from Minor negative for low to moderate value habitats (Horticultural land BC2/ Buildings and artificial surfaces BL3/ Improved agricultural grassland GA1/ Amenity grassland GA2 Wet grassland GS4/ Earth bank BL2/ Drainage ditch FW4/ Dry meadow and grassy verge GS2/ Reed and large sedge swamp FS1 and Scrub WS1) to Moderate Negative for moderate value habitat (Treelines WL2/ Hedgerows WL1).

Two invasive species were noted within the study area namely Japanese Knotweed and Himilayan balsam. There are considerable cost implications in dealing with Japanese Knotweed in particular. As this species can be spread via very small amounts of rhizome and is highly invasive, a repeat survey will be carried out immediatly prior to the commencment of works. Detailed mitigation measures will be required to ensure this species doesn't spread; however if these measures are implemented by the contractor no significant impact is evisaged.

There will be a direct impact on aquatic habitats due to removal of substrate and vegetation with knock on effects on invertebrate populations in the short-term. Works will increase levels of turbidity and suspended solids which may impact on plants and invertebrates. It is noted however that the Ilen is tidal within the study area and therefore the habitats and species occuring downstream of the proposed works are relatively tolerant of tidal inundation and flucutating levels of suspended solids. Trees will be removed along parts of the bank; however replacement planting will minimise the long- term impact. Overall the impact will be Moderate Negative and no impact on designated sites downstream of Skibereen is envisaged.

______RPS/MCE0703RP0004 8-18 Rev. F01 Environmental Impact Statement – Skibbereen (River Ilen) Drainage Scheme Volume II Main Document

The works on the Caol Stream will be designed to minimise these impacts by ensuring that flood walls are used where possible to ensure that light levels are maintained and the flow pattern will be designed to ensure as natural a flow pattern as possible. The base of the proposed flood walls on the Caol will be designed to hold as natural a gravel substrate as possible. This will allow macroinvertebrate populations to re-establish themselves and allow some recolonisation by aquatic plants. Overall the impact will be Moderate Negative.

A small amount of habitat will be adversely affected by culverting on minor streams; these streams are of low value for fish species but do support invertebrate populations and some aquatic flora. The impact on these streams will be Minor Negative.

During site works the noise and disturbance levels will increase and will increase the level of disturbance for Otters, particularly those using the Caol Stream which appears to be an important resource. However it is noted that otters using the Caol Stream will be adapted to a degree to the existing level of noise. Otters can habituate to increased noise levels and can be found in major urban centres. Given that the works will be short term no long term impact on otter populations due to disturbance is expected to occur. However it will be necessary to recheck for breeding holts prior to the commencement of site works. The habitat within the Caol Stream will be altered by the provision of flood walls and this may reduce fish populations on which Otters feed. It will be possible for fish such as flounder and grey mullet to continue to follow the tide into the lower sections of the river. Overall however fish populations within the lower section of the Caol Stream are expected to deteriorate slightly; this is expected to have a long term, Minor Negative impact; however given the large area of feeding habitat which will be unaffected, no significant long term impact on tter populations is envisaged.

Grey seals feed within the River Ilen within Skibbereen Town and there may be some disturbance of this species during site works. However due to the short section of the Ilen affected by site works and the short-term nature of the works, no significant long term impact on this Annex II species is envisaged.

Soprano pipistrelle were recorded feeding along the main channel of the River Ilen and the presence of other species, in particular Daubenton's bat, at other times of the year cannot be excluded. The works may cause a reduction in invertebrate populations in the short-term and the removal of vegetation may also reduce prey availability slightly. However the Caol and Ilen Rivers will remain as linear features within the landscape and commuting routes are unlikely to be significantly affected, also the slight reduction in prey availability is not expected to have a significant long term impact on bat populations.

There may be a slight net loss of macro-invertebrate populations which may slightly impact on certain species i.e. grey wagtail, dipper and there will be some disturbance of bird populations during works. The loss of vegetation may result in the loss of breeding habitat for some common countryside birds. However no significant long-term impacts on important bird species are predicted.

The reduction in flooding may favour certain habitat types, may reduce pollution and may reduce disturbance and loss of feeding habitat for some bird and mammal species resulting in a positive impact once works are completed.

______RPS/MCE0703RP0004 8-19 Rev. F01 Environmental Impact Statement – River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme Volume II Main Document

9 LANDSCAPE & VISUAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

9.1 INTRODUCTION

This Chapter examines the potential landscape and visual impact of the proposed development on Skibbereen and its environs.

This chapter seeks to:- a) Establish the baseline conditions -

Record and analyse the existing character, quality and sensitivity of the landscape and visual resource. This should include elements of the landscape such as;

• Landform; • Land cover including the vegetation, the slopes, drainage, etc; • Landscape character; • Current landscape designations and planning policies; and • Site visibility, comprising short, medium and long distance views. b) Analyse baseline conditions -

Comment on the scale, character, condition and the importance of the baseline landscape, its sensitivity to change and the enhancement potential where possible.

A visual analysis (illustrated by photographic material) describing characteristics which may be of relevance to the impact of the design and to the method of mitigation. c) Describe the development. d) Identify the Impacts of the Development on the Landscape and Visual Resource:-

Identify the landscape and visual impacts of the development at different stages of its life cycle, including:

• Direct & indirect landscape impacts of the development on the landscape of the site and the surrounding area; and

• Visual impacts including: the extent of potential visibility; the view and viewers affected; the degree of visual intrusion; the distance of views; and resultant impacts upon the character and quality of views. e) Assess the significance of the landscape and visual impacts in terms of the sensitivity of the landscape and visual resource, including the nature and magnitude of the impact. f) Detail measures proposed to mitigate significant residual detrimental landscape and visual impacts and assess their effectiveness. g) Assess the ability of the landscape and visual resource to absorb the proposed development.

______RPS/MCE0703RP0004 9-1 Rev. F01 Environmental Impact Statement – River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme Volume II Main Document

9.2 METHODOLOGY

9.2.1 Introduction

Methods used in this assessment have been developed by RPS and are derived from the DoEHLG “Landscape and Landscape Assessment” (June 2000) and ‘Guidelines for Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment’ (GLVIA) by The Landscape Institute and Institute of Environmental Management and Assessment (2002). These documents recommend baseline studies to describe, classify and evaluate the existing landscape and visual resource focusing on its sensitivity and ability to accommodate change. The guidelines are not intended as a prescriptive set of rules but rather offer best practice methods and techniques of Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment (LVIA). The existing landscape and visual context of the study area was established through a process of desktop study, site survey work (Winter 2012) and photographic surveys. The proposal was then applied to the baseline conditions to allow the identification of potential impacts, prediction of their magnitude and assessment of their significance. Mitigation can then be identified to reduce as far as possible any residual potential landscape and visual impacts.

9.2.2 Landscape Assessment Criteria and Terminology

The following section describes the criteria and terminology used for during the landscape assessment.

Landscape Quality

For the purpose of this assessment, landscape quality is categorised as:-

• Exceptional Quality - Areas of especially high quality acknowledged through designation as Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty or other landscape based sensitive areas. A landscape that is significant within the wider region or at a national level;

• High Quality - Areas that have a very strong beneficial character with valued and consistent distinctive features that give the landscape unity, richness and harmony. A landscape that is significant within the district;

• Medium Quality - Areas that exhibit beneficial character but which may have evidence of alteration/degradation or erosion of features resulting in a less distinctive landscape. May be of some local landscape significance with some beneficial recognisable structure; and

• Low Quality - Areas that are generally negative in character, degraded and in poor condition. No distinctive beneficial characteristics and with little or no structure. Scope for beneficial enhancement.

Landscape Sensitivity

Landscape sensitivity to the type of development proposed is defined as follows:-

• High Sensitivity: High visual quality landscape with highly valued or unique characteristics susceptible to relatively small changes.

• Medium Sensitivity: Medium visual quality landscape with moderately valued characteristics reasonably tolerant of changes.

• Low Sensitivity: Low visual quality landscape with common characteristics capable of absorbing substantial change.

______RPS/MCE0703RP0004 9-2 Rev. F01 Environmental Impact Statement – River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme Volume II Main Document

Magnitude of Landscape Resource Change

Direct resource changes on the landscape character of the study area are brought about by the introduction of the proposal and its effects on the key landscape characteristics. The following categories and criteria have been used:-

• High magnitude: Total loss or alteration to key elements of the landscape character which result in fundamental and/or permanent long-term change.

• Medium magnitude: Partial or noticeable loss of elements of the landscape character and/ or medium-term change.

• Low magnitude: Minor alteration to elements of the landscape character and/or short-term/ temporary change.

• No Change: No change to landscape character.

Significance of Landscape Impact

The level of significance of effect on landscape is a product of landscape sensitivity and the magnitude of alteration in landscape resource. Where landscape sensitivity has been predicted as high and the magnitude of change as high or medium the resultant impact will be significant in terms of EIA Regulations. This is illustrated in Table 9.1 below.

Table 9.1: Significance of Landscape Impact

Landscape Sensitivity Magnitude of Landscape Resource Change Low Medium High No Change No Change No Change No Change Low Slight Slight/Moderate Moderate Medium Slight/Moderate Moderate Moderate/Substantial High Moderate Moderate/Substantial Substantial

Landscape Assessment Definitions

• Landscape Resource: The combination of elements that contribute to landscape context, character and value.

• Landscape Value: The relative value or importance attached to a landscape that expresses national or local consensus because of intrinsic characteristics.

• Landscape Character: The distinct and homogenous pattern that occurs in the landscape reflecting geology, landform, soils, vegetation and man’s impact

9.2.3 Visual Assessment Criteria and Terminology

The following text describes the key criteria and terminology used in the visual assessment.

______RPS/MCE0703RP0004 9-3 Rev. F01 Environmental Impact Statement – River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme Volume II Main Document

Viewer Sensitivity

Viewer sensitivity is a combination of the sensitivity of the human receptor (i.e. resident; commuter, tourist; walker; recreationist, or worker) and viewpoint type or location (i.e. house, workplace, leisure venue, local beauty spot, scenic viewpoint, commuter route, tourist route or walkers’ route). Sensitivity can be defined as follows:-

• High sensitivity: e.g., users of an outdoor recreation feature which focuses on the landscape; valued views enjoyed by the community; tourist visitors to scenic viewpoint.

• Medium sensitivity: e.g., users of outdoor sport or recreation which do not offer or focus attention on landscape; tourist travellers.

• Low sensitivity: e.g., regular commuters, people at place of work (excluding outdoor recreation).

Magnitude of Visual Resource Change

The magnitude of alteration in visual resource or amenity results from the scale of change in the view with respect to the loss or addition of features in the view and changes in the view composition, including proportion of the view occupied by the proposed development. Distance and duration of view must be considered. Other vertical features in the landscape and the backdrop to the development will all influence the magnitude of visual resource change. This can be defined as follows:-

• High magnitude: Where changes to the view significantly alter (negative or beneficial) the overall scene or cause some alteration to the view for a significant length of time.

• Medium magnitude: Where some changes occur (negative or beneficial) in the view, but not for a substantial part of the view and/or for a substantial length of time.

• Low magnitude: Where only a minor alteration to the view occurs (negative or beneficial) and/or not for a significant length of time.

• No change: No discernible deterioration or improvement in the existing view.

Significance of Visual Impact

Significance of visual impact is defined on a project by project basis. The principal criteria for determining significance are magnitude and sensitivity of the receptor. A higher level of significance is generally attached to large scale or substantial effects on sensitive receptors.

Where visual sensitivity has been predicted as high or medium, and the magnitude of change as high, the resultant impact will be significant. Where the magnitude of change has been predicted as high and the visual sensitivity has been predicted as high or medium then the resultant impact will be significant in terms of EIA Regulations.

Table 9.2 illustrates significance of visual impact as a correlation between viewer sensitivity and visual resource change magnitude.

______RPS/MCE0703RP0004 9-4 Rev. F01

DERREENDANGAN   CS Zone of Visual Influence

CURRAGH

R ive r I len

LURRIGA

1 7 N

Area Under Development

U ND

ABBEYSTROWRY

Area Under Development

Glencurragh

Area under development

H WM

C F

HWM

25 21 20 Newbridge Park

26 16 F 15 F

5 Inis Álainn 1

Abbeystrowry 9

Cemetery 36 5

1 2 40 37

2 1

HWM

Ilen River

1 5 Ardcarrig

1 2 2 1 1 1 2 4 23 22

1 28 25

Cemetery 2

Pound Hill

G o r tn a c lo h y D r iv e

1 0

H Gortnaclohy CORONEA Reservoir REEN

Hawthorns

8 Mardyke Park 27 2

9 2 8

1 26 24 23 Area under construction Issue Details

31 61 32

The Mills 19 Drawn: Project No. NI 1368 46 45 AS

Chkd: SM File Ref.

3 0 XXXX Appd: RH GORTNACLOGHY Date: 01/03/2013 Drawing No. Rev. Coronea Drive Scale: NTS NI1368/1.1 F01

Elmwood House 74 Boucher Road Belfast BT12 6RZ

T: +4428 9066 7914 F: +4428 9066 8286 www.rpsgroup.com/ireland

Castle

Gortnaclohy

Well

5 1

Abhainn Beag

9 School 9 1

8 1

n ctio tru ons 5 er c nd a u Are CARRIGFADDA

C S

ALLAVONEA

UND UN D R 5 Project: 96

C S River Ilen (Skibbereen)

C R

R Woodley C CS Drainage Scheme F C

UND CS Town View CS

Title: Zone of Visual Influence

Russagh Corn Mill

C S Figure Number: 9.1

Environmental Impact Statement – River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme Volume II Main Document

Table 9.2: Significance of Visual Impact

Visual Resource Visual Sensitivity Change Magnitude Low Medium High No Change No Change No Change No Change Low Slight Slight/Moderate Moderate Medium Slight/Moderate Moderate Moderate/Substantial High Moderate Moderate/Substantial Substantial

Beneficial effects upon receptors may also result from a change to the view. These may be through the removal of negative features or visual detractors, or through the addition of well-designed elements, which add to the visual experience in a complementary, beneficial and stimulating manner.

Visual Assessment Definitions

Visual Quality: Although the interpretation of viewers’ experience can have preferential and subjective components, there is generally clear public agreement that the visual resources of certain landscapes have high visual quality. The visual quality of a landscape will reflect the physical state of the repair of individual features or elements.

Visual Resources: The visual resources of the landscape are the stimuli upon which actual visual experience is based. They are a combination of visual character and visual quality.

Visual Character: When a viewer experiences the visual environment, it is not observed as one aspect at a time, but rather as an integrated whole. The viewer’s visual understanding of an area is based on the visual character of elements and aspects and the relationships between them.

Zone of Visual Influence (ZVI)

The ZVI is the area within which views of the site and/or the development can be obtained. The extent of the ZVI is determined primarily by the topography of the area. The ZVI is then refined by field studies to indicate where relevant forestry, woodlands, hedges or other local features obscure visibility from the main roads, local viewpoints/landmarks and/or significant settlements. The ZVI is illustrated in Figure 9.1. As the proposed development is located within Skibbereen Town the ZVI is predominantly defined by buildings.

Using terrain-modelling techniques combined with the proposed development specification, a map is created to show areas from where the proposed development would theoretically be seen. A worst case scenario is taken in line with Landscape Institute guidelines.

The actual visual impacts within the ZVI have been described in later sections of this chapter.

Photographs & Photomontages

Photographs and photomontages have been prepared for selected representative viewpoints throughout the study area as indicated in Figure 9.2 and illustrated in section 9.4.2.4 below.

Viewpoints are chosen to give a typical representative sample of views of the proposal within the landscape using the parameters of distance and direction of view. Viewpoints frequented by

______RPS/MCE0703RP0004 9-5 Rev. F01

CURRAGH 

R ive r I  len dd Viewpoint Locations LURRIGA

dd VP5VP5

Tank Area Under Development VP7VP7dd

Area Under Development

d d d d d d d

d d d d d d d d

d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d Glencurragh VP8VP8

Area under development

d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d

d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d dd d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d dd

d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d dd d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d dd d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d VP2VP2 d dd VP4VP4

H WM

HWM

d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d VP3VP3d 28

20 Newbridge Park

14 26 16 15 11

15 Inis Álainn 38

Abbeystrowry 9 dd 6 dd Cemetery 3 dd 5

1 2 40 37 VP1VP10VP100 2

HWM

d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d

d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d VP1VP1d

1 5 Ardcarrig

1 2 2 1 1 1 2 4 23

1 28 25

Cemetery 2

Pound Hill

G o r tn a c lo h y D r iv e

1 0

Gortnaclohy

CORONEA Reservoir

VP11VP11 Hawthorns 43 d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d 28 Mardyke Park 27

8 9 2

1 26 Issue Details 24 23 Area under construction

6 32 Drawn: Project No. NI 1368

The Mills 1 AS

VP6VP6 9 5 46 4

d d d d d d d d d d d d d d Chkd: File Ref. d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d SM d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d XXXX Appd: RH

3 0 Date: 01/03/2013 Drawing No. Rev. GORTNACLOGHY Scale: NTS NI1368/1.1 F01

Coronea

Drive Elmwood House 74 Boucher Road Belfast BT12 6RZ

T: +4428 9066 7914 F: +4428 9066 8286 www.rpsgroup.com/ireland VP9VP9dd

Castle

5 1

Abhainn Beag

9 School 9 1

8 1

n ctio tru 5 ons er c nd a u Are CARRIGFADDA Project: River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme

ND U U ND R 5 96

C S Title: Viewpoint Locations C R

R C Woodley

F C

UND Figure Number: 9.2 Town View

Environmental Impact Statement – River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme Volume II Main Document

members of the public such as public rights of way, car parks and popular viewpoints are usually chosen, along with views from nearby settlements.

Photographs from each viewpoint location are taken covering an arc of view matching that of the visual extent of the development.

9.3 RECEIVING ENVIRONMENT

9.3.1 Scale and Character

Landscape character is generally determined by physical factors such as landform and land cover including topography, water, vegetation and settlements.

Historically the River Ilen has not been regarded as a landscape attribute and has had little influence on the streetscape of the town. Many buildings are designed to have their rear or side facades next to the river. Frequently the banks are overgrown and the riverside is hidden from view. At other locations there are stone walls and embankments.

The study area includes the built form of Skibbereen Town centre that consists of a mixed use residential, commercial, light industrial and open space uses.

All of the active open space within the town is located north of the Ilen River and north of the N71. The only area of open space located south of the Ilen River is that elevated area known as The Rock. The active open space is primarily operated and provided by sports clubs including the GAA grounds, Glencurragh pitch and the Rugby pitch. Also on the northern side of the town, to the north of the Ilen River are a number of passive areas of open space, including an attractive park located between Marsh Road and Mill Road, and a park with a playground located on Cork Road. The remaining open space areas in this area of the town comprise primarily of undeveloped areas subject to flooding. The most significant of these areas is that land situated on the northern bank of the Ilen River and known locally as the Marsh. This is a significant piece of undeveloped land in the heart of Skibbereen Town and presents a significant opportunity to accommodate recreation and social/community uses. Further to the west of this land and just west of John F. Kennedy Bridge is an area of open space which is also subject to flooding and which has been developed with seating and pathways.

Most residential properties are found south of the river with the Moorings Residential Estate the main exception. The only light industrial land uses are found on the north side of the river off Marsh Road.

The River Ilen meanders its way through the urban landscape of Skibbereen. There are occasional glimpse views out to surrounding hills and mountains but generally the town centre is visually enclosed in character.

______RPS/MCE0703RP0004 9-6 Rev. F01 Environmental Impact Statement – River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme Volume II Main Document

9.3.2 Landscape Character

The landscape character of the study area can be described by use of the following distinctive landscape character area namely Skibbereen Urban Landscape Character Area (LCA).

This LCA is comprised of an eclectic mix of residential development types ranging from high density apartments to large detached single dwellings; commercial and light industrial buildings and open space. Much of the older development has occurred with little regard to the proximity of River Ilen in that as typical with most Irish small towns older buildings turn their back to the river. The majority of built development is located south of the river with open space, The Moorings Residential Estate and industrial premises off Marsh Road found to the north of the river. There are more open views on the north side of the river. The built form south of the river is of high density and fine grain in character that restricts views out. Predominantly buildings throughout are 2 storey with single storey buildings more frequent at the edges of the town.

The Skibbereen Urban LCA has been classed as being of low sensitivity.

9.3.3 Planning Designations

County Cork Development Plan 2009- 2015 The Cork County Development Plan 2009 states the following objectives regarding scenic amenity views and prospects:

ENV 2-6 General Visual and Scenic Amenity: It is a general objective to protect the visual and scenic amenities of County Cork’s built and natural environment.

ENV 2-7 Scenic Landscape: It is a particular objective to preserve the visual and scenic amenities of those areas of natural beauty identified as ‘scenic landscape’.

ENV 2-8 Landscape Conservation Area(s): It is an objective to carry out an appraisal study in order to identify any area(s) or place(s) within the County as a Landscape Conservation Area in accordance with the Planning and Development Acts.

ENV 2-9 General Views and Prospects: It is a general objective to preserve the character of all important views and prospects, particularly sea views, river or lake views, views of unspoilt mountains, upland or coastal landscapes, views of historical or cultural significance (including buildings and townscapes) and views of natural beauty as recognised in the Landscape Strategy.

ENV 2-10 Development on Approach Roads to Towns and Villages: It is an objective to ensure that the approach roads to towns and villages are protected from inappropriate development, which would detract from the setting and historic character of these settlements.

ENV 2-11 Scenic Routes: It is a particular objective to preserve the character of those views and prospects obtainable from scenic routes identified in this plan.

ENV 2-12 Details of Scenic Routes: It is an objective to protect the character and quality of those particular stretches of scenic routes that have very special views and prospects.

______RPS/MCE0703RP0004 9-7 Rev. F01 Environmental Impact Statement – River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme Volume II Main Document

ENV 2-13 Development on Scenic Routes:

(a) It is also an objective of the Planning Authority to require those seeking to carry out development in the environs of a scenic route and/or an area with important views and prospects, to demonstrate that there will be no adverse obstruction or degradation of the views towards and from vulnerable landscape features. In such areas, the appropriateness of the design, site layout, and landscaping of the proposed development must be demonstrated along with mitigation measures to prevent significant alterations to the appearance or character of the area.

(b) It is an objective to encourage appropriate landscaping and screen planting of developments along scenic routes. Where scenic routes run through settlements street trees and ornamental landscaping may also be required.

Designated Scenic Routes and Landscapes According to Cork County Council, the existing environment is characterised by an estuary, shorelines, waterfront villages, undulating patchwork fields, etc. the County Cork Development Plan 2009 has designated a number of Scenic Landscapes and Scenic Routes in proximity to Skibbereen. These are indicated in Map 18 in Volume 3 of the Development Plan 2009 and itemised in Table 9.3.

Table 9.3: Designated Scenic Landscapes and Scenic Routes in Study Area (see Map 18 in Volume 3 of the Development Plan 2009)

Designation Location Scenic Landscape There is no designated scenic landscape within the town. Inisbeg and the coastal area to the north west of Creagh is the nearest designated Scenic Landscape and can be scoped out due to distance. Scenic Route S82 S82 which runs along the N71 from Leap to Skibbereen and down the Cork Road to Main Street within the town. This route is protected for its views of rugged hillsides, Aghills and Shreelane Lakes and Doo Lough. Scenic Route S90 S90 extends from the Schull roundabout to the north of the town westwards along the N71 Schull Road to Ballydehob. This view is protected for its views of the River Ilen, Roaringwater Bay and distant mountain views. Scenic Route S88 S88 extends from Upper Bridge Street within the town to the west along Cornea Drive and Drisheen and meets the R595 Baltimore Road to the south west. This route is protected for its views of Baltimore Harbour, Church Strand Bay, Ringarogy and Inishbeg Islands and the River Ilen.

Skibbereen Town Development Plan 2009-2015

Two elevated scenic areas within the vicinity of Skibbereen are described in the Skibbereen Town Development Plan 2009-2015. These are Skibbereen Heights located to the west of the town and The Rock to the East of the town which overlook the study area. The plan also identified a plantation on land between Marsh Road and Mill Road as an attractive area within the town. As all these sites are not in proximity to the proposals they can be scoped out at this stage.

______RPS/MCE0703RP0004 9-8 Rev. F01 Environmental Impact Statement – River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme Volume II Main Document

9.4 POTENTIAL LANDSCAPE AND VISUAL IMPACTS

Potential impacts for both the construction and operation stage are described below in Section 9.4.1 (Construction) and Section 9.4.2 (Operation).

9.4.1 Potential Impacts During the Construction Stage

Potential construction stage impacts are as follows:-

(i) Obstruction of views; (ii) Change in landscape character; (iii) Machinery for site preparation/enabling works and operations; and (iv) Site access and vehicular and plant movements.

9.4.1.1 Landscape Character Area Impacts

An assessment of the significance of the impact of the proposed works during construction on the landscape character area described above has been completed and summarised below. The proposed works are located directly within the Skibbereen Urban Landscape Character Area. The key potential direct impact on this landscape is from construction traffic movements through Skibbereen and the physical works at the flood walls and embankments. The existing road network at Skibbereen supports a busy town. Currently there are frequent large vehicles moving through this landscape on a good network of roads. The increase in construction traffic travelling to and from the construction sites will blend with this existing use without significant change in landscape resource. The landscape impacts are also temporary in duration. This landscape character area has a low sensitivity to change. When landscape impacts are assessed during the construction phase there will be slight negative temporary impacts due to the low levels of landscape resource change that will result.

9.4.1.2 Planning Policy Designation Impacts

Construction stage impacts on relevant designations contained within the Cork County Development Plan are assessed below.

Cork County Development Plan 2009 – 2015

Scenic Routes

The physical works at the flood embankments at the N71 Schull Road will be directly visible from the S82 and S90 Scenic Routes and will result in significant localised visual impact due to proximity. Views to the river will be interrupted during the construction period. The viewer sensitivity is high. The change in visual resource will be high. The predicted significance of visual impact will be substantial. The visual impacts will however be temporary in duration. The remainder of the Scenic Routes (S88) will not be significantly effected during the construction stage.

______RPS/MCE0703RP0004 9-9 Rev. F01 Environmental Impact Statement – River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme Volume II Main Document

9.4.1.3 Visual Impacts on Residential Properties

The physical works at the flood walls and embankments will result in significant localised visual impact due to proximity to some residential properties in particular at the Moorings on Schull Road, the Flax Mills on Upper Bridge Street, dwellings on the west side of North Street and on Baltimore Road. The viewer sensitivity is high. The change in visual resource will be high. The predicted significance of visual impact will be substantial. The visual impacts will however be temporary in duration.

9.4.2 Operational Phase Impacts

9.4.2.1 Landscape Character Area Impacts

Skibbereen Urban Landscape Character Area

The proposal is directly located within the Skiberreen Urban Landscape Character Area. The completed flood walls and re-vegetated flood embankments will blend with the existing urban character of this LCA with little noticeable change in landscape resource. Masonry walls are a feature of the towns character and most new flood walls are located in proximity to buildings where they will blend with existing masonry and render walls. Grass flood embankments are also located predominantly in grassed open space areas within which the completed embankments will readily blend with little landscape resource change.

This landscape character area has a low sensitivity to change.

When landscape impacts are assessed during the operational phase there will be a slight negative impact.

9.4.2.2 Planning Policy Designation Impacts

Operational stage impacts on relevant designations contained within the Cork County Development Plan are assessed below.

Cork County Development Plan 2009 – 2015

Scenic Route S82: runs along the N71 from Leap to Skibbereen and down the Cork Road to Main Street within the town. This route is protected for its views of rugged hillsides, Aghills and Shreelane Lakes and Doo Lough. This scenic route will have very limited views of the proposals at one location near the show grounds. Views to the key features listed as of importance will not be effected. The viewer sensitivity is high. The change in visual resource will be no change. The predicted significance of visual impact will be no change. Overall no significant visual impacts are predicted for Scenic Route S82.

Scenic Route S88: extends from Upper Bridge Street within the town to the west along Cornea Drive and Drisheen and meets the R595 Baltimore Road to the south west. This route is protected for its views of Baltimore Harbour, Church Strand Bay, Ringarogy and Inishbeg Islands and the River Ilen. This route is not in close proximity to the proposed flood protection works and views to the key features listed as of importance will not be effected. The viewer sensitivity is high. The change in visual resource will be no change. The predicted significance of visual impact will be no change. Overall no significant visual impacts are predicted for Scenic Route 88.

______RPS/MCE0703RP0004 9-10 Rev. F01 Environmental Impact Statement – River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme Volume II Main Document

Scenic Route S90: extends from the Schull roundabout to the north of the town westwards along the N71 Schull Road to Ballydehob. This route is protected for its views of the River Ilen, Roaringwater Bay and distant mountain views. The proposed grass flood embankment along the Schull Road will be directly visible from this route. The height of the flood embankment at this location varies between 1200 – 1800 mm and will result in preventing views from the road to the River Ilen. However this impact must be put in the context of the overall length of this very long Scenic Route and only a very short length in an urban context will have a loss of view. The viewer sensitivity is high. The change in visual resource will be medium for a short length of the route at Schull Road. The predicted significance of visual impact will be substantial/moderate negative and significant.

9.4.2.3 Visual Impacts on Residential Properties

An assessment has occurred within the ZVI to determine the magnitude of visual impact of the proposed development during the operational phase on potential views from sensitive visual receptors including residential properties. The visual impact has focused on locations where a potential significant visual impact could occur through the construction of flood walls and embankments and not on minor proposals such as land drains which will not interrupt views from properties.

Baltimore Road Residential Properties: A 92 m length of grass flood embankment (Assollas 6) will be constructed on Baltimore Road within existing gardens of three properties. The embankment will be 500 mm high and will not interrupt views out from properties. A further grass flood embankment is proposed near the Lidl Shop (Assollas 3) which is located partly within gardens. The viewer sensitivity is high. The change in visual resource will be low. The predicted significance of visual impact will be moderate negative. Overall no significant visual impacts are predicted for residential properties at Baltimore Road.

Upper Bridge Street and The Flax Mills Residential Properties: It is proposed to construct a 1100 mm high grass flood embankment either side of the Flax Mills properties on the southern bank of the River Ilen (Ilen 3). Neither embankment will cause obstruction to views. It is also proposed to construct a 1800 mm masonry flood wall from John F. Kennedy Bridge downstream for a length of 105 m. This wall will be partly adjacent to dwellings and at the bottom of gardens. The viewer sensitivity is high. The change in visual resource will be low. The predicted significance of visual impact will be moderate negative. Overall no significant visual impacts are predicted for residential properties at Upper Bridge Street and The Flax Mills.

Schull Road (The Moorings) Residential Properties: A modern housing estate is located on the north side of the N71 Schull Road that currently has views across the road looking south from sixteen properties towards the River Ilen. While some properties have trees that frame views the majority have some view south to the river corridor. It is proposed to construct a 1200 – 1800 mm grass embankment on the south side of the Schull Road. Where this embankment reaches 1800 mm the view to the foreground of the corridor will be partially interrupted but overall views to the town centre and hills beyond are maintained. The viewer sensitivity is high. The change in visual resource will be low. The predicted significance of visual impact will be moderate negative. Overall no significant visual impacts are predicted for residential properties at Schull Road.

Mill Road north Residential Properties: A total of eight house located on the west side of Mill Road will have rear views across sports grounds towards a proposed grass embankment (Ilen 11) that will be 1800 – 2400 mm high and 424 m long. The properties do not currently have a view of the river and are well set back from the embankment. The viewer sensitivity is high. The change in visual resource will be low. The predicted significance of visual impact will be moderate negative. Overall no significant visual impacts are predicted for residential properties at Mill Road.

______RPS/MCE0703RP0004 9-11 Rev. F01 Environmental Impact Statement – River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme Volume II Main Document

Mill Road south Residential Properties: A single house is located on the west side of Mill Road just south of the N71 which will have a new grass embankment (Ilen 10) that will be 1250 – 1800 mm high located immediately to the rear of the dwelling but in the sports grounds. This property has significant garden vegetation that interrupts views south. When the scale of the proposals is considered with the existing vegetation there will be no significant loss of views. The viewer sensitivity is high. The change in visual resource will be low. The predicted significance of visual impact will be moderate negative. Overall no significant visual impacts are predicted for the single property at Mill Road south.

Local Road (East of Mill Road north) Residential Properties: A number of dwellings will have a new grass embankment (Mill 2) that will be 1800 – 2000 mm high located immediately adjacent to them. The grass embankment will be located with a grass field with low levels of visibility from dwellings. The viewer sensitivity is high. The change in visual resource will be low. The predicted significance of visual impact will be moderate negative. Overall no significant visual impacts are predicted for residential properties at the Local Road east of Mill Road north.

North Street Residential Properties: North Street is a mixed use street with a combination of various businesses and residential dwellings. Properties on the western side of the street between Main Street and Mill Road will have a combination of embankment, floodwall and stone revetment within the river. The loss of river bed will be compensated for by widening the opposite bank of the river. The boundaries of the properties will remain unaltered. The viewer sensitivity is high. The change in visual resource will be low. The predicted significance of visual impact will be moderate negative. Overall no significant visual impacts are predicted for residential properties at North Street.

9.4.2.4 Viewpoint Assessment

A series of representative viewpoints have been selected from locations throughout the study area and subjected to specific assessment below. The location of all viewpoints can be found on Figure 9.2.

______RPS/MCE0703RP0004 9-12 Rev. F01 Environmental Impact Statement – River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme Volume II Main Document

Viewpoint 1: View from Ilen Street at John F. Kennedy Bridge

Viewer sensitivity: this view is from a road that is predominantly used by the local community and occasional tourists. The viewer sensitivity is medium.

Existing visual resource: the existing view is elevated and offers a panoramic view across the river towards the town. The view is enclosed by near distance hills that surround the town. The rears of properties back onto the river. Intermittent riverside vegetation lines the river bank with occasional large trees.

Predicted view: the proposals will be directly visible from this location. Approximately 105 m of flood wall will be constructed on the southern bank of the river. The flood wall will be 700 mm wide and 1800 mm high. The wall will be masonry faced on both sides. The existing grass bank area near the bridge will be retained for access for rowers and general amenity use. The new wall will obscure the views to existing buildings and roads but will not obstruct any view of importance. The views along the river will be maintained.

Magnitude of change: the magnitude of change in visual resource is medium.

Significance of Visual Impact: the predicted significance of visual impact will be moderate negative.

______RPS/MCE0703RP0004 9-13 Rev. F01 Environmental Impact Statement – River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme Volume II Main Document

Viewpoint 2: View from N71 Schull Road

Viewer sensitivity: this view is available from N71 road which is predominantly used by the local community and occasional tourist. The viewer sensitivity is medium.

Existing visual resource: the existing view is at road level and eastwards along the vista of the road. To the left of the view a roadside dwelling with tall garden vegetation prevents views to the north. Skibbereen Town centre is just discernible to the right of the view.

Predicted view: the proposed works will be directly visible from this viewpoint. To the left of the view, a proposed 1400 mm masonry faced flood wall largely located behind the viewer will change at this location to a 1200-1800 mm grassed embankment which will extend into the distance along the Schull Road as far as John F. Kennedy Bridge. The existing hedgerows and visible trees on the right side of the road will be removed to create the embankment. The embankment will alter the view from this location on approach to Skibbereen and prevent views towards the town and river corridor for sections that reach 1800 mm in height.

Magnitude of change: the magnitude of change in visual resource is high.

Significance of Visual Impact: the predicted significance of visual impact will be substantial/moderate negative.

______RPS/MCE0703RP0004 9-14 Rev. F01 Environmental Impact Statement – River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme Volume II Main Document

Viewpoint 3: View from N71 East of Roundabout

Viewer sensitivity: this view is from the N71 and is predominantly available to the local community and occasional tourists. The viewer sensitivity is medium.

Existing visual resource: the existing view is from road level and looking eastwards along the N71 towards the River Ilen. A large car park is located to the right of the view defined at the road side by a low natural stone wall. Tall streetlights extend off into the distance. While the river is located in this view direction it is not visible. The skyline is defined by trees and urban development on the eastern and southern banks of the river.

Predicted view: the proposed development will be directly visible from this location. On the right hand side of the road a 300 – 700 mm grass flood embankment will extend for approximately 420 m along the Skibbereen Relief Road. At the height proposed there will be no significant interruption of views towards the river corridor and Skibbereen Town centre.

Magnitude of change: the magnitude of change in visual resource is low.

Significance of Visual Impact: the predicted significance of visual impact will be slight/moderate negative.

______RPS/MCE0703RP0004 9-15 Rev. F01 Environmental Impact Statement – River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme Volume II Main Document

Viewpoint 4: View from N71 Bridge

Viewer sensitivity: this view is available from the N71 road and will be predominantly available to the local community and tourists. The viewer sensitivity is medium.

Existing visual resource: the existing view is slightly elevated and offers a view across the River Ilen. The foreground is dominated by road and bridge infrastructure. The banks of the river in the foreground have little visually significant vegetation but in the middle distance dense vegetation is visible on both sides of the river. Tall coniferous trees that extend from the centre of the view to the right prevent views to the north. Urban development is noticeable to the left of the view.

Predicted view: the proposed development will be directly visible from this viewpoint. On the western bank on the left of the river in the view it is proposed to construct a grass flood embankment that will extend from the bridge for approximately 547 m and at a height of between 1400 – 2000 mm that will cross the agricultural field in the foreground and extend to the rear of the industrial premises screened by the coniferous trees. On the opposite bank a grass flood embankment will be constructed that will extend for 424 m and be at a height of between 1800 – 2400 mm. The flood embankment on the western bank will in part restrict views of the river but both flood embankments will appear as grass embankments and blend with the existing grassland vegetation on both sides of the river with little visual resource change.

Magnitude of change: the magnitude of change in visual resource is low.

Significance of Visual Impact: the predicted significance of visual impact will be slight/moderate negative.

______RPS/MCE0703RP0004 9-16 Rev. F01 Environmental Impact Statement – River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme Volume II Main Document

Viewpoint 5: View from R593

Viewer sensitivity: this view is from the R593 and is predominantly available to the local community. The viewer sensitivity is low.

Existing visual resource: the existing view is from the roadside and constrained on all sides by vegetation which directs views along the road vista. Tall streetlights and timber poles with overhead lines are obvious. The view is visually poor in quality.

Predicted view: the proposed development will be directly visible from this viewpoint. On the left side of the view the existing hedgerow will be completely removed and a new 1000 – 1500 mm masonry faced flood wall erected for 308 m along the R593 Mill Road underneath the existing trees which are to be retained. The proposal restricts views to the west and channels the viewers eye along the road vista. It could be argued that the installation of an attractive masonry faced wall will benefit visual amenity from the R593 which is currently visually poor.

Magnitude of change: the magnitude of change in visual resource is high.

Significance of Visual Impact: the predicted significance of visual impact will be moderate negative.

______RPS/MCE0703RP0004 9-17 Rev. F01 Environmental Impact Statement – River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme Volume II Main Document

Viewpoint 6: View from Townsend Street

Viewer sensitivity: this view is from a local road and is predominantly available to the local community. The viewer sensitivity is low.

Existing visual resource: the existing view is urban in character and enclosed in nature by built development and trees. A grass field is located in the centre and left of the view that leads to a large retail business. To the right of the view a visually poor block wall extends from right to centre with residential development visible to the rear of the wall. Tall and maturing trees extend from the end of the wall and into the distance.

Predicted view: the proposed development will be directly visible from this viewpoint. A grass flood embankment will extend across the field in the left of the view at a height of 1300 mm and for a length of approximately 65 m. This grass flood embankment will partly screen views to the retail premises but there is no significant loss of view. To the right of the view, a new 1300 mm masonry faced flood wall will be erected for a length of approximately 35m along the boundary of the residential property. Again there is no loss of view and the masonry flood wall will be a visual improvement on the un- rendered block currently visible.

Magnitude of change: the magnitude of change in visual resource is low.

Significance of Visual Impact: the predicted significance of visual impact will be slight negative.

______RPS/MCE0703RP0004 9-18 Rev. F01 Environmental Impact Statement – River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme Volume II Main Document

Viewpoint 7: View from Local Road East of show grounds

Viewer sensitivity: this view is available from a local road and will be predominantly available to the local community. The viewer sensitivity is low.

Existing visual resource: the existing view is from a narrow local road looking northeast across open pastoral fields. Trees at the rear of the fields break the skyline and restrict views out however a glimpse view out to a distant mountain is possible in the centre of the view. Scattered dwellings and farm buildings are noticeable along with tall wooden poles and the view is urban fringe in character.

Predicted view: the proposed development will be directly visible from this viewpoint. A grass flood embankment will be constructed along the right side of the road. The flood embankment will be between 1100 – 1500 mm high and extend for approximately 223 m. The grass bank will blend with the pastoral nature of the view and there will be no significant loss of view.

Magnitude of change: the magnitude of change in visual resource is low.

Significance of Visual Impact: the predicted significance of visual impact will be moderate negative.

______RPS/MCE0703RP0004 9-19 Rev. F01 Environmental Impact Statement – River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme Volume II Main Document

Viewpoint 8: View from N71 East to Mill Road

Viewer sensitivity: this view is available from the N71 road and will be predominantly available to the local community and tourists. The viewer sensitivity is medium.

Existing visual resource: the existing view is slightly elevated and offers a view across sports grounds and towards Mill Road. Garden vegetation to the left of the view prevents views further to the east. Properties along Mill Road are prominent. Rising topography to the rear of the properties is noticeable on the skyline.

Predicted view: the proposed development will be directly visible from this viewpoint. It is proposed to construct a grass flood embankment from the foreground of the view and within the sports ground that will extend east and along the Mill Road boundary with the sports ground. The flood embankment will be 1250 – 1800 mm high and extend for approximately 313 m. There will be some loss of vegetation on the boundary with Mill Road. Overall the view from the N71 will be maintained.

Magnitude of change: the magnitude of change in visual resource is low.

Significance of Visual Impact: the predicted significance of visual impact will be slight/moderate negative.

______RPS/MCE0703RP0004 9-20 Rev. F01 Environmental Impact Statement – River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme Volume II Main Document

Viewpoint 9: View from Baltimore Road

Viewer sensitivity: this view is available from the Baltimore Road and will be predominantly available to the local community and tourists. The viewer sensitivity is medium.

Existing visual resource: the existing view is available along the vista of the Baltimore Road. Large gardens of dwellings extend to the roadside with no verge or footpath at the boundary with the road. There is some visually significant garden vegetation visible. Residential properties are well set back from the road.

Predicted view: the proposed development will be directly visible from this viewpoint. It is proposed to construct a grass flood embankment along the bottom of the residential gardens to the left of the view. The flood embankment will require the loss of some smaller trees and shrubs in the gardens. The flood embankment will be 500 mm high and extend for approximately 92 m. Overall there will be no loss of view.

Magnitude of change: the magnitude of change in visual resource is low.

Significance of Visual Impact: the predicted significance of visual impact will be slight/moderate negative.

______RPS/MCE0703RP0004 9-21 Rev. F01 Environmental Impact Statement – River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme Volume II Main Document

Viewpoint 10: View along Ilen Street looking to N71 Schull Road

Viewer sensitivity: this view is available from Ilen Street and will be predominantly available to the local community and tourists. The viewer sensitivity is medium.

Existing visual resource: the existing view is slightly elevated and offers across a pastoral field and along the road towards the N71 Schull Road. Both Iilen Street and Schull Road roads are set above the field and grass embankments are visible. Tall street lights add vertical components to the view. Distant hills provide an attractive backdrop to the view but generally the view is urban fringe in character.

Predicted view: the proposed development will be directly visible from this viewpoint. It is proposed to construct a grass flood embankment from the left side of Ilen Street in the foreground and extending along Ilen Street towards the N71 for the entire boundary with the open grass field in this view. The flood embankment will be between 1200 – 1800 mm high and approximately 709 m long. The fact that the existing road is elevated above the field will mean that views above the flood embankment will be predominantly maintained. Views to the distant hills will remain.

Magnitude of change: the magnitude of change in visual resource is medium.

Significance of Visual Impact: the predicted significance of visual impact will be moderate negative.

______RPS/MCE0703RP0004 9-22 Rev. F01 Environmental Impact Statement – River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme Volume II Main Document

Viewpoint 11: View from Market Street looking south east along the Caol Stream

Viewer sensitivity: this view is available from Market Street and will be predominantly available to the local community. The viewer sensitivity is low.

Existing visual resource: the existing view is from road level looking south east along the Caol Stream which leads the eye into the centre of the view. Trees line both sides of the river on grass banks creating a closed view with the middle landscape obscured from view. On the easterly embankment on the left of the river there is a residential property bounded by a concrete block wall with some trees between the wall and river. The westerly side of the embankment on the right side of the river is bounded by a timber post and rail fence with car park and shopping facilities. The view is enclosed in nature.

Predicted view: the proposed development will be directly visible from this viewpoint. It is proposed to construct a masonry faced wall on both sides of the river approximately 1200 mm above ground level which will dominate the view creating straight lines channelling the viewers eye along the river. To facilitate the construction of the new wall the existing trees on the easterly embankment between the residential property concrete block wall and proposed wall will be removed.

Magnitude of change: the magnitude of change in visual resource is high.

Significance of Visual Impact: the predicted significance of visual impact will be moderate negative.

______RPS/MCE0703RP0004 9-23 Rev. F01 Environmental Impact Statement – River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme Volume II Main Document

9.5 MITIGATION MEASURES

Mitigation measures are those taken to help reduce the impacts arising from any visually intrusive or insensitive elements within the scheme. These can be undertaken as part of the scheme design or as remedial works undertaken as the scheme construction is completed. The impact of the scheme should be ameliorated through a landscape rehabilitation plan, prepared in conjunction with the engineering design which would, in time, go some way to insuring integration of the flood relief proposals into the broader environment. Given the nature of the proposals, particular mitigation measures shall be incorporated as part of the scheme. A list of objectives in terms of mitigation for visual quality and landscape character shall include the following for the construction and operational stage.

9.5.1 Construction Stage

• Materials chosen for river wall construction to be of similar colour, size and scale to existing river channel walls. Walls where widely visible will be stone faced and where appropriate stone capped;

• Construction of Embankments. The embankments will be planted with grass;

• Protection of existing trees. The services of a qualified aboriculturist will be sought to perform a tree survey of the route. The trees should be assessed to quantify their age, condition and amenity value and tagged with metal tags. Prior to commencement of construction, existing trees which are to be retained will be protected by erection of timber post and wire fence to ensure no works are carried out under reach of their canopies;

• Ensuring landscape framework remains dominant by cleaning up of debris on river banks and providing a landscape management programme to protect and reinforce bank side vegetation

• Standard trees will also be planted alongside river banks in certain urban areas to create tree lined river bank character and will be positioned where they will not adversely impact on channel or floodplain conveyance, and where they will not have a negative effect on the proposed embankments.

9.5.2 Operational Stage

• Ensuring the landscape management programme identified above is implemented during the lifetime of the scheme to protect and reinforce bank side vegetation with the aim of ensuring landscape framework remains dominant;

• Ongoing landscape maintenance and debris cleaning; and

• Where new planting is required to improve structure or replace removed bank-side vegetation, the plant selection will be predominantly indigenous species similar to those already growing in the Skibbereen area to ensure successful plant establishment.

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9.6 CONCLUSION & RESIDUAL IMPACT

RPS was commissioned to complete a Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment (LVIA) of the proposed River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme.

The proposed development is located within a landscape character area identified as Skibbereen Urban Landscape Character Area. This landscape character area has been identified as having a low sensitivity to change. During construction the predicted magnitude of landscape resource change will be low and the significance of landscape impact will be slight negative due to limited change in landscape resource as the existing site is robust in character. There is potential for significant visual impacts for residential properties during the construction period and for views from the S90 Scenic Route on Schull Road due to the proximity of works to residential properties and the protected Scenic Route. However all such significant visual impacts will be temporary in nature.

During operational stage the predicted magnitude of landscape resource change will be low and the significance of landscape impact will be slight negative due to limited change in landscape resource at the existing site.

The Zone of Visual Influence (ZVI) has been established for the proposed project to allow any potential areas of significant visual impact to be identified. Actual visual impacts from within the ZVI have been predicted by site survey and assessment.

A total of 10 viewpoints have been assessed during the operation stage of the proposal and only one viewpoint on N71 Schull Road (Viewpoint 2) has been predicted to have significant visual impacts.

There will be no significant visual impacts for residential properties on Baltimore Road, Schull Road, North Street, Upper Bridge Street, Mill Road or the local road east of Mill Road.

There is potential for significant visual impacts during the operation stage and for views from S90 Scenic Route on Schull Road due to the proximity of the proposed grass embankment to the protected Scenic Route. The effected section of S90 is however a very short length of this very long route.

In conclusion the broader landscape character area and visual context around Skibbereen Town centre has the capacity to absorb a development of this scale and the proposal is acceptable in landscape and visual terms.

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10 AIR QUALITY AND CLIMATE

10.1 INTRODUCTION

This Chapter of the EIS describes the impact to air quality and climate associated with the proposed River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme. This Chapter should be read in conjunction with the proposed scheme layout plans (Figure 2.1) and the project description as outlined in Section 2.4 of this EIS. This assessment was prepared in accordance with the “Guidelines on the information to be contained in Environmental Impact Statements” (EPA 2002).

This study will identify, describe and assess the impact of the development in terms of its impact on air quality. Particular attention will be focused on sensitive receptors, such as residential areas adjacent to the site, and to the extent of the exposure of these receptors to airborne pollutants derived as a result of the development.

Air quality significance criteria are assessed on the basis of compliance with the appropriate standards or limit values. The applicable standards in Ireland include the Air Quality Standards Regulations 2002, which incorporate EU Directives 1999/30/EC and 2000/69/EC (see Table 10.3 and Table 10.4).

10.2 METHODOLOGY

A baseline air quality assessment has been carried out in the study area. The baseline survey was undertaken to identify existing pollutants in the area. Data from the EPA national air quality monitoring network is also referenced to illustrate longer-term pollutant trends in locations similar to the study area.

10.2.1 Air Quality Legislation

In order to reduce the risk to health from poor air quality, National and European statutory bodies have set limit values in ambient air for a range of air pollutants. These limit values or “Air Quality Standards” are health- or environmental-based levels for which additional factors may be considered. For example, natural background levels, environmental conditions and socio-economic factors may all play a part in the limit value which is set. Air quality significance criteria are assessed on the basis of compliance with the appropriate standards or limit values.

The relevant Irish ambient air standards have been adopted from the European Commission Framework Directive (96/62/EC) and the associated Daughter Directives on air quality (1999/30/EC, 2000/69/EC) and are cited as the Air Quality Standards Regulations, which came into force on 17th June 2002 (Irish Legislation S.I. No. 271 of 2002).

The Air Quality Standards Regulations specify limit values in ambient air for sulphur dioxide (SO2), st lead, particulate matter (PM10) (Stage I) and carbon monoxide (CO), which came into effect on 1 January, 2005. For nitrogen dioxide (NO2), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), particulate matter (PM10) (Stage st II) and benzene the effective date was 1 January 2010. Alert thresholds for SO2 and NO2 are specified. The Regulations also specify margins of tolerance for exceedance of the new limit values in the period prior to their entry into force, which have relevance to the air quality assessment responsibilities assigned to the EPA in the Regulations.

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The Regulations provide for advice by the EPA to local authorities about the need for air quality management plans where the limit values, plus margins of tolerance, will be or may be exceeded, and the preparation of such plans by local authorities. Provision is also made for air pollution action plans for short-term risks of exceedances of the limit values and alert thresholds. The Regulations also provide for public information procedures, including where specified public alert thresholds are exceeded, to deal with incidences where there is a risk to human health from brief exposure of SO2 and NO2.

The EU has recently adopted the CAFÉ Directive (2008/50/EC), which incorporates all the main air quality limits and measurements techniques into one Directive. Article 33(1) of the Directive provides, ‘member States shall bring into force the laws, regulations and administrative provisions necessary to comply with this Directive before 11th June 2010. The Directive has been considered during this assessment.

The Directive makes provision for the:-

• Withdrawal of the Stage 2 2010 PM10 indicative limit values and the opportunity to apply for an extension to the existing target dates for achievement of the limit values;

• Introduction of a ‘national exposure reduction target’ to the average of annual mean PM2.5 concentrations measured at urban background locations throughout the territory of a Member State by up to 20% between 2010 and 2020 with the actual reduction dependent on the initial concentration;

• Introduction of an ‘exposure concentration obligation’ based on the average of annual mean PM2.5 concentrations measured at urban background locations throughout the territory of a Member State of 20µg.m-3 to be met by 2015;

-3 st • Introduction of a target value for annual mean PM2.5 of 25µg.m to be met by the 1 of January 2010; and

-3 • Introduction of a Stage 1 limit value for annual mean PM2.5 of 25µg.m to be met by 1st January 2015 and an indicative Stage 2 limit value of 20µg.m-3 to be met 1st January 2020.

Climate Agreements

Ireland ratified the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in April 1994 and the Kyoto Protocol in principle in 1997 and formally in May 2002(14,15). For the purposes of the EU burden sharing agreement under Article 4 of the Kyoto Protocol, in June 1998, Ireland agreed to limit the net growth of the six GHGs under the Kyoto Protocol to 13% above the 1990 level over the period 2008 to 2012(16,17). The UNFCCC is continuing detailed negotiations in relation to GHGs reductions and in relation to technical issues such as Emission Trading and burden sharing. The most recent Conference of the Parties (COP9) to the agreement was convened in Milan in December 2003. In Article 5 of the Kyoto Protocol, it states that the methodologies for estimating anthropogenic emissions by sources and removal by sinks of all greenhouse gases (except those controlled by the Montreal Protocol) shall be those accepted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)

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10.2.2 Baseline Air Quality Monitoring

A baseline air quality monitoring survey was carried out in the vicinity of the proposed floodwall and embankment works using an approved air monitoring technique. A total of six sample locations were chosen to represent the baseline air quality in the area. These locations are presented in Table 10.1 and graphically in Figure 10.1 below.

Table 10.1: Description of Air Monitoring Locations

Location Description Reference A1 Housing Estate on right hand side of the Schull Road (N71)

A2 West Cork Hotel Car Park on Ilen Street (behind the West Cork Hotel)

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Location Description Reference A3 Behind Civil Defence Building on North Street (on bank of the River Ilen)

A4 Old School/ House next to the play ground at the end of Mill Road

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Location Description Reference A5 Next to Apartment Block, behind Roycroft Bicycle Shop in Super Valu Car Park off Townsend Street

A6 School on Castletown send Road

The baseline air quality assessment was scoped to determine the existing ambient dust levels derived from traffic and other sources of particulate pollution in the study area.

Baseline ambient dust deposition levels were also assessed using dust deposition gauges – Bergerhoff Gauges, erected at a 2m height. The baseline survey was carried out over a short period of time from the 7th of July 2012 to August 7th 2012.

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Care Centre 7.5 Project Issue Details Innishmore, T +353 21 4665900 Ballincollig, F +353 21 4873742 River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drawn by: T Hurley Project No. MCE0703 Co Cork, E [email protected]  Checked by: A Fitzgerald File Ref. Ireland W rpsgroup.com/ireland Drainage Scheme Approved by: B Brice MCE0703Mi0012A01

Scale: N.T.S. Drawing No. Rev.

Client Title Date: March 2013 Mi0012 A01 Cork Air Quality Locations Notes 1. This drawing is the property of RPS Group Ltd. It is a confidential document and must not be copied, used, or its contents divulged without prior written consent. County 2. All levels are referred to Ordnance Datum, Malin Head. 0 50 100 3. Ordnance Survey Ireland Licence EN 0005013 Council Figure 10.1 Kilometers ©Copyright Government of Ireland.

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10.3 EXISTING ENVIRONMENT

10.3.1 Existing Meteorological Conditions

A key factor in assessing temporal and spatial variations in air quality is the prevailing meteorological conditions. Depending on wind speed and direction, individual receptors may experience very significant variations in pollutant levels under the same source strength (i.e. traffic levels). Wind is of key importance in dispersing air pollutants and for ground level sources, such as traffic emissions, pollutant concentrations are generally inversely related to wind speed. Thus, concentrations of pollutants derived from traffic sources will generally be greatest under very calm conditions and low wind speeds when the movement of air is restricted. In relation to dust, the situation is more complex due to the range of sources of this pollutant. Smaller particles (less than PM2.5) from traffic sources will be dispersed more rapidly at higher wind speeds. However, fugitive emissions of coarse particles (PM2.5 – PM10) will actually increase at higher wind speeds. Thus, measured levels of PM10 will be a non-linear function of wind speed.

The nearest representative weather station to Skibbereen, collating detailed weather records is Cork Airport, which is located approximately 80km north east of the site. Cork Airport Weather Station has been examined to identify the prevailing wind direction and average wind speeds over an annual period.

The prevailing wind direction for the area is between northwest to southwest as presented in the windrose for Cork Airport Met Station in Figure 10.2. Easterly winds tend to be very infrequent. Wind characteristics vary between a moderate breeze to gales (average 10.8 days with gales per annum). Monthly average wind speeds range between 9.03 and 12.1 knots with highest wind speeds occurring during winter months (December and January). Lowest wind speeds were recorded in the June, July and August period. Poor dispersion can occur under certain weather characteristics known as inversions that form in very light or calm wind and stable atmospheric conditions. The wind rose illustrated in Figure 10.3 identifies that such wind conditions are very infrequent.

Figure 10.2: Windrose for Cork Airport Met Station

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10.3.2 Available Air Quality Data

As part of the Framework Directive 96/62/EC on air quality monitoring, assessment and management, with particular reference to air quality standards laid down by the directive, four air quality zones have been defined for Ireland. These zones are as follows:-

Zone A - Dublin City and Environs. Zone B - Cork City and Environs. Zone C - 16 urban areas with populations greater than 15,000. Zone D - The remainder of the country.

These zones have been defined to meet criteria for air quality monitoring and management as described by directive 96/62/EC and its “daughter directives”. This monitoring is undertaken by the Environmental Protection Agency and local authorities. The most recent report on air quality “Air Quality Monitoring Report 2010”, details the range and scope of monitoring throughout Ireland. In terms of monitoring zones the proposed drainage scheme lies in Zone D.

Sulphur Dioxide SO2

SO2 was measured in 12 stations throughout Ireland in 2010 and all stations recorded levels below 3 the daily limit of 125 µg/m , as set out in the CAFÉ directive. Long-term SO2 monitoring is carried out at two rural Zone D locations, Glashaboy and Kilkitt. The SO2 annual average in 2010 for both sites was 2 and 3 µg/m3 respectively.

Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)

Long-term NO2 monitoring is carried out at two rural Zone D locations, Glashaboy and Kilkitt. The NO2 3 annual average in 2010 for both sites was 10 and 3 µg/m respectively. The results of the NO2 monitoring carried out at the urban Zone D location in Castlebar in 2010 indicated an average NO2 3 concentration of 10 ug/m while the Zone C locations of Newbridge and Cellbridge had average NO2 concentrations of 17 and 12 ug/m3 respectively with no exceedances of the 1 hour limit value. Hence long term average concentrations measured at these locations were significantly lower than the annual average limit value of 40 ug/m3.

Particulate Matter (PM10)

Long term PM10 monitoring was carried out at the urban Zone D locations of Castlebar and Longford 3 in 2010. The PM10 annual averages for both locations in 2010 were 15 and 21 µg/m respectively. The 3 PM10 annual average in 2010 for rural Zone D location of Kilkitt was 10 ug/m .

In addition, data from the station at Phoenix Park in Dublin provides a good indication of urban background levels, with an annual average in 2010 of 11µg/m3.

Benzene

Continuous monitoring for Benzene was carried out at Emo Court (Zone D) and Old Station Road, Cork (Zone B) in 2010, with long term averages of 0.4 ug/m3 and 1.1 ug/m3 respectively, below the limit for protection of human health of 5µg/m3.

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Carbon Monoxide (CO)

Monitoring results for the Zone C locations of Newbridge and Cellbridge were low, peaking at 5% of the maximum 8 hour limit value which is set at 10 mg/m3 in 2010.

In summary, existing baseline levels of N02, PM10, PM2.5, CO and benzene based on the extensive long term data from EPA are below ambient air quality limit values in the vicinity of the proposed development.

Table 10.2 shows the limit values defined in the National Air Quality Standards Regulations 2002 (S.I No. 271 of 2002).

Table 10.2: Limit for Protection of Human Health

Pollutant Measurement Limit for Protection of Human Health 3 Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) Maximum 24-hour Average 125 µg/m Maximum 1-hour Average 350 µg/m3 Particulate Matter Maximum 24-hour Value 50 µg/m3 3 (PM10) Annual Average 40 µg/m 3 Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) Maximum 8-hour Value 200 µg/m Mean Hourly Value 40 µg/m3 Lead Annual Average 0.5 µg/m3 Carbon Monoxide (CO) Maximum 8-hour Average 10 mg/m3 Benzene Annual Average 5 µg/m3 Toluene Mean hourly Average No Limit

The EU has introduced several measures to address the issue of air quality management. In 1996 the European Commission agreed a Framework Directive on ambient air quality monitoring, assessment and management (Council Directive 96/62/EC). The Air Quality Framework Directive set out the principles of the approach, and set out the limit values for pollutants in four “daughter” directives under Directive 96/62/EC. The Directive was transposed into Irish law by the Environmental Protection Agency Act 1992 (Ambient Air Quality Assessment and Management) Regulations 1999 (S.I No. 33 of 1999). The first of these “daughter” directives to be enacted, 1999/30/EC, has set limit values for sulphur dioxide, lead, PM10 and nitrogen dioxide and the second “daughter” Directive 2000/69/EC defines limit values for both carbon monoxide and benzene in ambient air. The National Air Quality Standards Regulations 2002 (S.I. No. 271 of 2002) transpose the first directive 1999/30/EC (Table 10.3) and the second daughter directive 2000/69/EC (Table 10.4) into Irish law.

Table 10.3: EU Directive 1999/30/EC on Ambient Air Quality Limits

Pollutant Regulation Limit Type Margin of Tolerance Value Nitrogen 1999/30/EC Hourly limit for 50% until 2001 200 µg/m3 NO2 Dioxide protection of human reducing linearly to 0% health - not to be by 2010 exceeded more than 18 times/year Annual limit for 50% until 2001 40µg/m3 NO2 protection of human reducing linearly to 0% health by 2010 Annual limit for None 30 µg/m3 NO + protection of vegetation NO2 Lead 1999/30/EC Annual limit for 100% until 2001 0.5 µg/m3

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Pollutant Regulation Limit Type Margin of Tolerance Value protection of human reducing linearly to 0% health by 2005 Sulphur 1999/30/EC Hourly limit for 43% until 2001 350 µg/m3 Dioxide protection of human reducing linearly until health - not to be 0% by 2005 exceeded more than 24 times/year Daily limit for protection None 125µg/m3 of human health - not to be exceeded more than 3 times/year Annual & Winter limit for None 20 µg/m3 the protection of ecosystems Particulate 1999/30/EC 24-hour limit for 50% until 2001 50 µg/m3 PM10 Matter protection of human reducing linearly to 0% health - not to be by 2005 exceeded more than 35 times/year Stage 1 Annual limit for 20% until 2001 40 µg/m3 PM10 protection of human reducing linearly to 0% health by 2005 Particulate 1999/30/EC 24-hour limit for To be derived from data 50 µg/m3 PM10 Matter protection of human and to be equivalent to health - not to be Stage 1 limit value exceeded more than 7 times/year Stage 2 Annual limit for 50% until 2005 20 µg/m3 PM10 protection of human reducing linearly to 0% health by 2010

Table 10.4: EU Directive 2000/69/EC on Ambient Air Quality Limits

Margin of Pollutant Regulation Limit Type Value Tolerance Benzene 2000/69/EC Annual limit for 100% until 2003 5 µg/m3 protection of reducing linearly human health to 0% by 2010 Carbon Monoxide 2000/69/EC 8-hour limit (on a 50% until 2003 10 µg/m3 rolling basis) for reducing linearly protection of to 0% by 2005 human health

The baseline data on air quality described above compared to the standards in Tables 10.2, 10.3 and 10.4 indicate that the air quality in areas representative of Skibbereen during the monitoring periods was good with most pollutants showing levels below the ambient air quality limits.

Dust

As part of the Environmental Impact Statement for the proposed Skibbereen Drainage Scheme, a site-specific baseline air quality assessment was carried out during July and August 2012 for dust. The results (Table 10.5) of this survey may provide more specific information on traffic, industry and heating appliances derived dust in the area.

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Table 10.5: Ambient Air Quality in the Site of the Proposed Scheme (07/07/12 – 07/08/12)

Dust Deposition Industry Guideline (source EPA) Location No. mg/m2/day mg/m2/day A1 30.5 350 A2 13.9 A3 12.1 A4 11.8 A5 4.9 A6 16.4 Total 89.6

These results indicate air quality (as dust) in this area is considered good. The results of each location indicate that the area currently experiences good air quality with low levels of ambient dust. All levels are below the EPA Licensed facility guideline of 350 mg/m2/day. The highest dust deposition volume was at A1, which is located in a housing estate near the N71 Schull Road where increased dust levels are likely as a result of traffic from the adjacent N71. The lowest recorded dust level was at A5 in the Super Valu Car Park off Townsend Street.

All other samples when examined showed varying levels of dust mostly derived from traffic, heating appliances, landscaping, road sweeping and falling foliage.

A study by the UK ODMP gives estimates of likely dust deposition levels in specific types of environments. In open country a level of 39 mg/m2/day is typical, rising to 59mg/m2 /day on the outskirts of town and peaking at 127 mg/m2/day for a purely industrial area. As a worst case, a level of 127 mg/m2/day can be estimated as the existing dust deposition level for the current location. However in comparison to the recorded levels of 89.6 mg/m2/day above in Table 10.5 this is considered an overestimation for Skibbereen.

10.4 POTENTIAL AIR QUALITY AND CLIMATE IMPACTS

The proposed River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme works mainly occur in areas of retail/ commercial developments, mixed residential areas and recreational areas including playing fields.

The local road network consists of streets servicing the urban and residential areas. The level of traffic in the area may generate traffic derived pollution e.g. nitrogen oxides, particulate matter and benzene from vehicle exhausts.

10.4.1 Construction Impacts (on Air Quality)

There is the potential for a number of emissions to atmosphere during the construction of the development. Construction activities including for example material handling, earth moving and excavating are likely to generate some dust emissions.

The potential for dust to be emitted depends on the type of construction activity being carried out in conjunction with environmental factors including levels of rainfall, wind speed and wind direction. Dust

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emissions are dramatically reduced where rainfall has occurred due to the cohesion created between dust particles and water and the removal of suspended dust from the air. It is typical to assume no dust is generated under “wet day” conditions where rainfall greater than 0.2 mm has fallen. Information collected from Cork Airport Meteorological Station (1962-1991) identified that typically 204 days per annum are “wet”. Thus for greater than 55% of the time no significant dust generation will be likely due to existing meteorological conditions.

The potential impact from dust also depends on the distance to potentially sensitive locations and whether the wind can carry the dust to these locations. The majority of any dust produced will be deposited close to the potential source and as such any impacts from dust deposition will typically be close to the source or within 500m of it.

Furthermore it is considered that construction activities likely to generate dust will mainly be confined to particles of dust greater than 10 microns which are considered a nuisance but do not have potential to cause harm or significant health impacts. It is also considered that the construction of the development will occur in distinct phases. As such, the potential for dust nuisance and significant levels of PM10 and PM2.5 will vary temporarily and spatially as the construction develops.

The construction vehicles, generators etc., will also give rise to petrol and diesel exhaust emissions, although this is of minor significance. Worst case truck movements during the peak construction period are anticipated to be 5 inward and 5 outward/hour. Construction traffic of this level will lead to dust emissions of the order of 3 g/m3 each hour along the haul routes based on no mitigation being implemented, however with mitigation (see Section 10.6 below) this figure will reduce to approximately 2 g/m3 per hour. Thus it is unlikely that the emissions of this magnitude will lead to dust deposition levels at the site boundary which exceed the TA Luft limit value for dust nuisance of 350 mg/m2 per day.

The effect of construction activities on air quality, in particular construction dust, will not be significant at the proposed development site following the implementation of the proposed mitigation measures outlined in this chapter. It is proposed to adhere to good working practices and dust mitigation measures to ensure that the levels of dust generated will be minimal and are unlikely to cause an environmental nuisance.

10.4.1.1 Construction Impacts (on Climate)

Impacts to climate during the construction phase include emissions from transport of materials to the site, embodied CO2 in construction materials (such as cement, steel, etc.), emissions from plant machinery and other ancillary areas such as contractor compounds, waste management, etc. These emissions cannot be quantified pre-planning, as details of material use are not available, however in terms of national emissions are unlikely to be significant

10.4.2 Operational Impacts (on Air Quality)

10.4.2.1 Scheduled Emissions

Regarding operations at the proposed drainage scheme, the activities to be located in the scheme area are planned for flood containment only. As a result, there are no scheduled emissions (i.e. through stacks, vents, etc.) planned for the development and site activities are most likely not to cause any deterioration in local air quality.

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10.4.2.2 Traffic

There are relatively high volumes of traffic on the adjoining roads currently in the area of the proposed works. Any alterations to the existing traffic scenario, i.e. traffic volumes and/or a significant drop in vehicle speed (to gridlock speeds) may cause a variation in the pollutant concentrations. There are no plans to reroute the existing traffic system once the drainage scheme is completed, thus levels of traffic-borne pollution should remain unchanged with no increase once the scheme is operational.

10.4.2.3 Operational Impacts (on Climate)

Unless maintenance is required (due to damage to the floodwalls), no further works will be necessary once the project is completed. Routine checks from local authority engineers will be carried out on a routine basis, however it is envisaged that there will be no other significant sources of nitrogen oxides, sulphur dioxide or vehicle particulates. Likewise there will not be any ozone depleting substances used or emitted during the operational phase of the project.

10.5 DO-NOTHING IMPACT

The baseline survey results show that air quality in the vicinity of the proposed drainage works is reasonable and shows typical levels for rural areas and can be categorised as Zone D in relation to the EU Air Framework Directive and EPA Air Quality Zones, with all pollutants within the relevant EU limits at all locations.

The air quality may improve slightly in future years due to improvements in engine technology and greater controls on petrol, diesel, coal and gas composition and purity, also with the potential introduction of carbon taxation.

If the proposed drainage scheme were not to take place, the current air pollutant concentrations will remain unchanged followed by potential decreases in future years for the reasons outlined above.

10.6 MITIGATION MEASURES

Mitigation measures efforts will be made to ensure that emissions from the proposed development will be minimised where possible, and comply with good environmental practice. The following mitigation measures will be implemented.

10.6.1 Construction Stage

In order to ensure that no dust nuisance occurs, a Dust Minimisation Plan will be formulated for the construction phase of the project. The plan must include the following measures:

Site roads shall be regularly cleaned and maintained as appropriate. Hard surface roads shall be swept to remove mud and aggregate materials from their surface.

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Any un-surfaced roads shall be restricted to essential site traffic only. Furthermore, any road that has the potential to give rise to fugitive dust must be regularly watered, as appropriate, during dry and/or windy conditions.

Vehicles using site roads shall have their speed restricted, and this speed restriction must be enforced rigidly. On any un-surfaced site roads and on hard surfaced roads site management dictates that speed shall be restricted to 20 km per hour.

All vehicles exiting the site shall make use of a wheel wash facility, preferably automatic, prior to entering onto public roads, to ensure mud and other wastes are not tracked onto public roads. Public roads outside the site shall be regularly inspected for cleanliness, and cleaned as necessary.

Material handling systems and site stockpiling of materials shall be designed and laid out to minimise exposure to wind. Water misting or sprays shall be used as required if particularly dusty activities are necessary during dry or windy periods.

10.6.2 Operational Stage

Heating Appliances

No space heating or energy requirements will be associated with the proposed drainage scheme post construction.

Road Traffic

Once the construction stage of the drainage scheme is completed, the only potential traffic associated with the scheme will comprise of site inspections during the design life of the works.

Continued free-flow of the traffic in the vicinity of the proposed drainage scheme will not be affected by the scheme. This will not have any impact on traffic flow in the area or traffic related pollutants.

10.7 RESIDUAL IMPACT

10.7.1 Construction Stage

If a satisfactory dust minimisation plan is implemented, the effect of construction on air quality will not be significant. The main environmental nuisance associated with construction activities is dust. However, if the construction contractor adheres to good working practices and dust mitigation measures outlined in Section 10.6.1, the levels of dust generated will be minimal and are unlikely to cause an environmental nuisance.

If in the event that dust from the construction of the project is creating an environmental nuisance, an ambient dust deposition survey is recommended. This survey should be carried out by competent persons using EPA approved Bergerhoff gauges. Typically these surveys require gauges on the site close to the source at the nearest sensitive receptors.

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 10-14 Rev. F01 Environmental Impact Statement – River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme Volume II Main Document

The TA Luft (German Government “Technical Instructions on Air Quality”) states a guideline of 350 mg/m2/day for the deposition of non-hazardous dusts. This value should be used to determine the impact of residual dust as an environmental nuisance.

Given the timescale, the plant and machinery involved and strict as well as the adherence to the mitigation measures outlined in Section 10.6 it is anticipated that the process will not have an adverse impact on the local climate, therefore resulting in no residual impacts on climate.

10.7.2 Operation Stage

Given the nature of the proposed development, it is anticipated that the completed drainage project will not have an adverse residual impact on the local air quality or climate.

Traffic entering and leaving the works will be relatively free flowing and should not result in any significant build up in traffic-derived pollution in the area. The relatively low traffic volumes associated with the proposed development, once operational, is not predicted to cause any significant negative impact on air quality in the area.

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 10-15 Rev. F01 Environmental Impact Statement – River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme Volume II Main Document

11 NOISE AND VIBRATION

11.1 INTRODUCTION

This Chapter of the EIS provides an assessment of the potential noise and vibration impacts associated with the proposed River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage scheme. The proposed drainage scheme is described in detail in Chapter 2 Project Description of the EIS.

This assessment has been prepared by RPS Group in accordance with the recommendations of the Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) Guidelines on the Information to be Contained in Environmental Impact Statements (EPA, 2002) and Advice Notes on Current Practice (in the preparation of Environmental Impact Statements) (EPA, 2003).

The various phases of the proposed scheme have been assessed although it is considered that the construction phase will have greatest potential for impact. There will be no significant noise & vibration impact resulting from the operation of the proposed Drainage Scheme.

Following a review of the preliminary design of the proposed drainage scheme a noise and vibration impact assessment was undertaken. In order to present a worst-case scenario a number of sensitive receptors in close proximity to the construction working area were identified and noise levels associated with the construction of the flood defences were predicted at these locations, representative of the noise levels associated with the construction phase.

A baseline noise-monitoring programme was undertaken in July 2012 at representative noise sensitive receptors located in close proximity to the proposed flood defences. This baseline data was used to compare existing baseline noise levels in the area with predicted noise levels from construction works associated with the drainage scheme. The predicted noise levels have been assessed against the baseline noise data in addition to commonly adopted national and international guideline limits.

Although the construction phase of the proposed Drainage Scheme has the greatest potential for impact it must be recognised that these works will be temporary in duration. It is anticipated that construction works will take approximately 24 months to complete. However, construction works will not be on-going in any one area for the duration of the construction phase. Given the fact that the drainage scheme primarily comprises of constructing flood defences on the Assolas Stream, River Ilen and the Caol Stream, construction works will progress along the scheme which will in effect be a linear development. Therefore construction works associated with the proposed drainage scheme will be temporary and transient in nature.

It is noted that there are noise sensitive receptors located adjacent to the proposed works and as such noise sensitive receptors will abut the construction working area along sections of the flood alleviation works. It will be necessary therefore to maintain strict adherence to mitigation measures and best practice presented herein to ensure that potential negative noise and vibration impact is kept to a minimum.

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 11-1 Rev. F01 Environmental Impact Statement – River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme Volume II Main Document

11.2 ASSESSMENT METHODOLGOY

In the absence of any national legislation relating to environmental/construction noise emission limits the assessment criteria used in this report are those used commonly adopted by regulatory and local authorities. The predicted change in the existing noise environment is also considered.

The noise and vibration impact assessment was carried out with cognisance to the methodologies and guidelines listed below:-

• Review of the location of the proposed drainage scheme defences and associated construction works, with respect to the location of sensitive receptors.

• Baseline noise monitoring was undertaken at a number of representative noise sensitive receptors in the vicinity of the proposed working area, in accordance with the National Road Authority, (NRA) “Guidelines for the Treatment of Noise and Vibration during the construction of National Road Schemes 2004.

• Plant and machinery noise levels were referenced from BS 5228 “Noise and Vibration Control on Construction and Open Sites, Part 1, Annex B” and the UK Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA), “Update of Noise Database for Prediction of Noise on Construction and Open Sites, 2005”.

• Assessment of noise emissions from the proposed works. Noise predictions were undertaken in accordance with BS5228 “Noise and Vibration Control on Construction and Open Sites”, to predict noise levels at nearby houses. The construction noise impact was assessed based on the assessment methodology specified in BS 5228, and guideline noise levels outlined in the following:

• Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) “Guidance note for noise in relation to scheduled activities, 2nd edition 2006”.

• World Health Organisation (WHO) “Guidelines for Community Noise 1999”.

• BS 7385 Part 2: “Evaluation and measurement of vibration in buildings - Guide to damage levels from ground-borne vibrations”; and BS 6472: 2008 “Guide to evaluation of human exposure to vibration in buildings”.

• BS 7445-1:2003 (BS 7445-1:1991; ISO 1996) “Description and Measurement of Environmental Noise”.

11.2.1 Construction Noise Assessment Criteria

The greatest potential for noise impact will come from the construction phase. In setting criteria for construction noise, account has to be taken of the technical feasibility of the proposed criterion, and also the trade-off between the noise level, and the duration of the noise exposure.

BS 5228 states that complaints about noise that have originated from new industrial sources indicate that the likelihood of a complaint increases as the difference between the industrial noise and existing background noise increases. It is possible that a similar effect occurs with the noise originating from construction and open sites since the noise will, in general be more noticeable in quieter areas. However the standard acknowledges that the relationship between response and noise level can be different, in particular a greater difference may be tolerated when it is known that the operations are of short duration.

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 11-2 Rev. F01 Environmental Impact Statement – River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme Volume II Main Document

The National Roads Authority outlined construction noise limits in its “Guidelines for the Treatment of Noise and Vibration in National Roads Schemes, 2004”. These limits, which are presented in Table 11.1, represent a reasonable compromise between the practical limitations in a construction project, and the need to ensure an acceptable ambient noise level for residents.

It is considered appropriate to apply the NRA guideline values, in the absence of other construction noise impact assessment guidelines in Ireland. Therefore, these guidelines were used given that there are no statutory Noise Regulations with regard to control of noise during construction activities in Ireland. The general construction works associated with the proposed drainage scheme are similar to earthworks and drainage works associated with road construction activities. Given that the proposed drainage scheme is essentially a linear development it is considered appropriate to apply the NRA guideline values.

Table 11.1: Maximum Permissible Noise Levels at the Façade of Dwellings during Construction1 (NRA Guidelines, October 2004)

Days & Times LAeq (1hr) dB LAMax dB Monday to Friday - 07.00 to 19.00 70 80* Monday to Friday - 19.00 to 22.00 60* 65* Saturday - 08.00 to 16.30 65 75 Sundays and Bank Holidays - 08.00 to 16.30 60* 65*

* Construction activity at these times, other than that required in respect of emergency works, will normally require the explicit permission of the relevant authority. Indicative only – it may be appropriate to apply more stringent limits in areas where pre-existing noise levels are low.

The EPA guideline daytime noise limit for industrial noise is 55 dB(A), at the nearest noise sensitive location(s). The World Health Organisation guideline for outdoor areas is in the range 50 to 55 dB(A). The EPA guideline noise limit for industrial noise during the night-time (22:00 – 08:00) is 45 dB(A), at the nearest noise sensitive location(s). Any noise limit that may be applied during the night-time will be in accordance with the EPA Guidelines.

Subjectively, the significance that can be attached to changes in noise levels (perceptible to human beings) can be described as follows in Table 11.2.

Table 11.2: Significance Scale for Changes in Noise Levels (Perceptible to Human Beings)

Change in Noise EPA Glossary of Impact Rating Subjective Reaction Level Impacts 0 No change n/a n/a <3 dB(A) Not Significant Neutral, Imperceptible Barely perceptible or Slight Impact 3 – 5 dB(A) Minor Significant Impact: Perceptible Positive or Negative 6 – 10 dB(A) Moderate Up to a doubling of loudness 11–15 dB(A) Major Over a doubling of loudness

>15 dB(A) Severe Profound Significant --- Impact: Negative only

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 11-3 Rev. F01 Environmental Impact Statement – River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme Volume II Main Document

It should be noted that the subjective description outlined in Table 11.2 applies to relatively continuous traffic noise. However, it can be used as likely indicative responses to changes in ambient noise levels.

It is considered unlikely that there will be any construction works associated with the proposed drainage scheme undertaken during the night-time. However, in the event that any noise sources associated with the construction phase need to operate during the night-time (e.g. any water pumps), the EPA guidelines on noise “Guidance note for noise in relation to scheduled activities” night-time criteria of 45dB(A) at noise sensitive receptors will apply in order to prevent sleep disturbance. Appropriate mitigation measures including suitable attenuation of any equipment in operation, will be employed in order to ensure this.

11.2.2 Operational Noise Assessment Criteria

Although operational noise limits are discussed there will be negligible noise during the operational phase of the drainage scheme. Occasional maintenance/inspection works would be the most likely noise generating activities associated with the operational phase.

The noise impact of the proposed drainage scheme is assessed taking account of absolute noise criteria contained in the national Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) guidelines on noise “Guidance note for noise in relation to scheduled activities”, and World Health Organisation Guidelines “Guidelines for Community Noise 1999”.

11.2.3 Vibration Assessment Criteria

Best practice guidance documents for vibration were used for the assessment with regard to vibration that would be likely to lead to complaints, and vibration levels that would be likely to lead to structural damage (BS6472: 1992 Guide to Evaluation of human exposure to vibration in buildings (1Hz to 80Hz), and BS7385: Part 2 1990: Evaluation and measurement for vibration in buildings - Guide to damage levels from ground-borne vibration). Common practice in Ireland has been to use guidance from these internationally recognised standards, which address vibration standards in two varieties, those dealing with human comfort and those dealing with cosmetic or structural damage to buildings.

11.2.3.1 Construction Vibration Criteria

Measurements of vibration from construction sites have shown that, even from piling works, levels typically become imperceptible at relatively short distances from the vibration source.

However, higher levels of vibration are typically tolerated for single events or events of short duration. For example piling, one of the primary sources of vibration during construction works where competent rock is encountered, is typically tolerated at vibration levels up to 2.5 mm/s. Blasting is not proposed during construction works associated with the proposed drainage scheme.

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 11-4 Rev. F01 Environmental Impact Statement – River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme Volume II Main Document

The National Roads Authority guidelines identify 2.5 mm/s as the vibration level that may be considered tolerable due to piling works. The potential vibration levels that could be generated by rock breaking works, if required would be expected to be comparable to the level of vibration that may be generated by piling works. The vibration level of 2.5 mm/s is substantially below the guideline values for protection of properties against cosmetic damage. The NRA limits for protection against cosmetic damage are given as a function of vibration frequency, and are:-

• 8 mm/s (vibration frequency <10Hz) • 12.5 mm/s (vibration frequency 10 to 50Hz) • 20 mm/s (vibration frequency >50 Hz).

The NRA 2.5mm/s limit is for piling, which is a continuous activity. This limit provides for protection against the vibration nuisance, and is comfortably within the limits for cosmetic damage. It is considered that the potential impact is therefore likely to be minor.

11.2.3.2 Operational Vibration Criteria

In the case of nominally continuous sources of vibration, such as traffic, vibration is perceptible at around 0.5 mm/s and may become disturbing or annoying at higher magnitudes. However the operational phase of the proposed drainage scheme will not generate perceptible vibrations.

11.3 RECEIVING ENVIRONMENT

11.3.1 Environmental Noise Survey Results

Prior to visiting the study area a desk based review of the Ordnance Survey Ireland Discovery Series mapping and the Ordnance Survey Ireland, 1:2,500 Vector mapping of the area was undertaken. A number of representative noise sensitive receptors were identified from the mapping. A noise sensitive location is defined by the EPA, “Environmental Noise Survey Guidance Document, 2003” as “any dwelling house, hotel or hostel, health building, educational establishment, place of worship or entertainment, or any other facility or other area of high amenity which for its proper enjoyment requires the absence of noise at nuisance levels”. A baseline-monitoring programme was then planned.

Designated conservation sites are also sensitive noise receptors. The location of such sites is discussed separately in Chapter 8 Terrestrial Flora and Fauna section of the EIS. The potential impacts on fauna resulting from increased noise levels are discussed in the Chapter 8 Flora and Fauna of the EIS. It is commonly accepted that the immediate area where construction works are undertaken will be avoided by animals during the construction phase and behaviour will return to normal when works are complete.

RPS undertook a baseline environmental noise survey and calculations of the potential noise impact associated with the construction phase of the proposed drainage scheme. A daytime noise survey was carried out at six noise sensitive locations in the vicinity of the location of the proposed drainage scheme on 7th of July 2012. The location of the noise monitoring points is illustrated on Figure 11.1. Noise measurements were carried out over 15-minute intervals and at the end of each 15-minute interval the existing ambient noise levels (LAeq) and the noise statistics for the monitoring period were automatically stored to instrument memory. The details of the noise surveys are outlined herein.

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 11-5 Rev. F01 Environmental Impact Statement – River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme Volume II Main Document

The noise monitoring was carried out using a Bruel&Kjaer Model 2250, Type 1 Integrating Digital Sound Level Meter (SLM), capable of measuring within +/- 0.3dB(A) in Leq and sound pressure levels (SPL) in ‘A’ scale. The instrument records the LAeq, LA10, LA90, LAMax and LAMin percentiles simultaneously – see Appendix 11.1 Noise Terminology. The instrument was calibrated in accordance with ISO 1996 “Description and measurement of environmental noise” prior to commencing the surveys using the recommended standard calibration procedure and a known pure tone noise source. The unit was again calibrated on completion of the surveys to record drift during the course of the day. The unit had not drifted during the surveys. Drift is normally associated with battery fade and/or temperature.

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 11-6 Rev. F01

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Environmental Impact Statement – Skibbereen (River Ilen) Drainage Scheme Volume II Main Document

The weather conditions during the noise monitoring surveys were dry but cold, with very calm conditions. A slight breeze in a south-westerly direction was noted on occasion during the noise surveys on each day.

All measurements were taken in accordance with ISO 1996, under suitable weather conditions. The sound level meter (microphone) was set-up in free-field conditions (i.e. away from any reflecting surfaces), and the meter was positioned 1.5 m above ground level. The noise monitoring locations for the baseline noise survey are described as follows.

Table 11.3: Baseline Noise Sensitive Receptor Locations

Location Description Reference N1 Housing Estate on right hand side of the Schull Road (N71) N2 West Cork Hotel Car Park on Ilen Street (behind hotel) N3 Behind Civil Defence Building on North Street (on bank of the River) N4 Old School/House next to the play ground at the end of Mill Road N5 Next to Apartment Block, behind Roycroft Bicycle Shop in Super Valu Car Park off Townsend Street N6 School on Castletownsend Road

11.3.2 Noise Survey Results

A summary of the results of the baseline noise surveys carried out at the representative noise sensitive receptors in the environs of the proposed drainage scheme, are presented in Table 11.4.

RPS/MCE0590RP0004 11-8 Rev. F01 Environmental Impact Statement – River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme Volume II Main Document

Table 11.4: Measured Baseline Noise Levels (Sheet 1 of 2)

Mon. Meas. Measured Measured Noise Level dB(A) Comments Location Time Wind speed LAeq LA10 LA90 LAMax LAMin (ms-1) N1 11.59 0.3 63.2 67.8 45.6 77.7 35.6 Dominant source was fast moving traffic on the adjoining Schull Road N71. Noise - from birds in the area was noted at times. The maximum level of noise was recorded 12.14 from a lorry passing.

14:24 0.2 63.0 67.8 43.6 76.7 36.8 Dominant source was fast moving traffic on the adjoining Schull Road N71. Noise - from birds in the area was noted at times. The maximum level of noise was recorded 14:39 from a van and lorry passing.

16.51 0.3 61.0 75.0 43.2 75.0 34.5 Dominant source was fast moving traffic on the adjoining Schull Road N71. The - maximum level of noise was recorded from a lorry passing. 17.04

Average Noise level (log 67.3 scale)

N2 11:33 0.2 44.4 49.0 40.0 71.5 36.9 Dominant source was cars in the car park. - 11.48 14.04 0.4 47.6 49.0 40.0 71.5 36.9 Dominant source was cars and people in the car-park. Noise from birds in the area - was noted at times 14.19

16.24 0.3 44.3 45.2 39.8 65.4 37.1 Dominant source was cars in the car park and traffic on adjoining road. Some distant - bird song was also audible. People causing disturbance within the car park on one 16.39 occasion.

Average Noise level (log 51.0 scale)

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 11-9 Rev. F01

Environmental Impact Statement – River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme Volume II Main Document

Mon. Meas. Measured Measured Noise Level dB(A) Comments Location Time Wind speed LAeq LA10 LA90 LAMax LAMin (ms-1) N3 11:00 0.9 49.4 51.6 44.0 70.9 40.7 Dominant source was traffic noise on North Street. Occasional noise noted from - birds and breeze in the trees but not significant due to the level of road traffic noise. 11:15 13.41 1.1 47.9 50.6 42.6 60.8 37.7 Dominant source was traffic noise on North Street as per previous survey. Noise - from people passing by was also recorded on one occasion. 13.56 16.01 0.8 47.1 49.6 42.4 66.4 38.0 Dominant source was traffic noise on North Street as per previous survey. Noise - from ducks quacking repeatedly for a period of 8 minutes nearby. 16.16 Average Noise level (log 53.0 scale) Mon. Meas. Measure Measured Noise Level dB(A) Comments Location Time Wind LAeq LA10 LA90 LAMax LAMi n

(ms-1) N4 12.23 0.3 53.4 56.0 48.0 64.9 42.9 Dominant source was distant traffic adjacent to the playground. Noise from birds was - also noted. 12:38 16:10 1.2 52.8 55.8 46.2 64.6 41.9 Dominant source was distant traffic. Noise from people on nearby road was also - recorded. 16:25 17.13 0.6 52.4 55.0 47.4 68.4 41.2 Dominant source was distant traffic adjacent to the playground. Noise from birds was - also noted. 17.28 Average Noise level (log 58.0 scale)

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 11-10 Rev. F01

Environmental Impact Statement – River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme Volume II Main Document

Mon. Meas. Measured Measured Noise Level dB(A) Comments Location Time Wind speed LAeq LA10 LA90 LAMax LAMin (ms-1) N5 12.50 1.2 51.2 52.4 42.4 72.1 38.9 Dominant source was traffic noise on Townsend Street. On one occasion noise from - a barking dog and bicycle bell ringing was noted. Noise from a door slamming that 13.05 was parked near the monitoring position was a significant noise source briefly towards the end of the measurement. 15.09 0.2 47.2 49.4 40.2 68.6 37.8 Dominant noise source was traffic noise on Townsend Street, similar to previous - measurement. Noise from a car horn beeping was noted briefly. 15.24 17.33 0.6 52.4 52.0 39.0 80.0 36.0 Dominant noise source was traffic noise Townsend Street, similar to previous - measurement. Noise from a car horn and a car moving near the monitoring position 17.48 was also recorded. Average Noise level (log 56.0 scale) N613. 0.4 56.0 60.2 39.0 72.6 32.1 Dominant noise source was from cars passing on Castletownsend Road. Occasional 15- noise from children in the camp across the road was also observed. Maximum noise 13.30 recorded was due to a lorry passing on the adjoining Castletownsend Road. N6 15.33 0.2 55.3 59.4 39.4 72.1 34.0 Dominant noise source was traffic noise on Castletownsend Road - 15:48 17.55 0.3 53.9 58.4 36.4 70.0 32.0 Dominant source was traffic noise on Castletownsend Road. Eight people playing - football less than 30m away also influenced the noise recordings. Some intermittent 18.10 noise from birds was also noted. Average Noise level (log 60.0 scale)

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 11-11 Rev. F01

Environmental Impact Statement – River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme Volume II Main Document

11.3.2.1 Discussion of Results

The existing ambient noise environment was notably influenced by proximity to the main noise sources in the area. Presently the predominant noise source in the area is road traffic noise on the roads and streets in the study area.

The LAeq ambient noise levels measured at the noise sensitive receptors varied between 51.0dB(A) at N2, and 67.3dB(A) at N1. The sensitive receptors located near Schull Road and Townsend Street recorded the highest levels, i.e. LAMax N1 (77.7dBA) and N5 (80.0dBA). Traffic noise on the respective nearby roads was noted as dominant noise sources at both locations.

The LA10 is a measure of the short high-energy noise events and is a good indicator of traffic noise. The similarity between the LAeq and the LA10 reflects the impact of traffic noise levels generally on the noise environment in the area.

The noise results at each of the other noise sensitive receptor monitoring points (i.e. N1, N2, N3, N4, N5 and N6) all exhibit relative similarities with only slight differences between the LAeq and L A10 results. This is considered typical of ambient noise levels in an urban environment.

11.4 POTENTIAL IMPACTS

The potential sources of noise emissions and vibration associated with the proposed development have been assessed for the following stages:-

• The construction phase, and • The operational phase of the project.

The noise impact assessment has considered the effects of the proposed development based upon the location map and extent of works as described in Chapter 2 Project Description.

In this regard, the noise impact of the proposed development has been assessed in terms of considering the potential impacts during the construction phase, and impacts following completion of the development. During the construction phase the majority of works to be undertaken will comprise of site preparation works, involving use of earth moving and excavation equipment. There will also be additional traffic noise generated by construction site traffic, HGVs delivering concrete wall sections and ready-mix material to the site, which would have potential for a noise impact along haul routes to the site. It is not anticipated that rock breaking will be required to be undertaken during the construction of the proposed drainage scheme.

Although the construction phase of the proposed development has the greatest potential for impact, it should be noted that these works will be temporary in duration as it is anticipated that construction works will take approximately 24 months to complete.

______RPS/MCE0703RP0004 11-12 Rev. F01 Environmental Impact Statement – River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme Volume II Main Document

11.4.1 Construction Related Noise

During the various phases of construction of the proposed drainage scheme, the main potential noise sources that would be evident at the site would be:-

• Site Preparation, noise will be generated by plant and machinery used to place fill material to form flood defence embankments at the site, construct concrete flood defence walls etc.

• Haulage of fill construction materials to the site, by heavy goods vehicles and distribution of the material to the different sections of the drainage scheme site by excavators and earth mover trucks.

• Internal/external haulage and delivery of construction materials by trucks.

• Traffic associated with employees working at the site during the construction phase of the proposed drainage scheme.

11.4.2 Construction Related Vibration

Potential sources of vibration during typical construction projects include rock-breaking equipment, sheet piling machinery, excavators, dump trucks and HGV’s. There are internationally recognised criteria for vibration levels, for vibration which would be likely to lead to complaints, and vibration levels which would be likely to lead to structural damage (BS6472: 1992 Guide to Evaluation of human exposure to vibration in buildings (1Hz to 80Hz), and BS7385: Part 2 1990: Guide to damage levels from ground-borne vibration).

It is anticipated that the levels of vibration generated by construction works associated with the proposed drainage scheme and haulage of material to the site would be below the criteria specified in these standards, as the level of vibration from these activities would not be significant.

Given that sheet-piled flood defence walls will be constructed along sections of the drainage scheme, vibration measurements can be carried out at any requisite monitoring points, if deemed necessary. This would help to ensure that vibrations generated by any of the construction activities at the site would not give rise to nuisance in the vicinity of proposed works.

11.4.3 Operational Phase

There will be no continuous noise or vibration generated by the proposed drainage scheme upon completion of the construction works. The proposed project comprises of the creation of the flood defences associated with the drainage scheme and there will be no operational noise or vibration sources as such on-site once the flood defences are constructed.

In this regard there will be negligible noise during the operational phase of the proposed drainage scheme. There may be occasional inspections of the flood defences once constructed but there would be negligible noise or vibration associated with site inspections of the drainage scheme.

______RPS/MCE0703RP0004 11-13 Rev. F01 Environmental Impact Statement – River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme Volume II Main Document

11.5 “DO NOTHING” SCENARIO

Should the proposed works be abandoned, (i.e. the “Do Nothing” Scenario prevailed), it is considered that there would be no significant change in the existing noise environment in the vicinity of the site.

11.6 PREDICTED IMPACTS

11.6.1 Construction Phase

The most noticeable noise impact will occur during general construction activities associated with the flood relief scheme. There are a number of noise sensitive receptors located adjacent to sections of the site where flood defences will be constructed (refer to Figure 11.1).

Noise predictions were undertaken in accordance with BS5228 “Noise and Vibration Control on Construction and Open Sites”, to predict noise levels at nearby noise sensitive receptors. The plant and machinery sound power levels were taken from BS 5228 and the Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) Updated Noise Database for Prediction of Noise on Construction and Open Sites, (DEFRA, 2005).

11.6.1.1 Construction Works Associated with the Drainage Scheme Works

To allow for prediction of the worst-case scenario the total plant involved in the construction works was input as being operational on a continual basis at the boundary of the construction working area closest to the noise sensitive receptors. Details regarding the nature and numbers of plant and machinery to be utilised on-site during the construction works have not been finalised at this stage. However an assumption has been made that the following plant and machinery items listed in Table 11.5 will be required during the construction phase.

Table 11.5: List of Construction Plant/Machinery and Associated Sound Power Levels

Number Required Sound power level Description (Approximate) Lw dB(A) Tracked Dozer 1 114 Tracked Excavator 2 97 Pile Driver 1 94 Articulated Dump Truck 1 102 Articulated Lorries 2 98 Concrete Mixer 1 90 Compressor 1 90

Considering the progressive nature of the works, i.e. topsoil stripping, construction of the new flood defence embankments, construction of the concrete defence walls and construction of the glass wall flood defences, the predicted noise levels represent an overestimate of the potential construction noise that may be generated at the site, as much of the plant and machinery will not be operational simultaneously and will not be operational at the same location.

The predicted construction noise level at the sensitive receptors (i.e. the nearest sensitive receptors to the proposed drainage scheme) associated with the flood defences construction works is 62dB LAeq, 1 hour, assuming all of the plant and machinery listed in Table 11.5 are operational on a continual basis. This would be within the NRA guidelines for construction noise levels at noise sensitive receptors. Given the existing ambient noise levels at the sensitive receptors, and assuming

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the worst-case scenario predicted construction noise level of 62dB(A) was apparent at all of the noise sensitive receptors, the resultant cumulative noise levels at each of the sensitive receptors would be as outlined in Table 11.6.

It should be noted that the predicted cumulative noise levels presented in Table 11.6 are worst-case scenario and in reality it is likely that noise levels will be lower. Not all items of plant listed in Table 11.5 will be in operation at the same location at the same time for 100% of the working day.

Table 11.6: Predicted Noise Levels at Noise Sensitive Locations During Construction

Measured Predicted NRA Guideline Predicted Noise Baseline Worst-case Construction Cumulative Sensitive Level Construction Noise Noise Level at Impact Location dB(A) Noise Level Criterion Receptor LAeq dB(A) dB(A) dB(A) Moderate N1 67.3 62.1 70 68.4 Short-Term Negative Moderate N2 51.0 62.1 70 62.4 Short-Term Negative Slight Short- N3 53.0 62.1 70 62.6 Term Negative Significant N4 58.0 62.1 70 63.5 Short-Term Negative Slight Short- N5 56.0 62.1 70 63.1 Term Negative Moderate N6 60.0 62.1 70 64.2 Short-Term Negative

The results of the noise assessment indicate the predicted construction noise levels associated with the drainage scheme will give rise to cumulative noise levels at the sensitive receptors during the construction phase, that are below the NRA Guideline Construction Noise Criterion of 70 dB(A).

It should be noted however that the noise levels presented in Table 11.6 are indicative of the potential worst-case scenario and effectively represent an overestimate of the likely construction noise levels that will be generated on a short-term basis. As outlined above, the predicted construction noise levels assume that all noise sources will be operating simultaneously throughout the day, which is unlikely to occur.

11.6.1.2 Construction Traffic

During the various phases of construction of the proposed flood relief scheme, the main potential noise sources that would be evident at the site would be:-

• Site Preparation, noise will be generated by plant and machinery used to place fill material to form flood defence embankments at the site, construct concrete flood defence walls, glass flood defence walls etc.

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• Haulage of fill construction materials to the site, by heavy goods vehicles and distribution of the material to different sections of the drainage scheme site by excavators and earth mover trucks.

• Internal / external haulage and delivery of construction materials by trucks.

• Traffic associated with employees working at the site during the construction phase of the proposed drainage scheme.

It is anticipated that the construction traffic noise levels will be within the recommended construction noise limits prescribed in the NRA Guidelines for the Treatment of Noise and Vibration during the construction of National Road Schemes 2004. The predicted construction traffic noise levels would be likely to be within the range of the existing ambient noise levels in the area and would not be expected to give rise to a significant negative noise impact in the area.

11.6.1.3 Construction Related Vibration

11.6.2 Operational Phase

As outlined in Section 11.4.3, there will be no continuous noise or vibration generated by the proposed Drainage Scheme upon completion of the construction works. The proposed project comprises of the creation of the flood defences associated with the drainage scheme and there will be no operational noise or vibration sources as such on-site once the flood defences are created.

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11.7 PROPOSED MITIGATION MEASURES

11.7.1 Construction Phase

Although it is predicted that noise levels will not exceed NRA assessment guideline criteria it is recommended that the following mitigation measures are strictly adhered to, as a measure to keep potential noise levels at a minimum. Mitigation measures, as outlined in BS5228 will be employed on- site during construction. The contract documents will clearly specify that the Contractor will be obliged to implement best practice noise abatement measures and comply with the recommendations of British Standard BS 5228, Code of Practice for Noise and Vibration Control on Construction and Open Sites – 2009. The following parts of this British Standard are applicable:-

Part 1: Noise Part 2: Vibration

It is recommended that “Best Practice Means” should be employed to minimise construction impacts. These include the following:-

• Normal working hours will be 0800-1900 hours Monday to Friday and 0800-1600 hours on Saturdays. Sunday working will be avoided but may be necessary on some occasions. When working outside of normal hours is required the contractor will discuss such requirements with Cork County Council before such operations begin with adequate notice to the local community.

• Selection of plant machinery with low inherent potential for generation of noise and/or vibration. All construction plant and equipment to be used at the site will be modern equipment and will comply with the European Communities (Construction Plant and Equipment) (Permissible Noise Levels) Regulations.

• Regular maintenance of plant will be carried out in order to minimise noise produced by on-site operations. The regular and effective maintenance of plant can play an important role in reducing noise emissions. In particular, attention will be paid to the lubrication of bearings and the integrity of silencers. Silencers and engine covers will be maintained in good and effective working order.

• All vehicles and mechanical plant will be fitted with effective exhaust silencers and maintained in good working order for the duration of the Contract.

• Any compressors used on-site will be of the “sound reduced” models fitted with properly lined and sealed acoustic covers which will be kept closed whenever the machines are in use and all ancillary pneumatic tools shall be fitted with suitable silencers.

• Machines, which are used intermittently, will be shut down or throttled back to a minimum during those periods when they are not in use.

• Any plant, such as generators or pumps, which are required to work outside of normal working hours, will be surrounded by an acoustic enclosure.

• Training of drivers to ensure smooth machinery operation/driving, and to minimise unnecessary noise generation.

• A maximum speed limit of 40 km/hr will be imposed for HGV’s and drivers will be instructed to maintain as far as possible the distances between vehicles or 24 km/hr on un-surfaced roads.

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It is also recommended that periodic noise monitoring be undertaken during the initial construction phase to determine levels at noise sensitive receptors, in particular during ‘noisy’ activities. If the recommended noise exposure levels are exceeded further mitigation measures will be employed including temporary enclosures or screens around particularly ‘noisy’ plant.

11.7.2 Operational Phase

There will be no continuous operational noise or vibration generated by the proposed drainage scheme upon completion of the construction phase.

Therefore, no mitigation measures are prescribed for the operational phase of the River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme.

11.7.3 Vibration Mitigation

It is anticipated that the levels of vibration generated by construction activities will be below the criteria specified in the standards, outlined in Section 10.2.3 and 10.4.2 of this report.

Vibration measurements will be carried out at any requisite monitoring points. This would help to ensure that any vibration generated by the construction of the proposed drainage scheme would not give rise to nuisance in the vicinity of the proposed development. If vibration-monitoring results were to indicate that levels were approaching the standard limits, appropriate mitigation measures would be put in place to ensure that vibration levels were reduced to acceptable levels.

11.8 MONITORING

A programme of noise and vibration monitoring at sensitive receptors will be detailed by the Contractor prior to works beginning. This will allow for a constant review of noise and vibration levels generated by the construction of the proposed drainage scheme and will highlight the need for further mitigation measures should they be required.

Should complaints arise, it is recommended that noise monitoring be carried out at sensitive receptors during the construction phase of the proposed drainage scheme to ensure guideline limits are not exceeded and to determine whether further mitigation measures are required.

11.9 RESIDUAL IMPACTS

There will be no significant residual noise and vibration impacts associated with the construction or operation stage of the proposed drainage scheme.

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12 CULTURAL HERITAGE

12.1 INTRODUCTION

This Chapter assesses the cultural heritage impacts of the proposed River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme. The term ‘cultural heritage’ is used to encompass the archaeological, architectural, historical and folklore heritage resource. The assessment identifies potential impacts on the cultural heritage resource and recommends mitigation measures where appropriate.

The scheme has been designed to provide flood relief defences for the sections of the River Ilen and its tributaries within the environs of Skibbereen Town. It will primarily involve the creation of localised flood defenses along the banks of the watercourses and also along terrestrial areas prone to flooding. Localised in-stream works are proposed at John F. Kennedy Bridge and in the Caol Stream, where a walled channel is to be installed. Limited flood relief works are also proposed for the banks of the Assolas stream which is a small tributary stream to the Caol in the southwest corner of the town. The confluence of the Glencurragh Stream with the River Ilen is located to the southwest of The Moorings Housing Estate on the Schull Road and it is proposed to construct a pump station in the green field site immediately west of The Moorings Housing Estate.

A Cultural Heritage Constraints Report was previously compiled for the proposed scheme by John Cronin & Associates (JCA) in July 2011. The study area for the Constraints Report incorporated an area approximately 8km downstream and 7 km upstream of Skibbereen Town. It included the identification of all recorded archaeological monuments within the study area including the legal status, if any, of these features. All protected and potential structures of architectural heritage significance within the constraints study area were also assessed. This was carried out in order to allow the scheme to be designed to avoid impacts on all protected cultural heritage features.

The present Chapter assesses a more focused study area that encompasses an area extending for 300 m from the lands that will be directly impacted by the proposed scheme. The assessment methodology included comprehensive desktop and field-walking surveys of the revised study area.

The Appendices for this chapter comprise a photographic record of the study area (Appendix 12.1); the relevant extracts from the Archaeological Inventory of Co. Cork (Appendix 12.2); the Record of Protected Structures (Appendix 12.3), the translations of the placenames within the study area (Appendix 12.4) and the relevant entries from the Excavations Database (Appendix 12.5).

An underwater archaeological survey was previously carried out within the area to be impacted by the proposed drainage scheme (Kieran 2004). It was undertaken as an assessment of the impact of a proposed sewerage scheme and works comprised an underwater/wading survey (04D023) and metal- detecting survey (04R057) within the section of the River Ilen that flows through Skibbereen. The only in-channel grading impacts within the River Ilen will be localised works in the vicinity of the John F. Kennedy Bridge. This area was previously inspected during the underwater archaeological assessment and nothing of archaeological significance was identified. The underwater survey also encompassed the confluence of the Ilen with the Caol Stream in the centre of the town. The results and recommendations of this underwater archaeological survey were consulted as part of the present assessment and relevant extracts are provided (Appendix 12.6 Under Water Archaeological Assessment).

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12.2 ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY

The methodology used for this assessment is based on the EPA (2003) Advice Notes on Current Practice (in the preparation of Environmental Impact Statements) on Cultural Heritage, including folklore/tradition, architecture/settlements and monuments/features, following a baseline study of the existing cultural heritage features in the area of the proposed development, as well as per the Institute of Archaeologists (IAI) Good Practice Guidelines.

This assessment is based on a desktop survey which identified all recorded archaeological, architectural and other cultural heritage sites within the study area. An underwater archaeological survey was previously carried out in the sections of the river channel and river bed to be impacted by the present scheme and the results were consulted as part of the desktop survey (Kieran 2004) (see Section 12.2.1).

A walk over inspection of the areas to be impacted by the proposed scheme was undertaken by John Cronin and Associates in July 2012 (see Section 12.2.2).

12.2.1 Desktop Survey

The principal sources reviewed for the assessment of the known archaeological resource were the Sites and Monuments Record (SMR) and the Record of Monuments and Places (RMP) for County Cork. These provide comprehensive lists of the known archaeological resource and their legislative basis is outlined below (Section 12.3.2).The Record of Protected Structures (RPS) and the National Inventory of Architectural Heritage (NIAH) were the main sources consulted for assessing the known architectural heritage resource. The following sources were also consulted as part of the assessment:

Database of Irish Excavation Reports The Database of Irish Excavation Reports contains summary accounts of all archaeological excavations carried out in Ireland – North and South – from 1970 to 2008. The excavations database contains summaries of a number of archaeological investigations within the study area and these are included in Appendix 12.5.

Development Plans The local authority development plans relevant to the study area were consulted as part of this assessment. These plans outline the local authorities’ policies for the conservation of the archaeological and architectural heritage resource and include the Record of Protected Structures (RPS) and designate Architectural Conservation Areas (ACA). The relevant development plans for the study area comprises the Cork County Development Plan (2009-2015) and the Skibbereen Town Council Development Plan (2009-2015).

Cartographic Sources The detail on cartographic sources can indicate past settlement and land use patterns in recent centuries and can highlight the increased impact of modern developments. This information can aid in the identification of the location and extent of unrecorded, or partially levelled, features of archaeological or architectural interest. The cartographic sources examined for the study area included various editions of the Ordnance Survey (OS) maps. These included the 1st editions of the OS 6-inch maps (surveyed and published in the 1830s & 1840s) and the 25” OS maps (surveyed and published 1888-1913). These two cartographic sources are referred to as the “OS maps” within this chapter and the relevant extracts are provided in Appendix 12.7.

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Photographic Sources A number of photographic sources were consulted as a means of identifying possible cultural heritage sites. This included the Digital Photographs database of the National Library of Ireland (http://www.nli.ie/), the online resource of the River Ilen Planning Project Liaison Executive (RIPPLE) (http://rippleskibbereen.com/gallery/) and local history publications.

Literary Sources Literary sources are a valuable means of completing the written archaeological, historical and architectural record of a study area and gaining insight into the history of the environs of the proposed scheme. This included a review of the Underwater Archaeological Assessment undertaken in the River Ilen as part of the assessment of a sewerage scheme. A list of all literary sources consulted is provided (Section 12.6).

Place names Database of Ireland The Place-Names Branch (Department of Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht) provides a comprehensive management system for data, archival records and place names research conducted by the State. Its primary function is to undertake research in order to establish the correct Irish language forms of the place names of Ireland and to publish them on a public website (www.logainm.ie). The Gaelic roots of many place names can provide information on the presence of sites of archaeological interest. The translations of the place names within the study area are provided in Appendix 12.4.

12.2.2 Site Survey

In July 2012 areas to be impacted by the flood relief works were inspected along the entire length of the proposed scheme. The topography and land use within the study area was assessed as these can often indicate the potential for the presence of hitherto unrecorded archaeological and architectural heritage sites. The riverine environment was inspected from the river banks and compared with the results of the desktop study and the previous underwater archaeological survey within the study area.

12.2.3 Impact Criteria

The assessment for the nature of impacts on the cultural heritage resource is based on various guidelines published by the National Monuments Service (NMS), the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the National Road Authority (NRA). Impacts are generally categorised as either being direct, indirect or of no predicted impact. The criteria for determining the nature of impacts are based on the following:-

• Direct Impact– where a cultural heritage site is physically located within the footprint of the scheme, which will result in its complete or partial removal.

• Indirect Impact– where a cultural heritage site or its setting is located in close proximity to the footprint of the scheme.

• No predicted impact– where the potential scheme will not adversely or positively affect a cultural heritage site.

The impact categories are assessed further in terms of the quality of the impact, which is deemed to be negative, neutral, or positive:

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• Negative Impact is applied when a change will detract from or permanently remove a cultural heritage site from the landscape.

• Neutral Impact is applied when a change does not affect cultural heritage sites.

• Positive Impact: is applied when a change improves or enhances the setting of a cultural heritage site.

A significance rating for these impacts is then applied; whether profound, significant, moderate, slight, or imperceptible

• A profound impact applies where mitigation would be unlikely to remove adverse effects that arise where a cultural heritage site is completely and irreversibly destroyed by a proposed development.

• A significant impact applies when an impact, by its magnitude, duration or intensity, alters an important aspect of the environment. It applies where part of a cultural heritage site would be permanently impacted upon, leading to a loss of character, integrity and data about the feature/site.

• A moderate impact applies when a change to a cultural heritage site is proposed that, though noticeable, does not compromise the integrity of the site and which is reversible. This arises where a cultural heritage site can be incorporated into a modern day development without damage and where all procedures used to facilitate this are reversible.

• A slight impact causes changes in the character of the environment which are not significant or profound and do not directly impact or affect a cultural heritage site.

• An imperceptible impact applies where an impact is capable of measurement but does not carry noticeable consequences.

12.3 THE RECEIVING ENVIRONMENT

12.3.1 Environmental Context

The River Ilen rises in the hills north of Drimoleague and flows into Roaringwater Bay downstream of Skibbereen. The river channel is up to 40 m in width and meanders through the town forming a floodplain known as the Marsh along the western bank. The local authority have lowered a section of the Marsh area and used the excavated material to construct a 200 m long flood protection berm. The channel measures up to 40 m in width and the substrate is comprised of cobble and small boulder in faster flowing stretches with sand and gravels in areas of slacker flow (Cronin & Miller 2007). The River Ilen valley extends through both Old Red Sandstone and Carboniferous Limestone geological areas that are dominated by brown podzolic soils, which support a wide land use capability (Aalen et al 1997, 18).

12.3.2 Legal Status

The management and protection of cultural heritage in Ireland is achieved through a framework of international conventions and national laws and policies. This is undertaken in accordance with the provisions of the ‘European Convention on the Protection of the Archaeological Heritage’ (the Valletta Convention) and ‘European Convention on the Protection of Architectural Heritage’ (Grenada Convention). Cultural heritage can be divided loosely into the archaeological resource covering sites

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 12-4 Rev. F01 Environmental Impact Statement – River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme Volume II Main Document and monuments from the prehistoric period until the post-medieval period and the architectural heritage resource, encompassing standing structures and sites of cultural importance dating from the post-medieval and modern period. In addition, local place-names, folklore and traditions are considered part of our cultural heritage.

The legislation; national policy statements, guidelines and advice notes relevant to this assessment include:-

• National Monuments Act 1930 (and amendments in 1954, 1987, 1994 and 2004). • Heritage Act (1995). • National Cultural Institutions Act (1997). • Policy for the Protection of the Archaeological Heritage (Department of Arts, Heritage, Gaeltacht and the Islands 1999). • Architectural Heritage (National Inventory) and National Monuments (Misc. Provisions) Act (1999). • Local Government (Planning and Development) Act (2000). • Department of Environment, Heritage, and Local Government’s Architectural Heritage Protection: Guidelines for Planning Authorities (2004).

Archaeological Resource

The Minister for Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht (DAHG) is presently responsible for the statutory functions and the administration of the national policy in relation to archaeological heritage management. The National Monuments Act 1930 (and subsequent amendments in 1954, 1987, 1994 and 2004), the Heritage Act 1995 and relevant provisions of the National Cultural Institutions Act 1997 are the primary means of ensuring the satisfactory protection of archaeological remains, which are held to include all man-made structures of whatever form or date except buildings habitually used for ecclesiastical purposes. A national monument is described as ‘a monument or the remains of a monument the preservation of which is a matter of national importance by reason of the historical, architectural, traditional, artistic or archaeological interest attaching thereto’ (Section 2, National Monument Act, 1930).

There are a number of mechanisms under the National Monuments Act that are applied to secure the protection of archaeological monuments. These include the Register of Historic Monuments, the Record of Monuments and Places (RMP), formerly the Sites and Monuments Record (SMR), and the placing of Preservation Orders and Temporary Preservation Orders on endangered sites.

There are ten recorded archaeological sites listed in the RMP/SMR within 300 m of the proposed scheme and only one of these is within 100m of the scheme. The 1994 Act provides that the Minister shall establish and maintain a record of monuments and places and comprises a list and maps of monuments and relevant places. Sites recorded on the Record of Monuments and Places (RMP) receive statutory protection under the National Monuments Act 1994. The RMP is based on the Sites and Monuments Record (SMR) files maintained by the National Monuments Service. The SMR are lists with accompanying maps and files of all certain or possible archaeological sites and monuments, mainly dating to before 1700 AD, for all Counties in the State.

Section 12 (3) of the 1994 Act provides that ‘where the owner or occupier (other than the Minister) of a monument or place included in the Record, or any other person, proposes to carry out, or to cause or permit the carrying out of, any work at or in relation to such a monument or place, he or she shall give notice in writing to the Minister to carry out work and shall not, except in the case of urgent necessity and with the consent of the Minister, commence the work until two months after the giving of notice.’

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It should be noted that whilst these are recorded (or formerly recorded) archaeological sites, it is possible that further archaeological sites and artefacts still remain undetected below the present ground surface.

Architectural Heritage

Protection of architectural heritage is provided for through a range of legal instruments that include the Heritage Act, 1995, the Architectural Heritage (National Inventory) and National Monuments (Misc. Provisions) Act, 1999, and the Local Government (Planning and Development) Act 2000. Section 2.1 of the Heritage Act, 1995, describes architectural heritage as ‘all structures, buildings, traditional and designed, and groups of buildings including streetscapes and urban vistas, which are of historical, archaeological, artistic, engineering, scientific, social or technical interest, together with their setting, attendant grounds, fixtures, fittings and contents, and, without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing, includes railways and related buildings and structures and any place comprising the remains or traces of any such railway, building or structure’.

The Heritage Council The Heritage Council seeks to promote the interest in, knowledge and protection of Irish heritage, including the architectural resource. The 1995 Heritage Act protects all heritage buildings owned by a local authority from damage and destruction.

Record of Protected Structures (RPS) Under the Local Government (Planning and Development) Act, 2000, all Planning Authorities are obliged to keep a ‘Record of Protected Structures’ of special architectural, historical, archaeological, artistic, cultural, scientific, social or technical interest. As of the 1st January 2000, all structures listed for protection in current Development Plans, have become ‘protected structures’. Since the introduction of this legislation, planning permission is required for any works to a protected structure which would affect its character. If a protected structure is endangered, planning authorities may issue a notice to the owner or occupier requiring works to be carried out. The Act contains comprehensive powers for local authorities to require the owners and occupiers to do works on a protected structure if it is endangered, or a protected structure or a townscape of special character that ought to be restored. The protected structures within the study area are listed in Appendix 12.3 Protected Structures in the Study Area. The Skibbereen Development Plan outlines the following policies for protected structures:

TM1-1 Structures entered onto the Record of Protected Structures or listed to be entered onto the Record of Protected Structures shall be protected and their reuse/conservation/restoration and appropriate use encouraged. TM1-2 Proposals for development involving alterations or additions to a protected structure or its setting shall be encouraged where those works (a) Enhance the special character of the structure; and/or (b) Complement and reflect the design and character of contiguous buildings and the surrounding area; and/or (c) Features of architectural or historic interest and the historic form and structural integrity of the structure are retained. TM1-3 Proposals for development of protected structures shall be encouraged where those proposals: (a) Contribute to the continued maintenance and repair of the structure; and/or (b) Maintain existing usage or provide a new use compatible with the character the structure or its setting. TM1-4 Development proposals on sites contiguous with a protected structure shall only be permitted where it can be clearly demonstrated that the development has no adverse impacts on the character or integrity of the protected structure, or views to and from it.

Architectural Conservation Areas Architectural Conservation Areas (ACA) are also included in Development Plans and are designed to conserve whole streetscapes, together with the buildings, shop fronts, street furniture and hard and

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 12-6 Rev. F01 Environmental Impact Statement – River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme Volume II Main Document soft surfaces they encompass. The Skibbereen Town Development Plan defines the entire town centre as an ACA and outlines the following the policies:

TM2-1 Proposals involving re-use, change of use, new build and extension of buildings and structures in ACA’s shall only be permitted where it can be clearly demonstrated that development will (a) Reflect and respect the scale, massing, proportions, design and materials of existing structures and reflect the character of the area and its streetscape; and (b) Retain important exterior architectural features that contribute to the character and appearance of the ACA; and (c) Where it is not possible to retain the existing features, make use of natural local materials.

TM2-2 The total demolition of buildings within an ACA which is not scheduled within the Record of Protected Structures shall only be permitted where it can be clearly demonstrated that: (a) The existing building or structure does not contribute positively to the character or appearance of the ACA; or (b) The building or structure is beyond viable repair or reuse.

National Inventory of Architectural Heritage The National Inventory of Architectural Heritage (NIAH) identifies a range of built heritage structures within the Republic of Ireland and it is used to advise local authorities on compilation of a Record of Protected Structures (RPS) as required by the Local Government (Planning and Development) Act, 2000. The NIAH surveys are ongoing and are carried out by county administrative areas. The Skibbereen structures listed in the NIAH broadly correlate with the protected structures published in the town development plan.

12.3.3 Cultural Heritage Resource

The following section is based on a desktop survey on the cultural heritage of the study area in order to inform assessment of the potential impacts of the proposed scheme. Figure 12.1 below illustrates the layout of River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme in relation to recorded archaeological monuments. The desktop survey has resulted in the identification of ten recorded archaeological sites and a large number of protected structures within the wider environs of the scheme. The following section provides a summary of these recorded sites organised into the main periods of the Irish archaeological record based on the date ranges published by the National Monuments Service (2006). The published archaeological inventory descriptions of the recorded archaeological sites within the study area are provided in Appendix 12.2 Inventory Descriptions of Recorded Archaeological Sites within Study Area. A summary of potential impacts on the identified cultural heritage resource is provided in Table 12.1 and Table 12.2.

Early Prehistoric Period The earliest recorded evidence for human settlement in Ireland dates to the Mesolithic period (7000– 4000 BC) when groups of hunter-gatherers arrived on the island. While these Mesolithic settlers did not construct settlements or monuments that have left any above ground traces, their presence can often be identified by scatters of worked flint in ploughed fields. The Neolithic period (4000-2400 BC) began with the arrival and establishment of agriculture as the principal form of economic subsistence, which resulted in more permanent settlement patterns. As a consequence of the more settled nature of agrarian life, new site-types, such as substantial rectangular timber houses and various types of megalithic tombs, begin to appear in the archaeological record during this period. There are no recorded Mesolithic or Neolithic sites within the study area.

The Bronze Age Metalworking arrived in Ireland with the advent of the Bronze Age period (c. 2400–500 BC). This new technology introduced a new artefactual assemblage into the Irish archaeological record and this period was also associated with the construction of new monument types such as standing stones,

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 12-7 Rev. F01 Environmental Impact Statement – River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme Volume II Main Document stone rows, stone circles and fulachta fiadh. There are two standing stones within the study area, in the townlands of Abbeystrowry (CO141-087---) and Coronea (CO141-154---). These lithic monuments, which are also known as gallán, are typically dated to the Bronze Age and comprise a single, un-worked stone set upright into a prepared socket dug into the ground. A number of interpretations have been forwarded for these monuments, such as burial or boundary markers, and it is possible that all examples were not erected to fulfil the same function.

The Iron Age The centuries that comprise the Iron Age (c. 600 BC–400 AD) are amongst the most obscure in the archaeological record for the Irish prehistoric period (Waddell 1998, 279). There is general agreement that the development of an iron technology saw the advent of the Iron Age and was a significant factor in the eventual demise of bronze working on a large scale, but the nature of this transition in Ireland is unclear. There are no recorded Iron Age sites within the study area.

Early Medieval The early medieval period broadly begins with the introduction of Christianity and continued up to the arrival of the Anglo-Normans (c. 400–1169 AD). The introduction and establishment of Christianity is attested to in the archaeological record by the presence of church and graveyards, stone crosses, shrines and holy wells. While this period saw the emergence of the first phases of urbanisation around both the large monasteries and the Hiberno-Norse ports the dominant site types of the period were rural-based, such as ringforts, souterrains and the various monuments associated with early ecclesiastical activity. Ringforts are the most widespread archaeological field monument in the Irish countryside and are often referred to as ‘dun’ or ‘lios’, which form some of the most common elements in Irish place names. These sites comprise a circular or roughly circular area enclosed by an earthen bank formed of material thrown up from an external concentric fosse (ditch). Excavations within the interiors of the enclosure have uncovered the remains of houses, outbuildings and activities such as crop-processing and metal-working. Souterrains (underground chambers) are often found in association with ringforts, although isolated examples, perhaps associated with unenclosed settlements, have also been recorded. The early ecclesiastical sites were morphologically similar to ringforts and cashels but are often differentiated by the presence of features such as church buildings, graves, stone crosses and shrines. The study area contains three recorded ringforts (CO141-086---, CO141-088--- & CO141-122---) and two isolated souterrains (CO141-089--- & CO141-140).

Late Medieval (1169 – 1550 AD) The arrival and conquest of large parts of Ireland by the Anglo-Normans in the late 12th Century broadly marks the advent of the Irish late medieval period, which continued up until the beginning of the post-medieval period during the middle of the 16th Century. Within the late medieval period, towns, markets, and fairs were established and change and reform attempted in the Irish church. By the 15th Century the native Irish chieftains and lords began to construct tower house castles as centres of territorial control. The study area contains the former site of a castle on the east bank of the Caol Stream in Gortnaclohy townland (CO141-094---). The castle was described as in ruins during the 19th Century, when only the foundations were visible, and there are now no surface traces of the site (Power 1992).

Post-Medieval (1550+) Skibbereen Town has its origins in the 17thCentury when a settlement centred on the High Street (New Stapletown) and Bridgetown (Bridge Street) areas was established. There are few historical references to the town during the 17th and 18th Centuries and it has been suggested that this was because it was not a parliamentary borough (Barnard 2006, 3). The origins and development of the settlement during the post medieval period have been summarised as follows (Zajac at al 1995):

“Established as a market town on the lands of Sir Walter Coppinger who secured the right to hold fair in the area in 1615. Originally two separate settlements, divided by a small stream, the present town combines the parishes of Bridgetown to the west and Creagh or Stapletown to the east. Skibbereen was formerly an important centre for the manufacture of textiles, particularly wool and linen, its location on the south bank of the Ilen River gave the town access to Baltimore Harbour from where corn and flour were exported. An extensive brewery was established here in 1809 that supplied the surrounding areas as did

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the weekly markets that were noted for their abundance of provisions. Skibbereen has been a cathedral town of the diocese of Ross since the 19th century”.

In the 17th and 18th Centuries, North Street, Main Street and their ancillary warehouses, corn-mills and breweries evolved with the use of the river for transport. While the town’s standing as a regional market centre was important to its continuing development, it was also a centre for a number of post– medieval industries, such as rope making, tanning, distilling, brewing, milling, weaving, (woollen and linen), basket making, rail making and boat manufacture. The importance of the river to Skibbereen as a transport resource was vital during the post-medieval period even though the town was not accessible to large boats. A description of the town in the 1830s noted that the river was navigable for vessels of 200 tons' burden to Oldcourt, two miles below Skibbereen (Lewis 1837) and goods were then brought upriver by barges to small quays in the town.The remains of a number of 19th Century riverside quays were assessed in 2007 and were described as random dry-stone bank revetments, with no evident slipways, which were generally in derelict condition (Millar & Cronin 2007). None of these former quays are listed in the RMP, RPS or NIAH. The sites of three of the quays (Long Quay, Chapel Quay and Minihane’s Quay) were obscured by silting, overgrowth and rubble when the underwater archaeological assessment was carried out in 2004. The riverside sewerage pipe and associated services were subsequently constructed along the line of these quays in 2008. The fragmentary and partially demolished remains of the quay walls are visible along the west side of Levis Quay. The remains of a Steam Mill Quay, to the west of John F. Kennedy Bridge, still survive as a low, riverside revetment.

The RMP/SMR list three sites post-medieval archaeological within the study area and these comprise two graveyards within the town centre (CO141-092--- & CO141-093) and Lurriga Country House (CO141-045001) outside the northern end of the town. The Ilen Valley Railway from Dunmanway to Skibbereen opened in 1877 and the old rail bridge spanning the River Ilen is listed as a protected structure in the town development plan (ref. RPS 152).

Excavations Database The Excavation Database contains summary accounts of all the archaeological excavations carried out in Ireland (North and South) from 1970 to 2008. It has been compiled from the published Excavations Bulletins from those years, with a similar format. The database contains summaries of four archaeological investigations within, or in close vicinity to the study area, and these are provided in Appendix 12.5 Summaries of Archaeological Investigations within the Study Area. Nothing of archaeological significance was uncovered in the terrestrial excavations carried out in advance of the construction of the Skibbereen relief road, which extends through the northern half of the study area. The relevant extracts from the 2004 underwater archaeological survey of the River Ilen are provided in Appendix 12.6 Under Water Archeological Assessment.

Potential Underwater Sites Under the National Monuments Acts 1930-1994 all shipwrecks over one hundred years old, including underwater archaeological structures, features and objects are protected. Given the historic significance of the River IIen and associated river traffic in the 17th and 18th Centuries, underwater archaeology may be another important aspect of Skibbereen’s archaeological heritage as there is generally a high archaeological potential within riverine environments. There are no recorded archaeological sites or features within, or adjacent to, the River Ilen. However, the RMP does not include all underwater archaeological sites and as a result the development could potentially impact negatively on unrecorded underwater archaeological features. As previously noted, the section of the river within the study area has previously been subject to a comprehensive dive and metal-detecting survey in advance of the Skibbereen Sewerage Scheme (Kieran 2004). Nothing of archaeological significance was uncovered other than fragmentary remains of dry-stone-lining along sections of the bank. It was recommended that the stone-lining be either preserved in situ or preserved by record in advance of any potential impacts. The sewerage scheme was undertaken in 2008 and involved laying concrete enclosed pipes across a number of points in the river channel and along its banks. The licensing section of the National Monuments Service was consulted and has no record of a licence being issued for archaeological monitoring of these in-channel and riverside sewerage works.

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Placename evidence The proposed scheme extends through the parishes of Creagh and Abbeystrowry, both of which are within the barony of West Carbery, and the study area encompasses the townlands of Carrignafadda, Coronea, Curragh, Gortnaclohy, Lurriga and Marsh. The townland is the smallest unit of land division in the Irish landscape and many may preserve early Gaelic territorial boundaries that pre-date the Anglo-Norman conquest. The layout and nomenclature of the Irish townlands was recorded and standardised by the work of the Ordnance Survey in the 19th Century. The Irish roots of townland names often refer to natural topographical features but some name elements may also give an indication of the presence of past human activity within the townland. For instance, the placename elements dun, lios or rath indicate the presence of a ringfort within the townland while temple, termon or kill suggest an association with a church site. The translations of the townland names within the study area refer to natural topographical characteristics and they are listed in Appendix 12.4 Translation of Placenames in Study Area (source www.logainm.ie).

Architectural Heritage The post-medieval period saw the proliferation of both high and low status housing stocks and the expansion of urban settlements throughout Ireland. In particular local landlords improved their estates and built residences for themselves. During this period any given settlement cluster is likely to have consisted primarily of single-storey thatched cottages with associated farm buildings. From later Victorian times onwards, two-storey farm houses became more common. In the latter half of the 20th Century, there was a radical change in the nature and character of Irish domestic architecture manifested by the replacement of older stone-built structures with modern bungalows of concrete blockwork construction.

Almost all of the surviving built fabric in Skibbereen Town and its hinterland dates to the 18th and 19th- centuries and includes townhouses, country houses, bridges, quays, civic buildings and churches. The proposed scheme extends into two local authority areas: Skibbereen Town Council and Cork County Council. Both of these planning authorities have published development plans that provide Records of Protected Structures (RPS). The Cork County Council Development Plan 2009-2015 does not list any RPS sites with the section of the study area under their aegis. The RPS published in the Skibbereen Town Council Development Plan 2009-2015 includes 161 buildings and structures within the town centre and these are listed in Appendix 12.3 Protected Structures within the Study Area. The entire town centre of Skibbereen has been designated as an ACA in the development plan, which also notes the historical significance of five disused stone quays along the east side of the River Ilen. These quays survive in generally derelict conditions but any proposed works in their vicinity will require appropriate mitigation strategies. The building stock in Skibbereen listed in the National Inventory of Architectural Heritage (NIAH) broadly overlaps with the RPS as published in the Skibbereen Development Plan. The only riverine structure listed in the RPS which is in close vicinity to the scheme is the railway bridge (RPS ref. 152) close to the modern John F. Kennedy road bridge. This single-arch former railway bridge is of wrought-iron box girder construction and is supported by concrete slabs. It was built in the 1870s and was converted to a pedestrian bridge in the 1960s.

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Figure 12.1 Recorded Archaeological Monuments

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12.3.4 Site Survey

The riverside and floodplain areas to be impacted by the proposed scheme were inspected in July 2012. The following section provides descriptions of these areas and incorporates relevant information from the previous underwater archaeological assessment (Kieran, 2004), cartographic sources, recent sewerage/improvement works and proposed impacts of the drainage scheme. Where possible, the flood defences will be located away from the river’s edge to avoid encroachment into the river channel. It is expected that access to construct any proposed flood defences which are located away from the river’s edge will be from the landward side in order to avoid any impact to the river. As well as the envisioned works, the scheme may also entail miscellaneous ancillary works including local drainage works behind flood defences in all areas.

Caol Stream and Floodplain The southern end of the proposed scheme will involve the construction of a combination of flood walls and embankments along the Caol Stream, and its surrounding floodplain, in the low-lying lands on the southern outskirts of the town. There are no recorded archaeological or architectural features located in the vicinity of the lands and banks in this area that will be impacted by the proposed scheme. No features of cultural heritage interest are indicated in this area on the cartographic sources. The meandering and slow-flowing section of stream extends through overgrown, marshy lands that are described as ‘liable to flood’ on the OS maps (Plates 12.1 & 12.2 in Appendix 12.1 Photographic Record). From the industrial premises on Castletownshend Road to the Caravan Park site, it is proposed to construct approximately 558 m of embankment wall along the southern/western bank of the Caol Stream (Caol 4). The embankment will be approximately 1.5 to 2.5 m high in relation to the level of the adjacent fields. There were no traces of any features of cultural heritage interest noted during a field inspection of the overgrown banks and marshy marginal land in the area of floodplain that will be impacted by this section of the proposed scheme.

The proposed scheme will involve the construction of drainage walls along both banks of the section of the Caol Stream that flows through Skibbereen Town. There are no recorded archaeological or built heritage sites in the immediate vicinity of this section of the stream and no associated features, such as bridges, are present on the 1st edition map. This section of the scheme enters the ACA as defined by in the Skibbereen Development Plan. This section of the watercourse has been impacted by modern developments such as the Super Valu car park, stream cleaning works and the 2008 sewage scheme. As the stream enters the town it extends under a road bridge at the southern end of the Super Valu car park (Plate 12.3 in Appendix 12.1 Photographic Records). This bridge is not listed in the RPS or NIAH. It is not present on the 1st edition OS map but it is on the 25” OS map indicating that it dates to the second half of the 19th-century. The height of the walls on the road bridge is insufficient to contain predicted flood levels and will therefore need to be raised at both the upstream and downstream sides of the bridge. Short stretches of both sides of the stream immediately to the north of the bridge are lined with modern rock armour (Plate 12.4 in Appendix 12.1 Photographic Record), which was created during the recent Caol Stream Enhancement Project. This project was undertaken by a local group in recent years and involved the cleaning, deepening and widening of the stream in the town (http://rippleskibbereen.com/caol-stream-enhancement/). The earthen stream banks along the entire west bank in this area have been exposed while the east bank remains overgrown and flanked by the rear boundary walls/hedges of properties facing onto Market Street to the east (Plate 12.5 in Appendix 12.1 Photographic Record). The Market St properties and their boundaries are not present on the 1st edition OS map, which also shows the car park area as undeveloped land outside the south end of the town. There were no features of cultural heritage noted during an inspection of the section of the stream that extends along the east side of the car park area.

The Caol Stream then extends along the west side of the north end of Clerke’s Lane and the banks and bed in this area have been impacted by the sewerage scheme undertaken in 2008. The northern section of the lane provides vehicle access to the car park to the south and it was created by the clearance of buildings shown on the 1st edition 6” and 25” OS maps. The lane (east) side of the stream is lined with concrete slabs and much of the random rubble boundary wall delimiting the west side has been rebuilt with modern replacement masonry. The west side of the stream bed has been impacted by a concrete-enclosed sewerage pipe and a concrete weir structure is visible on the west side of the stream bed in this area. The Caol Stream then continues under the twin arch masonry

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 12-12 Rev. F01 Environmental Impact Statement – River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme Volume II Main Document road bridge that spans the section of the stream that extends through Bridge Street and partially extends into Levis Quay to the north. This bridge structure is shown as measuring the width of the street on the 1st edition OS map while the existing extension into Levis Quay is present on the 25” OS map. The bridge is not a protected structure. The open bridge railing at street level cannot contain floodwaters and a floodwall will therefore need to be constructed here. Approximately 340m of U-box channel is proposed between the bridge and the modern road bridge in Field’s Super Valu Carpark to the south. The sides of the box channel will be approximately 1.2 m to 1.6 m high. A thalweg will be provided within the channel to emulate the existing streambed features in so far as possible. The area of the stream to be impacted by this culvert was previously impacted by the 2008 sewerage scheme and stream cleaning works.

Upstream of Market Street, it is proposed to construct approximately 320m of masonry clad flood wall along southern/western bank of the Caol Stream. The wall is to be constructed to the rear of the industrial premises along Castletownshend Road. The proposed wall will be approximately 1.5 m high in relation to the level of the adjacent industrial areas. Upstream of Market Street, it is also proposed to construct approximately 83 m of masonry clad flood wall along northern/eastern bank of the Caol Stream.

The Caol Stream emerges from under Bridge Street and flows into Levis Quay where it discharges into the River Ilen. This area was inspected as part of the 2004 underwater archaeological survey and nothing of archaeological interest was noted within the channel. The steps that provided access from Bridge Street down to the centre of the quay area are in poor condition and will not be impacted by the proposed scheme. These steps extend from the edge of the bridge extension shown on the 25” OS map and, as such, also post-date the 1st edition OS map. The east side of the quay has been redeveloped in recent years and the original quay wall covered with a stone faced concrete wall The base of the overgrown quay walls at west are flanked by the concrete sewerage pipe. The quay walls at west were visible at the time of the underwater survey in 2004 and a number of rebuilds were noted (Plate 12.9 in Appendix 12.1 Photographic Record). The proposed scheme will entail the construction of a flood wall along the sides of the quay. Approximately 40m of flood wall are proposed along the western bank of the stream. This masonry faced reinforced concrete wall will be approximately 1.6 m high in relation to the level of the adjacent Levis Quay and will be constructed on top of a later rebuild over the original quay wall.

Assolas Stream The Assolas Stream passes under Townshend Street approximately 80 m northwest of the Baltimore Road / Townshend Street roundabout. There are no recorded cultural heritage sites in the vicinity of this stream. The proposed works along the Assolas Stream have been summarised as follows:

Approximately 35 m of flood wall along the western bank of the stream, located along a property boundary. The masonry faced reinforced concrete wall will be approximately 1.3 m high in relation to the level of the adjacent garden. Approximately 65 m of embankment along the eastern bank of the stream, located along the edge of a field adjacent the roundabout. The embankment will be approximately 1.3 m high in relation to the level of the field. Approximately 202 m of embankment along the western bank of the stream, located along property boundaries. The embankment will be located at the western side of the existing treeline which currently runs alongside the watercourse. The height of the embankment will vary from 0.6 to 1.8 m approximately in relation to the level of the adjacent land. Approximately 277 m of flood wall along the eastern bank of the stream, located along property boundaries. There is an existing wall at Lidl but this does not have sufficient height to provide 500 mm freeboard and it is therefore proposed to construct a concrete stub wall, approximately 450 mm high, on top of the existing bank through the grounds of Lidl. The remainder of the wall will be masonry faced reinforced concrete, approximately 1.1 m high in relation to the level of the adjacent gardens. Approximately 92 m of embankment along the eastern bank of the stream, located in front gardens between the stream and the Baltimore Road. An existing double culvert to the east of the Care centre on Baltimore Road will be replaced with a single box culvert under the public roadway. There were no potential cultural heritage sites noted in this area during the compilation of the desktop

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 12-13 Rev. F01 Environmental Impact Statement – River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme Volume II Main Document study or during an inspection of the areas to be impacted by the works in the vicinity of the Assolas Stream.

River Ilen Channel The relevant extracts of the 2004 Underwater Archaeological Assessment that provide a description of the river banks to be impacted by the proposed drainage scheme are provided in Appendix 12.6 Under Water Archaeological Assessment. In summary, there were no archaeological features noted within the river bed and the only features of interest were fragmentary traces of drystone lining and the possible remains of a quay along the river banks. In the event that any impact on these features was envisioned it was recommended that they should be preserved in record in advance of the sewerage scheme (Kieran 2004).

The proposed scheme will entail re-grading of approximately 1,670 m2 of the bed of the River Ilen at John F. Kennedy Bridge and structural protection works to the modern bridge. The re-grading works are to be carried out at bed level and will not impact on the former railway bridge which spans the river to the east of John F. Kennedy Bridge. The relevant extracts of the 2004 underwater archaeological assessment that provide a description of the river bed to be impacted by the proposed flood re-grading works are provided in Appendix 12.6 Under Water Archaeological Assessment. In summary, there were no archaeological features noted within this section of the river bed during the underwater archaeological survey.

The riverside areas to be impacted by the proposed drainage scheme were re-inspected from the adjacent lands to assess if any changes to these areas had occurred since the completion of the underwater archaeological assessment. The dryland areas within the wider floodplain that will be impacted by flood defence embankments were also inspected.

The following provides details of the proposed scheme along the River Ilen and the results of the inspection of the areas to be impacted:

Approximately 147 m of flood wall along the northern bank of the river, located adjacent to the Schull Road, along the boundary of a public seating area. The masonry faced reinforced concrete wall will be approximately 1.4 m high in relation to the level of the adjacent Schull Road. There were no potential archaeological or architectural heritage features noted in this area during the compilation of the desktop study or the inspection of the area to be impacted by these works.

Approximately 709 m of embankment along the northern bank of the river, located adjacent to the Schull Road, from the upstream end of the wall described above to John F Kennedy Bridge. The embankment will vary from approximately 1.2 to 1.8 m high in relation to the level of the adjacent Schull Road. There were no potential archaeological or architectural heritage features noted in this area during the compilation of the desktop study or the inspection of the marginal agricultural lands located within the section of the floodplain to be impacted by these works.

Approximately 105 m of flood wall along the southern bank of the river, located just downstream of John F. Kennedy Bridge. The masonry faced reinforced concrete wall will be approximately 1.8 m high in relation to the level of the adjacent carpark. This area of the river bank has been impacted by the 2008 sewerage scheme and the construction of a modern wall along the bank. No potential archaeological or architectural heritage features were noted in this area during the compilation of the desktop study or the inspection of the area to be impacted by these proposed works.

The proposed scheme will entail the following works to section of the river bank to the rear of Bridge Street. Approximately 270 m of flood wall along the southern bank of the river, located upstream of John F. Kennedy Bridge. The masonry faced wall will be approximately 1.8 m high in relation to the

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 12-14 Rev. F01 Environmental Impact Statement – River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme Volume II Main Document level of the adjacent carparks and yards to the rear of Bridge Street properties. It is possible that the wall be constructed by sheet piling, and will be offset from the existing river wall by approximately 2 to 3 m in the river direction. Where feasible, the flood defence wall will be constructed along the existing quay edge. Should works encroach significantly in to the river, then works will be completed on the opposite river bank to compensate for volume of river lost. Approximately 12 m of flood wall along the southern bank of the river, located 62 m upstream of the new footbridge at Levis Quay. The height of the masonry faced reinforced concrete wall is to be approximately 1.7 m in relation to the level of the adjacent property and yard. This area of the river bank was impacted by the manholes and pipes installed during the sewerage scheme. The cover levels of these manholes will be approximately 2 m lower than the height of the proposed flood wall. No potential archaeological or architectural heritage features were noted during the desktop study, underwater archaeological assessment and field inspection of the area to be impacted by these proposed works.

As noted in the underwater archaeological survey report, the section of the river to the rear of North Street is fronted on the eastern side by a narrow strip of densely overgrown ground, which in turn is bounded by the boundary walls of North Street properties (Appendix 12.6 Underwater Archaeological Assessment). Since the completion of the underwater survey this section of the east bank has been impacted by sewerage pipes and concrete manholes that have become obscured with overgrowth (Plate 12.11 in Appendix 12.1 Photographic Record). The overgrown, earthen west bank in this area slopes steeply down to the river (Plate 12.10 in Appendix 12.1 Photographic Record) and the adjacent land at this section of the west bank comprises an overgrown, unenclosed marshy area. It is proposed to construct approximately 210 m of embankment, floodwall and stone revetment along the eastern bank of the river to the rear of North Street. The top of the flood defence wall will be approximately 1.2 – 1.8 m higher than the level of the existing yards in this area. The overall width of the flood defences along this stretch of river is approximately 9.5 m, which encroaches into the river. The volume of river which is lost on the eastern bank is to be compensated for on the western bank by widening of the river channel over this length of works. There were no potential archaeological features noted in this area during the 2004 underwater archaeological assessment, the desktop study or during the field inspection carried out as part of the present assessment. The properties along North Street are listed as protected structures in the Skibbereen Town Development Plan. The footprint of the proposed scheme will not impact on any of these protected structures and will not require the removal or alteration of any associated curtilage features, such as garden walls (E12 on Section C01 – 160 on DG 0213 as submitted with the scheme).

The western half of the proposed scheme will impact along the south bank of the section of the River Ilen that broadly flows east-west to the north of Bridge Street. The underwater archaeological survey noted that the southern side of the river in this area consisted primarily of residential plots fronting directly onto the river. These had a very short riverbank area on which no archaeological material was noted. A large modern stone built wall was noted throughout the middle section of this area and has become obscured by overgrowth (Plate 12.13 in Appendix 12.1 Photographic Record). This large modern structure was built directly onto the riverbed and it appears that its construction may have removed any possible archaeological remains that may have been present in the area. Two potential remains of what appeared to be small quay type structures were noted during the underwater archaeological survey on the southern banks in the area to the east of the railway bridge. This section of the river bank was impacted by the construction of the sewerage pipe in 2008 and no traces of the potential quays were noted during the site survey (Plate 12.12 in Appendix 12.1 Photographic Record). The West Cork Hotel (RPS 151) and the properties along Bridge Street are listed as protected structures, although the Bridge Street properties in this area do not extend to the river. The footprint of the proposed scheme will not impact on any of these protected structures and will not require the removal or alteration of any associated curtilage features.

The section of the river bank to the west of John F Kennedy Bridge is lined with a low drystone revetment and this appears to be associated with the remains of Steam Mill Quay (Plate 12.14 in Appendix 12.1 Photographic Record). This former quay was constructed in the second half of the 19th century and is not listed in the RPS or RMP. A combination of approximately 135 m of floodwall and embankment is proposed along the southern bank of the river, located adjacent to The Flax Mills. The wall/embankment will be approximately 1.1 m high in relation to the level of the adjacent access road around The Flax Mills houses. It is envisioned that the existing riverbank drystone revetment at

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 12-15 Rev. F01 Environmental Impact Statement – River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme Volume II Main Document this location will be retained as part of the proposed scheme. The Heritage Centre, which is located behind the west end of the proposed flood defences in this area, is listed as a protected structure in the town development plan. The footprint of the proposed scheme will not impact on this protected structure and will not require the removal or alteration of any associated curtilage features.

River Ilen: Western/Northern Floodplain The lines of the proposed embankments within the margins of the floodplain to the north and west of the river were also inspected in July 2012. It is proposed to construct approximately 420 m of flood embankment along the southern side of the Skibbereen Relief Road. The embankment will be approximately 300 – 600 mm high in relation to the level of the adjacent Relief Road (Plate 12.15 in Appendix 12.1 Photographic Record). This area was archaeologically tested in advance of the road construction and nothing of significance was encountered (Appendix 12.5 Summaries of Archaeological Investigations within Study Area). A 709 m long embankment will be constructed along the south side of the section of the Schull Road to the west of the roundabout at the west terminal of the relief road and will extend to John F. Kennedy Bridge. The embankment will vary from approximately 1.2 to 1.8 m high in relation to the level of the adjacent Schull Road. This area is on the former line of the railway and is colonised by reeds and gorse that flank the road margin in this area (Plate 12.16 in Appendix 12.1). Between the western bank of the River Ilen and the rear of the industrial premises along Marsh Road, it is proposed to construct approximately 547 m of embankment. The height of the embankment will vary from approximately 1.4 to 2 m high in relation to the level of the adjacent industrial premises. These embankments will impact on the margins of a number of large pasture fields that extend to the west bank of the river (Plate 12.7 in Appendix 12.1 Photographic Record). Nothing of cultural heritage significance was noted during the inspection of the proposed areas to be impacted by the embankments in this area.

River Ilen: Eastern/Southern Floodplain The proposed works in the south end of this area will involve the construction of embankments along the margins of two sports pitches situated on the north and south sides of the relief road (Plate 12.18 in Appendix 12.1 Photographic Record). The proposed scheme will entail the construction of embankments along the margins of these sports grounds. Between the eastern bank of the River Ilen and Cork Road, it is proposed to construct approximately 313 m of embankment in the sports grounds of the school. The embankment will be approximately 1.25-1.8 m high in relation to the level of the adjacent sports pitches. Between the eastern bank of the River Ilen and Mill Road approximately 424 m of flood embankment from 70 m north of the Showgrounds stream to the Rugby Club property. The height of the flood defence embankment will be approximately 1.8 – 2.4 m above the levels in the adjacent fields. IIt is proposed to construct approximately 300 m of masonry face reinforced concrete floodwall around the grounds of Skibbereen Rugby Club and to the rear of the properties to the north of the rugby club. The floodwall will be approximately 1.5 to 1.8 m high in relation to the level of the adjacent rugby pitch and back gardens. There were no potential archaeological or architectural heritage features noted during the inspection of the landscaped sport pitches located within the section of the floodplain to be impacted by these works. Nothing of archaeological significance was encountered during test trenching of the section of the relief road that extends through the land between the two sports grounds. Approximately 308 m of flood wall along the eastern bank of the river, located in two pasture fields between the confluence of the River Ilen with the Showgrounds Stream and Skibbereen County Hospital. The masonry faced reinforced concrete wall will be approximately 1 to 1.5 m high in relation to the level of the adjacent Mill Road.

The following works are proposed for the area around the Showgrounds to the east of the Mill Road. Approximately 48 m of concrete culvert will be constructed between the River Ilen flood defence embankment/wall and will extend under the Mill Road and terminate on the eastern side of the road. Approximately 15 m of flood embankment will be constructed along the eastern side of Mill Road. The embankment, will be located within open field and shall tie into existing high ground levels locally. The embankment will be approximately 1.6 m high in relation to the level of the adjacent road. Approximately 250 m of flood embankment will be constructed along the southern bank of the stream along the north boundary of the Showgrounds (Plate 12.19 in Appendix 12.1 Photographic Record). The embankment will be approximately 1.5 m high in relation to the level of the adjacent grounds. At the eastern end of this embankment, a masonry faced reinforced concrete floodwall shall

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 12-16 Rev. F01 Environmental Impact Statement – River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme Volume II Main Document extend across the stream crossing and approximately 77 m north of the Showground stream, approximately 1.2 m high relative to the adjacent road. Approximately 223 m of embankment will be constructed running perpendicular to the stream along the roadside boundary of the Lurriga Road, and to the rear of a private property at the Cork Road/Lurriga Road junction. The height of the embankment will vary from approximately 1.1 to 1.5 m in relation to the level of the adjacent road. There were no potential archaeological or architectural heritage features noted during the inspection of the area to be impacted by these proposed works.

The confluence of the Mill Race stream with the River Ilen in the townland of Lurriga will be impacted by the northernmost section of floodwall proposed as part of the scheme. Beginning at the confluence and travelling upstream, the following flood defences are proposed along the Mill Race stream: The downstream section of the existing Mill Race will be culverted over approximately 60 m upstream from the Mill Road road crossing, parallel to a local road, and culverted under this local roadway. The Mill Race will be diverted from its existing road crossing to this new crossing. Approximately 110 m of embankment will be constructed to run parallel to the new Mill Race route. The height of the embankment, which will be constructed in fields, will vary from approximately 1.8 to 2.0 m in relation to the level of the adjacent local road. The stream in this area is indicated as a looped offshoot of the River Ilen on the OS maps and, although not labelled as such, appears to have been a short millrace associated with Lurriga Mill located outside the north end of the scheme. The overgrown wooded area through which the shallow stream meanders was inspected and no features of cultural heritage interest were noted (Plate 12.20 in Appendix 12.1 Photographic Record).

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 12-17 Rev. F01 Environmental Impact Statement – River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme Volume II Main Document

12.4 POTENTIAL IMPACTS

12.4.1 Construction

In general terms, the flood relief measures have been designed to avoid impacts on known cultural heritage sites. The scheme will entail a series of direct impacts within the channels and along the banks of the River Ilen and its tributaries and also within the adjacent floodplains. In-stream works are proposed at John F. Kennedy Bridge and in the Caol Stream, where a walled channel is to be installed/constructed in the section of the watercourse through Super Valu carpark. The remainder of the proposed works primarily consist of the construction of flood defences adjacent to the river banks. Where possible, the flood defences are located away from the river’s edge to avoid encroachment into the river channel. The nature of these impacts is incorporated into the Site Survey section of this chapter (Section 12.3.4 above). None of these measures will directly impact on any protected sites listed in the Record of Monuments and Places (RMP) or in the Record of Protected Structures (RPS). The proposed works along the River Ilen banks will extend to the rear of a number of street-front buildings on North Street and Bridge Street that are listed in the RPS. The flood defences will not extend into the property boundaries of any of these buildings or involve the removal or alteration of any curtilage features. The Railway Bridge (RPS 152), the West Cork Hotel (RPS 151) and the Heritage Centre (RPS 153), and their associated curtilage features, will not be impacted by the proposed scheme. The riverside flood defences will not remove or impinge on any views to protected buildings from the surrounding streetscape within the town centre or hinterland. It is noted that this outcome in keeping with policy TM1-4 of the Skibbereen Town Development Plan which states that developments contiguous to protected structures must have “no adverse impacts on the character or integrity of the protected structure, or views to and from it”.

The Caol Stream section of the scheme extends through the centre of the Skibbereen Architectural Conservation Area. The south end of the stream extends through the modern Super Valu shopping centre development while the sides of the channel to the north are presently lined with modern masonry. The flood defences along the section of the River Ilen within the ACA will be located behind the north side of the street-front buildings and will not be visible from the majority of the ACA. Given the existing modern nature of the Caol channel within the town and the lack of visibility of the riverside section of the River Ilen defences, it is concluded that the proposed scheme will not negatively impact on the existing nature, scale or character of the Skibbereen ACA. The proposed scheme has the potential to positively impact on both the ACA and the protected structures therein through the reduction of flood events that may negatively impact on the streetscape and ground floor fixtures and fittings within protected structures.

As noted many sections of the Ilen and Caol channels and banks that will be impacted by the proposed scheme were previously impacted by the 2008 sewerage scheme. The section of the Caol Stream within the town has also been recently impacted by widening and cleaning works undertaken as part of a stream enhancement project. Nonetheless, there remains the potential for negative impacts on any unrecorded archaeological features and artefacts that may exist within or adjacent to the watercourses.

The former sites of a number of 19th Century quays have been previously identified along the line of the proposed flood relief defences on the south bank of the River Ilen. These comprised simple structures of random rubble stone-lining along the river banks and were described as being in derelict condition in the past decade. They are not included as protected structures in the RMP, RPS or NIAH. The nature of the impact of the 2008 sewerage scheme on the location of many of these quays is unknown but appears to have been negative and profound. There are still visible traces of sections of drystone revetment along the river bank at the site of Steam Mill Quay and on the west side of Levis Quay. It is envisioned that the remains of these former quay sites will not be impacted by the proposed drainage scheme.

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 12-18 Rev. F01 Environmental Impact Statement – River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme Volume II Main Document

The construction of flood defence walls/embankments represents a direct impact on the ground surfaces affected that may contain unrecorded, sub-surface features and artefacts of archaeological interest. Where this is the case, archaeological mitigation can be anticipated in advance of any wall/embankments constructions proceeding, to ensure that an adequate record is made of the impact footprint. Typically such work would be limited to the footprint required for ground surface stripping and may entail pre-construction test trenching or monitoring of topsoil removal during the construction phase.

Table 12.1: List of Identified Archaeological Sites Within the Study Area and Potential Scheme Impacts Approx. Status & Classification Townland ITM E ITM N distance from Impact Reference scheme RMP Redundant Curragh 111960 34725 240 m to east Neutral CO141-032--- Record RMP Country House Lurriga 112598 34712 30 m to south Neutral CO141- 045001 RMP Holy well Abbeystrowry 110900 34050 300 m to west Neutral CO141-085--- RMP Ringfort Abbeystrowry 110953 34394 300 m to Neutral CO141-086-- northwest RMP Standing stone Abbeystrowry 111044 34350 210 m to Neutral CO141-087--- northwest RMP Ringfort Abbeystrowry 111167 34320 152 m to north Neutral CO141-088--- RMP Souterrain Abbeystrowry 112692 34378 100 m to south Neutral CO141-089--- RMP Graveyard Gortnaclohy 112459 33560 216 m to east Neutral CO141-092--- RMP Graveyard Gortnaclohy 112608 33459 252 m to east Neutral CO141-093--- RMP Castle (site) Gortnaclohy 112812 32860 282 m to east Neutral CO141-094--- RMP Souterrain Lurriga 112514 34729 90 m to Neutral CO141-140--- southeast

Table 12.2: List of architectural heritage sites in close vicinity to scheme and potential impacts Approx. Status & Classificatio Townland ITM E ITM N distance from Potential Impact Reference n scheme RPS 152 Rail Bridge Coronea 111925 33845 0 m Indirect, Neutral, Slight None Steam mill Coronea 111879 33848 0 m Indirect, Neutral, quay Slight None Levis Quay Gortnaclohy 112109 33695 0 m Indirect, Neutral, Slight None Long Quay Gortnaclohy 111775 33676 0 m Unknown, area (site of) overgrown and obscured by sewerage scheme None Minihane’s Gortnaclohy 112251 33801 0 m Unknown, area Quay (site of) overgrown and obscured by sewerage scheme None Chapel Quay Gortnaclohy 112313 33945 0 m Unknown, area (site of) overgrown and obscured by sewerage scheme

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 12-19 Rev. F01 Environmental Impact Statement – River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme Volume II Main Document

12.4.2 Operational Stage

No impacts are identified during the operational stage of the proposed drainage scheme.

12.5 MITIGATION MEASURES

12.5.1 Construction Stage -General Mitigation

Proposed mitigation measures are presented as recommendations as they are subject to the approval of the Department of the Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht.

The design development of the proposed scheme has endeavoured to minimise the impact on the known and potential archaeological and architectural heritage resource wherever possible. Where it has not been possible to avoid potential adverse impacts on unrecorded (unknown) cultural heritage features, mitigation measures are proposed below. All mitigation measures, both at pre-construction and construction phases, will be undertaken in compliance with national policy guidance and statutory provisions for the protection of the archaeological, architectural and cultural heritage resource.

The exact design for all elements of the proposed scheme will be finalised in the pre-construction phase and it is envisioned that consultation between the project archaeologist appointed to the scheme, the design team and the National Monuments Service will be carried out on an on-going basis.

It is recommended that any ancillary construction works located outside the boundary of the proposed scheme, including site compounds, haul roads and spoil retention should be subject to a Cultural Heritage Impact Assessment.

12.5.2 Recommended Mitigation Measures Construction Stage

The combination of desktop reviews and site surveys has demonstrated that there are no recorded archaeological sites within the development footprint for the River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme. The former sites of a number of 19thCentury quays have been identified along the south bank of the River Ilen. These comprise sections of random rubble quays along the river bank at the site of Steam Quay Mill and Levis Quay. As noted above, these quays are not protected structures but are noted as features of historical interest in the town development plan. It is envisioned that these features will be retained as part of the scheme. However, in the event of any potential impacts on these quay structures, it is recommended that they be subject to archaeological survey in advance of construction in order to ensure their preservation by record. Archaeological survey will provide metrically accurate measured plans, elevations and related drawings supported by photographic record of the structural features extant at each site. Such work would focus on those locations where potential impacts are likely to occur, and will provide a complete record of these features prior to construction.

The ground reduction works required for the construction of flood defence walls and embankments may impact on unrecorded sub-surface archaeological remains. It is recommended that, where feasible, pre-construction archaeological test trenching should be carried out on the footprint of the Greenfield areas to be impacted. In the event that areas are unavailable for investigation during the pre-construction phase it is recommended that archaeological monitoring of works be undertaken during the construction phase.

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 12-20 Rev. F01 Environmental Impact Statement – River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme Volume II Main Document

In-stream works are proposed at John F. Kennedy Bridge and in the Caol Stream. The section of the river bed to be impacted by re-grading works in the vicinity of the John F. Kennedy Bridge was previously the subject of an underwater archaeological survey and nothing of significance was identified. The section of the Caol Stream to be impacted has been impacted by recent sewage and stream cleaning schemes. The proposed scheme has been designed, where possible, to avoid impacts on the river banks. It is recommended that all extraction works that may impact on the river bed and its banks be carried out under constant archaeological supervision.

It is recommended that pre-construction site investigation ground works, such as the excavation of trial-pits, should be carried out under archaeological supervision.

Additional archaeological mitigation may arise following the mitigations outlined above. This may involve the full excavation or avoidance of any archaeologically significant material uncovered during site investigations.

All onsite archaeological measures are subject to archaeological licensing by the Department of Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht. Sufficient lead-time must be allowed to ensure that archaeological permits and licences are in place before the archaeologists can present on site and related works commence. It is strongly recommended that lead times not less than six weeks are factored into the project schedules to ensure there are no delays on this count.

12.6 RESIDUAL IMPACTS

No residual impacts are envisaged, as all archaeological, architectural and cultural heritage issues will be resolved at the pre-construction and construction stages of the development. The reduction of flooding events has the potential to have an on-going positive impact on the protected structures within the ACA in the town centre.

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 12-21 Rev. F01 Environmental Impact Statement – River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme Volume II Main Document

13 SOILS, GEOLOGY, HYDROLOGY AND HYDROGEOLOGY

13.1 INTRODUCTION

This Chapter of the EIS provides information on the existing soils, geology, hydrology and hydrogeology of the study area and discusses the potential impacts arising from the construction and operation of the proposed Drainage Scheme. In the event of impacts being identified suitable mitigation measures have been proposed where possible. The assessment of impacts is based on the proposed flood relief works as described in Chapter 2 Project Description:-

• Embankments & flood walls; • Localised channel widening; • Non-return valves on existing culvert crossings; • Pumping stations; • Culverts; and • Local drainage

No significant difficulties were encountered in the compilation of this chapter.

13.2 METHODOLOGY

The assessment was undertaken in accordance with the following guidance documents:

• Guidelines On Information to be Contained in Environmental Impact Statements (Environmental Protection Agency, 2002); • Advice Notes on Current Practice in the preparation of Environmental Impact Statements (Environmental Protection Agency, 2002); and • Geology in Environmental Impact Statements, A Guide (Institute of Geologists of Ireland, 2002).

13.2.1 Desktop Review

A desk top review of the available information was undertaken to provide the baseline assessment for the existing environment supplemented by data obtained during the site investigation phases undertaken between 1998 and 2012. The desk study phase comprised a review of the following:

• The Geological Survey of Ireland (www.gsi.ie online mapping); • Geology of West Cork, 1:100,000 Bedrock Geology Map Sheet 24 (GSI, 2002); • Review of GSI 6” historical bedrock field sheets and OSI maps; • South Cork Groundwater Protection Scheme Report (GSI, May 2002); • EPA online mapping; • GSI areas of geological heritage; • Cork County Development Plan (2009 -2015); • Cork County Council Planning Department – Quarry Resister; • Site investigation Data 1998 to 2012; and • RPS Hydrology Report MCW0626Rp021.

The baseline information was then used to assess the potential impact of the Drainage Scheme on the soils, geology, hydrology and hydrogeology within the study area. Where possible mitigation measures have been proposed to ensure that any potential impacts identified can be mitigated during the construction and operational phase.

______RPS/MCE0703RP0004 13-1 Rev. F01 Environmental Impact Statement – River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme Volume II Main Document

13.2.2 Field Assessment and Site Investigation

Information on the soils, geology, hydrology and hydrogeology of the study area has been obtained from the Geological Survey of Ireland website and suplemented by the data sources outlined previously. Considerable site investigation data is available from within the study area based on an number of site investigations which have taken place in 1998, 2003, 2008 and 2012. A detailed discussion of the site investigation information is provided in Section 13.2.3 of this chapter and a summary of the results are presented in the summary tables in Appendix 13.1 S.I. Investigation Report.

A review of the available site investigation data (1998 to 2012) was undertaken by RPS in February 2012 to identify any areas in the vicinity of the proposed flood relief structures where additional site investigation was required in order to complete the preliminary design. The site investigations in May 2012 were concentrated in areas where data gaps were identified. It is also proposed that further detailed site investigation works will be undertaken in advance of the detailed design being finalised prior to the construction works commencing. The results of all of the available ground investigations to date have been included in this assessment. A number of site investigations were undertaken within the study area between 1988 and 2012 and are summarised below.

13.2.3 Site Investigation

2012 Investigations

These investiagtions were undertaken by Priority Geotechnical Ltd. The 2012 field investigations included the excavation of 11 no. trial pits (CTP1 to CTP11) in the vicinity of the proposed works to fill data gaps from the earlier investigations.

1998 Site Investigations

These site investigations were undertaken by Geotech Specialists Ltd and involved the following works:

• 44 no. cable percusion boreholes; • 40 no. trial pits; • 9 no. coreholes; • 14 no. probes with hand auger; • Seismic Refraction Survey; and • Standpipe piezometers installed in 6 no. boreholes to monitoring groundwater conditions.

2004 Site Investigations

This geotechnical ground investigation contract was undertaken between April and August 2004 to provide information for the Skibbereen Sewerage Scheme – Collection System. The investigations were undertaken by Marine Geotechnical and comprised of the following:

• 23 no. cable percussion boreholes to depths of 0.70 m and 25.00 m; • 108 standard penetration tests; • 9 no. shear vane tests; • 13 no. falling head tests; • 80 no. sealed distrubed samples; • 111 no. bulk distrubed samples; • 13 no. water samples; • 17 no. rotary boreholes; • Standpipe piezoemeters installed in 19 no. cable percussion boreholes and 3 no. rotary; borehole to monitor groundwater conditions;

______RPS/MCE0703RP0004 13-2 Rev. F01 Environmental Impact Statement – River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme Volume II Main Document

• 44 no. trial pits to a max depth of 4.50m; • 55 no. slit trenches; • 19 no. cone penetration tests; and • 2 no. step tests at Marsh Field and Fields Carpark.

2008 Irish Drilling Report (June 2008) Report No.: 85113R001EL Cone Penetration Tests

This report involved undertaking Cone Penetrating Tesing – 9 no. electric Piezocone Penetration Tests (CPTU’s) to a maximum depth of 23.31m or refusal.

2012 Site Investigations Priority Drilling Ltd.

The site investigations were undertaken by Priority Geotechnical Ltd and involved the following works:

• 11 no. trial pits (CTP1 to CTP11). • 2 no. boreholes. • Standpipe piezometers installed in 2 no. boreholes to monitor groundwater conditions in an area between Bridge Street and North Street.

A summary of the results of the investigations of soil, subsoil and bedrock geology is provided in the Section 13.3.1.

13.2.4 Evaluations

The potential impacts have been assessed as per the assessment criteria outlined in “Guidelines On the Information To be Contained In Environmental Impact Statements” EPA, 2002. Where possible in the EIS the baseline and potential impacts on the Caol Stream and River Ilen have been discussed separately. The preparation of the EIS follows on from the completion of the Constraints Study which was completed in July 2011. No key constraints were identified during the Constraints Study in relation to soils, geology, hydrogeology and hydrogeology. A number of potential impacts were identified during the constraints study stage and these have been considered further within the EIS stage and appropriate mitigation measures have been recommended where possible.

In accordance with the EPA guidance the impacts have been assessed as positive, neutral or negative while the magnitudes have been assessed in accordance with the EPA criteria as outlined in Table 13.1.

Table 13.1: Assessment of Magnitude of Impact

Magnitude of Description Impact Imperceptible An impact capable of measurement but without noticeable consequences. Slight An impact that alters the character of the environment without affecting its sensitivities. Moderate An impact that alters the character of the environment in a manner that is consistent with existing or emerging trends. Significant An impact, which by its character, magnitude, duration or intensity alters a sensitive aspect of the environment. Profound An impact which obliterates all previous sensitive characteristics.

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Environmental Impact Statement – River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme Volume II Main Document

The duration of the impacts has been assessed as follows:

• Temporary (construction related and lasting less than one year). • Short-term (lasting 1 to 7 years). • Medium-term (lasting between 7 to 15 years). • Long- term (lasting 15 to 60 years). • Permanent (lasting over 60 years).

13.3 EXISTING ENVIRONMENT

13.3.1 Soils & Subsoils

Soil

Information on the soils and subsoils in the study area is available from the EPA and GSI online mapping and the site investigations undertaken within the study area between 1998 and 2012. The extract from EPA soils data map for the study area is illustrated on Figure 13.1. The area in the immediate vicinity of the town to the south and south east of the River Ilen is composed of Made Ground. The area adjacent to the River Ilen is mapped as being underlain by alluvium (AlluvMin) in the Marsh area and on the east side of the River Ilen in the area west of the R593. To the south east of the town there is also an area of alluvium in the vicinity of the Caol Stream. To the east of the town in the Gortnaclohy area and west of the town in the New Bridge area the soil is deep well drained mineral soil composed of acid brown earths / brown podzolics (AminDW). There are also some minor areas of lithosols / regosols (AminSW) in the area where rock is close to the surface resulting in shallow well drained mineral soil but these areas are outside of the flood defence works.

The site investigations confirm the presence of made ground in the vicinity of the town. The 2012 investigations indicated top soil ranging in thickness from 0.10m to 0.40m with no topsoil present over some of the areas of fill.

Sub Soil / Overburden

The Quaternary Period covers the period from the beginning of the Ice Age (1.6 million years ago) to the present day. The quaternary deposits were deposited from either the ice sheets themselves (boulder clay) or from the melt waters associated with the ice (sorted deposits of gravel, sand, silt or clay). More recent deposits include river alluvium, beaches and blanket peat. Information on the overburden (Quaternary) geology is available from the Teagasc Subsoil Map which is available on both the EPA and the GSI websites. The extract from the Teagasc Subsoil map for the study area is shown on Figure 13.2.

The map indicates the presence of alluvium deposits adjacent to the River Ilen (orange area). Moving away from the River Ilen the majority of the surrounding area in the north of the study area is underlain by sandstone till (TDSs) which is till derived chiefly from Devonian sandstones (red area). While the area to the south is underlain by sandstone and shale till (TDCSsS) which is till derived from mixed Devonian and Carboniferous rocks (pink area). There are areas of made ground in the vicinity of the town (blue areas). Areas where bedrock has been mapped as outcropping or being close to the surface are also indicated on the subsoil map (grey area). There are two minor areas of glaciofluvial sands and gravels (GDSs) within the study area (green areas). Information on the overburden deposits is also available on the Historical GSI 6” field sheets.

The data from the available site investigations carried out within the study area (1988 to 2012) has been reviewed. A comment in relation to the subsoil / overburden deposits in the vicinity of each of the proposed structures is provided below. In general the investigations indicate the town is underlain by made ground ranging in depth from 0.10 m to a maximum depth of 3.20 m at Levis Quay. The

______RPS/MCE0703RP0004 13-4 Rev. F01 Environmental Impact Statement – River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme Volume II Main Document made ground is composed of crushed rock sub base which is underlain by natural material composed of silty gravelly fine to medium sands to a maximum depth of 2.00 m, medium dense to dense sandy gravels to a maximum depth of 4.00 m and very soft to soft bluish grey silt to a maximum depth of 11.85 m. The area surrounding the town is underlain by natural soils and occasional river deposits. Overburen is composed of a silty sandy topsoil to a max depth of 0.62 m underlain by gravelly fine to coarse sands to a max depth of 3.20 m, over very loose to dense silty sandy fine to coarse gravels with cobbles to a maximum depth of 6.20 m and very soft to soft silt to a maximum excavated depth of 8.50 mbgl. In the Marsh Field area the site investigation data indicates weathered topsoil to a depth of 0.80 m underlain by fine to medium sands to a maximum depth of 1.70 m, over loose to dense sandy fine to coarse gravels to a max depth of 6.20 m and very soft light bluish grey silt to a maximum depth of 32.50 m. The overburden deposits in the vicinity of the proposed works are discussed below in terms of the individual relief structures.

______RPS/MCE0703RP0004 13-5 Rev. F01

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Cork Notes 1. This drawing is the property of RPS Group Ltd. It is a Soils Map confidential document and must not be copied, used, or its contents divulged without prior written consent. County 2. All levels are referred to Ordnance Datum, Malin Head. 0 50 100 3. Ordnance Survey Ireland Licence EN 0005013 Council Figure 13.1 Kilometers ©Copyright Government of Ireland.

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Mast F Drive F

CS 2.6

2.8

N U 2.7

3.0

1 0 k v F F

1.9

3.4 U N 62.2 D

S Legend C

D N U T 58.2 1.7 U ND

S C

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U N D 55.3

Subsoils T

D Castle N U (site of) 2.1 5.5 y d

n w o Alluvium undifferentiated T

N Bedrock at surface U T

3.2

F F Blanket peat

5 1 8.0 Lake sediments undifferentiated Abhainn Beag

9 School 10 kv 9 7.6 1 3.5 v k 0 1

C Made ground 6 S 18.5 14.7 14

8 1

Sandstone and shales till (Devonian/Carboniferous) 2 D UN

Coronea Court n 5 ctio tru ons r c nde a u 9.6 Sandstone sands and gravels (Devonian)Are CARRIGFADDA 4.4 11.8 Sandstone till (Devonian)

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UNDUND Project Issue Details Innishmore, T +353 21 4665900 Ballincollig, F +353 21 4873742 River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drawn by: T Hurley Project No. MCE0703 Co Cork, E [email protected]  Checked by: A Fitzgerald File Ref. Ireland W rpsgroup.com/ireland Drainage Scheme Approved by: B Brice MCE0703Mi0018F01

Scale: N.T.S. Drawing No. Rev.

Client Title Date: April 2013 Mi0018 F01

Cork Notes 1. This drawing is the property of RPS Group Ltd. It is a Subsoils Map confidential document and must not be copied, used, or its contents divulged without prior written consent. County 2. All levels are referred to Ordnance Datum, Malin Head. 0 50 100 3. Ordnance Survey Ireland Licence EN 0005013 Council Figure 13.2 Kilometers ©Copyright Government of Ireland.

Environmental Impact Statement – River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme Volume II Main Document

River Ilen Flood Relief Works

Ilen 1 – 147 m of flood wall and Ilen 2 - 709 m of embankment - The trial pits and boreholes incidate overburden up to 6 m in places but bedrock was encountered in the river bed in ABH6 and ABH7. Water was encountered at depths ranging from 1.35 m to 1.85 mbgl.

Ilen 3 – 135 m of floodwall and embankment - The data indicates sand, silt and gravel to depths of up to 6.2 m. Water was encountered at depths ranging from 2.1 m to 3.8 mbgl.

Ilen 4 – 105 m of flood wall– The overburden is composed of gravelly sand over silt with overburden upto 6 m in depth.

Ilen 5 - Regrading of 1,670 m2 of river bed – There is no site investigation data from this area.

Ilen 6 - Structural protection works to bridge – There is no site investigation data from this area.

Ilen 7 – 270 m of flood wall to be constructed by sheet piling– The data indicates sand, silt and gravel to depths of up to 9.6 m. Water was encountered at depth of 2.4 mbgl.

Ilen 8 - 12 m of flood wall – The investigations indicate made ground over gravel and silt to 9 mbgl.

Ilen 9 – 210 m of embankment, floodwall and stone revetment with widening on opposite riverbank – The boreholes and slit trench indicate areas of made ground while the natural ground is composed of sandy gravel on soft silt. The overburden extended to 8.37mbgl in ABH13.

Ilen 10 – 313 m of embankment – The trial pits, probes and boreholes indicate made ground with natural ground composed of clay, silt, sand and gravel. Overburden thickness up to 5.3 mbgl. Water was encountered at depths ranging from 1.5 m to 2.4 mbgl.

Ilen 11- 424 m of embankment – The investigations indicate overburden to depths of greater than 9.70mbgl composed of gravel, sand and silt.

Ilen 12 - 308 m of flood wall – The boreholes and trial pits indicate presence of mostly gravel deposits over cobbles and boulders to approximately 3 m depth with silt and gravel to 5.5 mbgl. Water was encountered in the gravel deposits at depths ranging from 1.6 mbgl to 2.8 mbgl.

Ilen 13 – 547 m of flood embankment - The trial pits, boreholes and slit trenches indicate some areas of made ground and soft ground in this area. The overburden was composed of silt, peaty silt, sand, clay and gravel. The overburden was > 10 m at ABH26. Water was encountered at depths of 1.3 m to 2.51 mbgl.

Ilen 14 & 15 - 420 m of flood embankment - The trial pits and boreholes indicate some areas of made ground. The natural ground is composed of silt, sand, clay and gravel over mainly silt deposits. The overburden was > 10 m at ABH26. Water was encountered at depths ranging from 1.90 m to 3.1 mbgl.

______RPS/MCE0703RP0004 13-8 Rev. F01 Environmental Impact Statement – River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme Volume II Main Document

Millrace Flood Relief Works

Mill 1 – The boreholes and slit trenches indicate silt and gravel over cobbles up to 3 m in depth. Siltstone and shale bedrock encountered at 1.6 mbgl in BH01R.

Mill 2 – The boreholes and trial pits indicate mostly silt and gravel over cobbles. Rock is shallow in places with BH01R intercepting bedrock (siltstone and shale) at 1.6 mbgl.

Showgrounds Stream Flood Relief Works

Show 1 – 48 m of concrete culvert – The site investigations indicate sand, gravel and cobbles with made ground / road construction and silty peaty sand in vicinity of road.

Show 2 15 m of flood embankment – The site investigation indicated topsoil over gravel to 5.7mbgl. Water was encountered at 1.1 mbgl and 1.75 mbgl.

Show 3 250 m of flood embankment – The borehole, trial pit and slit trenches indicate areas of made ground and fill underlain by silty peaty sand or sandy clay and gravelly sand. While the areas of natural ground composed of sand, gravel and cobbles. Overburden thickness up to 5.7 mbgl. Water was encountered at 1.7 and 1.75 mbgl.

Show 4 223 m of flood embankment– The site investigations indicate fill underlain by sandy clay and gravelly sand with water encountered at 1.7 mbgl.

Caol Stream Flood Relief Works

Caol 1 – 340 m of concrete channel – The site investigation indicate made ground adjacent to the channel up to 2.05 m over silty gravel to 8 mbgl.

Caol 2 - 320 m of flood wall - Made ground was encountered over full depth to 2.20 m composed of gravel and silt. Water was encountered between 1.00 m and 2.0 mbgl.

Caol 3 - 83 m of flood wall – The trial pit indicates the fill over the full depth of 2.20 m with gravel and silt.

Caol 4 - 558 m of flood embankment - The trial pits indicate clay fill over gravel and silt. The fill depth ranged from 1.1 m to 2.20 m. Water was encountered at depths of between 1.00 m and 2.00 mbgl.

Assolas Stream Flood Relief Works

Assolas 1 - 35 m of flood wall - The trial pits and slit trenches indicate the presence of road fill on silty sand on peat while the natural ground is composed of silt and gravel to 2.90 mbgl.

Assolas 2 - 65 m of embankment – The trial pits and slit trenches indicate the presence of road fill on silty sand on peat while the natural ground is composed of silt and gravel to 2.90 mbgl.

Assolas 3 - 202 m of embankment - The trial pits and slit trenches indicate the presence of road fill overlying silty sand overlying peat. The natural ground is composed of clay, silt, sand and gravel. Water was encountered at depths of between 1.70 m and 2.20 mbgl.

Assolas 4 - 277 m of flood wall - The trial pits and slit trenches indicate the presence of road fill overlying silty sand overlying peat. The natural ground is composed of clay, silt, sand and gravel. Water was encountered at depths of between 1.70 m and 2.20 mbgl.

______RPS/MCE0703RP0004 13-9 Rev. F01 Environmental Impact Statement – River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme Volume II Main Document

Assolas 5 – 92 m of embankment - The borehole and slit trench indicate presence of made ground, clay, gravel, sand and silt up to 3.8 mbgl. Water was encountered at 2.50 mbgl.

Assolas 6 existing double culvert to be replaced with single box diameter culvert.

Assolas 7 – Sealing of existing maholes and open culvert section.

Some areas of made ground containing refuse (e.g. ABH12), were encountered during the preliminary ground investigations based on the description on the trial pit and borehole logs.

13.3.2 Geology

Desk Study

Information obtained from the Geological Survey of Ireland (GSI) interactive mapping indicates that the study area is underlain by Lower Carboniferous (Dinantian) Mudstones and Sandstones of the Cork Group (DMSC) in the vicinity of Skibbereen Town with Upper Devonian rocks comprised of Old Red Sandstones in the area to the north and south (DORS). The National Draft Generalised Bedrock Geology Map for the study area is presented as Figure 13.3. The Lower Carboniferous Mudstones and Sandstones of the Cork Group in the Skibbereen area are subdivided into the Narrow Cove Member and Pig’s Cove Member of the Kinsale Formation on Sheet 24 (GSI 1;100,000 series) bedrock geology map and are composed of grey mudstone with sandstone.

The structure of the area is characterised by the presence of a series of north east to south west trending synclines and anticlines which are cross cut by approximate north to south trending faults. Moving further north and south the Devonian Old Red Sandstone forms the underlying bedrock (DORS). This is equivalent to the Old Head Sandstone (OH) and Toe Head Formation of Sheet 24. The Old Head Sandstone is described as a flaser bedded sandstone with minor mudstone. While the while the Toe Head Formation is comprised of cross bedded sandstone and minor mudstone.

Field Survey Results

Information on the type of bedrock within the study area and the depth to the top of the bedrock is available from the site investigation phase. The site investigations indicated considerable variation in the thickness of overburden deposits in the Skibbereen area. The bedrock encountered included sandstone, siltstone and shale.

On the east side of the River Ilen shallow bedrock, described as siltstone and shale, was encountered in the area of Mill 1 and Mill 2. In the Marsh Field area the bedrock is described as moderately weak to moderately strong shale of the Pigs Cove Member of the Kinsale Formation occasionally interbedded with moderately weak to very strong siltstone encountered at depths of 31.60 m and 35.70 m.

Bedrock of moderately weak to moderately strong, thinly laminated weathered grey shale with occasional interbeds of siltstone was encountered at varying depths between 0.28 m on Baltimore Road, 0.40 m in Coronea, 0.50 m at Mill Road and 8.50 m by the River Ilen. Moderately weak to very strong, thinly laminated, weathered siltstone with occasional interbeds of thinly laminated, weathered shale was encountered at 1.60 m on the Bantry Road.

Between Assolas 4 and 5 possible bedrock was encountered at depths of 1.10 m and 2.60 mbgl in the trial pits but there is no rotary coring from this area to confirm this. The site investigations report indicates that weathered grey shale was encountered at a depth of 7.00 mbgl at Fields Carpark and 11.85 mbgl at Levis Quay.

______RPS/MCE0703RP0004 13-10 Rev. F01

CW The Bog Cross

C R

3 9 5 R ND D U UN

DERREENDANGAN

CURRAGH

R ive r I len

LURRIGA

Area Under Development

Glencurragh

Area under development

H WM

HWM

25 21 20 Newbridge Park

26 6 1 15

5 Inis Álainn 1

Abbeystrowry 9

Cemetery 36 5

1 2 40 37

2 1

1 5 Ardcarrig

1 2 2 1 1 1 2 4 2 3 22

1 28 25

Pound Hill

G o r tn a c lo h y D r iv e

1 0

Gortnaclohy CORONEA Reservoir

Hawthorns

28 Mardyke Park 27

9 2 8

1 26 24 23 Area under construction

31 61 32

The Mills 19

5 46 4

3 0

GORTNACLOGHY

Coronea Drive

Castle

Gortnaclohy

Well

5 1

Abhainn Beag

9 School 9 1

8 1

n ctio tru 5 ons r c nde a u Are CARRIGFADDA

UND UN D R 5 96

C S

C R

R Woodley C

F C

UND Town View CS

Russagh Corn Mill

Rosebank

W C

Souterrian

(Site of)

C F LICKNAVAR Legend

D N BedrockBedrock MapMap U BedrockBedrock MapMap C BedrockBedrock MapMap F (Groundwater(Groundwater(Groundwater Rockunits)Rockunits)Rockunits)

Devonian Old Red Sandstones RUSSAGH DERRYGOOL Dinantian Mudstones and Sandstones (Cork Group)POUNDLICK UND

Liss Ard Lough

Abisdealy D N U

Project Issue Details Innishmore, T +353 21 4665900 Ballincollig, F +353 21 4873742 River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drawn by: T Hurley Project No. MCE0703 Co Cork, E [email protected]  Checked by: A Fitzgerald File Ref. Ireland W rpsgroup.com/ireland Drainage Scheme Approved by: B Brice MCE0703Mi0017F01

Scale: N.T.S. Drawing No. Rev. Client Title Bedrock Geology Map Date: April 2013 Mi0017 F01 Cork Notes 1. This drawing is the property of RPS Group Ltd. It is a confidential document and must not be copied, used, (Groundwater Rockunits) or its contents divulged without prior written consent. County 2. All levels are referred to Ordnance Datum, Malin Head. 0 50 100 3. Ordnance Survey Ireland Licence EN 0005013 Council Figure 13.3 Kilometers ©Copyright Government of Ireland.

Environmental Impact Statement – River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme Volume II Main Document

Economic Geology / Quarrying and Mining

Cork County Council maintains a register of quarries within the county. The following quarrying activities exist within the Skibbereen area and are recorded on the Cork County Council Quarry Registration List (May, 2007) which is located on the Cork County Council website. None of the quarries are located in areas where works are proposed. The following is a list of the registered quarries in the area:-

• McCarthy Plant Hire / Curtward Ltd – Curragh Skibbereen, Skibbereen Sandstone Quarry reported production 100,000-250,000 Tonnes per annum;

• Timothy O’Regan Stone Ltd / Forenaught Quarry - Castleisland, Skibbereen – Sandstone Quarry reported production - 100,000-250,000 Tonnes per annum; and

• B. Hurley / West Cork Stone Ltd – Currabeg, Skibbereen.

13.3.3 Hydrology

Desk Study

Information on the hydrology of the study area has been obtained from a review of the available data from the Environmental Protection Agency and the Office of Public Works. RPS undertook a hydrological assessment of the River Ilen Catchment during the design of the flood defence scheme. Information on the hydrology of the area was obtained from the following reports: MCW0626Rp0021 Hydrology Report and MCW0626Rp0022 Hydraulic Report. This information has been used in the description of the baseline / existing environment and to determine the potential impact the proposed works will have on the hydrology of the study area. The hydrology map for the area is provided in Figure 13.4.

The headwaters of River Ilen rise at Mullaghmeesha and Nowen Hill at the north of the catchment. The confluence of the headwaters is located at Castledonovan Bridge and from here the river flows in a south-easterly direction for approximately 3 km to Ahanafunsion Bridge, where the Clodagh River meets the Ilen.

From Ahanafunsion Bridge, the River Ilen flows in a south westerly direction for approximately 5 km to its confluence with the Owennashingaun River. The Ilen then flows in a south easterly direction for 1.6 km to its confluence with the River Ruagagh. From here, the river flows in a southerly direction for 2 km to its confluence with the Glanaphuca River, approximately 300 m downstream of Madore Bridge.

From this point, the river flows in a south easterly direction for approximately 2.8 km to Derreeny Bridge, where the Saivnose River meets the Ilen. From Derreeny Bridge, the Ilen flows in a southerly direction for approximately 7.6 km to Skibbereen Town Centre where it meets the Caol Stream.

The study area for the Drainage Scheme is centered around Skibbereen Town in the area drained by the River Ilen and the Caol Stream. The topography of the area is characterised by rolling open lowland, with a network of often steep sided river and stream valleys divided by exposed low ridges and hills. The town of Skibbereen lies along the south and east bank of the tidal River Ilen at its confluence with the Caol Stream, draining the southern catchment area. The River Ilen, the principal watercourse, flows south before passing through Skibbereen and sharply turns westward before entering its estuary and Roaringwater Bay and Baltimore Harbour.

The elevation of the river varies from approximately 475 m OD (M) at Mullaghmeesha to -1 m OD (M) at New Bridge, Coronea located 1.4 km downstream of the town centre. From the headwaters of the

______RPS/MCE0703RP0004 13-12 Rev. F01 Environmental Impact Statement – River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme Volume II Main Document river to Skibbereen Town Centre, the Ilen is approximately 25 km in length and from the town centre to Baltimore Harbour; the river is 14 km long. The river is tidal as far as the hospital at Lurriga, which is located to the north of the town, approximately 1 km upstream of the town centre.

The river has a catchment area of 265 km2 upstream of the town. The upper reaches of the catchment predominately comprise rural pasture lands, with a combination of rural and urban lands in the lower reaches. The town centre is located within the valley of the River Ilen and the Caol Stream. Steep hills are located on the eastern and western extents of the town. The remainder of the town consists largely of ribbon development north along the Clonakilty Road, south along the Baltimore Road, eastwards along High Street and westward along Upper Bridge Street.

The town centre, particularly around the confluence of the Caol Stream and the River Ilen has been developed at levels between 2.1 m and 3.0 m OD (M) in the relatively flat valley of the Caol Stream. Flooding of the River Ilen and Caol Stream is significant, with the floodplain extending to 350 m and 650 m wide in some areas. Flooding in this area invariably affects Townsend Street, portions of Market Street, Baltimore Road, Mardyke Street, Tragumna Road, Main Street and Bridge Street. Additionally, flooding is also reported along a significant portion of Ilen Street, to the north of the River Ilen and along Mill Road to the northeast of the town centre.

The Caol Stream is a tributary of the River Ilen. It is located to the south east of Skibbereen Town Centre. The valley of the Caol Stream is extremely flat and is subject to frequent flooding. The development of the town has been largely forced along the Caol and Ilen valleys because the steepness of the adjacent hillsides limits development considerably. The Caol Stream flows in a northerly direction from its source at Lough Abisdealy. It is joined by a number of tributaries from the Letterinlish area as it flows towards the town centre. The stream runs parallel to R595 as far as its confluence with the Assolas Stream, approximately 30 m downstream of Market Street Bridge, in Field’s Carpark off Market Street. From here, the stream runs along the eastern boundary of the car park and joins the River Ilen at the junction of Bridge Street, Main Street and Levi’s Quay. The elevation of the stream varies from approximately 11 m OD (M) at Lough Abisdealy to 0 m OD (M) at its confluence with the River Ilen. From Lough Abisdealy to Skibbereen Town Centre, the Caol Stream is approximately 3.2 km in length. The Caol Stream is tidally influenced along its lower reach and the low lying lands upstream of the Baltimore Road are subject to flooding at Spring tides.

Most of the stretch of the River Ilen within the study area is tidal. Other small streams, including the Caol Stream, discharge into the river from the south and east.

The Ilen catchment has relatively steep slopes in the north western part of the catchment which has an average slope of 9.37% (or a gradient of 1 in 11 i.e. 11 m horizontally for every 1 m vertically). As the land progresses downwards from Nowen Hill and the Mullaghmesha mountains to Kilnagospagh there is an average slope of 6.73% (1 in 15 gradient) across the entire catchment. The Caol Stream catchment has an average slope of 7.45% (1 in 13 gradient). The Assolas catchment has an average slope of 6.52% (1 in 15 gradient).

There is one hydrometric station on the River Ilen at Ballyhilty Bridge which is operated by the EPA (Station Number 20005). The EPA station is a water level and flow gauging station and is suitable for monitoring of low flows. In addition there are nine other gauges in operation by Cork County Council on the River Ilen. See Table 13.2 below for details on the gauge locations.

______RPS/MCE0703RP0004 13-13 Rev. F01 Ballyhilty Bridge (U/S) - Staff Gauge at River Ballyhilty Bridge - (Ultrasonic Gauge)

Ballyhilty Bridge (U/S) - Staff Gauge in Tank Ballyhilty Bridge (U/S) - Pressure Bulb

Ballyhilty Bridge - Pressure Bulb Ballyhilty Bridge (D/S) - Staff Gauge

Ballyhilty Bridge (D/S) - Data Logger

Kennedy Bridge - (Staff Gauge) Pumping Station - (Ultrasonic Gauge)

Bridge at Levi’s Quay (U/S) - (Staff Gauge)

Legend

EPA Gauging Stations

Cork County Council Gauging Stations

Scale: N.T.S. Drawing No. Rev.

Client Title Date: April 2013 Mi0015 F01

Cork Notes 1. This drawing is the property of RPS Group Ltd. It is a Hydrology Map confidential document and must not be copied, used, or its contents divulged without prior written consent. County 2. All levels are referred to Ordnance Datum, Malin Head. 0 50 100 3. Ordnance Survey Ireland Licence EN 0005013 Council Figure 13.4 Kilometers ©Copyright Government of Ireland.

Environmental Impact Statement – River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme Volume II Main Document

Table 13.2: Gauging Stations Monitoring Station Type of Data Location Easting Northing Body Number Gauge Available EPA 20005 Ballyhilty Data Water level 111830 036102 Bridge (D/S) Logger & Flow Cork County 1 Ballyhilty Staff Gauge Water Level 111762 036406 Council Bridge (U/S) in tank 2 Ballyhilty Timber Water Level 111763 036404 Bridge (U/S) Gauge at river 3 Ballyhilty Staff gauge Water Level 111768 036397 Bridge (U/S at river 4 Ballyhilty Staff Gauge Water Level 111823 036144 Bridge (D/S) 5 Bridge at Staff Gauge Water Level 112133 033640 Levi’s Quay (U/S) 6 Kennedy Staff Gauge Water Level 111908 033889 Bridge 7 Water Ultrasonic Water Level 112234 033842 Treatment Gauge Plant 8 Ballyhilty Pressure Water Level 111762 036406 Bridge Bulb 9 Ballyhilty Ultrasonic Water Level 111762 036406 Bridge Gauge

Flooding

There are two main tributaries of the River Ilen, the Caol and Assolas. Serious flooding of residential and commercial properties occurs in two main areas of Skibbereen.

• Adjacent to the Caol Stream and near its junction with the Ilen River. Flooding in this area invariably affects all of Townsend Street, the Baltimore Road, part of Market Street and Mardyke Street, 98th Street, and part of Main Street, and Bridge Street. This area includes much of the commercial heart of Skibbereen.

• Chronic flooding also occurs on the Mill Road effecting Glenilen Terrace and the houses between the junction with the Cork Road and Lorriga House.

Prior to November 2009 the most serve flood event affecting Skibbereen occurred in August 1986. Other recorded flood events in 1969, 1974, 1975 and 1982 were less severe. Frequent flooding also occurred in the 1940’s and 1950’s.

An assessment of the potential adverse consequences associated with flooding in Skibbereen Town was undertaken and is contained in the RPS report River Ilen Flood Risk Assessment and Management Study Flood Map Report. The assessment considered risks to society, economy, environment and cultural heritage for all design flood probabilities.

Hydromorphology

A hydro-geomorphological assessment was undertaken by RPS. The hydro geo-morphological assessment was based on the following data sets:-

______RPS/MCE0703RP0004 13-15 Rev. F01 Environmental Impact Statement – River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme Volume II Main Document

• WFD National Channel Typology Dataset; • EU Water Framework Directive – Hydromorphological Risk Assessment; • Corine land use dataset; • Aerial Photography; • Bank Erosion & deposition Dataset provided by Cork County Council; • OPW Drainage Schemes Datasets; and • National Parks & Wildlife Service Commanage Framework Plans.

The study concluded that the existing catchment land use practices are considered low risk as it is predominantly pasture with low risk of exposed soils and subsequent sediment loss. However, at a more localised level within Skibbereen, erosion and deposition does occur. This is typical of lowland meandering rivers. Channel improvement works were undertaken in the 1990’s to increase channel capacity by removing rock outcrops and widening the channel.

13.3.4 Hydrogeology

Desk Study

There is no Groundwater Protection Plan available for West Cork at this time, however the GSI have completed a National Draft Bedrock Aquifer Map which covers the area of interest. Information on the aquifer classification for the study area has been obtained from the GSI online mapping (www.gsi.ie) and is presented in Figure 13.5. A Groundwater Protection Scheme has been completed for South Cork (GSI, 2002) which provides hydrogeological information for some of the bedrock formations within the study area.

The study area is located within the Bandon_1 Groundwater Body. Information on the Bandon Groundwater Body indicates most of the groundwater flow tends to occur in the top 15 m of the aquifer within the weathered zone. Below this deeper inflows tend to be concentrated along fractures or fault zones. The bedrock has no intergranular permeability and zones of enhanced permeability are found in the mudstones and sandstones close to faults and near fold axes. The groundwater body description indicates that in general the subsoil is generally < 10 m thick with large areas having a subsoil thickness of < 3 m.

The GSI report that groundwater flow paths are relatively short typically of the order of 30 m to 300 m. Groundwater discharges to small springs, or streams and rivers that cross the aquifer. Due to the low storage in the bedrock baseflow to rivers and streams is considered to be low. There are a number of marshes and swamps that are designated as protected areas within the groundwater body but none of these are located within the study area. A search of the NPWS website does not indicate any designated areas in the immediate vicinity of the site which are identified as water dependant terrestrial ecosystems.

The GSI aquifer classification scheme is based on the value of the groundwater resources and the hydrogeological characteristics of the aquifer. The bedrock in the central portion of the study area in the vicinity of Skibbereen Town is classified as a Locally Important (LI) Bedrock Aquifer, which is Moderately Productive only in Local Zones (See Figure 13.6). Locally Important aquifers would generally have moderate yielding wells. Typically these aquifers would be considered to be capable of producing well yields of the order of 100 m3/d-400 m³/d. The area to the north and south of this central band is classed as a Poor Aquifer (Pl) which is bedrock which is generally unproductive except for local zones. Poor aquifers would tend to have moderate or low yielding wells and borehole yields of < 100 m3/d would be typical in this aquifer type. There are no regionally or locally important sand and gravel aquifers within the study area.

______RPS/MCE0703RP0004 13-16 Rev. F01 Environmental Impact Statement – River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme Volume II Main Document

Information on water strikes is available from the site investigation stage from the borings and excavations undertaken in the overburden deposits (Appendix 13.1 S.I. Investigation Report). Information on water strikes has been outlined in Section 13.3.1 in the summary of the overburden deposits in the vicinity of each of the proposed structures. On the east side of the River Ilen groundwater was encountered in the overburden deposits at depths ranging from 1.1 mbgl to 2.8 mbgl, on the west side at depths ranging from 1.3 m to 3.1 mbgl and on the south side at depths ranging from 2.1 m to 3.8 mbgl. In the vicinity of the Caol Stream water was encountered at depths of 1.0 m to 2.6 mbgl

The study area is served by the Cork County Council mains water supply as shown on Figure 14.4 of Chapter 14 Material Assets. The Groundwater Public Viewer section of the GSI website indicated only one well within the study area. The well had a reported depth of 70.1 m and a yield of 9.8 m3/d (GSI Code 1103SWW001). There is potential for additional private wells within the study area which may not be indicated on the GSI well database.

The GSI Aquifer Vulnerability map indicates the vulnerability of the first groundwater encountered in either sand / gravel aquifers or in bedrock to contaminants released at depths of 1 – 2 m below ground surface. The Vulnerability of the majority of the Study Area, mainly around the River Ilen, is classified as High-Low as only an interim classification is available. The Interim Vulnerability map has been completed as part of the Water Framework Directive (WFD) programme and only has three Vulnerability Classification, E (rock near surface or karst), E (Extreme) or H-L (undifferentiated High to Low) as shown on Figure 13.6. Due to the shallow depth to bedrock across much of the study area a significant portion of the area is classified as having extreme vulnerability.

______RPS/MCE0703RP0004 13-17 Rev. F01

COOLNAGARRANE 10kv T 21.2

UND 6.2

23.7

49.6 Derrendangan 24.3 Reservoir CR CW D 7.8 N

26.6

CF T

5.3

v D k UN 0 1

18.7 52.3 CURRAGH BM 6.93

58.1

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11.3

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4.2 4.3 10.4 Highest Point To Which LURRIGA Medium Tides Flow

8.3

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3.5

4.1 v 10k

2.8

2.8 2.6 6.8

N D Lurriga House

F C

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U To N w D n C o B dy F C R C BM 3.29 C S D

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23.5 BM 28.21 19.6

27.6 Area Under Development dy o B 16.2 C wn To

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35.1 4.8

3.3

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20 Newbridge Park

2.5 14

26 LS LS 16 15 11

10kv 15 Inis Álainn 38

N U 36

1 2 40

2 1

15.6

N D

12.7

50.4 Ardcarrig 49.3

2 2 1

1 1

45.3

Pound Hill

G o r tn a c lo h y D r iv e

1 0

CORONEA

Hawthorns

C S 28 7 Mardyke Park 2.5 2

D N U

8 9 2 2.5

1 26

24 23 Area under

construction

S 1 C 0kv 31 61 32 U N D

The Mills 19 2.2

W 5 F 46 4

2.6

C R 2.2

3 0

F 2.6 F

F C 10kv

kv Coronea 10

Mast F Drive F

CS 2.6

2.8

N U 2.7

3.0

1 0 k v F F

1.9

3.4 U N 62.2 D

S Legend C

D N U T 58.2 1.7 U ND

S C

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U N D 55.3

Aquifers T

D Castle N U (site of) 2.1 5.5 y d

n w o Locally Important Aquifer T

N U

Poor Aquifer T

3.2

5 1 8.0 Abhainn Beag

9 School 10 kv 9 7.6 1 3.5 v k 0 1

C 6 S

18.5 14.7 14

8 1

D UN

Coronea Court n 5 ctio tru ons r c nde a u 9.6 Are CARRIGFADDA 4.4 11.8

11.9

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w n 12.9

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U N D kv 10 UND

15.8

Care Centre 7.5 T o w n v C 0k o 1

B d F y C C D S N C U R

CF FF

Scale: N.T.S. Drawing No. Rev.

Client Title Date: April 2013 Mi0019 F01

Cork Notes 1. This drawing is the property of RPS Group Ltd. It is a Bedrock Aquifer Map confidential document and must not be copied, used, or its contents divulged without prior written consent. County 2. All levels are referred to Ordnance Datum, Malin Head. 0 50 100 3. Ordnance Survey Ireland Licence EN 0005013 Council Figure 13.5 Kilometers ©Copyright Government of Ireland.

COOLNAGARRANE 10kv T 21.2

UND 6.2

23.7

49.6 Derrendangan 24.3 Reservoir CR CW D 7.8 N

26.6

CF T

5.3

v D k UN 0 1

18.7 52.3 CURRAGH BM 6.93

58.1

5.0 4.4

U ND 11.7 R BM 7.72 ive r I len

64.5 1 0 k v

11.3

70.2

4.2 4.3 10.4 Highest Point To Which LURRIGA Medium Tides Flow

8.3

v k

0 Poulnagnave 1

Maple Leaf

3.5

4.1 v 10k

2.8

2.8 2.6 6.8

N D Lurriga House

F C

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dy o B C wn To

10kv

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D U UN 3.5 3.8 V 0K 1 Tank

C CF F

23.5 BM 28.21 19.6

27.6 Area Under Development dy o B 16.2 C wn To

U N D

11.6

31.1 6.2

5.8 9.1

Tanks T

35.1 4.8

3.3

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CF 5.6

2.9 2.8

v 10k

Glencurragh 2.6

F 2.5 C

2.4

The Moorings

y d Sports Ground B o C

n w o Fire Station T Area under development

1 0 k v

The Moorings 2.3

2.5

2.3

y Co Bd Town 2.3

2.9

1.4 D N U 2.2 2.4

2.4

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dy o B C w n To BM 2.83

H WM 2.5

v 2.5 2.4

28 Riverdate

Estate 2.2

20 Newbridge Park

2.5 14

26 LS LS 16 15 11

10kv 15 Inis Álainn 38

N U 36

1 2 40

2 1

15.6

N D

12.7

50.4 Ardcarrig 49.3

2 2 1

1 1

45.3

Pound Hill

G o r tn a c lo h y D r iv e

1 0

CORONEA

Hawthorns

C S 28 7 Mardyke Park 2.5 2

D N U

8 9 2 2.5

1 26

24 23 Area under

construction

S 1 C 0kv 31 61 32 U N D

The Mills 19 2.2

W 5 F 46 4

2.6

C R 2.2

3 0

F 2.6 F

F C 10kv

kv Coronea 10

Mast F Drive F

CS 2.6

2.8

N U 2.7

3.0

1 0 k v F F

1.9

3.4 U N 62.2 D

S Legend C

D N U T 58.2 1.7 U ND

S C

S C BM 4.47

U N D 55.3

Aquifer Vulnerability T

D Castle N U (site of) 2.1 5.5 y d

n w o E(Rock at/near surface or karst) T

N Extreme U T

3.2

F F High to Low.

5 1 8.0 Water Abhainn Beag

9 School 10 kv 9 7.6 1 3.5 v k 0 1

C 6 S

18.5 14.7 14

8 1

D UN

Coronea Court n 5 ctio tru ons r c nde a u 9.6 Are CARRIGFADDA 4.4 11.8

11.9

R 4.7 10.7 C U N D T

w n 12.9

B dy Co B d Town y

U N D kv 10 UND

15.8

Care Centre 7.5 T o w n v C 0k o 1

B d F y C C D S N C U R

CF FF

Scale: N.T.S. Drawing No. Rev.

Client Title Date: April 2013 Mi0020 F01

Cork Notes 1. This drawing is the property of RPS Group Ltd. It is a Aquifer Vulnerability Map confidential document and must not be copied, used, or its contents divulged without prior written consent. County 2. All levels are referred to Ordnance Datum, Malin Head. 0 50 100 3. Ordnance Survey Ireland Licence EN 0005013 Council Figure 13.6 Kilometers ©Copyright Government of Ireland.

Environmental Impact Statement – River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme Volume II Main Document

Field Survey Results

The majority of the site investigation boreholes and trial pits were terminated within the overburden deposits therefore the exact depth to bedrock has not been determined at the majority of the locations investigated but would indicate overburden deposits are typically > 3 m and frequently composed of sand and gravel material over silt. However the results confirm a variable thickness of overburden deposits within the study area ranging from rock being at the surface to > 32.50 mbgl to top of rock. In general across the study area the vulnerability of the groundwater in the bedrock aquifer would range from high to moderate.

13.3.5 Geological Heritage

The Irish Geological Heritage Programme (IGH) of the Geological Survey of Ireland work in partnership with the National Parks and Wildlife Service (NPWS) of the Department of Environment, Community and Local Government to identify and select important geological and geomorphological sites throughout the country for designation as NHAs (Natural heritage Areas).

Confirmation was received from the Geological Survey of Ireland (17th June 2011) during the initial consultation phase and confirmed that there are no sites of geological interest within the Skibbereen Flood Risk Assessment Study Area. The closest sites of interest are located as follows but will not be affected by the proposed development:

• Castletownshend Section (117400, 29450 to 118000, 31000) of Castlehaven formation has been recommended for NHA designation under the IGH 10 Devonian Theme which is located 6km from the study area; and

• Lough Hyne (110000, 28000) is a coastal lagoon but with barrier that is a solid rock formation rather than a depositional feature. The site is recommended for NHA designation under the IGH 13 Coastal Geomorphology Theme and is already part of Lough Hyne Nature Reserve and Environs NHA and SAC. This site is located 5.4 km from the study area.

The 2009-2015 Cork County Development Plan outlines in Chapter 7 Heritage and Environment (Section 7.1.31) that the Department of Heritage and Local Government and the Geological Survey of Ireland are drawing up a list of sites of geological interest which will be proposed as Natural Heritage Areas in consultation with the Geological Survey of Ireland and the Geology Department of the National University of Ireland, Cork. Chapter 3 of Volume 2 of the 2009 Cork County Development Plan includes 103 sites which are designated as County Geological Sites within County Cork. These are sites of geological and geomorphological interest which may be designated at proposed Natural Heritage Areas (pNHA) in the future. None of these sites are located within the study area.

13.4 POTENTIAL IMPACTS

13.4.1 Construction Impacts

The following potential impacts have been identified during the construction stage in relation to the development of the proposed flood relief scheme:-

Soils & Subsoils

Soil may be compacted by the movement of construction machinery and as a result of the loading from the embankments and flood walls. Compaction may lead to the reduction in the ability of these soils to store water and result in increased runoff and soil erosion. This is a long term slight negative impact.

______RPS/MCE0703RP0004 13-20 Rev. F01 Environmental Impact Statement – River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme Volume II Main Document

Construction work will involve the disturbance, removal and transportation of topsoil, made ground and subsoil in addition to the importation of fill material. Site works will involve site clearance, excavation and construction operations. The earthworks will involve the permanent relocation of top soil and subsoil from areas in proximity to the proposed flood defence structures. This is a temporary slight negative impact

Earthworks associated with excavation of riverbed sediment will be required within the river channel as part of the channel widening and disposal of excavated material will be required. This has the potential to give rise to the generation of suspended sediments. This represents a temporary slight negative impact.

The excavation of topsoil and subsoil has the potential to reduce the thickness of cover material present and consequently increase the vulnerability of the groundwater to pollution. This is not considered to be a significant impact and will be limited to areas where dredging or excavation is proposed. This is considered to be a permanent slight negative impact.

The impact of subsoil removal will not be significant in terms of subsoil geology as similar material to that being excavated is widespread throughout the study area. This is considered to be a permanent imperceptible negative impact.

During the construction stage there is potential for contamination of soil from spillages of fuel and lubricants from construction plant or chemicals stored onsite, however this is limited to the construction stage. The potential exists for contamination of the aquifer via direct percolation to the groundwater or via contamination of the surface water and subsequent percolation into the groundwater. The risk of pollution will be increased in areas where excavation takes place where the excavations or culverts may form preferential pathways for groundwater flow. This represents a long term slight negative impact.

The preliminary site investigation indicates that there may be minor areas of potentially contaminated ground (made ground containing refuse). This represents a temporary slight negative impact. The historic town dump, located on the southeast outskirts of the town, is located outside of the areas of the proposed walls or embankments.

Geology

It is not proposed that excavation of bedrock shall be required during the construction of the flood defence works therefore no potential impacts on bedrock are likely.

Hydrology

The main impact arising from the proposed Drainage Scheme will be an increase in the capacity of the River Ilen and Caol Stream to allow larger volumes of water to be carried downstream during periods of high rainfall thereby reducing the risk and frequency of water levels overtopping the river bank and flooding the surrounding area. This is considered to be a permanent significant positive impact.

During the construction stage there is potential for contamination of surface water from potential contaminants such as fuel and lubricants from site machinery. Any spills would have the potential to contaminate the surface water in the River Ilen and the Caol Stream. This is considered to be a temporary slight negative impact.

______RPS/MCE0703RP0004 13-21 Rev. F01 Environmental Impact Statement – River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme Volume II Main Document

During the construction stage there is potential for run-off of sediment from construction works/ areas of stockpiled material which could potentially pollute surface waters. This represents a short term slight negative impact.

The works have the potential to impact on the hydromorphology of the channels due to the construction of embankments, walls and channel widening and in stream works (millrace). This will result in a permanent slight negative impact.

Hydrogeology

Groundwater flow and groundwater levels may be affected during the construction works. There are no identified public or industrial groundwater fed supplies within the study area. The study area is served by the local authority mains water supply and the local authority sewer network therefore private wells and percolation areas for private waste water treatment systems are not likely to be located within the study area. There are no designated groundwater dependant terrestrial ecosystems within the study area. Any impacts on water levels will be limited to possible excavation dewatering during the construction stage. The potential impact would be of short term imperceptible negative impact.

There is potential for the contamination of groundwater as a result of construction activities. There are a variety of substances that have potential to pollute groundwater including fuel, lubricants, cement and hydrocarbons. Washing and refuelling of construction plant also poses a risk. The potential for groundwater pollution is considered to be a short term slight negative impact.

13.4.2 Operational Stage

During the operational phase periodic maintenance and repair operations may be required including some repairs to walls and embankments. The maintenance requirements will be monitored and reviewed on an annual basis and it is expected that works would be required on a six to ten year cycle.

Soils & Subsoils

The operational stage will not result in any impact on the soils and subsoils of the area.

Geology

The operational phase will not lead to any impact on the geology of the area.

Hydrology

The most signitifcant impact in relation to the scheme will be the changes in surface water levels during the operation of the scheme due to the increase in conveyance capacity of the river and stream channels and the consequent reduction in flooding and positive impact on benefitting lands. This is considered to be a permanent significant positive impact.

______RPS/MCE0703RP0004 13-22 Rev. F01 Environmental Impact Statement – River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme Volume II Main Document

Hydrogeology

No significant impacts are predicted on the hydrogeology of the area arising from the proposed development during the operational stage of the scheme. The construction of the flood defence works may impact on groundwater levels for limited periods during flood events where the increase in water levels within the surface water channels may locally change or reverse hydraulic gradients. There will be minor changes in the water levels in the immediate vicinity of structures such as sheet pile walls for example along the southern bank of the river where 270 m of flood wall is to be installed upstream of John F. Kennedy Bridge. There will also be minor changes in water levels in the vicinity of embankments. Any changes will be localised and will not significantly alter the groundwater regime. This is considered to be a permanent imperceptible negative impact.

The construction of sheet pile walls may increase the potential for the development of preferential flow paths into the underlying bedrock aquifer if piles are to extend into the top of the rock but based on the depth to bedrock this is not likely to be an option based on the available site investigation data.

13.5 MITIGATION MEASURES

In order to minimise the effects of soil compaction construction activities shall be scheduled such as to minimise the area affected by trafficking. A designated construction access road will be delineated and adhered to by all construction personnel.

During the construction phase topsoil, subsoil and made ground material will be segregated. Subsoils will be reused as fill for the construction of flood embankments where possible. Any material unsuitable for re use will be disposed to a suitably licensed facility or permitted site by an approved contractor to be processed and reused where possible. A Waste Management Plan for the disposal of unsuitable materials is to be included in the Construction Management Plan. All trucks are to be covered during transport of materials to prevent uncontrolled release of material.

During the construction stage there is potential for runoff of sediment from construction works / areas of stockpiled material. All materials are to be appropriately stored and covered. All temporary stockpiles are to be located in predefined locations on site. The proposed methodology for storage of materials and locations for stockpiling are to be outlined in the Construction Management Plan in advance of works commencing.

The Construction Management Plan will include a Surface Water Management Plan to minimise the volume of sediment generated and discharged to water courses as a result of surface water runoff. The following mitigation measures will be included in the Surface Water Management Plan:-

• Vegetation will be left in place as long as possible prior to excavation and stockpiling of soil.

• Stockpiles will be profiled to facilitate surface water runoff to prevent ponding and saturation of soil.

• Soil stockpiling should be limited to specific areas of the site.

• Surface water from un vegetated / exposed soil surfaces will be intercepted and diverted to sumps and silt traps to prevent surface water contamination.

• Stockpiling will not be permitted within 50 m of any surface water course.

Contractors will be required to submit a Construction Method Statement to demonstrate minimum disturbance to soils during the works.

______RPS/MCE0703RP0004 13-23 Rev. F01 Environmental Impact Statement – River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme Volume II Main Document

Containment measures and emergency procedures to deal with accidental spillages of fuel and lubricants from site machinery will be outlined in the Construction Management Plan which will be developed in advance of construction works taking place on site.

Visual checks of inert material for signs of possible contamination such as staining or strong odours will be required. Site Investigation in advance of works will include testing to identify any contaminated land. The preliminary site investigations indicate the presence of refuse within some areas of made ground. It is proposed that testing of this material be undertaken to determine the nature of the waste (inert, non hazardous or hazardous) and any excavated waste material shall be disposed of at a suitably licensed or permitted facility based on the results of the WAC testing (waste acceptance criteria).

Geology

There will be no significant impact of the local geology as a result of the proposed development therefore no mitigation measures are required.

No sites of geological or geomorphological importance have been identified on a national importance or county importance scale. There may be potential for exposure of bedrock as a result of dredging operation resulting in exposure of bedrock during low flow conditions resulting in the potential for a positive impact as the exposure of additional bedrock provides potential for additional information on geology. However based on the depth to bedrock information this is not considered likely.

Hydrology

The potential pollution of surface water will be mitigated through the development of containment measures and emergency procedures to deal with accidental spillages in the Construction Management Plan. Fuel will be stored within containment bunds within the site to prevent release of contaminants into the ground. Where it is necessary to refuel machinery on site this will be done in a carefully managed manner. An emergency plan to deal with accidental spillages will be drafted and kept on site during the construction period. The pollution control methods will be outlined within the Construction Management Plan.

To minimise any impact on the underlying subsurface strata from material spillages all oils, solvents and paints used during construction will be stored within temporary bunded areas. The design (volume and construction) of all bunds will conform to standard bunding specifications. The retention capacity of bunded areas will be as follows:

• 110% of the capacity of the largest tank or drum to be stored within the bunded area: and • 25% of the total volume of substance which could be stored within the bunded area.

Spill kits will be retained on site, in particular at refuelling areas and other high risk areas, to ensure that any spillages or leakages are dealt with immediately. All dispensing of fuels and hazardous materials will occur over areas of concrete hardstanding or other impermeable surface with drainage directed to an oil / water interceptor or a suitably constructed bund. No refuelling will be permitted in or near soil or rock cuttings.

All associated waste residuals will also be stored within temporary bunded storage areas prior to removal by an appropriate waste disposal contractor for off-site treatment/recycling/disposal. Any other building waste will be disposed of to on site skips for removal by a licensed waste disposal contractor. An emergency plan to deal with accidental spillage will be drafted and kept on site during the construction period.

______RPS/MCE0703RP0004 13-24 Rev. F01 Environmental Impact Statement – River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme Volume II Main Document

Hydrogeology

In order to minimise the risk of adversely impacting on groundwater quality and surface water quality during the construction phase, procedures for fuel and/or chemical handling and storage will be developed. The fuel / oil transfer area should be located on an impervious area with a bunding facility capable of handling a major spill. Spill kits / absorbent pads and boom should be used in the event of a spillage.

13.5.1 Operational Stage

Soils & Subsoils

No mitigation measures are required.

Geology

No mitigation measures are required.

Hydrology

No mitigation measures are required.

Hydrogeology

The area of the proposed flood defence works is served by mains water supply and local authority sewer network. Local groundwater flow and groundwater levels may be affected during the operation of the scheme but as no significant impacts are predicted no mitigation measures are required.

13.6 CUMULATIVE IMPACTS

In accordance with EIA guidance the interactions between the various environmental factors was also taken into account as part of the environmental impact assessment. There is potential for interaction between hydrological impacts and aquatic ecology in relation to potential impacts on water quality. Aquatic ecology is discussed in Chapter 7 and no significant cumulative impacts are foreseen.

13.7 PREDICTED RESIDUAL IMPACTS

Soil & Subsoils

The proposed development will have a permanent positive slight impact as the proposed works will have the effect of mitigating future flooding events. Soils in areas currently being exposed to flooding will be protected from flooding by the proposed scheme compared to flooding levels previously experienced.

Geology

There is no significant residual impact predicted in relation to geology as a result of the proposed development. The impact is considered to be a permanent imperceptible negative impact.

______RPS/MCE0703RP0004 13-25 Rev. F01 Environmental Impact Statement – River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme Volume II Main Document

Hydrology

Due to the nature of the proposed works it is not possible to carry out the proposed drainagescheme without having a residual impact on water levels during flood events. The proposed scheme will result in a permanent significant change on water levels during flood events during periods of high surface water levels in the vicinity of the flood defence works. The residual impact of the proposed works on the upstream and downstream water levels will be slight.

Hydrogeology

There will be localised impacts on groundwater levels in the vicinity of the proposed structures during the operational stage. This is considered to be a permanent insignificant negative impact.

______RPS/MCE0703RP0004 13-26 Rev. F01 Environmental Impact Statement – River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme Volume II Main Document

14 MATERIAL ASSETS

14.1 INTRODUCTION

This chapter provides an assessment of the potential impacts of the proposed River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme on Material Assets and has been carried out in accordance with the Environmental Protection Agency’s Advice Notes on Current Practice (in the preparation of Environmental Impact Statements) (EPA, September 2003). The objective is to ensure the sustainable use of material assets and to ensure that they will be available for future generations. This section is based on an examination of relevant site maps, flood defence proposals and reference material.

Material assets are generally considered to be the physical resources in the environment, which may be either of human or natural origin. The potential impacts on transport, utilities, residential and landuse, natural resources, traffic and construction waste management are considered in this section of the EIS.

The kind of material assets to be considered is influenced both by the location and nature of the proposed works:

• Land ownership, use and access; • The roads network, including effects to traffic; • Impact on major utilities; • The use of natural resources; and • Navigation on the River Ilen.

Some of the issues above, however, are more appropriately described in other sections of the EIS.

The impact on the local population, recreational amenities, property, land use and access is examined in Chapter 6 Community and Socio Economic.

Impacts on water resources are examined in Chapter 7 Aquatic Flora and Fauna and Chapter 13 Soils, Geology, Hydrology and Hydrogeology.

14.2 METHODOLOGY

This assessment is based on a desktop review of available information. This includes drawings of the proposed scheme illustrated in Figure 1.2 and a description of the proposed scheme outlined in Chapter 2 Project Description of the EIS.

______RPS/MCE0703RP0004 14-1 Rev. F01 Environmental Impact Statement – River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme Volume II Main Document

14.3 EXSTING ENVIRONMENT

Infrastructure

14.3.1.1 Roads

The main access routes to Skibbereen Town are the N71 National Primary Route, which connects Skibbereen to Cork City, Clonakilty, Bantry and Bandon; and a series of regional routes including the R596, R595 and R593 as described in Table 14.1 below:

Table 14.1: Access Routes

Road Transport Network Network National N71 – Cork City – Bandon – Clonakilty – Skibbereen – Bantry – Kenmare – Road Killarney

Regional R593 – Drimoleague and Dunmanway Road R595 - Baltimore R596 - Castletownsend

The proposed Flood Alleviation works can be divided into the following areas:

• River Ilen Flood Relief Proposals These works will be carried out adjacent to Schull Road and the Relief Road, which are both part of the N71; the John F. Kennedy Bridge, Levis Quay; North Street and Mill Road which is part of the R593.

• Caol Stream Flood relief Proposals The works to the Caol Stream will be carried out between Townsend Street and Market Street, which is part of the R595.

• Assolas Stream Flood Relief Proposals The works proposed to the Assolas Stream will be carried out Between Townsend Street and the Baltimore Road R595.

• Showgrounds Stream Flood Relief Proposals The works proposed to the Showgrounds Stream will be carried out in the vicinity of the Mill Road.

• Glencurragh Stream Flood Relief Proposals A pumping station will be constructed as part of these works immediately west of The Moorings Housing Estate.

14.3.1.2 Bridges

The following works are proposed to existing Bridges/ structures as part of the Flood Alleviations Works:-

• Structural protection works to John F. Kennedy Bridge (Ilen 6); and

• The existing pipe/culvert of the Assolas Stream under the road to Coronea will be upsized to provide sufficient capacity to cater for flows in the stream.

______RPS/MCE0703RP0004 14-2 Rev. F01 Environmental Impact Statement – River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme Volume II Main Document

14.3.2 Navigation

The River Ilen is used by a variety of small leisure crafts and by the Skibbereen Rowing Club.

There is access via the River Ilen Estuary and an access slip to the Ilen at the Flax Mills houses.

The following works are to be carried out as part of the Skibbereen Flood Alleviation Works to areas that provide access to the River Ilen:

• Where works encroach on the river, any volume lost will be compensated for by widening of the river channel as necessary to ensure that there is no loss of navigation.

14.3.3 Major Utilities

The proposed scheme will require crossing of major utilities at various locations, as detailed below. These crossings will be constructed in accordance with the requirements of the relevant bodies (the Electricity Supply Board (ESB), Cork County Council, and Eircom to avoid/minimise disruption to their services.

Bord Gáis Éireann (BGÉ)

There are no BGE distribution or transmission gas mains in the vicinity of the scheme.

Electricity Supply Board (ESB)

Having undertaken preliminary consultation with ESB Networks, RPS has identified that there are both existing low voltage (10kV) underground cables and overhead lines, medium voltage (35kV) overhead lines and 38kV overhead lines adjacent and/or crossing the proposed works at the following locations and as shown in Figure 14.1 ESB Network Drawing (included in Appendix 14 Material Assets)

• Ilen 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 11, 12, 13; • Show 1, 2, 3, 4; • Caol 1, 2, 3, and 4; and • Assolas 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5.

Telecommunications

Eircom

Details of Eircom infrastructure adjacent to and/or crossing the proposed works at the following locations and are mapped in Figure 14.2 Eircom Network Drawing (included in Appendix 14 Material Assets)

• Ilen 10, 11 and 12; • Show 1, 2; and 4; and • Caol 1, 2 and 3.

______RPS/MCE0703RP0004 14-3 Rev. F01 Environmental Impact Statement – River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme Volume II Main Document

Precautions will be necessary during construction of the flood alleviation works in order to ensure there is no damage to any of this infrastructure. These precautions will be determined at detailed design stage in consultation with Eircom.

BT Ireland and UPC

There is no BT Ireland network or UPC network adjacent to the proposed Flood alleviation works.

Broadband

Cork County Council has completed a fibre duct route along the four main routes out of Skibbereen Town totalling approximately 1,605m, providing a ring of fibre between the Town Council building, the Eircom exchange and the main business locations at the centre of the town.

Details of the broadband infrastructure adjacent to and/or crossing the proposed works occur at the following locations and are mapped in Figure 14.3 Broadband Network Drawing (included in Appendix 14 Material Assets)

• Ilen 9; and Caol 1.

14.3.4 Water and Sanitary Services

Water Supply

The water supply for Skibbereen Town is sourced upstream of the Ilen River at Ballyhilty. The water for the town is treated downstream on the banks of the River Ilen.

Water Supply infrastructure is adjacent to and/or crossing the proposed works at the following locations and mapped in Figure 14.4 Water Supply Network Drawing (included in Appendix 14 Material Assets)

• Ilen 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 11, 12; • Mill 1, 2; • Show 1, 2, 3, and 4; • Caol 1, 2, 3, 4; and • Assolas 1, 2, 4 and 5.

Sanitary Services

Sewerage network infrastructure is adjacent to and/or crossing the proposed works at the following locations and mapped in Figure 14.5 Sanitary Services Network Drawing (included in Appendix 14 Material Assets)

• Ilen 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14; • Mill 1; • Show 1, 2 and 3; • Caol 1, 2 and 3; and • Assolas 1, 2 and 4.

______RPS/MCE0703RP0004 14-4 Rev. F01 Environmental Impact Statement – River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme Volume II Main Document

14.3.5 Construction Material and Waste

The construction of the proposed Drainage Scheme will require significant excavation works for the foundations of the flood alleviation measures. The excavated material will consist mainly of gravels, sands and broken rock.

It is expected to re-use 97% of the topsoil within the works.

Details of material for embankment construction will be determined at the detailed design stage.

14.4 POTENTIAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION

14.4.1 Landownership, Land Use and Access

Disturbances to public and private properties during the construction of the River Ilen Drainage Scheme will be likely to cause short term impacts such as potential noise impacts and visual impacts (these are discussed in detail in Chapter 9 Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment and Chapter 11 Noise and Vibration). Impacts to landownership and properties within vicinity of the proposed scheme are discussed in Chapter 6 Community and Socio-Economic.

14.4.2 Infrastructure

14.4.2.1 Roads

While the areas identified in Section 14.3.1.1 above will be temporarily affected due to the construction of the proposed flood alleviation measures, there will however be no loss of road space to the defences.

The construction works associated with the proposed flood alleviation works will cause a temporary negative impact on the traffic in Skibbereen Town particularly at the following locations:-

• Schull Road (N71) • Relief Road (N71) • John F. Kennedy Bridge • Levis Quay • North Street • Mill Road (R593) • Market Street (R595) • Townsend Street • Baltimore Road (R595) • Coronea Drive

______RPS/MCE0703RP0004 14-5 Rev. F01 Environmental Impact Statement – River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme Volume II Main Document

An indication of the level of construction traffic is established by estimating the number of round trips required to remove surplus excavated materials from site, deliver construction materials to site and the daily transport of construction workers to and from site.

Table 14.2 gives a breakdown of the estimated construction traffic on a trips per day basis over the course of the estimated construction period of 24 months.

Table 14.2: Estimated Construction Traffic

Trip Description Number of Round Trips Trips Per Day Removal of Surplus Material 5,800 20 Delivery of Construction Materials 6200 22 Construction Worker 8400 30 Total 20,400 72

Note: Trips per Day calculated on an estimated construction period of 572 working days (Based on 24 months work working 5 days per week in the winter time and 6 days per week in the Summer time)

The Skibbereen Town Development Plan has identified existing issues of traffic congestion in the town and the particular importance of the N71 relief road

‘Notwithstanding significant enhancement to the local road network, including the N71 relief road constructed through the Marsh which diverts all passing traffic heading west away from the town centre and the construction of the Gortnaclohy Link Road which distributes local traffic from the east away from The Square in the town centre, there still remains heavy traffic flows and congestion through the town at peak periods. This situation is exacerbated as all traffic heading south west from the N71 on the R595 to Baltimore must pass through the centre of the town.’

MHL Consulting Engineers were engaged by Cork County Council to carry out a traffic survey in Skibbereen Town in 2011, Table 14.3 below shows the daily traffic recorded and the percentage increase in daily traffic that the estimated Construction traffic would make.

Table 14.3: Existing Daily Traffic

Road Name Traffic Numbers % Increase Due to Construction Traffic

N71 Schull Rd Roundabout to 6,416 1.1% Cork Road Roundabout

John F. Kennedy Bridge 7360 1%

Castletownsend Road 3792 1.9%

While the daily construction traffic impact is shown as being between 1 and 2% increase over the whole day, it is anticipated that construction activities in conjunction with construction traffic will significantly affect the flow of traffic through Skibbereen Town.

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A detailed traffic management plan must be prepared in accordance with the ‘Guidance for the Control and Management of traffic at Roadworks’ in consultation with Cork County Council to ensure any disruption and delay is kept to a minimum.

This temporary impact is believed to be outweighed by the long term gains of the Drainage Scheme.

14.4.2.2 Bridges

The structural protection works to John F. Kennedy Bridge and the upsizing of the existing Assolas Stream culvert will be carefully designed to ensure no negative impact.

Detailed design of these works will be carried out in consultation with the OPW, the IFI and the structure owners before proposals are finalised.

14.4.3 Navigation

The proposed flood alleviation works have been designed to minimise impact to the navigation of the River Ilen. Details in respect of access arrangements are provided in Chapter 6 Community and Socio-Economic.

14.4.4 Major Utilities

14.4.4.1 Electricity

Precautions will be necessary during construction of the flood alleviation works in order to ensure there is no damage to any overhead or underground cables.

During detailed design, consultation should be undertaken with ESB Networks local transmission representatives in order to agree safe working procedures and necessary clearances between the lines and the flood alleviation works, in advance of any excavation.

Any proposed ducting of utilities crossing the defences from wet side to dry side will be sealed in order to prevent passage of flood waters.

14.4.5 Telecommunications

Eircom

Precautions will be necessary during construction of the flood alleviation works in order to ensure there is no damage to any of this infrastructure as indicated in Figure 14.2 Eircom Network Drawing (included in Appendix 14 Material Assets ). These precautions will be determined at detailed design stage in consultation with Eircom.

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BT Ireland and UPC

There is no BT Ireland network or UPC network adjacent to the proposed Skibbereen Flood alleviation works.

Broadband

Precautions will be necessary during construction of the flood alleviation works in order to ensure there is no damage to any of this infrastructure as indicated Figure 14.3 Broadband Network Drawing (included in Appendix 14 Material Assets). These precautions will be determined at detailed design stage in consultation with Cork County Council.

Any proposed ducting of telecommunications crossing the defences from wet side to dry side will be sealed in order to prevent passage of flood waters.

14.4.6 Water and Sanitary Services

Sanitary Services

Precautions will be necessary during construction of the flood alleviation works in order to ensure there is no damage to any of this infrastructure as indicated in Figure 14.5 Sanitary Services Network Drawing (included in Appendix 14 Material Assets). These precautions will be determined at detailed design stage in consultation with Cork County Council.

Water Supply

Precautions will be necessary during construction of the flood alleviation works in order to ensure there is no damage to any of this infrastructure indicated in Figure 14.4 Water Supply Network Drawing (included in Appendix 14 Material Assets). These precautions will be determined at detailed design stage in consultation with Cork County Council.

14.4.7 Construction Material and Waste

The potential impact of the proposed Drainage Scheme with respect to construction imported materials and exported waste, is that effective re-use and recycling of materials might not be achieved in the absence of a coherent plan.

If waste is not correctly stored on site, it has the potential to cause an environmental impact, such as the storage of fuels and engine oils, which if not managed correctly could result in the water and ground pollution on or adjacent to the construction works.

Cork County Council operates a Waste Management Policy with a primary aim to minimise the amount of waste going to landfill.

A Waste Management Plan will be prepared by the Contractor and approved prior to construction for the scheme in accordance with all current and applicable waste management legislation; the Waste Management Act (1996) and the DoEHLG document ‘Best Practice Guidelines for the Preparation of Waste Management Plans for Construction and Demolition Projects (2006)’.

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Details of materials required for flood alleviation measures will be determined at the detailed design stage, with every effort to source materials from a local and sustainable origin where practicable.

14.5 RESIDUAL IMPACT

The residual impact of the proposed River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme is expected to be positive, and will include:-

• The provision of flood alleviation measures including flood embankments and flood walls which will reduce the potential for land and property flooding in Skibbereen Town; and

• A positive impact on property and land use within the surrounding area.

The proposed development will have a positive influence on Skibbereen by protecting property and land within the town from flooding risk once the construction of the flood alleviation measures is complete.

Overall, it is expected that the scheme have a positive impact on property and land use within the town. Any potential disruption to property, land use, services and existing transport networks in the vicinity of the flood works will be of a temporary nature and limited to the construction stage of the scheme. Good design incorporating appropriate precautionary measures agreed at detailed design stages and the implementation of appropriate site management measures during the construction phase will minimise inconvenience to adjoining residential properties, and reduce disturbances to utilities, and infrastructure.

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15 INTERACTION OF THE FOREGOING

It is necessary that the interactions between the environmental factors be considered to ensure that potential interactive effects of the project can be identified. Table 15.1 illustrates the interaction of impacts as identified in the report. It demonstrates that impacts resulting from one aspect of the environment can have a direct effect on other elements of the environment (receptors) i.e. interaction of impacts. A receptor is defined as a factor of the natural or man-made environment such as a person, water, air or a plant that is potentially affected by an impact.

Schedule 2 of the EIA 1999 Regulations (SI No. 93 of 1999) requires consideration of the interactions between the various environmental factors:-

Article 25 2(b)

• “a description of the aspects of the environment likely to be significantly affected by the proposed development, including in particular;

• human beings, fauna, flora,

• soil, water, air, climatic factors and the landscape,

• material assets, including the architectural; archaeological, and cultural heritage, and

• the inter-relationship between the above factors”.

The environmental factors and impacts of the proposed development have been assessed individually and mitigation measures recommended in the individual Chapters, where required. It is also important to analyse any interactions or cumulative effects that could result in impacts having a knock on effect on other elements of the environment.

For the purposes of the EIA, the potential impacts of the drainage scheme are considered in terms of impacts on each of the discrete environmental topic areas. In reality, topic areas such as ‘water quality’, ‘ecology’ or ‘landscape’ cannot be considered in isolation since changes affecting one factor may often have secondary implications for other areas. Thus, if one impact of the scheme is to alter the quality and quantity of a watercourse, flora and fauna may be affected as a secondary effect. Under some circumstances, it is possible for the secondary or indirect impacts to be more significant than the changes that triggered them.

Table 15.1 illustrates the interactions and cumulative impacts that could result as identified in the EIS if no mitigation measures are put in place for any impacts identified. It demonstrates that impacts resulting from one aspect of the environment can have a direct effect on other elements of the environment (receptors). A receptor is defined as a factor of the natural or manmade environment such as a person, water, air or a plant that is potentially affected by an impact

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Table 15.1: Interaction of Impacts

Initial Impact Soils, Water Identified in EIS as Human Flora & Landscape Cultural Geology Quality having an Interaction/ Noise Beings Fauna & Visual Heritage & Hydro- and Cumulative Effect on geology Fisheries Receptor Human Beings X X X X X X

Noise X X

Flora & Fauna X X X X

Landscape & Visual X X

Cultural Heritage X X

Soils, Geology & X X X X X Hydrogeology

Water Quality and X X X Fishers

In particular the following interactions are likely to occur:

Socio-Economic and Noise and Air Quality

The construction of the proposed development will give rise to some disruption for the resident, working and visiting population. The construction phase is likely to involve works including earthworks, pile driving, excavation, placing of cast in situ concrete, placing of pipes and masonry facing along with other construction processes as set out in Section 1.1 of this EIS. Potential impacts include construction noise, and issues with dust and vibration, arising from the construction processes and from associated construction traffic. Noise from construction works and disruption could result in adverse impacts on sensitive land uses, such as schools.

Socio-Economic and Landscape and Visual

With regard to landscape and visual impacts, evidence from the landscape character of the site and the zone of visual influence for the proposed proposal demonstrates that the broader landscape character area and visual context around the drainage scheme project has the capacity to absorb these proposed amendments and the proposal is acceptable in landscape and visual terms.

Views of the river from the town (the river being an important amenity feature in this regard) will be impacted temporarily where works, including in-stream works are being carried out.

Visual impact from temporary fencing, sheet piles, dewatering equipment and other structures and plant required during the construction phase have the potential to impact adversely on the amenities of land uses in the recreational and tourism sectors for the residential, working and visiting population.

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Socio-Economic and Water Quality & Fisheries

The layout of the proposed scheme was designed to minimise significant regrading works, externsive culverting and other wirks that may impact on fisheries interested. Recommendations from IFI as highlighted during consultation have been considered and incorporated into the scheme where relevant.

Socio-Economic and Cultural Heritage

The layout of the scheme has been designed in order to minimise impacts on all identified archaeological sites and structures of architectural heritage significance. The areas affected by the proposed development have been deemed to be of low archaeological potential based on rigorous desk-based research and field surveys. However, archaeological monitoring will be conducted on all ground works during the construction of the drainage scheme, including areas where any in channel works are proposed. In the event that archaeological artefacts, features or deposits are uncovered during monitoring, then the National Monuments Service will be notified immediately. Preservation in situ (avoidance) or preservation by record (excavation) of the features may be required.

Water Quality and Flora and Fauna

Changes to baseline terrestrial flora and fauna are known to indirectly impact water quality. For example impacts on terrestrial ecology such as removal of bank-side trees can impact on aquatic ecology by removing sources of food, shade and cover. The spread of invasive species can be caused by poor work practices. Impacts on fish populations can impact on piscivorous species such as otter and kingfisher. These impacts are discussed in Chapter 7 Aquatic Flora and Fauna. Provided the mitigation measures outlined in both chapters 7 and 8 are effectively implemented no significant, long-term detrimental impacts on aquatic or terrestrial ecology are envisaged

In addition a strict construction and environmental management plan, safe storage of materials and the existence of adequate silt traps on site should be sufficient protection for preventing adverse impacts on surrounding surface and groundwater watercourses. Stringent drainage mitigation is contained in this EIS and will be implemented by the Contractor as part of the CEMP.

Socio-Economic and Material Assets

The construction phase may cause some disruption to existing businesses, visiting and resident populations due to traffic, works close to premises, road closures etc. However these impacts will be for a temporary period only and no significant impacts such as job losses due to this construction phase are envisaged.

Visiting and resident population utilising the town’s amenity walk (Slí na Sláinte route) and/or the cycle routes based in the town will experience disruption when construction activities are being carried out in the areas where these are located. These are considered to be temporary, slight, negative impacts. Pedestrian routes and cycle routes will be affected for relatively short distances at the start and finish of loops.

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Consulted web resources

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Skibbereen Town Council: www.skibbereentowncouncil.ie/

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