Mathematical Cognition, 1995, Vol. 1, pp. 35-60. Origins of Numerical Knowledge Karen Wynn University of Arizona I would like to thank Renee Baillargeon, Tom Bever, Paul Bloom, Randy Gallistel, Rochel Gelman, Marcus Giaquinto and Elizabeth Spelke for helpful discussion, and Marcus Giaquinto and especially Paul Bloom for their painstaking comments on preliminary versions of this paper. Some of the work presented here was supported by an NICHD FIRST Award to the author. Correspondence and comments should be sent to the author at the Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson AZ 85721; or sent by e-mail to
[email protected]. Wynn, K. Origins of Numerical Knowledge Abstract Evidence is presented that young human infants possess a system of numerical knowledge that consists of a mechanism for determining and representing small numbers of entities, as well as procedures for operating over these representations so as to extract information of the numerical relationships between them. A model for this mechanism is presented, and its relation to the development of further numerical knowledge is discussed. - 2 - Wynn, K. Origins of Numerical Knowledge Introduction In this paper, I will make three central arguments. First, I will argue that human infants possess extensive numerical competence. Empirical findings show that young infants are able to represent and reason about numbers of things. Infants' ability to determine number is not based on perceptual properties of displays of different numbers of items, nor is it restricted to specific kinds of entities such as physical objects. Rather, it spans a range of ontologically different kinds of entities.