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NOM Technical Report NMFS Circular 448 TMOsp - 'r lo Synopsis of Biological Data i I on the Grunts o CO Haemulon aurolineatum and 4FNTO H. plum/en (Pisces: Haemulidae) George H. Darcy February 1983 FAO Fisheries Synopsis No. 133 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Malcolm Baldrige, Secretary National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration John V. Byrne, Administrator National Marine Fisheries Service William G. Gordon, Assistant Administrator for Fisheries The National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) does not approve, rec- ommend or endorse any proprietary product orproprietary material mentioned in this publication. No reference shall be made to NMFS, or to this publication furnished by NMFS, in any advertising or sales pro- motion which would indicate or imply that NMFS approves, recommends or endorses any proprietary product or proprietary material mentioned herein, or which has as its purpose an intent to cause directly or indirectly the advertised product to be used or purchased because of this NMFS publication. CONTENTS Introcluct on - I IIdentity I I.I N oiiienc at U re I I Valid naine 12 Objective synonymy ¡ .2 Taxonomy 3 1.21 Affinities 3 1 .22 Taxonomie status 3 1.23 Subspecies 4 I .24 Sta nda rd corn mo n na mes, vernacular n a mes 4 1.3 Morphology 4 1.31 External morphology 4 * .32 Cytomorphology 1.33 Protein specificity 5 2 Distribution 5 2. I Total area 5 2.2 Different ial distribution 6 2.2 I Spawn. larvae and juveniles 6 2.22 Adults 7 2.3 Determinants of distribution changes 7 2.4 Hybridization 8 3 Bionomics and life history 8 3. 1 Reproduction 8 3.11 Sexuality 8 3.12 Maturity 8 3.l3Mating 9 3.14 Fertilization 9 3.l5Gonads 9 3.lóSpawning 9 3.l7Spawn II 3.2 Preadult phase li 3.21 Embryonic phase li 3.22 Larvae and adolescent phase Il 3.3 Adult phase 17 3.31 Longevity 17 3.32 Hardiness 17 3.33 Competitors 19 3.34 Predators 19 3.35 Parasites, diseases, injuries, and abnormalities 19 3.36 Chemical composition 19 3.4 Nutrition and growth 19 T 3.41 Feeding 19 3.42 Food 19 3.43 Growth rate 20 *344 Metabolism 3.5 Behavior 23 3.51 Migrations and local movements 23 3.52 Schooling 24 *3,53 Responses to stimuli 4 Population 24 4. I Structure 24 4.11 Sex ratio 24 4.12 Age composition 24 4.13 Size composition 25 4.14 Subpopulations 26 4.2 Abundance and density 26 4.3 Natality and recruitment 28 4.31 Reproduction rates 28 4.32 Factors affecting reproduction 28 4.33 Recruitment 28 t'i 4.4 Mortality and morbidity 29 4.5 Dynamics of population 29 4.6 The population in the community and the ecosystem 31 5 Exploitation 31 5.1 Fishing equipment 31 5.2 Fishing areas 31 5.3 Fishing seasons 32 5.4 Fishing operations and results 32 5.41 Effort and intensity 32 5.42 Selectivity 32 5.43 Catches 32 6 Protection and management 34 6. 1 Regulatory measures 34 *7 Pond fish culture Acknowledgments 34 Literature cited 35 *No information available. iv Synopsis of Biological Data on the Grunts Haemulon auro1inei.: m and H. plumieri (Pisces: Haemulidae)' GEORGE H. DARCY2 ABSTRACT Information on the biology and fishery resources of two common species of western Atlantic grunts, Itaem atan auralineatum and H. plurnieri, is compiled, reviewed, and analyzed in (he FAO species synopsis style. INTRODUCTION 1.12 Objective synonymy Grunts are often given little attention in discussions of western The following synonymies are based on Courtenay (1961): Atlantic marine fisheries because of their small size. Yet some species. Haemulon aurolineatum Cuvier including the tornIate, Hacinulon aurolineatwn, and the white grunt. H. plumieri,are among the most abundant fishes on reefs, live-bottom Haemulon chrysoprerum Cuvier, 1829 (misidentification, in part) shelf areas, and in a variety of inshore habitats in the Caribbean Sea, the Haernulon chrysopteron. Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1829 Gulf of Mexico, and along the southeastern Atlantic coast of the United (in part) States. Due to their nocturnal foraging migrations, they are important Haemulon aurolìneatu,n Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1829 energy importers to reef communities and are probably major prey of Haemulon chrysopteron. DeKay, 1842 (misidentification, in part) many larger species, such as snappers and groupers. Grunts am among Haernulon jeniguano Poey, 1860 the fishes most caught by recreational and subsistence fishermen in this Bathysronajeniguarno. Scudder, 1863 geographical area. They are quality food fish and are commercially Bathystoma chrysopterum. Scudder, 1863 important in areas such as Campeche Bank. Exploratory trawling in the Haemulum aurolinearum. Cope, 1871 northeastern Gulf of Mexico suggests that potentially exploitable pop- Diabasis aurolineatus. Goode and Bean, 1883 ulations of grunts may exist there. This paper summarizes information Diabasis chrysopterus. Bean, 1883 on these species. Diabasisjeniguano. Bean, 1883 Haemulon rirnator Jordan and Swain, 1884 I IDENTITY Bat hysroma aurolineatum. Jordan and Evermann, 1896 Haemulon Bathystoma) aurolineatum. Metzelaar, 1919 1.1 Nomenclature Bath ysroma aurolinearuin aurolineatum Ginsburg, 1948 Barhystoma aurolineatuns rimator Ginsburg, 1948 1.11 Valid name Bat/zysrona aurolineatum angustum Ginsburg, 1948 Haemulon aurolinearum Cuvier, in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1829 Haemulon plunieri (Lace'pède) (Fig. I). Guabi coarca brasiliensibus Marcgrave, 1648 Tomtate, Hae,nr1lon aurolineatunt Cuvier, in Cuvier and Valenci- Perca marina copile striato Catusby, 1743 ennes, 1829:237-238, type localities: Brazil, San Domingo. The Perca formosa Linnaeus, 1766 (in part) name comes from the Greek haima (blood) and oulon (the gums), Labruspluinierii Lace'pède, 1802 referring to the red mouth interior, and the Latin auntm (gold) and Haemulonformosutn. Cuvier, 1829 (in part) lineatus (marked with lines), referring to the yellow body stripes of Haernulon arcuarum Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes, adults. 1833 Labrus plumieri. Cuvier, 1834 Haemulonplumieri (Lacépède, 1802) (Fig. 2). Haemulonformosu,n. DeKay, 1843 (in part) Haemulonparae. Castelnau, 1855 (possibly misidentification) White grunt, Haernulon plumieri (Lacpde 1802:480), type Hae,nulon arara Poey, 1860 locality: America. The name comes from the Greek haima (blood) Haemulon subarcuatum Poey, 1861 and oulon (the gums), referring to the red mouth interior. Named Hae,nylumformosum. Scudder, 1863 after Father Plumier, a French naturalist who sent drawings of this Hae,nylum arara. Scudder, 1863 species to Europe from Martinique (Jordan and Fesler 1893). Haemulumfor,'nosum. Cope, 1871 Diabasisformosus. Goode and Bean, 1883 Diabasispluinieri. Bean, 1883 Contribution No. 82-30M of the Southeast Fisheries Center. 2Southcast Fisheries Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, 75 Vir- Haenu1on plumieri. Jordan, 1884 ginia Beach Drive, Miami, FL 33149. Hae,nulon plurnierii. Meek and Hildebrand, 1925 Figure 1.Adult Haemulon aurolineatum. (From Courtenay and Sahiman 1978.) o 6.0 cm Figure 2.Adult llaemulon plutnieri. (From Courtenay and Sahlman 1978.) 2 1.2 Taxonomy Specific 1.21 Affinities Haemulon aurolineaturn Suprageneric The following species diagnosis is from Courtenay (1961): pored lateral line scales 50-52; caudal peduncle scales 22(9-2-Il); dorsal Phylum Chordata fin XII + I, 14-15, usually 15; anal fin 1H, 9, rarely 8; pectoral fins Class Osteichthyes 17-18, usually 17; gill rakers 24-28; longitudinal scale rows below Superorder Acanthopterygii lateral line parallel to long axis of body; body silvery-white with Order Pere iformes yellow to brown stripe from behind preopercle to black blotch at Suborder Percoidei base of caudal fin; pectoral fins chalky; other fins pale gray to Family Haemulidae chalky; juveniles with lateral stripe from behind eye to caudal peduncle continuous with oval spot when young, separate from Systematics and distribution of the family Haemulidae were dumbbell-shaped spot in larger individuals. rcveiwed by Konchina (1976), who listed several previously recog- Adults of H. aurolineaturn are easily separated from most other nized families (Gaterinidae, Pomadasidae, Prisinpomidae, P1cc- species of Haenu1on because they possess 13 dorsal spines. Other torhinchidae, and Xenichthyidae) now included in Haemulidae. Haetnulon species, except for H. striature and H. bosch,nae, have Although recent usage has favored the family name Pomadasyidae, 12 dorsal spines. The three species having 13 spines may be distin- Haemulidae is an earlier name which should be applied (Robins et guished as shown in Table 1. al. 1980). Generic Table l.Distinguishing characters of three species of Haemulon from the western Atlantic. (From Courtenay and Sahlman 1978.) Several workers have reviewed the genus Haemulon, sensu lato. Jordan and Swain (1884) discussed the status of the genus and con- Character H. aurolineatum H. st rialum H. boschmae cluded that Bathystoma of Scudder (1863 as cited in Jordan and Scales around caudal Swain 1884), in which the species aurolineatum is sometimes peduncle 22 25-26 23-27 placed, should not be regarded as a distinct genus. Jordan and Scale rows below parallel to oblique mostly parallel Fesler (1893) likewise did not recognize Bathystoma, but placed lateral line body axis to body ax(s Gill rakers in Haemulon along with Iutjanids in the family Sparidae. Ginsburg first arch 24-2 8 28-34 30-36 (1948) reviewed the species of Bathystorna, a genus which he con- Anal fin rays 9 7-8 7-9 sidered distinct based on a difference in number of dorsal spines (usually 8) (Bathystoma having 13 and Haernulon, sensu stricto, having 12). Body shape compressed, not compressed,
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  • List of Colour Plates

    List of Colour Plates

    click for previous page LIST OF COLOUR PLATES PLATE I - LEIOGNATHIDAE PLATE V - LUTJANIDAE 1. Gazza achlamys 27. Aphareus furca 2. Gazza minuta 28. Aphareus rutilans 3. Leiognathus aureus 29. Aprion virescens 4. Leiognathus berbis 30. Etelis carbunculus 5. Leiognathus bindus 31. Etelis coruscans 6. Leiognathus blochii 32. Lipocheilus carnolabrum 7. Leiognathus daura 33. Lutjanus adetii 8. Leiognathus decants 34. Lutjanus argentimaculatus PLATE II – LEIOGNATHIDAE PLATE VI - LUTJANIDAE 9. Leiognathus dussumieri 35. Lutjanus bengalensis 10. Leiognathus elongates 36. Lutjanus biguttatus 11. Leiognathus equulus 37. Lutjanus bohar 12. Leiognathus fasciatus 38. Lutjanus boutton 13. Leiognathus leuciscus 39. Lutjanus carponotatus 14. Leiognathus longispinis 40. Lutjanus decussatus 41. Lutjanus dodecacanthoides 42. Lutjanus ehrenbergii PLATE III - LEIOGNATHIDAE 15. Leiognathus moretoniensis 16. Leiognathus pan PLATE VII - LUTJANIDAE 17. Leiognathus rapsoni 43. Lutjanus fulviflamma 18. Leiognathus splendens 44. Lutjanus fulvus 19. Leiognathus stercorarius 45. Lutjanus gibbus 20. Leiognathus sp. 1 46. Lutjanus johnii 47. Lutjanus kasmira 48. Lutjanus lemniscatus PLATE IV - LEIOGNATHIDAE 49. Lutjanus lunulatus 21. Leiognathus sp. 2 50. Lutjanus lutjanus 22. Secutor hanedai 23. Secutor indicius 24. Secutor insidiator PLATE VIII - LUTJANIDAE 25. Secutor megalolepis 51. Lutjanus madras 26. Secutor ruconius 52. Lutjanus malabaricus 53. Lutjanus monostigma 54. Lutjanus quinquelineatus 55. Lutjanus rivulatus 56. Lutjanus russelli 57. Lutjanus semicinctus 58. Lutjanus stellatus PLATE IX – LUTJANIDAE PLATE XIII - HAEMULIDAE 59. Lutjanm vitta 91. Diagramma pictum 60. Paracaesio kusakarii 92. Diagramma pictum 61. Paracaesio sordida 93. Plectorhinchus albovittatus 62. Paracaesio xanthura 94. Plectorhinchus albovittatus 63. Parapristipomoides squamimaxillaris 95. Plectorhinchus albovittatus 64. Pinjalo lewisi 96. Plectorhinchus chaetodonoides 65. Pinjalo pinjalo 97. Plectorhinchus chaetodonoides 66. Pristipomoides argyrogrammicus 98.