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Determining International Parasport Success Factors for UK Para-Athletics

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Determining International Parasport Success Factors for UK Para-Athletics Determining International Parasport Success Factors for UK Para-Athletics PEAKE, Rebecca Louise Available from Sheffield Hallam University Research Archive (SHURA) at: http://shura.shu.ac.uk/25468/ This document is the author deposited version. You are advised to consult the publisher's version if you wish to cite from it. Published version PEAKE, Rebecca Louise (2019). Determining International Parasport Success Factors for UK Para-Athletics. Doctoral, Sheffield Hallam University. Copyright and re-use policy See http://shura.shu.ac.uk/information.html Sheffield Hallam University Research Archive http://shura.shu.ac.uk Determining International Parasport Success Factors for UK Para-Athletics Rebecca Louise Peake A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of Sheffield Hallam University for the degree of Doctor of Professional Studies April 2019 CANDIDATE DECLARATION I hereby declare that: 1. I have not been enrolled for another award of the University, or other academic or professional organisation, whilst undertaking my research degree. 2. None of the material contained in the thesis has been used in any other submission for an academic award. 3. I am aware of and understand the University's policy on plagiarism and certify that this thesis is my own work. The use of all published or other sources of material consulted have been properly and fully acknowledged. 4. The work undertaken towards the thesis has been conducted in accordance with the SHU Principles of Integrity in Research and the SHU Research Ethics Policy. 5. The word count of the thesis is 44,430. Name Rebecca Louise Peake Date April 2019 Award Doctor of Professional Studies Faculty Health and Wellbeing Director(s) of Studies Dr. Larissa Davies ABSTRACT Parasport is attracting increased attention, with many nations adopting a systematic approach to the pursuit of international sporting success. The acceptance of an approach developed in a non-disabled context assumes that the determinants of success are concomitant for parasport and non-disabled sport alike. Policy development in this area is currently underdeveloped and a significant knowledge gap is evident. This knowledge gap provides the rationale for this study based on three principal factors: A lack of studies examining international parasport success factors; a lack of studies examining international sporting success factors in sport-specific contexts and; an absence of studies that address both dimensions. This study aims to address this gap in the literature by determining international parasport success factors for UK para-athletics. The study undertakes a critical realist approach, using a mixed methods research design. A four-phase sequential design was adopted which included both quantitative surveys completed by para- athletes and their coaches and qualitative semi-structured interviews, with athletes, coaches and UK Athletics staff. The results of this study suggest that the determinants of success identified for para-athletics include the factors identified in previous non-disabled studies but that there are additional variable factors for consideration. The relevant variable factors identified by this study are grouped as the nature of impairment (acquired or congenital); the level of support and care needs; and the level of equipment needs. This study provides a model illustrating the influences of these variables on the determinants of success, which may be of value for the development of para-athletics policies and the design of parasport support structures in the future. Consideration of the DIPAS model can enable improved structures and enhanced support of para-athletes, consequently improving success rates and ensuring appropriate spend of public money. It is recommended that the research approach is repeated in nations that perform comparably in para-athletics. Further research within athletics is advised to explore variance across event disciplines and ensure appropriate allocation of resources. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Over the last four years, I have been privileged to work with a wide range of individuals, all of whom have contributed to the successful completion of this thesis. My research would have been impossible without the aid of UK Athletics, specifically, Paula Dunn for allowing me to access staff, athletes and coaches. I would like to thank the athletes and coaches for sharing their experiences with me. Heartfelt thanks to Claire Williams for our conversations, her honest sharing of experiences planted the initial seed of enquiry for the research area. I am profoundly grateful to my Director of Studies, Dr Larissa Davies for her support, patience and advice. I appreciate her guidance and direction. I would also like to thank Stuart Allan for his invaluable help. Above all, I would like to thank my wife, Emma, for her support and eternal optimism, my mum for her confidence and inspiration, and my former writing buddy, Jesse, for always being by my side. Thank you to all my friends and colleagues for the support and encouragement throughout this exciting journey. TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1 Introduction ............................................................................................. 1 1.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Defining Parasport ............................................................................................. 2 1.3 Background ........................................................................................................ 3 1.3.1 Comparative Studies in Sport ........................................................................ 3 1.3.2 The Evolution of Parasport ............................................................................ 5 1.3.3 Sport Participation by Disabled People....................................................... 10 1.3.4 UK Athletics .................................................................................................. 10 1.4 Research Rationale ......................................................................................... 13 1.5 Aims and Objectives........................................................................................ 14 1.6 Structure of Thesis .......................................................................................... 15 Chapter 2 Review of Literature ............................................................................. 17 2.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 17 2.2 Literature Review Approach............................................................................ 17 2.2.1 Search Strategy ............................................................................................ 18 2.3 Disability Sport ................................................................................................. 20 2.3.1 Parasport ...................................................................................................... 21 2.3.2 Sport for People with Disabilities ................................................................. 23 2.3.3 Participation in Disability Sport .................................................................... 25 2.3.4 Barriers to Disability Sport Participation...................................................... 27 2.3.5 Inspiration Effect – Para-Athletes as Role Models ..................................... 30 2.3.6 Parasport Talent Development .................................................................... 33 2.4 Classification .................................................................................................... 36 2.5 Elite Sport Policy.............................................................................................. 39 2.5.1 Evolution of Elite Sport Policy ...................................................................... 39 2.5.2 Similarity and Variance in Elite Sport Systems........................................... 40 2.5.3 Elite Sport Policy in the UK .......................................................................... 42 2.5.4 Disability Sport Policy in the UK .................................................................. 43 2.5.5 Para-Athletics Funding ................................................................................. 45 2.5.6 Organisation and Administration in UK Athletics ........................................ 46 2.6 Sport Policy Factors Leading to International Sporting Success .................. 49 2.6.1 Comparative Elite Sport Policy .................................................................... 50 2.6.2 Macro, Meso, and Micro Level Factors ....................................................... 58 2.7 Chapter Summary ........................................................................................... 64 Chapter 3 Methodology ......................................................................................... 66 3.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 66 3.2 The Professional Doctorate ............................................................................ 66 3.3 Research Context in Parasport....................................................................... 67 3.4 Philosophical Approach................................................................................... 70 3.4.1 Critical Realism............................................................................................
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