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Journal of Threatened Taxa Building evidence for conservaton globally www.threatenedtaxa.org ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print) Communication Foraging preferences of honey bees Apis cerana in Dakshina Kannada, Karnataka, India
A.G. Suhas Krishna & Rajashekhar K. Patl
26 April 2019 | Vol. 11 | No. 6 | Pages: 13756–13764 DOI: 10.11609/jot.4265.11.6.13756-13764
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Threatened Taxa Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 April 2019 | 11(6): 13756–13764
Foraging preferences of honey bees Apis cerana in
Communication Dakshina Kannada, Karnataka, India
ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) A.G. Suhas Krishna 1 & Rajashekhar K. Patl 2 ISSN 0974-7893 (Print) PLATINUM 1,2 Department of Applied Zoology, Mangalore University, Mudipu - Manjanady Road, Mangalagangotri, Mangaluru, Karnataka 574199, India. OPEN ACCESS 1 [email protected] (corresponding author), 2 [email protected]
Abstract: Honey bees visit fowers for collectng nectar and pollen. Pollen serves as a source of protein for the survival of honeybees. To understand the dependence and preference of the honey bee species Apis cerana on diferent pollen resources, we carried out a study to analyze the distributon of diferent types of pollen in honey in various regions of the coastal plains of the Western Ghats. Fourteen diferent honey samples from diferent sites ranging in elevaton from 55m to 135m were collected and analyzed. Acetolysis and centrifugaton were used for pollen extracton from diferent honey samples. The extracted pollen was mixed with glycerin jelly and transferred to a glass slide for microscopic analysis. The primary source of pollen as revealed by the current study were found to be Areca catechu, Cocos nucifera, Ixora coccinea, Mimosa pudica, and Psidium guajava. Morphotype analysis revealed 12 diferent plants to be the source of the pollen. Each honey sample collected from diferent locatons, however, had only three to six types of pollen indicatng that honeybees visit a narrow or a small number of pollen sources. Therefore, based on our study, we conclude that lesser types of pollen in each honey sample indicates that their food resources are getng limited. Therefore, it is necessary to conserve pollen resources for the beter survival of honey bees and the environment.
Keywords: Areca catechu, Cocos nucifera, coastal plains, Ixora coccinea, melissopalynological analysis, Mimosa pudica, nectar, pollen, Psidium guajava, Western Ghats.
DOI: htps://doi.org/10.11609/jot.4265.11.6.13756-13764
Editor: P.A. Sinu, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, India. Date of publicaton: 26 April 2019 (online & print)
Manuscript details: #4265 | Received 17 May 2018 | Final received 11 January 2019 | Finally accepted 08 April 2019
Citaton: Krishna, A.G.S & R.K. Patl (2019). Foraging preferences of honey bees Apis cerana in Dakshina Kannada, Karnataka, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 11(6): 13756–13764. htps://doi.org/10.11609/jot.4265.11.6.13756-13764
Copyright: © Krishna & Patl 2019. Creatve Commons Atributon 4.0 Internatonal License. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproducton, and distributon of this artcle in any medium by adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publicaton.
Funding: None.
Competng interests: The authors declare no competng interests.
Author Details: A.G. Suhas Krishna is Assistant Professor, Department of Zoology, Vivekananda Degree College. He is interested in insects such as honey bees and other aspects of biodiversity. He is also a part tme research scholar in Department of Applied Zoology, Mangalore University, Konaje. Dr. Rajashekhar K. Patil is retred Professor, Department of Applied Zoology, Mangalore University. He is interested in insect physiology, behaviour and neurobiology.
Author Contributon: AGSK has done all the experiments, AGSK & RKP have writen the manuscript.
Acknowledgements: The authors are grateful to Mangalore University for providing the necessary facilites and requirements to carry out this research work.
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INTRODUCTION 2012, 2014), and Madhya Pradesh (Chauhan & Quamar 2010; Sahney & Seth 2013) conducted studies on these Among all insects that pollinate, honeybees aspects. are considered to be one of the crucial pollinators (Ballantyne et al. 2017). Animal pollinaton directly afects about three-quarters of essental crop types, MATERIALS AND METHODS including most fruits, seeds, and nuts (Smith et al. 2015). Honeybees collect diferent types of pollen and they are From February 2016 to April 2016, 14 honey samples added or mixed with honey intentonally or accidentally. were collected from 14 diferent locatons of Dakshina Melissopalynological analysis, or studies on pollen, are Kannada District, which covers from 12.520N & 74.530E helpful in determining the geographical and botanical to 12.870N & 74.880E in the state of Karnataka, India, origin of honey (Louveaux et al. 1978; von der Ohe et and has an area of 4,559km2 (Dakshina Kannada District al. 2004). These studies also evaluate the plant source Profle 2015; Fig. 1). Beekeepers of diferent areas of required for honey producton and such knowledge Dakshina Kannada were approached and samples were about the pollen resource helps improve beekeeping collected from them with the intenton of understanding practces. A few melissopalynological studies were the pollen preferences of honey bees in the district. The carried out in India, and our study aims to present the geographical positon of the honey samples collected foraging preferences of honeybees in the coastal plains was also noted down and all 14 honey samples from of the Western Ghats. diferent sites ranging in elevaton of 55–135 m were Vegetaton of Dakshina Kannada that lies along sampled (Table 2). the Western Ghats expresses itself with thousands The samples were stored in containers. Honey of species and several hundred genera of plants. samples were collected from several apiaries of It harbours several endemic and rare plants; this domestcated Apis cerana indica colonies. All honey range of diversity is because of the physiological and samples were unprocessed and raw during the tme geographical positoning of Dakshina Kannada along the of collecton and they were extracted using honey coastline, exposed to elevatons ranging from sea level extractng machines from honeycombs by beekeepers. to about 4,500f. It consists of the Western Ghats in the The detailed informaton on the diferent honey samples east and the seashore in the west. The soil is mostly collected is included in Table 1. lateritc and the topography of the district is plain up to To do pollen analysis, 5g of honey sample was 30km inside the coast and changes to undulatng hilly dissolved in 5ml of distlled water and centrifuged at terrain sharply towards the east in the Western Ghats 2,500rpm for 10min. Afer centrifugaton, the sediment (Dakshina Kannada District Profle 2015). Trees such obtained was treated with 5ml glacial acetc acid. Later, as Bamboo, Rosewood Dalbergia latfolia, and Teak the glacial acetc acid was removed and the material Tectona grandis are found in the hilly areas towards the was subjected to acetolysis as per Erdtman (1952). This east. In rural Dakshina Kannada, houses are situated soluton was again centrifuged and the supernatant between farmlands or plantatons of Arecanut Areca soluton was discarded; the sediment containing catechu and Coconut Cocos nucifera (Anonymous 2015). pollen was taken and added with glycerin jelly and was The earliest research on the pollen present in honey transferred to a glass slide. The glass slide was slightly was done by Pfster (1895) by carrying out an analysis heated to melt the jelly and cover slip was applied. To of French, Swiss, and European honey. Deodikar et al. secure the coverslip, colourless nail polish was applied (1958) initated palynological studies in Maharashtra in to its edges (Song et al. 2012; Ponnuchemy et al. 2014). India. Later, others from diferent parts of India such as To analyze the pollen present in the honey samples Andhra Pradesh (Ramanujam & Kalpana 1991; Lakshmi qualitatvely and quanttatvely, three pollen slides & Suryanarayana 2004; Ramakrishna & Swathi 2013; were prepared for each of the samples. Pollen types Devender & Ramakrishna 2015), Bihar (Suryanarayana were identfed by comparison with reference slides, et al. 1992), Himachal Pradesh (Sharma 1970; Sharma which were prepared by collectng pollen directly from & Raj 1985), West Bengal (Bhatacharya et al. 1983; the plants in the study area. In additon, palynological Chakrabort & Bhatacharya 2011; Kamble et al. 2015), literature were also used. For quantfcaton of pollen Utarakhand (Garg & Nair 1974), Karnataka (Chauhan types, 300 pollen grains were counted from each sample. & Murthy 2010; Shubharani et al. 2012; Raghunandan The percentage frequency of the pollen taxa found in all & Basavarajappa 2013), Orissa (Upadyay & Bera 2008, the samples was calculated. The types of pollen were
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Figure 1. Dakshina Kannada District in Karnataka State, India, showing 14 sites of honey sample collecton: 1 - Irde, 2 - Kelinja, 3 - Betampady, 4 - Parladka, 5 - Mithanadka, 6 - Mudipu, 7 - Derlakate, 8 - Belvai, 9 - Kadaba, 10 - Deppuni, 11 - Kundadka, 12 - Punacha, 13 - Uppinangady, 14 - Mitoor. allocated to one of four frequency classes: i) predominant as M. pudica, P. guajava, A. catechu, C. nucifera, and pollen type (>45%), ii) secondary pollen type (16–45%), I. coccinea were predominant (Image 2) and can be iii) important minor pollen types (3–15 %), and iv) minor considered as important source of forage for honey bees pollen types (<3%) (Louveaux et al. 1978; Song et al. in Dakshina Kannada. 2012). Absolute pollen count in 1g of honey sample Pollen of some species such as Areca catechu in was also made. Pollen grains were observed using light samples DK-Ka-09 and DK-Be-03, Cocos nucifera in microscopy; scanning electron microscopy was also used samples DK-Ir-01, DK-Pa-04, DK-Mi-05, DK-Mu-06, DK- to observe predominant pollen types. Bl-08, DK-Dp-10, DK-Pu-12, DK-Up-13, and DK-Mt-14, Ixora coccinae in sample Dk-Pa-04, Mimosa pudica in samples DK-Ke-02 and DK-Ku-11, Moringa olifera RESULTS in samples DK-Ir-01 and DK-Pa-04, Psidium guajava in samples DK-Pu-12 and DK-Ke-02, and Syzigium in From the 14 honey samples, 12 pollen morphotypes sample DK-De-07 were found to be secondary pollen, were identfed (Image 1). Eleven samples appeared to whereas some others appeared to be minor pollen in be uniforal with predominant pollen and three to be specifc samples, the details of which are given in Table mult-foral. In the samples Irde (DK-Ir-01), Mithanadka 1. Geographical positon of the honey samples collected (DK-Mi-05), and Mitoor (DK-Mt-14), Ixora coccinea was from diferent sites is given in Table 2. Absolute pollen the predominant pollen with pollen ranging from 46% to count was measured per gram of honey samples; 60%. In the samples Betampady (DK-Be-03) and Kadaba minimum number of absolute pollen count was found (DK-Ka-09), Cocos nucifera was the predominant pollen in sample DK-De-07 with 1,740 pollen grains and ranging from 50% to 60%. In samples Mudipu (DK- maximum in sample DK-Mi-05 with 27,300 pollen grains. Mu-06), Belvai (DK-Bl-08), Kundadka (DK-Ku-11), it was Percentage of pollen belonging to diferent plant species found that Psidium guajava pollen was predominant, present in each of the honey samples were calculated. ranging from 60% to 68%. In sample Deppuni (DK- Cocos nucifera found in all honey samples was 30.142%, Dp-10), Areca catechu was predominant with 48% pollen which was the maximum. The minimum percentage of and in samples Derlakate (DK-De-07) and Uppinangady pollen source was found to be Acacia sp., Mangifera (DK-Up-13), Mimosa pudica was predominant, ranging indica, and Eucalyptus sp. (Table 3; Fig. 2). Twelve from 50% to 68% (Table 1). Some of the pollen such plant species identfed as pollen sources belonged to
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Table 1. Frequency class of pollen and data of pollen analysis performed with the honey samples collected from diferent locatons in Dakshina Kannada District, Karnataka, India.
Type of pollen Honey sample Predominant pollen Secondary pollen Important minor pollen Minor pollen (>45%) (16–45 %) (3–15 %) (<3%) Cocos nucifera (30%), 1. DK-Ir-01 Ixora coccinea (46%) Areca catechu (3%) Mimosa pudica Moringa olifera (20%) Mimosa pudica (42%), Cocos nucifera 2. DK-Ke-02 Nil Asteraceae Psidium guajava (41%) (15%) Areca catechu Psidiumguajava 3. DK-Be-03 Cocos nucifera (50%) Nil (45%) (5%) Moringa olifera (40%), 4. DK-Pa-04 Nil Ixora coccinea (31%), Cocos Mimosa pudica (7%) Mangifera indica nucifera (21%) Mimosa pudica 5. DK-Mi-05 Ixora coccinea (60%) Cocos nucifera (30%) Nil (10%) Areca catechu 6. DK-Mu-06 Psidium guajava (60%) Cocos nucifera (26%) Acacia sp., Eucalyptus sp. (12%) Cocos nucifera 7. DK-De-07 Mimosa pudica (50%) Syzygium sp. (35%) Nil (15%) 8. DK-Bl-08 Psidium guajava (68%) Cocos nucifera (32%) Nil Nil Areca catechu 9. DK-Ka-09 Cocos nucifera (60%) Mimosa pudica (9%) Asteraceae (30%) 10. DK-Dp-10 Areca catechu (48%) Cocos nucifera (35%) Mimosa pudica (15%) Psidium guajava Cocos nucifera (7%), Areca catechu, Moringa 11. DK-Ku-11 Psidium guajava (60%) Mimosa pudica (23%) Syzygium sp. (6%) olifera Psidium guajava (41%), Areca catechu (10%), Arecaceae, 12. DK-Pu-12 Nil Cocos nucifera (35%) Mimosa pudica (10%) Syzygium sp. Arecaceae, 13. DK-Up-13 Mimosa pudica (68%) Cocos nucifera (26%) Psidium guajava (4%) Moringa olifera 14. DK-Mt-14 Ixora coccinea (48%) Cocos nucifera (40%) Moringa olifera (10%) Mimosa pudica
Irde (DK-Ir-01), Kelinja (DK-Ke-02), Betampady (DK-Be-03), Parladka (DK-Pa-04), Mithanadka (DK-Mi-05), Mudipu (DK-Mu-06), Derlakate (DK-De-07), Belvai (DK- Bl-08), Kadaba (DK-Ka-09), Deppuni (DK-Dp-10), Kundadka (DK-Ku-11), Punacha (DK-Pu-12), Uppinangady (DK-Up-13), Mitoor (DK-Mt-14).
Figure 2. Total percentage of pollen sources found in all 14 sites of Dakshina Kannada District, Karnataka, India.
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Image 1. Microscopic images of pollen grains found in honey samples: a - Acacia | b - Areca catechu | c - Arecaceae | d - Asteraceae | e - Cocos nucifera | f - Eucalyptus sp. | g - Ixora coccinea | h - Mangifera indica | i - Mimosa pudica | j - Moringa olifera | k - Psidium guajava | l - Syzygium sp.
seven families. Three species belonged to Arecaceae, bee bread. Larval honey bees feed on bee bread and three to Myrtaceae, and two to Fabaceae; Rubiaceae, brood food mixture. Enzymes and acids are added to Anacardiaceae, Asteraceae, and Moringaceae had one the pollen by the bees so that it can be preserved for species each (Table 4). Pollen count of each of the pollen long term (Ellis et al. 2010). In order to complete the sources found in all the samples was also made (Table development of the body, newly emerged bees also feed 5). Cocos nucifera was found in honey samples collected on bee bread. The requirement of bee bread by a single from all 14 sites and therefore can be considered as worker bee larva is estmated to be about 124–145 mg; one of the most important pollen sources in Dakshina this consists of about 30mg of protein. A diet of high Kannada. protein pollen increases the longevity of worker bees and also improves brood rearing; brood rearing gets reduced when supported by pollen grains low in protein. DISCUSSION It is observed that honey bees choose pollen based on the physical confguraton and odour of the pollen rather The protein that pollen provides is essental for than based on their nutritve value. On average, 15–30 brood producton and development of young honey % of the colony’s forager bees collect pollen, and a single bees. Pollen is also the primary source of protein to bee can carry and bring back pollen load that weighs honey bees. Stored pollen grains along with glandular about 35% of the bee’s body weight. Bees carry pollen secretons containing enzymes and acids is called on their hind legs, on specialized structures commonly
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Table 2. Geographical positon of samples collected and absolute pollen count of the honey samples from Dakshina Kannada District, Karnataka, India. Absolute Honey Geographical Elevaton (m) pollen count sample positon (APC) 12.6720N, 1. DK-Ir-01 84.5 1780 75.2000E 12.8020N, 2. DK-Ke-02 84.6 2520 75.0870E 12.6620N, 3. DK-Be-03 112.2 16260 75.1990E 12.7490N, 4. DK-Pa-04 110.6 4800 75.2040E 12.7320N, 5. DK-Mi-05 91.1 27300 75.0220E 12.7950N, 6. DK-Mu-06 122.8 3660 74.9700E 12.8090N, 7. DK-De-07 55.5 1740 74.8830E 13.1250N, 8. DK-Bl-08 126.2 2640 74.9970E 12.7310N, 9. DK-Ka-09 107.2 1900 75.4710E 12.7220N, 10. DK-Dp-10 130.6 2960 75.4990E 12.7110N, 11. DK-Ku-11 104.0 3720 75.4700E 12.7230N, 12. DK-Pu-12 0 103.7 1920 75.148 E Image 2. Scanning electron microscope images of predominant 12.8380N, pollen grains observed: a - Areca catechu | b - Cocos nucifera | c - 13. DK-Up-13 0 40.8 15840 75.255 E Ixora coccinea | d - Mimosa pudica | e - Psidium guajava. 12.5560N, 14. DK-Mt-14 135.3 1790 75.4280E called pollen baskets, also known as corbicula (Ellis et the pollen grain, and method of extracton of honey (von al. 2010). der Ohe 1994). Signifcant variaton in pollen content is It is assumed that pollen found in honey sediment caused due to some factors like i) the amount of pollen falls into the nectar while in the fower, which is then fltered out in the bee’s honey sac (Maurizio 1975) transported in the bee’s honey stomach to the hive. This and ii) the bee taking only pollen without the nectar pollen will be present during the ripening process, and (Anklam 1998). Chaturvadi (1983) verifed that the also appear fnally in ripe honey (Maurizio 1951). pollen spectra of honey are also infuenced by the crops Our study reveals the variaton in the amount and type which are cultvated in the localites. The pollen types of pollen present in the samples. Several uncontrollable and percentage of pollen in honey does not represent factors infuence the presence of pollen types in honey genuinely the same proporton of quantty of nectar samples; some of them are the availability of pollen, gathered from these plants because some pollen types unbalance in the abundance of fowers among plant are over-represented and some underrepresented; species, and the honey bee’s collecton preferences. In however, from the pollen spectra, it is apparent that fact, there is a necessity of more studies addressing these honey bees eagerly visit the honey sources for nectar questons more specifcally with controlled experiments and pollen to form honey (Maurizio 1975). When the (Oliveira et al. 2010). The presence of pollen types in bees collect and transfer nectar to their honey stomach, honey samples indicates the botanical origin of the the amount of pollen in the nectar get reduced. The honey to that region. Batest & Goevry (1992) verifed honey stomach is connected to the ventriculus by the that climatc conditons infuence the metalliferous proventriculus; the valves of the proventriculus remain and polleniferous potental of the local fora. Pollen closed during foraging and opens only when the bee richness in the honey sample depends on the pollen feeds for itself. This valve in its closed positon can producton by the parent plant, climatc conditons, the abstract small solid partcles from the full honey stomach distance from the beehive to the fower feld, fltering and pass them into the ventriculus. While doing so, the of pollen by the bees’ proventriculus, the diameter of volume of the fuid does not get reduced (Whitcomb &
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Table 3. Plant species and the percentage of pollen found in honey samples obtained from diferent sites in Dakshina Kannada District, Karnataka, India.
Site Site Site Site Site Site Site Site Site Site Site Site Site Site Plant species Total % 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 1. Acacia sp. - - - - - 1% ------0.071
2. Areca catechu 3% - 45% - - 12% - - 30% 48% 2% 10% - - 10.714
3. Arecaceae ------2% 1% - 0.214
4. Asteraceae - 2% ------1% - - - - - 0.214
5. Cocos nucifera 30% 15% 50% 21% 30% 26% 15% 32% 60% 35% 7% 35% 26% 40% 30.142
6. Eucalyptus sp. - - - - - 1% ------0.071
7. Ixora coccinea 46% - - 31% 60% ------48% 13.214
8. Mangifera indica - - - 1% ------0.071
9. Mimosa pudica 1% 42% - 7% - - 50% - 9% 15% 23% 10% 68% 2% 16.214
10. Moringa olifera 20% - - 40% ------2% - 1% 10% 5.214
11. Psidium guajava - 41% 5% - - 60% - 68% - 2% 60% 41% 4% - 20.071
12. Syzygium sp. ------35% - - - 6% 2% - - 3.071
Table 4. Plant species as pollen sources, their families, habit, and conducted by Maurizio (1949), however, verifed that number of sites in which they are found in Dakshina Kannada neither the size of the pollen nor the concentraton of District, Karnataka, India. the syrup nor the original pollen content of the syrup Number Plant species Family Habit of sites signifcantly afected the rate of pollen disappearing from 1 Acacia Fabaceae Tree 1 the honey stomach. Therefore, the amount of pollen is
2 Areca catechu Arecaceae Tree 7 indeed reduced but no selecton process is known that would alter the proportons of diferent types of pollen 3 Arecaceae Arecaceae Tree 2 present in the syrup. 4 Asteraceae Asteraceae Creeper 2 From the above observatons, it is clear that all 5 Cocos nucifera Arecaceae Tree 14 these species contribute as pollen sources for honey 6 Eucalyptus sp. Myrtaceae Tree 1 bees and some of the predominant pollen sources 7 Ixora coccinea Rubiaceae Shrub 4 are very important for the endurance and survival of 8 Mangifera indica Anacardiaceae Tree 1 honey bee colonies and also for the development of 9 Mimosa pudica Fabaceae Herb 11 apiculture industry in the study area. For the survival of 10 Moringa olifera Moringaceae Tree 5 honey bee colonies and the improvement of apiculture, 11 Psidium guajava Myrtaceae Tree 8 knowledge of honey plants and pollen sources is of
12 Syzygium sp. Myrtaceae Tree 3 utmost importance. The study of honey bees that are excellent pollinators also contribute to the increased pollinaton and producton of food crops, economically important plants, and medicinal plants, which in turn Wilson 1929; Todd & Vansell 1942). For example, if the improve the economy of forest and rural areas. In bees feed on syrup containing pollen, the pollen content hortculture, bee pollinaton leads to higher number of the honey stomach is reduced to one-half or one-third of fruits, berries, or seeds. It also gives beter quality in the frst 15–30 min afer feeding. Therefore, it must products. Some crops have fowers that are pollinated be reckoned that the amount of pollen in the honey is during a short period. If such crops are not pollinated dependent on the tme taken by the bee to return from during the limited tme interval, fowers will fall and no the source of forage to the hive. So a queston arises seeds, fruits, or berries will develop. There should be whether a selecton process of pollen grains according a sufcient number of bees in order to pollinate crops. to their size takes place during the transfer of pollen Based on all the above observatons, conservaton of through the proventriculus, which would alter the honey plants are crucial and much necessary. Depleton relatve proportons of diferent pollen grains (Whitcomb of honey plants will directly afect the number of honey & Wilson 1929; Todd & Vansell 1942). An experiment bee colonies, causing their respectve decline, which
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Table 5. Pollen sources and their pollen count in diferent sites in Dakshina Kannada District, Karnataka, India.
Site Acacia Areca Arecacea Asteracea Cocos Eucalyptus Ixora Mangifera Mimosa Moringa Psidium Syzygium
1 - 53 - - 534 - 818 - 17 356 - - 2 - - - 50 378 - - - 1,058 - 1,033 - 3 - 7,317 - - 8,130 - - - - - 813 -
4 - - - - 1,008 - 1,488 48 336 1,920 - -
5 - - - - 8,190 - 16,380 - 2,730 - - -
6 36 432 - - 936 36 - - - - 2160 -
7 - - - - 261 - - - 870 - - 609
8 - - - - 844 - - - - - 1795 -
9 - 570 - - 1,140 - 19 - 171 - - -
10 - 1,420 - - 1,036 - - - 444 - 59 -
11 - 74 - - 260 - - - 855 74 2,232 223
12 - 192 38 - 672 - - - 192 - 787 38
13 - - 158 - 4118 - - - 10771 158 633 -
14 - 716 859 35 - - 179 - - - - -
1 - Irde, 2 - Kelinja, 3 - Betampady, 4 - Parladka, 5 - Mithanadka, 6 - Mudipu, 7 - Derlakate, 8 - Belvai, 9 - Kadaba, 10 - Deppuni, 11 - Kundadka, 12 - Punacha, 13 - Uppinangady, 14 - Mitoor.
will lead to the downfall of agriculture and economy Chauhan, M.S. & M.F. Quamar (2010). Melissopalynological studies of the area. Artfcial pollinaton is unimaginable and is of honeys from Harda District, Madhya Pradesh. Phytomorphology 69(3&4): 122–127. practcally very difcult. Therefore, honey plants which Dakshina Kannada District Profle (2015). Government of Karnataka. are essental pollen sources must be protected and Deodikar, G.B., N. Shah, C.V. Thakar & S.R. Salvi (1958). Morphological characterizaton of pollen grains of some major bee plants of conserved well. Mahabaleshwar hills. Proc. 17th Internatonal Bee Keeping Congress, Bologna and Rome 2: 214–217. Devender, R. & H. Ramakrishna (2015). Palynodiversity in Trigona REFERENCES honey from Pederu Forest Division of Vishakpatnam District Andhra Pradesh, India. Geophytology 45(2): 221–226. Ellis, A., J.D. Ellis, M.K. O’Malley & C.M. ZetelNalen (2010). The Anonymous (2015). Agriculture Contngency Plan for District: Benefts of Pollen to Honey Bees. ENY152,UF/IFAS Extension. Dakshina Kannada, Agricorp, 28.
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Forschungsbereichlebensmital, BezzHygineforense Chemphama- Smith, M.R., G.M. Singh, D. Mozafarian & S.S. Myers (2015). Efects kogn 2(25): 20. of decreases of animal pollinators on human nutriton and global Ponnuchemy, R., V. Bonhomme, S. Prasad, L. Das, P. Patel, C. health: a modeling analysis. The Lancet 386(10007): 1964–1972. Gauchrel, A. Pragasam & K. Anupama (2014). Honey pollen: using htps://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)61085-6 melissopalynology to understand foraging preferences of bees in Suryanarayana, M.C., G.M. Rao & T.S.M.S. Singh (1992). Studies on tropical south India. PLoS ONE 9(7): e101618. pollen sources for Apis cerana Fabr. and Apis mellifera L. bees at Raghunandan, R.S. & S. Basavarajappa (2013). Analysis of multforal Muzzafarpur, Bihar, India. Apidologie 23: 33–46. honey of the giant honey bee, Apis dorsata F., for pestcide residues Song, X.-Y., Y.-F. Yao & W.-D. Yang (2012). Pollen analysis of natural in southern Karnataka, India. European Journal of Zoological honeys from the central region Shanxi, north China. PLoS ONE 7(11): Research 2(3): 22–28. e49545. Ramakrishna, H. & S. Swathi (2013). Pollen diversity in some Apis Todd, F.E. & G.H. Vansell (1942). Pollen grains in nectar and honey. forae honeys from Adilabad District, Andhra Pradesh, India. Journal of Economic Entomology 35: 728–731. Geophytology 42(1): 11–20. von der Ohe, W. (1994). Uniforal honeys: chemical conversion and Ramanujam, C.G.K. & T.P. Kalpana (1991). Pollen analysis of Prosopis pollen reducton. Grana 33: 292–294. julifora honeys from Ranga Reddy District, A.P., and its relevance to von der Ohe, W., O.L. Persano, M.L. Piana, M. Morlot & P. Martn apiculture and social forestry. Journal of Palynology 27: 345–368. (2004). Harmonized methods of melissopalinology. Apidologie 35: Sahney, M. & K.H. Seth (2013). Melissopalynological analysis of winter 18–25. honeys of Rewa District, M.P., India. Indian Journal of Aerobiology Whitcomb, W. & H.F. Wilson (1929). Mechanics of digeston of pollen 6(1&2): 1–10. by the adult honey bee and the relaton of undigested parts to Shubharani, R., V. Sivaram & P. Roopa (2012). Assessment of dysentery of bees. Research Bulletn Agriculture Experiment. State honey plant resources through pollen analysis in Coorg honeys of University of Wisconsin Madison 92: 1–27. Karnataka State. Internatonal Journal of Plant Reproductve Biology 4(1): 31–39.
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13764 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 April 2019 | 11(6): 13756–13764
PLATINUM The Journal of Threatened Taxa (JoTT) is dedicated to building evidence for conservaton globally by publishing peer-reviewed artcles online every month at a reasonably rapid rate at www.threatenedtaxa.org. OPEN ACCESS All artcles published in JoTT are registered under Creatve Commons Atributon 4.0 Internatonal License unless otherwise mentoned. JoTT allows allows unrestricted use, reproducton, and distributon of artcles in any medium by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publicaton.
ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print)
April 2019 | Vol. 11 | No. 6 | Pages: 13631–13814 Date of Publicaton: 26 April 2019 (Online & Print) www.threatenedtaxa.org DOI: 10.11609/jot.2019.11.6.13631-13814
Editorial Diversity and community structure of Odonata (Insecta) in two land use types in Purba Medinipur District, West Bengal, India Building evidence for 20 years! – Prit Ranjan Pahari, Shubha Sankar Mandal, Subhadeep Mait & – Sanjay Molur, P. 13631 Tanmay Bhatacharya, Pp. 13748–13755
Artcles Foraging preferences of honey bees Apis cerana in Dakshina Kannada, Karnataka, India Efect of socio-ecological factors and parasite infecton on body conditon of – A.G. Suhas Krishna & Rajashekhar K. Patl, Pp. 13756–13764 Brown Mouse Lemur Microcebus rufus (Mammalia: Primates: Cheirogaleidae) – Andry Herman Rafalinirina, Jeannot Randrianasy, Patricia C. Wright & Additons to the lichen biota of Assam State, India – Rupjyot Gogoi, Siljo Joseph, Sanjeeva Nayaka & Farishta Yasmin, Jonah Ratsimbazafy, Pp. 13632–13643 Pp.13765–13781 Identfcaton of suitable habitat for Swamp Deer Rucervus duvaucelii Short Communicatons duvaucelii (Mammalia: Artodactyla: Cervidae) in Chitwan Natonal Park, Nepal Study of nestng behaviour of Asian Paradise Flycatcher Terpsiphone – Shravan Kumar Ghimire, Man Kumar Dhamala, Babu Ram Lamichhane, paradisi (Aves: Passeriformes: Monorchidae)from southern West Bengal, Rishi Ranabhat, Khim Bahadur KC & Shashank Poudel, Pp. 13644–13653 India – Nilemesh Das & Shuvadip Adhikari, Pp. 13782–13785 Communicatons A checklist of fsh species from three rivers in northwestern Bangladesh The diversity and conservaton of mammals in the Dodo Coastal Forest in southwestern Côte d’Ivoire, western Africa: a preliminary study based on a seven-year survey – Serge Pacome Keagnon Soiret, Célestn Yao Kouakou, Béné Jean-Claude Kof, – Imran Parvez, Mohammad Ashraful Alam, Mohammad Mahbubul Hassan, Blaise Kadjo, Philippe Kouassi, Peñate José Gomez, Reiko Matsuda Goodwin & Yeasmin Ara, Imran Hoshan & Abu Syed Mohammad Kibria, Pp. 13786–13794 Inza Kone, Pp. 13654–13666 New plant distributon records to Indian states and additon to the fora of Resource selecton by Javan Slow Loris Nyctcebus javanicus E. Geofroy, 1812 Myanmar (Mammalia: Primates: Lorisidae) in a lowland fragmented forest in – Kanakasabhapathi Pradheep, Ganjalagata Dasaiah Harish, Ranbir Singh Central Java, Indonesia Rathi, Joseph John Katukkunnel, Sheikh Mohmmad Sultan, Khoisnam – Mahfut Sodik, Satyawan Pudyatmoko, Pujo Semedi Hargo Yuwono & Naveen, Iyyappan Jaisankar, Anjula Pandey, Sudhir Pal Ahlawat & Rita Gupta, Muhammad Ali Imron, Pp. 13667–13679 Pp. 13795–13804
Species compositon and abundance of rodents in Kafa-Sheraro Natonal Park, Notes Ethiopia: preliminary results – Alembrhan Assefa & Chelmala Srinivasulu, Pp. 13680–13689 Sightng of Arunachal Macaque Macaca munzala Sinha et al., 2005 (Mammalia: Primates: Cercopithecidae) in Sakteng Wildlife Sanctuary, Colour aberraton in Indian mammals: a review from 1886 to 2017 Bhutan – Anil Mahabal, Radheshyam Murlidhar Sharma, Rajgopal Narsinha Patl & – Sonam Tobgay, Kumbu Dorji & Norbu Yangdon, Pp. 13805–13807 Shrikant Jadhav, Pp. 13690–13719 Rediscovery of an endemic Indian moth Gurna indica (Moore, 1879) Nestng trees of the Red Giant Gliding Squirrel Petaurista petaurista (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctinae) afer 125 years (Mammalia: Rodenta: Sciuridae) in a tropical forest of Namdapha Natonal – Aparna Sureshchandra Kalawate, Neha Upadhyay & Banani Mukhopadhyay, Park, India Pp.13808–13810 – Murali Chatakonda Krishna, Awadhesh Kumar & Om Prakash Tripathi, Pp. 13720–13726 The Nepal Pipewort Eriocaulon nepalense var. luzulifolium (Commelinids: Insights into the diet and feeding behaviour of Red-capped Lark Poales: Eriocaulaceae): a new distributon record for southern India Calandrella cinerea (Aves: Passeriformes: Alaudidae) – Murugan Soumya & Maya C. Nair, Pp. 13811–13814 – Mary Mwangi, Nathan Gichuki, Robert Chira & Peter Njoroge, Pp. 13727– 13733
Baseline biodiversity and physiochemical survey in Parvat Kunda and surrounding area in Rasuwa, Nepal – Jessie Anna Moravek, Mohan Bikram Shrestha & Sanjeevani Yonzon, Pp. 13734–13747 Publisher & Host
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