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Investigation of Corrosion-Influencing Factors in Underground Storage Tanks with Diesel Service

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Investigation of Corrosion-Influencing Factors in Underground Storage Tanks with Diesel Service UST Corrosion Investigation Date: 6/1/2015 Version: DRAFT Page 1 of 38 Investigation Of Corrosion-Influencing Factors In Underground Storage Tanks With Diesel Service U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Underground Storage Tanks EPA 510-R-16-001 July 2016 Acknowledgments Battelle, under the direction of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) through Scientific, Technical, Research, Engineering and Modeling Support (STREAMS) II Task Order 0016 of Contract EP-C-11-038, conducted this research with EPA’s Office of Underground Storage Tanks (OUST). EPA thanks Battelle and all of the volunteer partners who allowed us access to their underground storage tanks and related documents. EPA also appreciates the insight and comments from individuals and industry representatives who provided valuable input on the research plan and draft report. ii Contents Supplements ................................................................................................................................... iv Figures............................................................................................................................................ iv Tables ............................................................................................................................................. iv List Of Abbreviations And Acronyms .............................................................................................v Executive Summary .........................................................................................................................1 Chapter 1: Introduction And Background.......................................................................................5 Chapter 2: Methodology ...............................................................................................................12 I. Information Gathering ................................................................................................12 A. UST System Background Information ...........................................................15 B. On-Site Inspections And Corrosion Classification ........................................16 II. Sample Collection ......................................................................................................17 III. Sample Analyses ........................................................................................................18 IV. Statistical Analysis Approach ....................................................................................19 Chapter 3: Observations And Results ...........................................................................................21 I. Corrosion Observations In USTs Storing Diesel .......................................................21 II. Corrosion Coverage Classification Process ...............................................................26 III. Analytical Results .......................................................................................................30 A. Quality Assessment And Oversight ...............................................................30 B. Vapor Analytical Testing And Results ...........................................................30 C. Aqueous Phase Analytical Testing And Results ............................................33 D. Fuel Analytical Testing And Results ..............................................................34 Chapter 4: Statistical Analysis Procedure And Results ................................................................40 Chapter 5: Discussion Of Results .................................................................................................48 I. Corrosion Process .......................................................................................................48 II. Feasibility Of Previous Hypotheses About Biofuels And MIC .................................52 Chapter 6: Key Takeaways ...........................................................................................................55 iii Supplements Supplement A: Quality Assurance Project Plan Supplement B: Data Tables Supplement C: QA/QC Data Tables Supplement D: Statistics Codebook Supplement E: Quality Assessment And Oversight Figures Figure 1. Simplified Diagram Of Diesel UST System Equipment ..............................................8 Figure 2. Summary Of 42 UST Systems By Capacity And Material ........................................13 Figure 3. Locations Of Clusters Of USTs In Study Population .................................................13 Figure 4. Forty-Two USTs By Corrosion Category And Material ............................................21 Figure 5. UST System 9-IN-FG STP Shaft Corrosion ..............................................................25 Figure 6. UST System With Fiberglass Tank With Minimal Metal Corrosion .........................27 Figure 7. UST System With Steel Tank With Minimal Metal Corrosion .................................28 Figure 8. UST System With Fiberglass Tank With Severe Metal Corrosion ............................28 Figure 9. UST System With Steel Tank With Severe Metal Corrosion ....................................29 Figure 10. Random Forest Analysis And OOB Accuracy Assessment Results Of Each Variable Evaluated Individually According To Three Corrosion Categories ............43 Figure 11. Random Forest Analysis And OOB Accuracy Assessment Results Of Each Variable Evaluated Individually According To Minimal And Moderate + Severe Categories ...................................................................................................................44 Figure 12. Random Forest Analysis Results Of Each Variable Evaluated Individually According To Three Corrosion Categories And Including The Acidic Hydrogen Variable ......................................................................................................................47 Figure 13. Relative Corrosion Rate Versus pH And Temperature Of Carbon Steel In Water ....51 Figure 14. Potential Versus pH Equilibrium Diagram For Aluminum ........................................51 Tables Table 1. UST Equipment Reported Most Frequently Experiencing Operational Problems In Additional Comments Of 2010 Survey ....................................................................7 Table 2. Analytical Methods By Sample Type ........................................................................20 Table 3. Characteristics And Corrosion Coverage Of USTs Inspected For This Research .....23 Table 4. Vapor Results In Order Of Corrosion Classification And Increasing Acetic Acid Concentration .............................................................................................................32 Table 5. Aqueous Phase Results In Order Of Corrosion Classification And Increasing Acetic Acid Concentration .........................................................................................36 Table 6. Fuel Results In Order Of Corrosion Classification And Increasing Particulate Contamination ............................................................................................................37 Table 7. P-Value Rankings From The Ordered Logistic Regression For The Variables For All 42 USTs .........................................................................................................45 Table 8. Statistical Results Acidic Hydrogen Using ANOVA .................................................46 iv Abbreviations And Acronyms ALS ALS Environmental ANOVA analysis of variance API American Petroleum Institute ASTM ASTM International ATG automatic tank gauge ATR attenuated total reflectance CDFA Clean Diesel Fuel Alliance CRC Coordinating Research Council DNA deoxyribonucleic acid EGT emergency generator tank EPA Environmental Protection Agency FAME fatty acid methyl esters FID flame ionization detector FTIR Fourier transform infrared GC-MS gas chromatography-mass spectrometry IC ion chromatography ID identification L liter LOQ limit of quantitation LSD low sulfur diesel mg/kg milligrams per kilogram mg KOH/g milligrams potassium hydroxide per gram mg/L milligrams per liter MIC microbiologically-influenced corrosion mm Hg millimeter of mercury MRL method reporting limit mS/cm millisiemens per centimeter NACE National Association of Corrosion Engineers International NAVFAC Naval Facilities Engineering Command NIOSH National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health OOB out of bag ORD Office of Research and Development OUST Office of Underground Storage Tanks PEI Petroleum Equipment Institute v PLS partial least square POM polyoxymethylene ppbv parts per billion by volume ppm part per million pS/m picosiemens per meter QA quality assurance QAPP Quality Assurance Project Plan QC quality control RFS Renewable Fuel Standard STP submersible turbine pump STREAMS Scientific, Technical, Research, Engineering and Modeling Support SW EPA Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste TAN total acid number ULSD ultra-low sulfur diesel US United States UST underground storage tank vi Executive Summary Investigation Of Corrosion-Influencing Factors In Underground Storage Tanks With Diesel Service This research focused on better understanding a type of rapid and severe corrosion of metal components in underground storage tanks (USTs) storing diesel fuel. UST owners first began reporting this corrosion to UST industry servicing companies in 2007. Several changes to the national fuel supply and fuel storage practices have occurred since the mid-2000s. To address the potential for corrosion
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