Australia's Identified Mineral Resources 2004
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AUSTRALIA’S IDENTIFIED MINERAL RESOURCES 2004 1 AUSTRALIA’S IDENTIFIED MINERAL RESOURCES 2004 Australian Government Geoscience Australia Industry, Tourism and Resources Portfolio Minister for Industry, Tourism and Resources: The Hon. Ian Macfarlane, MP Parliamentary Secretary: The Hon. Warren Entsch, MP Geoscience Australia* Chief Executive Officer, Geoscience Australia: Dr Neil Williams © Australian Government 2004 This work is copyright. Apart from any fair dealings for the purposes of study, research, criticism, or review, as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part may be reproduced by any process without written permission. Copyright is the responsibility of the Chief Executive Officer, Geoscience Australia. Requests and enquiries should be directed to the Chief Executive Officer, Geoscience Australia, GPO Box 378, Canberra, ACT 2601. ABN: 80 091 799 039. Geoscience Australia has tried to make the information in this product as accurate as possible. However, it does not guarantee that the information is totally accurate or complete. Therefore, you should not rely solely on this information when making a commercial decision. ISSN 1327-1466 Bibliographic reference: Geoscience Australia 2004. Australia’s Identified Mineral Resources 2004. Geoscience Australia, Canberra. * Geoscience Australia grew out of the Bureau of Mineral Resources (BMR) and the Division of National Mapping, both of which were founded soon after World War 2. BMR became the Australian Geological Survey Organisation (AGSO) in 1992, several years after the Division of National Mapping had become the Australian Surveying and Land Information Group (AUSLIG). In 2001, AGSO and AUSLIG merged to become Geoscience Australia, the nation’s geoscience research and information agency. Further information is available at www.ga.gov.au. FRONT COVER: Reclaiming Marra Mamba iron ore from stockpiles at Mining Area C, Pilbara Region of Western Australia (BHP Billiton Iron Ore). 2 DESIGN AND LAYOUT: Lindy Gratton, Geospatial Applications and Visualisation (GAV), Geoscience Australia AUSTRALIA’S IDENTIFIED MINERAL RESOURCES 2004 Foreword Geoscience Australia provides information on the nation’s future capacity to produce mineral resources. Australia’s Identified Mineral Resources is an annual nation-wide assessment of Australia’s ore reserves and mineral resources. All major and a number of minor mineral commodities mined in Australia are assessed. It includes evaluations of long-term trends in mineral resources, international rankings, summaries of significant exploration results, brief reviews of mining industry developments, and an analysis of mineral exploration expenditure across Australia. Comparable information on petroleum resources is published in another Geoscience Australia publication: Oil and Gas Resources of Australia. Australia’s Identified Mineral Resources provides technical information on mineral and energy resources, which is used in formulating Government policies and reproduced by the Australian Bureau of Statistics. It also provides government, industry, the investment sector and general community with an informed understanding of Australia’s known mineral endowment and level of exploration activity. To meet the increasing demand from Asian steel mills, particularly in China and Japan, Australian mining companies have initiated major expansions in mine production of coking coal, iron ore and manganese ore. Australia’s Identified Mineral Resources provides government with the information required to monitor whether such resources are being discovered and developed for production at rates sufficient to maintain Australia’s position as a major supplier to international markets. For this reason, resource assessment for the national inventory takes a long term view of what is potentially economic. Data on mining company estimates of ore reserve (JORC Code), which are generally based on short to medium term commercial considerations, are also included for comparison. National assessments of this type are assuming greater significance given international trends in the minerals industry. Take-overs and mergers amongst the larger companies in recent years have led to consolidation of the minerals industry. These companies explore or acquire mineral resources in a global context, seeking opportunities for large and high grade deposits that can be mined cost- effectively with low impacts and low risks. There has also been a decline in the number of medium sized mining companies, which have traditionally been very active and successful in Australia. Resources data from Australia’s Identified Mineral Resources have also been included in an online atlas of Australia’s Mineral Resources, Mines and Processing Centres, developed by Geoscience Australia with support from the Minerals Council of Australia and Department of Industry, Tourism and Resources, through the Government’s Regional Minerals Program. The atlas, which can be viewed at www.australianminesatlas.gov.au, has a web-based GIS (geographic information system) format and shows the location of mineral and energy resources, mines and production/processing centres. 3 NEIL WILLIAMS Chief Executive Officer Geoscience Australia AUSTRALIA’S IDENTIFIED MINERAL RESOURCES 2004 Contents Foreword . .3 Summary . .6 Introduction . .8 Trends in Australia’s Economic Demonstrated Resources of major mineral commodities . .11 COMMODITY REVIEWS Bauxite . .18 Black coal . .19 Brown coal . .24 Copper . .26 Diamond . .29 Gold . .31 Iron ore . .38 Lithium . .42 Magnesite . .43 Manganese ore . .45 Mineral sands . .47 Nickel . .52 Niobium . .57 Phosphate . .58 Shale oil . .59 Tantalum . .60 Tin . .61 Uranium . .62 Vanadium . .66 Zinc, lead, silver . .67 PRODUCTION AND RESOURCE LIFE Production and resource life . .72 EXPLORATION Expenditure . .75 Exploration drilling . .78 World exploration . .78 Outlook for exploration . .79 Offshore mineral exploration in Commonwealth waters . .79 APPENDICES Appendix 1: Abbreviations and acronyms . .80 Appendix 2: National classification system for identified mineral resources . .81 Appendix 3: Staff – Mineral Resources and Advice and Minerals Promotion Projects . .85 4 AUSTRALIA’S IDENTIFIED MINERAL RESOURCES 2004 TABLES Table 1: Australia’s resources of major minerals and world figures as at December 2003 Table 2: Australian gold production 1999 to 2003 Table 3: Correlation of resource classification schemes for uranium Table 4: Australian production and exports of selected mineral products 2003–04 Table 5: Australian mineral exploration expenditure by commodity, 2001–02 and 2002–03 Table 6: Australian mineral exploration expenditure by State, 2001–02 and 2002–03 FIGURES Figure 1: Trends in Economic Demonstrated Resources (EDR) for major commodities since 1975 Figure 2: Australian mineral exploration expenditure by commodity since 1992–93 (Source: ABS) Figure 3: Australian mineral exploration expenditure by State since 1992–93 (Source: ABS) Figure 4a: Australian mineral exploration expenditures in constant 2002–03 dollars (Based on ABS data deflated by Consumer Price Index) Figure 4b: Australian mineral exploration expenditures excluding gold and base metals, in constant 2002–03 dollars (Based on ABS data deflated by Consumer Price Index) Figure 5: Distribution of world mineral exploration budgets, 2003 (Source: Metals Economics Group, Canada) PHOTOGRAPHS Front Cover: Reclaiming Marra Mamba iron ore from stockpiles at Mining Area C, Pilbara Region of Western Australia (BHP Billiton Iron Ore) Commodity Review cover: Construction of the Broadmeadow punch longwall coal mine, BHP Billiton Mitsubishi Alliance, Bowen Basin, Queensland Inset: Broadmeadow punch longwall mine entrance (main gate) (Geoscience Australia, Bill McKay) Photo 3: Goonyella coal mine owned by BHP Billiton Mitsubishi Alliance, Bowen Basin, Queensland (Geoscience Australia, Bill McKay) Photo 4: Loading a coal haul truck at the Moura mine, Bowen Basin, Queensland (Anglo Coal Australia) Photo 5: Satellite guided D11R dozers using the radial sector method to push coal to a feeder-breaker at the Yallourn brown coal mine, Victoria (Yallourn Mine Alliance, Roche Theiss Linfox Joint Venture) Photo 6: Possible mining methods being studied for the proposed expansion of operations at Olympic Dam mine, South Australia. The current and proposed areas to be mined by sub-level open stoping (SLOS) methods are shown in the northern portion of the orebody. Sub-level caving (SLC) and open pit mining methods are being considered for the southern portion of the orebody as part of the proposed expansion of operations (WMC Resources Ltd) Photo 7: Exploration drilling for gold in the Cracow region, Queensland (Newcrest Mining Ltd) Photo 8: Mining Area C iron ore project, Pilbara Region of Western Australia (BHP Billiton Iron Ore) Photo 9: Loading manganese ore at the Woodie Woodie mine, Western Australia (Consolidated Minerals Ltd) Photo 10: Beverley in situ leach uranium mine, South Australia. Ion exchange plant with main trunkline (pipeline) which extends from the plant to the in situ leach wellfield (top right corner of photo). Recently constructed evaporation ponds are blue areas adjacent to the plant (Heathgate Resources Pty Ltd) Photo 11: Wellfield at Beverley in situ leach uranium mine. Main trunkline with injection wells 5 and recovery wells (Heathgate Resources Pty Ltd) Production and resource life cover: Pouring copper anodes, Olympic Dam operations, South Australia (WMC Resources Ltd) Exploration cover: Exploration for manganese