DOCSLIB.ORG

Growth of Penicillium Rubens After Desiccation

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Growth of Penicillium Rubens After Desiccation Growth of Penicillium rubens after desiccation Citation for published version (APA): Bekker, M. (2014). Growth of Penicillium rubens after desiccation. Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. https://doi.org/10.6100/IR774541 DOI: 10.6100/IR774541 Document status and date: Published: 01/01/2014 Document Version: Publisher’s PDF, also known as Version of Record (includes final page, issue and volume numbers) Please check the document version of this publication: • A submitted manuscript is the version of the article upon submission and before peer-review. There can be important differences between the submitted version and the official published version of record. People interested in the research are advised to contact the author for the final version of the publication, or visit the DOI to the publisher's website. • The final author version and the galley proof are versions of the publication after peer review. • The final published version features the final layout of the paper including the volume, issue and page numbers. Link to publication General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal. If the publication is distributed under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, indicated by the “Taverne” license above, please follow below link for the End User Agreement: www.tue.nl/taverne Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us at: [email protected] providing details and we will investigate your claim. Download date: 04. Oct. 2021 Growth of Penicillium rubens after desiccation Mirjam Bekker Growth of Penicillium rubens after desiccation PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, op gezag van de rector magnificus prof.dr.ir. C.J. van Duijn, voor een commissie aangewezen door het College voor Promoties, in het openbaar te verdedigen op maandag 26 mei 2014 om 16:00 uur door Mirjam Bekker geboren te Amsterdam Dit proefschrift is goedgekeurd door de promotoren en de samenstelling van de promotiecommissie is als volgt: voorzitter: prof.dr.ir. G.M.W. Kroesen 1e promotor: prof.dr.ir. O.C.G. Adan 2e promotor: prof.dr. H.A.B. Wösten (Utrecht University) copromotor(en): dr.ir. H.P. Huinink leden: dr.ir. G. Strijkers prof.dr.ir. G. Roels (KU Leuven) prof.dr. A-C. Ritschkoff (VTT Finland) prof.dr. P.J. Punt (Leiden University) voor mijn ouders ISBN 978-90-8891-873-5 Cover image editing by Joost Hecker Fotografie Cryo-SEM images throughout this thesis by Jan Dijksterhuis and Mirjam Bekker Cover design: Proefschriftmaken.nl || Uitgeverij BOXPress Printed & Lay Out by: Proefschriftmaken.nl || Uitgeverij BOXPress Published by: Uitgeverij BOXPress, ’s-Hertogenbosch Copyright © by M. Bekker, all rights reserved. This work was financed and supported by the Netherlands organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO). The research described in this thesis was performed at the Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e) at the department of Applied Physics, within the group Transport in Permeable Media (TPM). The major part of the practical work was done at the Netherlands organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO) in Delft, the Netherlands. The cryo-SEM experiments were done at the CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre in Utrecht, the Netherlands. The ESEM experiments were performed at the multi scale lab of the department of mechanical engineering at the TU/e. Contents Glossary 8 Chapter 1 Introduction 9 Chapter 2 Recovery of a Penicillium rubens colony after an extreme osmotic shock 23 Chapter 3 Quantifying growth of Penicillium rubens on building materials at controlled humidity 55 Chapter 4 Growth in response to desiccation of Penicillium rubens on gypsum 85 Chapter 5 Conidial germination of Penicillium rubens on gypsum 107 Chapter 6 Conclusions and Outlook 129 Summary 137 Samenvatting 141 Acknowledgements 145 List of Publications 149 Curriculum Vitae 151 7 Glossary apex: tip basipetal: from the apex downward to the base colony: mycelium consisting of connected hyphae conidium: asexual, non-motile fungal propagule conidiophore: specialized hypha on which conidiogenous cells are formed desiccation: the process of extreme drying exudate: liquid droplets excreted by mycelium hyaline: transparent hydrophilic: water attracting, or having affinity for water hydrophobic: water repelling hydrophobins: small proteins secreted by filamentous fungi, known for their ability to self- assemble into amphipathic monolayers at hydrophobic–hydrophilic interfaces hypha (plural hyphae): filament of a mycelium, either or not compartmentalized by septa isothermal condition: under constant temperature mycelium: a network of interconnected hyphae phylloplane fungi: fungi living on leaf surfaces relative humidity (RH): term used to describe the thermodynamic state of water in the air. Equals the ratio, expressed in percentage, between the actual water vapor density in the air, and the saturated water vapor density at the same temperature. metabolite: intermediates and products of metabolism mycotoxins: metabolites of fungi that are toxic for animals and humans septum: a structure that compartmentalize hyphae Woronin body: small organelles that can plug the central pores in septa water activity (aw): term used to describe the thermodynamic state of water in a solution or solid substrate. The water activity of a solution or substrate equals the relative humidity (expressed as a ratio) only when hygric equilibrium has been established and no net transfer of water vapor takes place. xerophilic fungi: fungi that can, or prefer to grow in dry environments 8 1 Introduction 9 Chapter 1 1.1 Fungi in our daily life Fungi are part of our daily life. To name some examples, the specific taste of French cheese as Roquefort or Camembert is due to the presence of fungi, and for the preparation and special taste of soybean products like tempeh, miso and soy sauce, a fungus is used for the fermentation process. Moreover, yeasts play an important role in the production of alcoholic beverages, such as beer and wine, and in our own kitchen we use different types of mushrooms to add taste to a dish. Fungi are also of great medical and industrial importance. For instance, the fungal genus Penicillium produces the beta-lactam antibiotic penicillin. The discovery of this antibiotic was one of the most important breakthroughs for mankind in treating infections. In 2004, worldwide annual sales of penicillin antibiotics were about US$ 8 billion and have only increased ever since (Barber et al., 2004). Nonetheless, fungal growth in our indoor environment is not desirable. Fungal defacement of surfaces, such as ceilings and walls, forms an aesthetic problem (Fig 1), and results in considerable costs for repair, maintenance and redecoration of constructions (Adan & Samson, 2011). More concerning, fungal growth in the indoor environment also may have consequences for the health of inhabitants (Dales & Miller, 2001; Flannigan, 2001; Mudarri & Fisk, 2007; Mueller et al., 2013). In Europe, it is estimated that 25 % of all social housing have problems with humidity and fungal growth (WHO Regional Office for Europe, 2007; Adan & Samson, 2011). For the US it is estimated that from the 21.8 million people with reported asthma, 21 % is attributed to fungal and dampness exposure in the indoor environment, being approximately 1.5 % of the entire population of the US (Mudarri & Fisk, 2007). Indoor and outdoor air contains small particles of different origin, such as dust, pollen grains, fungal spores and fungal fragments. Long term or elevated exposure to hyphal fragments, mycotoxins, and secondary metabolites produced by fungi can cause allergic reactions and respiratory infections (Miller, 1992; Dales & Miller, 2001; Green et al., 2011). Especially fungi such as Stachybotris chartarum and Chaetomium globosum are known for their adverse health effects, since they produce highly toxic secondary metabolites (Jarvis & Miller, 2005; Nielsen & Frisvad, 2011). Fig 1 Fungal defacement in the indoor environment. 10 Introduction 1.2 Fungi in the indoor environment Fungi disseminate via the air by spores and hyphal fragments (Fig 2). After landing on a suitable substrate, a new mycelium develops when favorable biotic and abiotic conditions 1 are met. With time, the mycelium will form new conidia (asexual) or spores (sexual). To illustrate this, a schematic life cycle of the fungal genus Penicillium is given in figure 2. Note that the sexual state for Penicillium species is rarely observed, and that their conidia are the main source of infection in the indoor environment. Fig 2 Life cycle of Penicillium species, illustrating both the sexual and asexual life cycle. Note that for Penicillium species the asexual cycle is most common, and their conidia are the main source of infection in the indoor environment. Drawing: courtesy of the CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre. Cladosporium, Penicillium, Aspergillus, Aureobasidium, Chaetomium, Acremonium, Ulocladium,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Succession and Persistence of Microbial Communities and Antimicrobial Resistance Genes Associated with International Space Stati
    Singh et al. Microbiome (2018) 6:204 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40168-018-0585-2 RESEARCH Open Access Succession and persistence of microbial communities and antimicrobial resistance genes associated with International Space Station environmental surfaces Nitin Kumar Singh1, Jason M. Wood1, Fathi Karouia2,3 and Kasthuri Venkateswaran1* Abstract Background: The International Space Station (ISS) is an ideal test bed for studying the effects of microbial persistence and succession on a closed system during long space flight. Culture-based analyses, targeted gene-based amplicon sequencing (bacteriome, mycobiome, and resistome), and shotgun metagenomics approaches have previously been performed on ISS environmental sample sets using whole genome amplification (WGA). However, this is the first study reporting on the metagenomes sampled from ISS environmental surfaces without the use of WGA. Metagenome sequences generated from eight defined ISS environmental locations in three consecutive flights were analyzed to assess the succession and persistence of microbial communities, their antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profiles, and virulence properties. Metagenomic sequences were produced from the samples treated with propidium monoazide (PMA) to measure intact microorganisms. Results: The intact microbial communities detected in Flight 1 and Flight 2 samples were significantly more similar to each other than to Flight 3 samples. Among 318 microbial species detected, 46 species constituting 18 genera were common in all flight samples. Risk group or biosafety level 2 microorganisms that persisted among all three flights were Acinetobacter baumannii, Haemophilus influenzae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella enterica, Shigella sonnei, Staphylococcus aureus, Yersinia frederiksenii,andAspergillus lentulus.EventhoughRhodotorula and Pantoea dominated the ISS microbiome, Pantoea exhibited succession and persistence. K. pneumoniae persisted in one location (US Node 1) of all three flights and might have spread to six out of the eight locations sampled on Flight 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Penicillium Nalgiovense
    Svahn et al. Fungal Biology and Biotechnology (2015) 2:1 DOI 10.1186/s40694-014-0011-x RESEARCH Open Access Penicillium nalgiovense Laxa isolated from Antarctica is a new source of the antifungal metabolite amphotericin B K Stefan Svahn1, Erja Chryssanthou2, Björn Olsen3, Lars Bohlin1 and Ulf Göransson1* Abstract Background: The need for new antibiotic drugs increases as pathogenic microorganisms continue to develop resistance against current antibiotics. We obtained samples from Antarctica as part of a search for new antimicrobial metabolites derived from filamentous fungi. This terrestrial environment near the South Pole is hostile and extreme due to a sparsely populated food web, low temperatures, and insufficient liquid water availability. We hypothesize that this environment could cause the development of fungal defense or survival mechanisms not found elsewhere. Results: We isolated a strain of Penicillium nalgiovense Laxa from a soil sample obtained from an abandoned penguin’s nest. Amphotericin B was the only metabolite secreted from Penicillium nalgiovense Laxa with noticeable antimicrobial activity, with minimum inhibitory concentration of 0.125 μg/mL against Candida albicans. This is the first time that amphotericin B has been isolated from an organism other than the bacterium Streptomyces nodosus. In terms of amphotericin B production, cultures on solid medium proved to be a more reliable and favorable choice compared to liquid medium. Conclusions: These results encourage further investigation of the many unexplored sampling sites characterized by extreme conditions, and confirm filamentous fungi as potential sources of metabolites with antimicrobial activity. Keywords: Amphotericin B, Penicillium nalgiovense Laxa, Antarctica Background for improving existing sampling and screening methods of The lack of efficient antibiotics combined with the in- filamentous fungi so as to advance the search for new creased spread of antibiotic-resistance genes characterize antimicrobial compounds [10].
    [Show full text]
  • Identification of a Sorbicillinoid-Producing Aspergillus
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Archivio della ricerca - Università degli studi di Napoli Federico II Marine Biotechnology (2018) 20:502–511 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10126-018-9821-9 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Identification of a Sorbicillinoid-Producing Aspergillus Strain with Antimicrobial Activity Against Staphylococcus aureus:aNew Polyextremophilic Marine Fungus from Barents Sea Paulina Corral1,2 & Fortunato Palma Esposito1 & Pietro Tedesco1 & Angela Falco1 & Emiliana Tortorella1 & Luciana Tartaglione3 & Carmen Festa3 & Maria Valeria D’Auria3 & Giorgio Gnavi4 & Giovanna Cristina Varese4 & Donatella de Pascale1 Received: 18 October 2017 /Accepted: 26 March 2018 /Published online: 12 April 2018 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2018 Abstract The exploration of poorly studied areas of Earth can highly increase the possibility to discover novel bioactive compounds. In this study, the cultivable fraction of fungi and bacteria from Barents Sea sediments has been studied to mine new bioactive molecules with antibacterial activity against a panel of human pathogens. We isolated diverse strains of psychrophilic and halophilic bacteria and fungi from a collection of nine samples from sea sediment. Following a full bioassay-guided approach, we isolated a new promising polyextremophilic marine fungus strain 8Na, identified as Aspergillus protuberus MUT 3638, possessing the potential to produce antimicrobial agents. This fungus, isolated from cold seawater, was able to grow in a wide range of salinity, pH and temperatures. The growth conditions were optimised and scaled to fermentation, and its produced extract was subjected to chemical analysis. The active component was identified as bisvertinolone, a member of sorbicillonoid family that was found to display significant activity against Staphylococcus aureus with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 30 μg/mL.
    [Show full text]
  • Food Microbiology Fungal Spores: Highly Variable and Stress-Resistant Vehicles for Distribution and Spoilage
    Food Microbiology 81 (2019) 2–11 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Food Microbiology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/fm Fungal spores: Highly variable and stress-resistant vehicles for distribution and spoilage T Jan Dijksterhuis Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584, Utrecht, the Netherlands ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: This review highlights the variability of fungal spores with respect to cell type, mode of formation and stress Food spoilage resistance. The function of spores is to disperse fungi to new areas and to get them through difficult periods. This Spores also makes them important vehicles for food contamination. Formation of spores is a complex process that is Conidia regulated by the cooperation of different transcription factors. The discussion of the biology of spore formation, Ascospores with the genus Aspergillus as an example, points to possible novel ways to eradicate fungal spore production in Nomenclature food. Fungi can produce different types of spores, sexual and asexually, within the same colony. The absence or Development Stress resistance presence of sexual spore formation has led to a dual nomenclature for fungi. Molecular techniques have led to a Heat-resistant fungi revision of this nomenclature. A number of fungal species form sexual spores, which are exceptionally stress- resistant and survive pasteurization and other treatments. A meta-analysis is provided of numerous D-values of heat-resistant ascospores generated during the years. The relevance of fungal spores for food microbiology has been discussed. 1. The fungal kingdom molecules, often called “secondary” metabolites, but with many pri- mary functions including communication or antagonism. However, Representatives of the fungal kingdom, although less overtly visible fungi can also be superb collaborators as is illustrated by their ability to in nature than plants and animals, are nevertheless present in all ha- form close associations with members of other kingdoms.
    [Show full text]
  • Identification and Nomenclature of the Genus Penicillium
    Downloaded from orbit.dtu.dk on: Dec 20, 2017 Identification and nomenclature of the genus Penicillium Visagie, C.M.; Houbraken, J.; Frisvad, Jens Christian; Hong, S. B.; Klaassen, C.H.W.; Perrone, G.; Seifert, K.A.; Varga, J.; Yaguchi, T.; Samson, R.A. Published in: Studies in Mycology Link to article, DOI: 10.1016/j.simyco.2014.09.001 Publication date: 2014 Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link back to DTU Orbit Citation (APA): Visagie, C. M., Houbraken, J., Frisvad, J. C., Hong, S. B., Klaassen, C. H. W., Perrone, G., ... Samson, R. A. (2014). Identification and nomenclature of the genus Penicillium. Studies in Mycology, 78, 343-371. DOI: 10.1016/j.simyco.2014.09.001 General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. available online at www.studiesinmycology.org STUDIES IN MYCOLOGY 78: 343–371. Identification and nomenclature of the genus Penicillium C.M.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Full Article
    FARMACIA, 2019, Vol. 67, 5 https://doi.org/10.31925/farmacia.2019.5.5 ORIGINAL ARTICLE ISOLATION, IDENTIFICATION AND BIOACTIVITY SCREENING OF TURKISH MARINE-DERIVED FUNGI HAJAR HEYDARI 1, ASLI KOC 2, DUYGU SIMSEK3, BULENT GOZCELIOGLU 4, NURTEN ALTANLAR 3, BELMA KONUKLUGIL 1* 1Pharmacognosy Department of Ankara University, 06100 Tandoğan, Ankara, Turkey 2Biochemistry Department of Ankara University, 06100 Tandoğan, Ankara, Turkey 3Pharmaceutical Microbiology Department of Ankara University, 06100 Tandoğan, Ankara, Turkey 4Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TÜBITAK), 06420 Bakanlıklar, Ankara, Turkey *corresponding author: [email protected] Manuscript received: July 2018 Abstract Marine-derived fungi are considered as a promising source for discovering new secondary metabolites with pharmaceutical potential. In this study, 18 marine-derived fungi were isolated and identified from marine invertebrates and investigated with regard to their antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities. DPPH, SO, NO and ABTS assays were used for monitoring free radical scavenging activity, and MTT assay was used for cytotoxic activity. For antimicrobial activity determination minimum inhibitory concentration was calculated. As a result, six Penicillium, five Aspergillus, one Alternaria, Cladosporium, Malassezia, Mycosphaerella, Sporobolomyces, Talaromyces and Trichoderma species were isolated from the marine invertebrate. Some of these fungal extracts such as Aspergillus chevalieri has shown high antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, further Aspergillus awamori, Aspergillus niger and Penicillium brevicompactum have shown significant cytotoxic activity against HCT-116 cells. This was the first study about habitant of marine-derived fungi of Turkey’s coasts and their antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxicity activities. Besides, it is also the first report about the antioxidant and cytotoxicity activities of C.
    [Show full text]
  • Pulmonary Infection Caused by Talaromyces Purpurogenus in a Patient with Multiple Myeloma
    Le Infezioni in Medicina, n. 2, 153-157, 2016 CASE REPORT 153 Pulmonary infection caused by Talaromyces purpurogenus in a patient with multiple myeloma Altay Atalay1, Ayse Nedret Koc1, Gulsah Akyol2, Nuri Cakır1, Leylagul Kaynar2, Aysegul Ulu-Kilic3 1Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Erciyes, Kayseri, Turkey; 2Department of Haematology, University of Erciyes, Kayseri, Turkey; 3Department of Infectious Disease and Clinical Microbiology, University of Erciyes, Kayseri, Turkey SUMMARY A 66-year-old female patient with multiple myelo- based on the CT images. The sputum sample was sent ma (MM) was admitted to the emergency service on to the mycology laboratory and direct microscopic ex- 29.09.2014 with an inability to walk, and urinary and amination performed with Gram and Giemsa’s stain- faecal incontinence. She had previously undergone au- ing showed the presence of septate hyphae; there- tologous bone marrow transplantation (ABMT) twice. fore voriconazole was added to the treatment. Slow The patient was hospitalized at the Department of growing (at day 10), grey-greenish colonies and red Haematology. Further investigations showed findings pigment formation were observed in all culture media suggestive of a spinal mass at the T5-T6-T7 level, and except cycloheximide-containing Sabouraud dextrose a mass lesion in the iliac fossa. The mass lesion was agar (SDA) medium. The isolate was initially consid- resected and needle biopsy was performed during a ered to be Talaromyces marneffei. However, it was sub- colonoscopy. Examination of the specimens revealed sequently identified by DNA sequencing analysis as plasmacytoma. The patient also had chronic obstruc- Talaromyces purpurogenus. The patient was discharged tive pulmonary disease (COPD) and was suffering at her own wish, as she was willing to continue treat- from respiratory distress.
    [Show full text]
  • Diversity and Bioprospection of Fungal Community Present in Oligotrophic Soil of Continental Antarctica
    Extremophiles (2015) 19:585–596 DOI 10.1007/s00792-015-0741-6 ORIGINAL PAPER Diversity and bioprospection of fungal community present in oligotrophic soil of continental Antarctica Valéria M. Godinho · Vívian N. Gonçalves · Iara F. Santiago · Hebert M. Figueredo · Gislaine A. Vitoreli · Carlos E. G. R. Schaefer · Emerson C. Barbosa · Jaquelline G. Oliveira · Tânia M. A. Alves · Carlos L. Zani · Policarpo A. S. Junior · Silvane M. F. Murta · Alvaro J. Romanha · Erna Geessien Kroon · Charles L. Cantrell · David E. Wedge · Stephen O. Duke · Abbas Ali · Carlos A. Rosa · Luiz H. Rosa Received: 20 November 2014 / Accepted: 16 February 2015 / Published online: 26 March 2015 © Springer Japan 2015 Abstract We surveyed the diversity and capability of understanding eukaryotic survival in cold-arid oligotrophic producing bioactive compounds from a cultivable fungal soils. We hypothesize that detailed further investigations community isolated from oligotrophic soil of continen- may provide a greater understanding of the evolution of tal Antarctica. A total of 115 fungal isolates were obtained Antarctic fungi and their relationships with other organisms and identified in 11 taxa of Aspergillus, Debaryomyces, described in that region. Additionally, different wild pristine Cladosporium, Pseudogymnoascus, Penicillium and Hypo- bioactive fungal isolates found in continental Antarctic soil creales. The fungal community showed low diversity and may represent a unique source to discover prototype mol- richness, and high dominance indices. The extracts of ecules for use in drug and biopesticide discovery studies. Aspergillus sydowii, Penicillium allii-sativi, Penicillium brevicompactum, Penicillium chrysogenum and Penicil- Keywords Antarctica · Drug discovery · Ecology · lium rubens possess antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, Fungi · Taxonomy antitumoral, herbicidal and antiprotozoal activities.
    [Show full text]
  • Identification and Nomenclature of the Genus Penicillium
    available online at www.studiesinmycology.org STUDIES IN MYCOLOGY 78: 343–371. Identification and nomenclature of the genus Penicillium C.M. Visagie1, J. Houbraken1*, J.C. Frisvad2*, S.-B. Hong3, C.H.W. Klaassen4, G. Perrone5, K.A. Seifert6, J. Varga7, T. Yaguchi8, and R.A. Samson1 1CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, NL-3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; 2Department of Systems Biology, Building 221, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark; 3Korean Agricultural Culture Collection, National Academy of Agricultural Science, RDA, Suwon, Korea; 4Medical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, C70 Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, 532 SZ Nijmegen, The Netherlands; 5Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy; 6Biodiversity (Mycology), Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A0C6, Canada; 7Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Közep fasor 52, Hungary; 8Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8673, Japan *Correspondence: J. Houbraken, [email protected]; J.C. Frisvad, [email protected] Abstract: Penicillium is a diverse genus occurring worldwide and its species play important roles as decomposers of organic materials and cause destructive rots in the food industry where they produce a wide range of mycotoxins. Other species are considered enzyme factories or are common indoor air allergens. Although DNA sequences are essential for robust identification of Penicillium species, there is currently no comprehensive, verified reference database for the genus. To coincide with the move to one fungus one name in the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi and plants, the generic concept of Penicillium was re-defined to accommodate species from other genera, such as Chromocleista, Eladia, Eupenicillium, Torulomyces and Thysanophora, which together comprise a large monophyletic clade.
    [Show full text]
  • Fleming's Penicillin Producing Streain Is Not Penicillium Chrysogenum but P. Rubens
    Downloaded from orbit.dtu.dk on: Jan 11, 2021 Fleming's penicillin producing streain is not Penicillium chrysogenum but P. rubens Houbraken, Jos; Frisvad, Jens Christian; Samson, Robert A. Published in: I M A Fungus Link to article, DOI: 10.5598/imafungus.2011.02.01.12 Publication date: 2011 Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link back to DTU Orbit Citation (APA): Houbraken, J., Frisvad, J. C., & Samson, R. A. (2011). Fleming's penicillin producing streain is not Penicillium chrysogenum but P. rubens. I M A Fungus, 2(1), 87-95. https://doi.org/10.5598/imafungus.2011.02.01.12 General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. doi:10.5598/imafungus.2011.02.01.12 IMA FUNGUS · VOLUME 2 · No 1: 87–95 Fleming’s penicillin producing strain is not Penicillium chrysogenum but ARTICLE P. rubens Jos Houbraken1, Jens C.
    [Show full text]
  • Species-Specific PCR to Describe Local-Scale Distributions of Four
    fungal ecology 6 (2013) 419e429 available at www.sciencedirect.com journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/funeco Species-specific PCR to describe local-scale distributions of four cryptic species in the Penicillium 5 chrysogenum complex Alexander G.P. BROWNE*, Matthew C. FISHER, Daniel A. HENK* Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom article info abstract Article history: Penicillium chrysogenum is a ubiquitous airborne fungus detected in every sampled region of Received 2 October 2012 the Earth. Owing to its role in Alexander Fleming’s serendipitous discovery of Penicillin in Revision received 8 March 2013 1928, the fungus has generated widespread scientific interest; however its natural history is Accepted 13 March 2013 not well understood. Research has demonstrated speciation within P. chrysogenum, Available online 15 June 2013 describing the existence of four cryptic species. To discriminate the four species, we Corresponding editor: developed protocols for species-specific diagnostic PCR directly from fungal conidia. 430 Gareth W. Griffith Penicillium isolates were collected to apply our rapid diagnostic tool and explore the dis- tribution of these fungi across the London Underground rail transport system revealing Keywords: significant differences between Underground lines. Phylogenetic analysis of multiple type Alexander Fleming isolates confirms that the ‘Fleming species’ should be named Penicillium rubens and that London Underground divergence of the four ‘Chrysogenum complex’ fungi occurred about 0.75 million yr ago. Mycology Finally, the formal naming of two new species, Penicillium floreyi and Penicillium chainii,is Penicillium chrysogenum performed. Phylogeny ª 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Taxonomy Introduction In Sep.
    [Show full text]
  • Penicillium Chrysogenum Isolated from Subclinical Bovine Mastitis
    Jameel and Yassein Iraqi Journal of Science, 2021, Vol. 62, No. 7, pp: 2131-2142 DOI: 10.24996/ijs.2021.62.7.2 ISSN: 0067-2904 Virulence Potential of Penicillium Chrysogenum Isolated from Subclinical Bovine Mastitis Shaimaa Nabhan Yassein ,٭Fadwa Abdul Razaq Jameel Department of Microbiology, college of Veterinary Medicine, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq Received: 28/7/2020 Accepted: 9/10/2020 Abstract The present study aimed to the isolation and identification of Penicillium chrysogenum from subclinical bovine mastitis as well as the evaluation of their potential to produce the main virulence factors by assessing proteinase production, urease production, growth rate at 3 C, and hemolytic activity on Blood agar. One hundred milk samples were assembled from the White Gold village and surrounded outlying farms of Abu-Ghraib, Baghdad province, during the period from November 2018 to March 2019. Each milk sample was tested for California Mastitis (CMT). The results indicated that 85% of the samples gave positive (+ve) results for CMT. Sixty six mycotic isolates were detected, including 31 isolates of Penicillium spp. (46.9%) and 23 isolates of P. chrysogenum (34.8%). All of P. chrysogenum isolates were identified by culturing on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar and Czapek Doxes Agar at 25 ºC for 5-7 days. P. chrysogenum was diagnosed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of fungal ribosomal DNA (rDNA). The results of genetic identities showed that this fungus had 94% matching with the reference strain. Also, this study indicated that P. chrysogenum has several virulence factors with the ability of this fungus to degrade both proteins (albumin and casein), hydrolyse urea, and grow ate C, but not to confer hemolytic activity on Blood Agar.
    [Show full text]