Appendix A: the Responsa Scholarum and the Liber Primi Examinis

Appendix A: The Responsa Scholarum and the Liber Primi Examinis

The Responsa Scholarum are responses to a questionnaire set to incoming students at the Venerable English College, Rome from 1598 to 1685. The Liber Primi Examinis (LPE) are abstracts of answers to a similar questionnaire at the English College, Valladolid, Spain from 1592 to 1623. There are 595 extant responsa and 309 LPE entries.1 These records represent four-ﬁfths of the English men who studied at two Catholic seminaries: 757 students entered at Rome from 1598 to 1685, compared to 595 surviving responsa. At Valladolid, 309 entries for 356 students survive. Six individuals appear in both collections.2 Although obviously selective, these records are also diverse, and because of the high total number they are capable of quantitative analysis. As with any interrogative records, responses are conditioned by the questions’ agenda. But, equally, respondents interpreted the questions. Several scholars have used parts of the Responsa Scholarum collection for analysis of particular themes.3 My ‘Youth, religious identity and autobiography’ attempted a more comprehensive quantitative analysis, of which Chapter 2 of the present study makes use; that paper included a discussion of the responsa and LPE as sources, which is summarised here.4 The questionnaire systems at the English Colleges of Valladolid and Rome were probably the work of Robert Persons SJ.5 He was instrumental in founding the Valladolid seminary, and the Rome responsa commence in 1598, a year after Persons became Rector there. His priorities in both places would have included weeding out potential spies of the English government; assessing the educational level of candidates, for purposes of academic administration; and – particularly at Rome, where he took over after a period of internal strife – ensuring the authority of the Jesuit superiors of the College. Persons and his colleagues may also have seen new students’ accounts as a source of information about the situation in England.6 The questions addressed the candidates’ social origins, their parents’ and siblings’ religion, and their own faith: whether they had ever been ‘heretics or schismatics’, and if so how they had converted. They were also asked whether they had experienced persecution. There was a question on the candidate’s educational history; entrants ranged from university graduates to school leavers. The ﬁnal question asked for a promise to obey the college statutes, and whether the candidate intended to become a priest. This second had a basic bureaucratic function, since only those willing to be ordained could be enrolled as scholars; others who intended to study without taking orders were convictors, paying for their board.7 After 1658 at Rome, an oath was required to take Holy Orders and return to the ‘English Mission’, eliminating laymen entering only to study. John Bossy’s analysis of the answers on social origin, used in conjunction with some surviving records from Douai College, provides a picture of this aspect of the seminaries.8 Between 1598 and 1610, sons of non-gentry slightly outnumbered gentry. The 1610s to the mid-seventeenth century show a strong gentry majority; after the

199 200 Appendix A

Restoration this proportion declined again (to 17% at Rome in the 1680s, although records are scanty by this date). Respondents were asked their place of birth, and their answers (unsurprisingly) indicate most recruitment from England’s more Catholic areas, especially Yorkshire and Lancashire, and also London.9 The remainder were spread fairly evenly across the rest of the country, although central Wales was barely represented. They were also asked their ages.10 The average age in both Rome and Valladolid was twenty, with two-thirds to three-quarters aged between eighteen and twenty- four: at Valladolid, 65.4%; at Rome, 73.5% overall, and 67.1% up to 1620. A small number (twenty-five at Rome, twelve at Valladolid) were over thirty, while 12% at Rome and 20% at Valladolid were under eighteen. However, at Rome up to 1620 there were slightly higher proportions of older respondents (7%) and younger ones (14% under eighteen). Valladolid recorded eleven respondents under sixteen, Rome four. The oldest respondent (at Rome) was forty-six (LR354); the youngest ones were fourteen (LR359, LPE14, LPE15, LPE50). The Responsa Scholarum and LPE are different types of sources. The responsa are original answers to the questionnaire: the manuscripts, in the hands of their 595 authors, survive.11 They were mostly composed in Latin, but three respondents wrote all or partly in English. At Valladolid, autograph responses do not survive. The LPE consists of abstracts of answers, the scribes presumably being members of the College staff. This makes LPE entries more typical of interrogative records: scribes may have prompted answers and selected material to an unknown extent, although they could only work from information respondents chose to give. Six Valladolid entrants also went to Rome and left responsa. At Valladolid, the ‘first examination’ was made during the candidate’s probation, in private. He was later re-examined to make sure his story was consistent, and his answers recorded in the LPE.12 We have less information on the composition of responsa – there are no records of oral examinations, so perhaps they were entirely a written exercise. Kenny deduced that the questionnaire was set soon after arrival, but before formal enrolment; but we know little else.13 Communication between respondents, and influence from the staff, is, however, certainly possible. There is a decrease in the amount of detail given in responsa: by the 1650s, answers were rarely long or so comprehensive. In 1658, the questionnaire at Rome was changed – covering the same topics, but with more detail in some areas. Some impli- cations of this change are referred to in this study.14 The larger number of precise enquiries seems to expect yes/no answers, and these were generally what was given. Parents’ religion could be told in one word, and conversion histories in five.15 This facilitates quantification in some areas, but means later entries do not repay textual analysis so well. There is a reduction in quantity: from 1668, two years are without responsa, and from 1671 only about half the entrants recorded in the Liber Ruber left responsa. After 1685, the practice seems to have fallen into disuse. Quantitative analysis necessitates categorisation, which is necessarily interpretation. I have tried to follow respondents’ own definitions, and to use all information, however partial, without deploying too much guesswork in clarifying it. My quantification depends on positive selection: I have counted those who describe themselves as converts, and included as ‘non-converts’ all respondents who did not record a conversion. In examining juvenile conversions, I have counted those whose conversions can be dated to before the age of twenty-one. Most other converts were demonstrably over twenty-one at their conversion, but the ages of some are unknown. In subdivid- ing juvenile converts’ ages, if a precise age is not given, it is recorded as unknown. Appendix A 201

Occasionally, where it can be narrowed down deductively, I have allocated the highest possible age category: for example, if a convert does not state his age at conversion but was seventeen on entering, he is recorded in the fourteen-to-seventeen group. Figures from the Responsa Scholarum and LPE are derived from my databases of entries, made using the editions cited above, and are not given further references. Individual entries are identiﬁed by number. Notes

Introduction

1. TNA SP12/235/8; RSJ:1 pp.355–6n. 2. H. Berry and E. Foyster assess the historiography in their The Family in Early Modern England (Cambridge, 2007), Introduction, pp.1–17. Recent work includes: Naomi J. Miller and Naomi Yavneh (eds.), Gender and Early Modern Constructions of Childhood (Farnham, 2011); A.J. Fletcher, Growing Up in England: The Experience of Childhood 1600–1914 (New Haven & London, 2008); E. Foyster and J. Marten (general eds.), A Cultural History of Childhood and Family (6 vols., New York, 2010); A. Classen (ed.), Childhood in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance: The Results of a Paradigm Shift in the History of Mentality (Berlin, 2005); A. Shell, ‘Furor Juvenilis: Post-Reformation English Catholicism and exemplary youthful behaviour’ in E. Shagan (ed.), Catholics and the ‘Protestant Nation’: Religious Politics and Identity in Early Modern England (Manchester, 2005), pp.185–206; M. Bunge (ed.), The Child in Christian Thought (Grand Rapids, MI, 2001). 3. P. Aries , trans. J. Cape (1962), Centuries of Childhood (Paris, 1960); L. Stone, The Family, Sex and Marriage in England 1500–1800 (London, 1977); C. Heywood, ‘Cen- turies of childhood: An anniversary – and an epitaph?’ in Journal of the History of Childhood and Youth 3:3 (2010) 341–65. 4. L.A. Pollock, Forgotten Children: Parent-child Relations from 1500 to 1900 (Cambridge, 1983) galvanized the revisionary project; cf Fletcher, Growing Up in England. See L.J. Wilkinson (ed.), A Cultural History of Childhood and the Family in theMiddleAges(Oxford, 2010), especially Wilkinson, ‘Introduction’ pp.1–19; A. Classen, ‘Introduction’ to Classen, Childhood, pp.1–67; B. Hanawalt, Growing Up in Medieval London: The Experience of Childhood in History (Oxford, 1993); N. Orme, Medieval Children (New Haven and London, 2001); S. Shahar, Childhood in the Middle Ages (London, 1990). 5. G. Levi and J. Schmitt (eds.), trans. C. Naish, A History of Young People in the West (2 vols., Cambridge, MA and London, 1997); K. Eisenbichler (ed.), The Premodern Teenager: Youth in Society, 1150–1650 (Toronto, 2002); P.J.P. Goldberg and F. Riddy (eds.), Youth in the Middle Ages (Woodbridge, 2004); P. Grifﬁths, Youth and Author- ity: Formative Experiences in England 1560–1640 (Oxford, 1996); I.K. Ben-Amos, Adolescence and Youth in Early Modern England (New Haven & London, 1994). 6. Shahar, Childhood in the Middle Ages, especially Introduction, pp.1–7, discusses particularity as well as universality; J. Casey, Family and Community in Early Mod- ern Spain: The Citizens of Granada 1570–1739 (Cambridge, 2007), pp.145–69, argues that in Granada the ‘cult’ of the family did take precedence over the individual. 7. For example, C.D. Fletcher, Richard II: Manhood, Youth and Politics, 1377–99 (Oxford, 2008); K.M. Phillips, ‘Desiring virgins: Maidens, martyrs and feminin- ity in late medieval England’ in Goldberg and Riddy (eds.), YouthintheMiddle Ages, pp.45–59; J.R. Watt, ‘Calvinism, childhood, and education: The evidence from the Genevan consistory’ in SCJ 33:2 (2002) 439–56; K.E. Spierling, ‘Making use of God’s remedies: Negotiating the material care of children in Reformation Geneva’ in SCJ 36:3 (2005) 785–807.

202 Notes 203

8. C. Luke, Pedagogy, Printing and Protestantism: The Discourse on Childhood (New York, 1989), especially pp. ix–xii, 139–48; C.J. Sommerville, The Discovery of Childhood in Puritan England (Athens, GA, 1992). 9. A. French, ‘Possession, puritanism and prophecy: Child demoniacs and English Reformed culture’ in Reformation 13 (2008) 133–61; S. Hardman-Moore, ‘Such perfecting of praise out of the mouth of a babe: Sarah Wight as child prophet’ and A. Walsham, ‘Out of the mouths of babes and sucklings: Prophecy, puritanism and childhood in Elizabethan Suffolk’ in D. Wood (ed.), The Church and Child- hood: Papers Read at the 1993 Summer Meeting and the 1994 Winter Meeting of the Ecclesiastical History Society (SCH 31) (Oxford, 1994), pp.313–24 and pp.285–300, respectively. 10. W. Wooden, (ed.) J. Watson, Children’s Literature of the English Renaissance (Lexington, Kentucky, 1986): ‘The topos of childhood in Marian England’, pp.55–72, ‘John Foxe’s “Book of Martyrs” and the child reader’, pp.73–87; S. Covington, ‘ “Spared not from tribulation”: Children and early modern martyrologies’ in Reformationsgeschichte 97 (2006) 165–83. 11. Sommerville, Discovery of Childhood, pp.12–13, 23–4; Pollock, Forgotten Children, pp.249, 251. 12. Griffiths, Youth and Authority, pp.191–3. 13. Shell, ‘Furor juvenilis’; A. Shell, ‘Autodidacticism in English Jesuit drama: The writings and career of Joseph Simons’ in Medieval and Renaissance Drama in England 13(2001) 34–56. 14. J. Bossy, The English Catholic Community, 1570–1850 (London, 1975); A.C.F. Beales, Education Under Penalty: English Catholic Education from the Reformation to the Fall of James II, 1547–1689 (London, 1963). 15. B. Kaplan, B. Moore, J. Pollmann, H.F.K. van Nierop (eds.), Catholic Commu- nities in Protestant States: Britain and the Netherlands c.1570–1720 (Manchester, 2009); N. Lewycky and A. Morton (eds.), Getting Along? Religious Identities and Confessional Relations in Early Modern England – Essays in Honour of Profes- sor W.J. Sheils (Farnham, 2012); M.C. Questier, Catholicism and Community in Early Modern England: Politics, Aristocratic Patronage and Religion, c.1550–1640 (Cambridge, 2006); Shagan, Catholics and the ‘Protestant nation’; A. Dillon, The Construction of Martyrdom in the English Catholic Community 1535–1603 (Aldershot, 2002); A. Shell, Catholicism, Controversy, and the English Literary Imagination, 1558– 1660 (Cambridge, 1999), ‘Furor juvenilis’, ‘Autodidacticism’, Oral Culture and Catholicism in Early Modern England (Cambridge, 2007); A. Walsham, Charitable Hatred: Tolerance and Intolerance in England 1500–1700 (Manchester, 2006), Church Papists: Catholicism, Conformity and Confessional Polemic in Early Modern England (Woodbridge, 1993), ‘Translating Trent: English Catholicism and the counter reformation’ in Historical Research 78:201 (2005) 288–310; Bossy, English Catholic Community. 16. Griffiths, Youth and Authority, pp.19–26; K. Thomas, ‘Age and authority in early modern England’ in Proceedings of the British Academy 1976 (Oxford, 1977), pp.205–48; Ben-Amos, Adolescence, pp.1–9, 10–11. 17. Thomas, ‘Age and authority’, pp.216, 222–3. 18. S. Mendelson and P. Crawford, Women in Early Modern England, 1550–1720 (Oxford, 1998), p.78; Griffiths, Youth and Authority,p.5;R.Houlbrooke,The English Family, 1450–1700 (New York, 1984), pp.67ff. 19. Ben-Amos, Adolescence, pp.8–11. 20. See introduction to Part III. 204 Notes

21. L. Underwood, ‘Youth, religious identity and autobiography at the English Col- leges in Rome and Valladolid, 1592–1685’ in Historical Journal 55:2 (2012) 349–74 for discussion of the Responsa and LPE, also Appendix A. 22. Shell, ‘Furor juvenilis’, p.188. 23. CSM:1, p.24.

1 Call Yourself a Catholic? Methods of Forming Identity

1. N.L. Jones, The English Reformation: Religion and Cultural Adaptation (Oxford, 2002), pp.40–1; RSJ:1 p.183. 2. LR455, 1607: Istud conversionis meae est initium. salutare sanctae crucis signum formare, edocuit me Susceptor meus Domins Suthcot, quod, licet vir- tutem eius nullam cognoscerem, neque quam ob causam id facerem, scirem, tamen quam potui diligentissime observavi, potissimum vero cum cubitum concederem, et cum in itinere, procedentes obviam faeminas cernerem, eas enim, si vetulae essent veneﬁcas esse et incantatrices (quod plures istiusmodi pestes in illis partibus grassarentur) existimabam, quae sane multum saepe timoris iniicere mihi solebant.

3. Rudgeley was ordained priest in 1612, and sent on the English Mission 1614. Liber Ruber 1, p.150. 4. Jones, English Reformation, pp.40–1. 5. R.L. de Molen, ‘Childhood and the Sacraments in the sixteenth century’ in Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte 66 (1975) 49–70. 6. I considered these questions in my ‘Youth, religious identity and autobiography’; some material used here appeared there. 7. Questier, Catholicism and Community, pp.234–8 for this episode. 8. Ibid., pp.238–9. 9. cf. P. Marshall’s examination of the parallel issue of burial: ‘Confessionalisation and community in the burial of English Catholics, c.1570–1700’ in Lewycky and Morton, Getting Along? pp.57–75. 10. H. Schroeder, (trans.) The Canons and Decrees of the Council of Trent (Rockford, IL, 1978), p.53. 11. CRS:67 (Part 2: Allen-Persons cases), p.99. 12. 1560 ‘Interrogatories’: W.H. Frere, Visitation Articles and Injunctions of the Period of the Reformation (3 vols., London, 1910), vol.3, pp.89, 92, 227, 253, 256. 13. See below, and (for example) ‘certificates’ of Warwickshire recusants 1592, which report seven instances of recusant christenings. M. Hodgetts, ‘A certificate of Warwickshire recusants, 1592. Part I’ in Worcestershire Recusant 5 (1965) 18–31, at 21; M. Hodgetts, ‘A certificate of Warwickshire recusants, 1592, Part 2’ in Worcestershire Recusant 6 (1965) 7–20, at 7, 9–10; J. Tobias, ‘New light on recusancy in Warwickshire, 1592’ in Worcestershire Recusant 36 (1980) 8–27, at 11, 13, 16, 18. 14. SR IV. ii, p.1080 (3 Jas I, c.5). 15. Bossy’s summary, Community, pp.132–5, elides the complexity of both theory and practice in this area. 16. The examples here come mainly from Sussex and the archdiocese of York, where extensive records survive, and strong Catholic communities existed. The High Commission Act Books record cases before the highest ecclesiastical court for the northern province from 1560 to 1640, while Sussex has a series of Detection Notes 205

Books for the Chichester diocesan courts. In both cases I surveyed a sample of the records. Further research on this subject is needed. 17. BIHR, YHCAB:10; WSRO, EPI/17/8, EPI/17/11, EPIII/4/7, EPI/11/7. 18. K.R. Wark, Elizabethan Recusancy in Cheshire (Manchester, 1971), Appendix 1, passim. 19. I am grateful to Simon Healy of the History of Parliament Trust for allowing me to cite his transcriptions and notes from BIHR YHCAB:14 (1599–1603), ff.243–4, and from Durham University Library (at 5 The College), DCD/D/SJB/7 (1614–17), ff.10r-v, 15–16, 17v–19, 21v, 22r-v. Six couples were explicitly reported for christenings; the record of several other recusancy proceedings is unclear. 20. Simon Healy’s transcription/notes from DUL (The College), DCD/D/SJB/7 ff.15, 21v. 21. YHCAB:10, ff.5, 8v, 21, 43v, 70v, 158v. 22. AEN p.11 & note; cf. LPE155 1604, Henry Killingale. 23. Troubles 3, p.328. 24. YHCAB:10 f.60 November 1580; J.S. Purvis (ed.), The Elizabethan High Commis- sion of York: The Act Books 1561/2–1580 ([n.p.] 1979), pp.63, 118; YHCAB:12 18 December 1591 f.29r [Simon Healy’s transcript]. 25. Durham QS, pp.169, 175, 180–1, 233–4, 252. The North Riding quarter sessions saw one presentment for non-christening; the Hertfordshire Assizes noted it thrice in association with recusancy: J.C. Atkinson (ed.), Quarter Sessions Records (North Riding Records Series vol.1, London, 1884), pp.62, 66; Hertfordshire Indict- ments, pp.104, 274–5. There were three indictments in Kent in Charles I’s reign: Kent Indictments, pp.22, 43, 45, 64, 463. Other published records do not mention this issue. There were two such presentments at Warwickshire Quarter Sessions 1625–96: V.T.J. Arkell, ‘An enquiry into the frequency of the parochial registration of Catholics in a 17th Century Warwickshire parish’ in Local Population Studies 9 (1972) 23–32, at 23. 26. BL Lansdowne.Ms.153 ff.131–2. 27. RSJ:3, pp.119–22 (abstract from ARSI Mss.Hist.Angl.1590–1618, A/1), at p.121. This account of persecution describes the uncontrolled activities of pursuivants holding special commissions, a form of semi-ofﬁcial harassment which Catholic propaganda frequently complained about. 28. ARSI Anglia 33.I, pp.681–2. ‘de infantibus domi baptizatis, de celebratis ritu Catholico matrimonijs, alijsque eiusmodi rebus seueram in foro Ecclesiastico exerceri quaestionem cernerent. Adeo nullus vexandi Catholicos exhauriendique sit ﬁnis.’ Lord Wentworth complained in 1634 of Bishop Morton of Durham’s over-zealous pursuit through ecclesiastical courts of Catholic ‘Marriadges, Christenings, buryalls’: CRS:53, p.388, quoting Wentworth correspondence; Marshall, ‘Burial of Catholics’, p.64. 29. TNA PC2/47, pp.27,31; SP16/312/13,46,89; SP16/314/3; SP16/337/62,80; SP16/ 367/108. The eventual decision about foreign nationals’ liability does not appear in these records. 30. SP12/228/39; CRS:60, pp.75, 86. 31. CRS:60, pp.44, 47–8, 55–6, 59–60. 32. ‘The persecution and martyrdom of James Duckett layman written by his son a Carthusian’ [Alban Butler’s transcript] BAA Ms.R941/66, pp.623–31 at p.629. 33. E. Peacock (ed.), A List of the Roman Catholics in the County of York in 1604: Transcribed From the Original MS. in the Bodleian Library (London, 1872). 34. Bodl. Rawlinson.Ms.B452. 206 Notes

35. Peacock, Yorkshire Catholics, pp.94–5. 36. Ibid., p.67–9, pp.95–6. 37. BIHR V.1604.CB f.25, f.12–13, 17; Peacock, Yorkshire Catholics, pp.14–15. 38. Data collected from Peacock Yorkshire Catholics. 39. Robert Southwell [attrib.] to Richard Verstegan, c.December 1591, report on persecution in England: CRS:52, pp.1–16, at p.6, (from ABSJ Ms.Anglia 1/70). 40. William Weston, Autobiography of an Elizabethan, trans. P. Caraman (London, 1955), pp.4–5, 53–4. 41. CRS:53, pp.108–11, at p.109. 42. RSJ:3, p.235 (from VEC Coll.F). My emphasis. 43. SP12/248/111 ff.242–3. 44. For example: LR375 (1601); LR450 (1607); LR460 (1608); LR505 (1612); LR527 (1613); LR550 (1616) b.1599; LR576 (1617); LR676 (1626); LR687 (1628); LR826 (1645); LR820 (1645). Richard Blundell (LR826, 1645) described himself as ‘Richard Blundell youngest son of Nicholas Blundell and Jane Bradshaigh, who being harassed in various ways because of the orthodox faith, ﬂed out of her native county of Lancashire into Cheshire, and there gave birth to me her eleventh child’. 45. RSJ:7.ii, p.1037. 46. WRO 899:169/BA/1546/Russell MSS, B.8, MS undated. Giles Nanfan certiﬁed his conformity to the Church of England in October 1593: Vincent Burke, ‘Submis- sions of conformity by Elizabethan recusants’ in Worcestershire Recusant 21 (1973) 1–7, at 5, quoting TNA E368/477/196. 47. Godparents professed the faith on the child’s behalf and undertook his Christian education; some Reformed thinkers were uneasy with the whole institution, although the Church of England never rejected godparenthood. W. Coster, Baptism and Spiritual Kinship in Early Modern England (Aldershot, 2002), Chapter 2. 48. SP12/193/17&17.i, ff.27–8; SP12/193/45&45.i, ff.108–9, quotation at f.109r. 49. WSRO EP/III/4/7 ff.3, 21v, 41v. 50. J.S. Purvis (ed.), Tudor Parish Documents of the Diocese of York (Cambridge, 1948), 1575 Visitation, p.80 (Elizabeth Tetlowe). 51. YHCAB:10 ff.157, 160, 163 (1582/3). D. Cressy, Birth, Marriage and Death: Ritual, Religion, and the Life-cycle in Tudor and Stuart England (Oxford, 1997), p.117–23 for Protestant unease with midwife baptism. 52. T.J. McCann, ‘Catholic Schoolmasters in Sussex, 1558–1603: Addenda and corri- genda to Beales’s Catholic schoolmasters’ in Recusant History 12:5 (1974) 235–7, at 235. 53. CRS:67, p.35, (Douai-Rheims cases), p.99 (Allen-Persons cases). 54. HPN p.138. My emphasis. 55. YHCAB:10, f.43v, 53v, 56v, 58v. 56. YHCAB:10, f.56v. 57. R. Longden, ‘The Fowlers of St Thomas, near Stafford, 1543–1736’ in Staffordshire Studies 16 (2005) 91–111, at 97, 103. 58. Coster, Baptism. 59. CRS:67 (Douai-Rheims cases) p.99. 60. e.g. ARSI: Anglia 32.I, pp.239–40, 244, 245b; (1624) Anglia 33.I, p.640 (1635), pp.681, 683 (1636); Anglia 34, p.549 (1654). 61. Whereas the Catholic Franciscan Registers, Birmingham, listed numerous Rowington Catholics from 1659. Arkell, ‘Parochial registration’. 62.SocietyofJesus,Annuæ Litteræ Societatis Jesu, anni 1650, F. Piccolomineo Præposito Generali societatem gubernante (Dilinger, 1658), pp.37–8. Notes 207

63. LR384 (1602); LR487 (1610); LR515 (1615); LR610 (1620); LR659 (1625); LR671(1626); LR807 (1644); LR374 (1601); LR374 (1601); William Whittington LR453 (1607). The figure of six given in Underwood, ‘Youth, religious identity and autobiography’, 370, is inaccurate, due to including only respondents recorded as non-converts, excluding those who recorded a subsequent ‘apostasy’ and reconversion. John Salkeld LR794 (1641) and William Worthington LR408 (1604) recorded Protestant baptisms. Worthington’s father was a Protestant at the time of his birth, and Salkeld’s may have been, since he was also a convert. 64. On non-communicants, see (e.g.) A. Walsham, ‘Supping with Satan’s disciples: Spiritual and secular sociability in early modern England’ in Lewycky and Morton, Getting Along? pp.29–55 at pp.38–42. 65. For example, D. Mathew, Catholicism in England 1535–1935: Portrait of a Minor- ity: Its Culture and Tradition (London, 1936), pp.37–8: ‘there was a very large element ...which was Catholic in sympathy and by tradition but had not the determination to follow the practice of a creed proscribed by law. It was the pres- ence of these vague, yielding, half-Catholics, the ‘Church-Papists’ as they were sometimes called, which did so much to weaken the position. They were led by a spirit of compromise ....’ 66. Bossy, Community, esp. pp.182–94, quotations at p.183. 67. Walsham, Church Papists, pp.50–72 on pro-conformity tracts; Walsham, ‘ “Yielding to the extremity of the time”: Conformity, orthodoxy and the post- Reformation Catholic Community’ and M.C. Questier, ‘Conformity, Catholicism and the law’ in P. Lake and M.C. Questier (eds.), Conformity and Orthodoxy in the English Church, c.1560–1660 (Woodbridge, 2000), pp. 211–36, pp. 237–61 respectively; P. Lake and M.C. Questier, The Trials of Margaret Clitherow: Persecution, Martyrdom and the Politics of Sanctity in Elizabethan England (London, 2011). 68. Some material in this section appears in a slightly different form in my ‘Recusancy and the rising generation’ in Recusant History 31:4 (2013) 511–33. 69. See Chapter 9. 70. CRS:53, ‘A true certificate of all the Recusants within the Archdeaconrie of Yorke taken mensae Januarie 1595[6] ...’, (from Cecil Papers), pp.15–108, at pp.63, 33, 68. Radcliffe’s seat was at Dilston, Northumberland, but he had moved to Cumberland: CRS:53, p.58. Tobias, ‘Recusancy in Warwickshire’, 18. 71. See e.g. Hodgetts, ‘Warwickshire recusants’, 1, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27; Hodgetts, ‘Warwickshire recusants’, 2, 11, 13, 15–16, 20. 72. BIHR V.1615.CB. 73. CRS:60 p.51 (John Price, William Price). 74. HMC Salisbury 8, pp.74–5. 75. T.J. McCann, ‘The Catholic recusancy of Dr John Bullaker’ in RH 11:2 (1971) 75–86, at 81–2. Lane was a former recusant: Questier, ‘Conformity’, pp.258–9. 76. SP16/355/181,181.I,181.II; SP16/356/159. 77. Forsters of Earswick. J.C.H. Aveling, Northern Catholics: The Catholic Recusants of the North Riding of Yorkshire, 1558–1790 (London, 1966), pp.187–8. 78. BIHR V.1615.CB ff.216, 320v. 79. HMC Salisbury 8, pp.74–5. 80. CRS:18 p.175; CRS:53, p.77 for Mary Huddleston’s recusancy. Richard did not specify his parents’ religion. 81. uxor enim Dni Fi. Duketi affinis mea me Catholicum (eo quod Mater reliquique paene omnes) autumans, invitatum ad pascalia (ut meminem[?] sum[?] illic), cognatulis meis transigenda bis terve ad sacrum, ullam ante peccatorum Fideique Homologesin, nescia admisit; nec ego et propter annos 208 Notes

taliumque ingorantiam, adeo fuerim cordatus, ut, errorem meum ullatenus persentiscerem. post triduum rogatus a Praeceptoribus an ullibi confes- sus essem; Nullibi: refero. eundi mentem, quaerunt? annuo, properiterque Confessarium Reverendum Dominum Gulielmum Smitheum convenio, reconsilior ....

82. A member of the important Catholic Constable family of Everingham, Yorks, and West Rasen, Lincs. His brother Robert’s responsa are LR549 (1616). 83. Beales, Education Under Penalty, pp.36–8; I. Green, The Christian’s ABC: Catechisms and Catechizing in England c.1530–1740 (Oxford, 1996), pp.170–204. At the 1571 Visitation of Winchester College, orders were given for excluding ‘papists’: Frere, Visitation, vol.3, pp.324–31, especially pp.327–8, 330. Bishops’ injunctions for catechism in schools include those for Norwich, 1561: Frere, Visitation, p.105; Rochester cathedral and diocese in 1565, 1571, 1572–4: Frere, Visitation, pp.153, 160, 333, 342; Norwich, 1569: Frere, Visitation, p.214; Province of York, 1571: Frere, Visitation, pp.270, 291; London, 1571: Frere, Visitation, p.312; Lincoln, 1574: Frere, Visitation, p.371. See also extracts printed in David Cressy, Education in Tudor and Stuart England (London, 1975), pp.28–34. 84. Underwood, ‘Youth, religious identity and autobiography’, esp. 366–73; also L. Underwood, ‘Persuading the queen’s majesty’s subjects from their allegiance: Treason, reconciliation and confessional identity in Elizabethan England’, forthcoming in Historical Research. These extended research which formed part of Chapter 1 of my doctoral thesis, ‘Childhood, youth and Catholicism in England c.1558–1660’, unpubl. PhD. diss., University of Cambridge 2012. Some of the following material appeared in ‘Youth, religious identity and autobiography’, and is referred to in ‘Recusancy and the rising generation’. 85. 22.4% of adult and 21.9% of younger converts from 1598 to 629 refer to schism; 16.7% of younger converts and 10.3% of adults converted from schism only. Most Valladolid converts did not state what they converted from: only ﬁve refer to schism, and seven heresy. My count differs from Michael Questier’s: ‘Cleri- cal recruitment, conversion and Rome c.1580–1620’ in C. Cross (ed.), Patronage and Recruitment in the Tudor and Early Stuart Church (York, 1996), pp.76–94, at p.85. I include only those speciﬁcally using the term ‘schism’, although other respondents recorded similar experiences without doing so. 86. LR362, 1600. 87. John Gerard, Autobiography of an Elizabethan, trans. P. Caraman (London, 1951), pp.174–5, narrates this conversion similarly, but calls him Thomas Smith (Hodgson’s alias at Rome – Liber Ruber 1, p.121–122). Gerard has Smith say: ‘Father, for the love of God I beg you to hear my confession.’ Both versions may have been polished in composition. 88. John’s father was George Smith of Ashby Folville, Leics; his mother belonged to the strongly Catholic Gifford family of Chillington, Staffs: Anstruther 2, p.300. 89. His parents were Henry and Mary Hart of Kennington, Kent: Anstruther 2, p.149. 90. Since the writers of these entries were seminary staff, it indicates that at least some priests endorsed this interpretation of reconciliation. 91. BL Lansdowne Ms.776, f.12r; Underwood, ‘Treason, reconciliation and confessional identity’; S. Healy and M.C. Questier, ‘ “What’s in a name?”: A Papist’s perception of Puritanism and conformity in the early seventeenth century’ in A.F. Marotti (ed.), Catholicism and Anti-Catholicism in Early Modern English Texts (Basingstoke, 1999), pp.137–53. Notes 209

92. LR381. ‘reconsilior, Deoque ac Beata Sempter Virgine Maria adspirantibus, per- mansi, permanebo’. 93. By contrast, Ryrie, Being Protestant pp.429–37 suggests the relative unimportance of childhood to the Protestant religious life-cycle.

2 Calling Their Souls Their Own: Converting and Claiming

1. The graphs in this chapter previously appeared in Underwood, ‘Youth, religious identity and autobiography’. I am grateful to Dr Gavin Jarvis of Selwyn College, Cambridge for help in constructing these graphs. 2. J. Van Engen, ‘Conversion and conformity in the early ﬁfteenth century’ in A. Grafton and K. Mills (eds.), Conversion: Old Worlds and New (Rochester, NY, 2003), pp.30–65. 3. A. Ryrie, Being Protestant in Reformation Britain (Oxford, 2013), pp.436–41; D.B. Hindmarsh, The Evangelical Conversion Narrative (Oxford, 2005), pp.1–60. 4. See (e.g.) M.C. Questier, Conversion, Politics and Religion in England c.1580–1625 (Cambridge, 1996), and the debate over Robert Persons’ Book of Christian Exercise discussed below. 5. Hindmarsh, Conversion Narrative, pp.33–60; autobiographies cited in Ben-Amos, Adolescence, pp.184–91 and S.R. Smith, ‘Religion and the conception of youth in seventeenth-century England’ in History of Childhood Quarterly 2:4 (1975) 493–516, esp. 506–10. 6. Ryrie, Being Protestant, pp.428–36; Hindmarsh, Conversion Narrative, pp.46–50; N. Pettit The Heart Prepared: Grace and Conversion in Puritan Spiritual Life (New Haven and London, 1966), pp.190–7 for children’s status. 7. S. Brigden. ‘Youth and the English reformation’ in Past and Present 95 (1982), 36–67; Smith, ‘Religion and youth’; Grifﬁths, Youth and Authority, pp.54–61, 181–2; Ben-Amos, Adolescence, pp.184–91; M. Argyle and B. Beit-Hallahmi, The Psychology of Religious Behaviour, Belief and Experience (London, 1997), pp.114–17, 150–2; V.B. Gillespie, The Dynamics of Religious Conversion (Birmingham, Alabama, 1991), pp.95–109. 8. CRS 54, p.xii. 9. 14.8% cited Catholic siblings, and 25% other relatives including priests. 10. 144 of 167. 11. Questier, ‘Recruitment’, pp.85–6. 12. See Chapter 1, and Underwood, ‘Youth, religious identity and autobiography’ for discussion of the terms ‘heretic’ and ‘schismatic’. 13. Thomas Laythwaite, b.1577, was at Douai College 1598–1601, and probably ordained at Seville. He was condemned to death for his priesthood at Exeter Assizes in 1604, but reprieved and banished. However, he escaped from the ship and remained in England, dying in London in 1655: Anstruther, 1, pp.203–4. Edward Laythwaite was ordained priest in 1612, entered the Society of Jesus in 1615, and died in Devon in 1643: Anstruther 2, p.181. A third brother, Francis, whose responsa are LR439, also entered at Rome in 1606 and later became a Jesuit: Liber Ruber 1, p.145. 14. He reached Douai December 1604, aged twenty (since he was twenty-four on entry at Rome). CRS:10, p.64. 15. Their father, William Drury, was master of the Prerogative Court of Canterbury, their mother related to Robert Southwell. Both brothers became priests; William is 210 Notes

remembered as a Latin playwright. Anstruther 2, pp.87–90; ODNB William Drury bap.1584–c.1643, Robert Drury c.1588–1623. 16. Richard Fisher’s responsa (LR349, 1599) mention his brother George; George Fisher’s (LR380, 1601) show that their family details match. Thomas Fisher of Northamptonshire entered Rome aged eighteen (Liber Ruber 1, p.111, LR337); his responsa do not survive. 17. ‘haec erat mei ad catholicam fidem conversio’. Richard converted c.1595–7; George left England c.1597 (aged 14). George Fisher was at Douai in 1599 and sent to Rome in 1601 (as his responsa relate): CRS: 10, pp.15, 35. Sent to England in 1608, he became president of Douai College and died 1645: Anstruther, Seminary Priests 2, pp.102–9. Thomas Fisher returned to Douai: CRS: 10, pp.9, 45. He was ordained 1603, sent to England 1604, died 1667: Anstruther 2, p.109. 18. BL Harleian Manuscripts, Ms.6998, ff.220, 221; Chapter 3. 19. ‘debes secundum iussum patris iterum revertere si unquam cupis matrem tuam videre vivam’ 20. Walsham, Church Papists, p.81. 21. Shell, ‘Furor Juvenilis’, pp.195–6. Questier, ‘Recruitment’, counts 114 pre-1640 entrants with clerical relatives, including fifty-one converts, pp.80, 88. 22. See also, in particular, Henry Vines (LR440, 1606). 23. Her story is recorded in the Chronicle of the English convent of St Monica’s, Louvain, where Bridget took vows in 1620. CSM:2, pp.198–9. 24. CSM:2, p.60. Anne More was professed in 1628. 25. A. Walsham, ‘ “Domme Preachers”? Post-Reformation English Catholicism and the Culture of Print’ in P&P 168 (2000) 72–123, at 87 mentions this potentially counter-productive strategy. 26. ARCR no.443; A.C. Southern, Elizabethan Recusant Prose, 1559–1582 (London, 1950), pp.429–31. 27. Given by John White. J. Strype, Ecclesiastical Memorials: Relating Chiefly to Reli- gion ... Under King Henry VIII. King Edward VI. and Queen Mary the First (3 vols., Oxford, 1822), vol.3.ii, pp.536–50; ODNB John White 1509/10–60. The sermon was not printed, but is likely to have circulated in manuscript. MS copies survive in BL Add.Ms.60577, BL Ms.Cotton Vespasian D.XVIII, BL Ms. Sloane 1578: see I. Fenlon and E. Wilson, The Winchester Anthology: A Fascimile of British Library Additional Manuscript 60577 (Woodbridge, 1981), p.35, and J.W. Blench, Preaching in England in the Late Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries (Oxford, 1964), pp.54–6. 28. V. Houliston, ‘Why Robert Persons would not be pacified: Edmund Bunny’s theft of The Book of Resolution’ in T.M. McCoog (ed.), The Reckoned Expense: Edmund Campion and the Early English Jesuits (Woodbridge, 1996), pp.159–77; Edmund Bunny, ‘Treatise tending to Pacification’ in Bunny and Robert Persons (eds.), Booke of Christian Exercise ... by R.P. Perused (Oxford, 1585), quotation at p.127. 29. B.S. Gregory, ‘The “true and zealous seruice of God”: Robert Parsons, Edmund Bunny and The First Booke of the Christian Exercise’inJEH 45:2 (1994) 238–68. 30. Houliston, ‘Why Robert Persons would not be pacified’, p.161. 31. K. Laam, ‘ “For God’s interitance onelye”: Consolation and recusant identity in Robert Person’s Christian Directorie’ in F. van Dijkuizen and R. Todd (eds.), The Reformation Unsettled: British Literature and the Question of Religious Identity 1560– 1660 (Turnhout, Belgium, 2008), pp.205–24. 32. Pennant probably meant the atheism of indifference Persons castigated in the Book of Resolution as ‘denieing [God] in life and behauior’, rather than disbelief in God’s existence. Houliston, ‘Why Robert Persons would not be pacified’, p.174. Notes 211

33. At Valladolid, 65.4%; at Rome, 73.5% overall, and 67.1% to 1620. Where ages are not given in the Responsa, I take them from the Liber Ruber (very few are not recorded in either). For Valladolid, the register records what the LPE omits. 34. Ben-Amos, Adolescence, pp.62–8. 35. CSM:1, pp.263–5; John Gennings The Life and Death of Mr. Edmund Geninges (facsimile reprint by Scolar Press, Menston, 1971, of first edition, St Omers, 1614), pp.22–4. All references to this edition. 36. Anthony Hungerford, Memorial of a Father to His Deare Children (Oxford, 1639), pp.43–4, 47–51, quotation at p.47. 37. CSM:1, p.254–6, quotations at p.256. 38. Richard Kilby, The Burthen of a Loaden Conscience: Or the Miserie of Sinne (fifth impression, Cambridge, 1614), pp.8–10. 39. Liber Ruber 1&2, LR341, LR675, LR732, LR734, LR743, LR984. 40. Griffiths, Youth and Authority, esp. Chapter 4; see Chapter 7 below. 41. Ibid., pp.181–2; Smith ‘Religion and youth’. 42. ‘James Duckett’, p.623. 43. CSM:1, pp.117–18. 44. CSM:1, pp.248–9. 45. ‘vespertino tempore; cum omnes ejus socij simul adessent in domo, si nullus sac- erdos presens esset, cum bonam veniam Domini sui solebat coram illis libros spiritualis, vitas sanctorum et catechismum legere: et hac ratione Catholicos in suam[sic] religione confirmabat & scismaticos disposuit ad fidem Catholicam recipiendam’. William Stanney SJ, ‘Vitae per Patrem Stannaeum Scriptae Seu potius Vita & Mors trium Laicorum qui passi sunt Anno D’ni 1591’ [Alban Butler’s transcript] BAA Ms.R941/35, pp.377–9, 383–4, at p.384. 46. e.g. LR385, 1602; LR705, 1629; LR432, 1605. 47. ‘antequam verio anglia excessi talium dubiorum minime capax eram’. Cf LR446, LR358. 48. ‘Haereticus ...quoad Anglia excessieram’; ‘catholicam sum edoctus religionem’. This may be the Gabriel Colford interrogated c.1595 over the import of ‘seditious bookes’. APC 1595–6, p.73, APC 1596–7, p.10. 49. ‘in haeriticorum superstitiones incidi’. He qualifies this later in the text: ‘Haereticus quidem fui seu potius scismaticus’, ‘I was a heretic or rather a schismatic’. 50. Under his alias Joseph Simons, Lobb enjoyed a long career as a Jesuit, abroad and in England. Shell, ‘Autodidacticism’. 51. CSM:1, pp.263–4. The chronicle does not say where the Hobdys lived; if it was in the region where Elizabeth took service (Norfolk), the bishop from 1603–18 was John Jegon, known as a Calvinist and approved of by Puritan ministers: ODNB, John Jegon 1550–1618. 52. R.L. Williams, ‘Cultures of dissent: English Catholics and the visual arts’ in B. Kaplan, B. Moore, J. Pollmann, and H.F.K. van Nierop (eds.), Catholic Com- munities in Protestant States: Britain and the Netherlands c.1570–1720 (Manchester, 2009), pp.230–48. 53. CSM:1, pp.116–18. 54. Griffiths, Youth and Authority; Ben-Amos, Adolescence. 55. Argyle and Beit-Hallahmi note the appeal of authority as well as rebellion in adolescent conversion: Religious Behaviour, pp.114–17. 56. Shell, ‘Furor Juvenilis’, p.188; Brigden, ‘Youth’, pp.38, 49, 56, 58, 62–3. 57. Underwood, ‘Youth, religious identity and autobiography’, pp.363–6 for statistics on parents’ religion and analysis. 212 Notes

58. See Chapter 9. 59. Bossy, Community, estimates numbers of Catholics from 1600 to 1770, pp.182–94, p.422, Fig.1. He estimates 30,000–40,000 Catholics c.1603 (pp.193, 422) and 60,000 c.1680 (pp.188–9, 422). Calculating from the ﬁgures for national population in R. Schoﬁeld and E.A. Wrigley, The Population History of England 1541–1871: A Reconstruction (2nd edn., Cambridge, 1989), pp.531–5, 575 gives a crude average of 4,211931, 1600–09, and 5,009222, 1670–9. This would mean the Catholic population grew from 0.83% of the total c.1600 to 1.2% of the total c.1679.

3 Children, Catechesis and Religious Practice

1. My list of Catholic catechisms is compiled from Green, Catechisms, finding list pp.573–751 (though Green excluded Catholic works from his main study, they appear in the finding list), and G. Scott, ‘The poor man’s catechism’ in RH 27:3 (2005) 373–82, Appendix pp.381–2. For full details of Catholic catechisms cited in this chapter, see special section in Bibliography. Green includes works from 1530–1740, Scott from 1550–1750. The total includes two long ‘Tridentine’ catechisms for clergy with no direct educational function. What follows is an exhaustive survey, but aims to indicate the scope and nature of Catholic catechetical writing. 2. Bossy, Community, pp.272–7. Bossy took his cue from a late seventeenth-century increase in catechism production and records of catechesis. 3. Bonner, An Honest Godlye Instruction, preface, sig.A2r-v; Bonner, A Profitable and Necessary Doctrine; anon., A,B,C. Wyth a Catechisme (London, 1551); cf. Green, Catechisms, pp.65–6, 174. 4. de Ledisma, trans. Garnet [attrib] Christian Doctrine, pp.5, 13. 5. Bellarmine, Short Catechism, quotation at p.4; Williams, ‘Cultures of dissent’, pp.238–9. 6. Cardinal Richelieu’s Christian Instruction, trans. Miles Pinckney (1662); Jean Roucourt’s A Catechism of Penance, really a handbook for confession (trans. ‘W.B.’, 1685). 7. Scott, ‘Poor man’s catechism’, pp.373–5. 8. Ibid., pp.375–6; Abstract of the Doway Catechism. 9. John Gother, Instructions for Children (n.p., 1698); Instructions for Youth (n.p., 1698); Instructions for Apprentices and Servants (n.p., 1699); A Practical Catechism in Fifty-two Lessons (n.p., 1701). 10. Green, Catechisms, pp.279–81. 11. Ibid., pp.65–6, 174–5. 12. Anon., A Manuall of Praiers Newly Gathered Out of Many and Diuers Famous Authors ... (n.p. [secret press, England], 1595), sigs.Mm1v-Nn1r, ARCR2, no.203; Anon., A Manuall of Godly Praiers and Litanies ... (St Omers, 1623), pp.37–47, ARCR2 no.219. 13. Green, Catechisms, pp.93–8. 14. For example: Vaux, A Catechism of Christian Doctrine (1568) Turberville, An Abridgement of Christian Doctrine (1648); Canisius [trans.], An Introduction to the Catholick Faith (1633); Canisius, (trans. Garnet) A Summe of Christian Doctrine (1592–6); de Ledesma, Jacob [trans.] The Christian Doctrine in Manner of a Dialogue (1597); Bellarmine, (trans. Gibbon) A Short Catechisme of Cardinal Bellarmine (1614); Abstract of the Douay Catechism (1682); Sadler, The Childes Catechisme Notes 213

(1678). Oscott College Ms.121, ‘Notes for Catechism’ Part I, f.3r-v explains this structure. 15. Turberville, Abridgement (Douai, 1661edn.), p.1; Vaux, Catechism, p.1–1v; see below. 16. Vaux, Catechism (1574 edn.) preface sigs.A2r,A4v. P. Demers, Heaven Upon Earth: The Form of Moral and Religious Children’s Literature to 1850 (Knoxville, Tennessee, 1993), pp.69–72. 17. ODNB Laurence Vaux, 1519–85. 18. Canisius, (trans. ‘T.I.’) Certaine Necessarie Principles of Religion (1579), preface sig.¶4-v,¶5-r. 19. Vaux, Catechism, pp.4–6 (1574); the apostles’ names are relegated to the margin in the 1599 edition, pp.5–6. 20. E. Duffy, The Stripping of the Altars: Traditional Religion in England, 1400–1570 (2nd edn., New Haven & London, 2005), pp.64–5, plates 29–32. 21. Vaux, Catechism, pp.61v–8. 22. Ibid., p.36. 23. Ibid., pp.1, 41–41v; Bossy, Community, esp. Introduction, Chapter 1. 24. RSJ:6, p.714n. 25. Examples include Ledisma, Christian Doctrine (1597); Bellarmine, Short Cat- echism (1614) Warford, Briefe Instruction (1604–37); Turberville, Abridgement (1648–1734); Sadler, Childes Catechism (1678); Abstract of the Douay Catechism (1682). 26. Canisius/Garnet, Christian Doctrine,p.1;PeterCanisius,Summa doctrinae christianae (Antwerp, 1580), p.30. 27. Canisius, Introduction preface sig.a4r-v; sigs.e[6]r-v, B2r-B3v. 28. Turberville, Abridgement, (1661edn). 29. Warford, Briefe Instruction, preface, sigs.¶4-v,¶5-r. 30. Turberville, Abridgement, postscript sig.X6-r. 31. Green, Catechisms, passim. 32. Warford, Briefe Instruction, pp.93–93v; Turberville, Abridgement, pp.189–92; A.F. Allison, ‘Richard Smith’s Gallican backers and Jesuit opponents I’ RH 18:4 (1986) 329–401, 341–4 on Conﬁrmation; Anstruther 2, p.325 (Turberville); Anstruther 1, p.370 (Warford). 33. White, A Catechism of Christian Doctrine (1659edn.). 34. White, Catechism, editor’s preface, pp.6–7. 35. S. Tutino, Thomas White and the Blackloists: Between Politics and Theology in the English Civil War (Aldershot, 2008), esp. Chapter 3. 36. White, Catechism (1659), pp.44–57. 37. Turberville, Abridgement, p.1 and postscript. 38. For example, SP12/158/18 (500 catechisms seized at Dunwich, 1583); SP12/172/107 f.160 (London, August 1584); BL Lansdowne Ms.50, no.72 f.163 (search at Borstall House, August1586); BL Lansdowne Ms.153, f.67 (books from Dunkirk c.1609); HMC Salisbury 16, p.33 (information on distributors, 1604). 39. Douay Diaries, p.170 [Report, September 1580]; Vaux to ‘Coppage’, August 1583, RSJ:6, pp.713–14n (from SP12/142/14). 40. SP14/75/36.i. Possibly misﬁled from 1623: A.F. Allison, ‘Who was John Brereley? The identity of a seventeenth-century controversialist’ in RH 16:1 (1982) 17–41, note 19, pp.37–8. 41. SP12/156/15. 42. Scott, ‘Poor man’s catechism’, p.376. 214 Notes

43. Garnet, Summe of Christian Doctrine, p.*3. 44. Richelieu (trans.), A Christian Instruction (1662) translator’s preface, sigs.a6r-v. 45. Bossy, Community, passim. 46. Oscott MSS.121,122,123 (the work is in three volumes). 47. Errington, Catechistical Discourses, ‘Preface to the reader’ [unpag.]; Sadler, The Childes Catechism, Wherein the Father Questions His Child, and Instructs Him to Answer Compendiously and Substantially to All the Necessary Points of Christian Doctrine (Paris, 1678), preface. 48. W. Palmes, Life of Dorothy Lawson, ed. G.B. Richardson (London, 1855), p.38. 49. Palmes, Dorothy Lawson, p.48. 50. John Mush, ‘A true report of the life and martyrdom of Mrs Margaret Clitherow’ (c.1586) in Troubles 3, pp.360–440, at p.410. 51. SP15/43/11 f.17–18. 52. RSJ:7.i, p.1356 (from ARSI Hist.Anglia.Mss.2). 53. Letter in M.C.E. Chambers, (ed. H.J. Coleridge), TheLifeofMaryWard(2 vols., London, 1882–5), vol.2, pp.27–39. 54. CSM:1, pp.81–2. Compare references to parental catechising in Ryrie, Being Protestant, pp.428–36. 55. Green, Catechisms, pp.204–16, esp. pp.210–11, for catechesis in Puritan families; Margaret Hoby (ed. J. Moody), The Private Life of an Elizabethan Lady: The Diary of Lady Margaret Hoby 1559–1605 (Stroud, 1998), pp.12, 22. 56. Green, Catechisms, passim. 57. CSM:2, p.165. Frances was professed in 1597 (CSM:1, p.33), having entered the convent aged nineteen two years previously (CSM:2, p.168). 58. Wark, Cheshire Recusants, p.71. 59. CRS:2, pp.296–7: Bishop of Hereford’s report. 60. Weston, Autbiography, p.36; Jesuit Annual Letter, 1608, ARSI Anglia 31.I, p.345. 61. Mush, ‘Clitherow’, pp.388, 391. 62. ARCR no.343. Later catechisms which appended servers’ instructions include Abstract of the Doway Catechism (1682), pp.67–72. 63. Anstruther, Vaux of Harrowden: A Recusant Family (Newport, 1953), esp. pp.179–83, 184–5; P. Caraman, Henry Garnet 1555–1606 and the Gunpowder Plot (London, 1964), p.264. 64. CSM:2, pp.164–6. 65. Gerard, Autobiography, pp.144–9, 194–6, 174–5. 66. Neville, whose parents were Catholics, creates less of a ‘conversion’ narrative, but ‘Catholicly brought up’ (Catholice educatus sum) is not quite the same as ‘I was a Catholic’. 67. Troubles 3, p.271 (from YCA B28). 68. HKN, pp.303–4, 305. 69. CSM:2, p.166. 70. Mush, ‘Clitherow’, pp.381, 401. Lake and Questier, Clitherow, generally interpret disagreements between York Catholics, in which Clitherow was central, in terms of recusancy and conformity. But here the practicalities of concealment seem more important. 71. Mush, ‘Clitherow’, pp.410–11; HKN, p.308; YRR, p.89. 72. Examples of children being questioned include: HPN, p.161, a ten-year-old girl during a search of York Castle; Gregory Brooksby, aged sixteen Wark, Cheshire Recusancy, pp.124–5; Worthington brothers, aged 11–16, John Gib- bon, Concertatio Ecclesiae Catholicae in Anglia (Trier, 1588) Part II Addenda Notes 215

sigs.A2v-A3v; boys aged 11–18, Diego de Yepes, Historia particular de la persecucion de Inglaterra (Madrid, 1599), pp.811–12 (see Chapter 5); boys en route to St Omer’s, Gerard, Autobiography, pp.92–3. 73. Bossy, Community, pp.110–21. 74. Bossy, Community, p.121. A. Ryrie, ‘Fall and rise of fasting in the British reformations’ in N. Mears and A. Ryrie (eds.), Worship and the Parish Church in Early Modern Britain (Farnham, 2013), pp.89–108 for similarities and differences in Protestant approaches to fasting. 75. CRS:67, pp.37–9, 105–6, 124–5, passim. 76. Bossy, Community, pp.112, 161. Bossy cites examples from the responsa, but these rather show the difﬁculty such conformity caused. 77. CSM:2, pp.40–1. 78. Gibbon, Concertatio, Pars.2.Addenda Sig.B3r; Chapter 5. 79. Weston, Autobiography, p.151; Chapter 8. 80. HMC Rutland 1, pp. 334–6, quotation at p.335; Chapter 8. 81. CSM:2, pp.20–5, quotation at p.22. 82. CRS:67; n67 above. 83. A. Sweeney, Robert Southwell: Snow in Arcadia: Redrawing the English Lyric Land- scape, 1586–1595 (Manchester, 2006); A. Walsham ‘Domme Preachers?’ and ‘Translating Trent’; A. Dillon ‘Praying by number: The Confraternity of the Rosary and the English Catholic community, c.1580–1700’ in History 88:293 (2003) 451–71. 84. Dillon, ‘Praying by number’, p.466; Palmes, Dorothy Lawson, p.38; A. Dillon, ‘Public liturgy made private: The Rosary Confraternity in the life of a recusant household’ in J. Bepler and P. Davidson (eds.), The Triumphs of the Defeated: Early Modern Festivals and Messages of Legitimacy (Wiesbaden, 2007), pp.245–70. 85. CSM:2, pp.20–5, quotation at p.22. 86. Ward, ‘Autobiographical fragments’, pp.103–40, quotation at pp.110–11. Ward does not mention Mass or Sacraments until writing of her teenage years. 87. Ryrie, Being Protestant, pp.363–81 explores collective household prayer in Protes- tant practice. 88. CSM:2, pp.40–1. 89. ‘Briefe Relation of the holy Life, and happy Death, of our dearest Mother, of blessed memory, Mistress Mary Ward’ in C. Kenworthy-Browne (ed.), Mary Ward (1585–1645): A Briefe Relation ...With Autobiographical Fragments and a Selection of Letters (CRS, 2008), p.7. 90. Mary Ward ‘Autobiographical fragments’ in Kenworthy-Browne, Mary Ward, pp.103–40, at p.122. Robert Southwell, Short Rules of a Good Life in Brown, Two Letters and Short Rules, pp.21–73, at pp.68–9. 91. Ward, ‘Autobiographical fragments’, p.115. 92. CSM:1, pp.107–9. 93. CSM:2, pp.85–7. 94. Shell, Oral Culture, esp. pp.82–148. 95. Anon., Godly Contemplations for the Unlearned (1575), ed. D.M. Rogers (Menston, 1973). 96. 1574, 1580. ARCR nos.749, 750. 97. VEC Scritture 21.2.1 98. Alexander Rawlins was executed at York, April 1595, with Henry Walpole SJ. Thomas Warcop escaped, but was recaptured and hanged in 1597. Anstruther 1, pp.285–6. 216 Notes

99. For example, Gibbon, Concertatio and Yepes, Historia Particular. 100. Narratives in Morris, Troubles 3; Shell refers to numerous reports in Jesuit Annual Letters, ‘Furor Juvenilis’, pp.188–90, 196. 101. At Abberwick, Northumberland. ARSI Anglia 34, pp.554–5. 102. Turberville, Abridgement (1661), pp.1–3. 103. Warford, Brief Instruction, pp.1–2. 104. HKN, pp.303–5; Weston, Autobiography, p.53; Morris, Troubles, p.191; CSM:1, p.208. 105. ODNB Anne Vaux 1562–c.1637; Anstruther, Vaux, pp.460–2; Beales, Educa- tion, pp.209–11; R.H. Turner ‘ “A more unobserved and convenient location”: A Derbyshire school reopened’ in RH 29:2 (2008) 175–94. The school probably began before 1624, when Anne and her sister Eleanor hosted it. 106. ‘Turbationis causa fuit iuuenis quidam Nobilissiam Familiae, qui plures annos nobiscum vixerat. Is domum a parente vocatus, et a Fide Catholica deﬁciens, in Deum primo, tum in parentem, demum in Magistros impius, Concilio Regio Domum hanc, Magistrorum et Condiscipulorum nomina aperuit, iustumque nobis timorem incussit.’ ARSI Anglia 33.I, pp.630–1. According to the Jesuit report, royal favour prevented further proceedings. 107. Beales, Education, pp.83, 205, 215 estimated eighty schools for the Elizabethan period, forty-two between 1603 and 1625, and thirty-one 1625–43 (with some overlap from earlier). Beales, Education, pp.209–13 discusses three schools raided in 1635–6; another was at Winchester in 1637 (Chapter 5). 108. Anstruther, Vaux, p.244 and notes.; cf LPE123, LPE155, LPE164. 109. SP16/354/178 f.363. 110. SP16/354/177 f.631; see Chapter 1, Chapter 5. 111. TNA PC2/47, pp.330, 389. By 1629, Compton’s family were reportedly recusants, and himself a non-communicant: A.J. Fletcher, A County Community in Peace and War: Sussex 1600–1641 (London, 1975) pp.97–8. See also HOP 1604–29, ‘Henry Compton 1584–1649’ for Compton’s Catholic sympathies. 112. For the Hodgsons’ recusancy, BIHR Y.V/CB/1 f.21v; Peacock, Yorkshire Catholics, p.17; BIHR Y.V/CB/2 f.39v; V.1615/CB f.55. YCA B33 f.272 (December 1611) for orders to prevent recusant prisoners teaching. 113. P. Lake and M.C. Questier, ‘Prisons, priests and people’ in N. Tyacke (ed.), England’s Long Reformation 1500–1800 (London, 1998), pp.195–234; L. McClain, ‘Without Church, Cathedral, or Shrine: The search for religious space among Catholics in England, 1559–1625’ in SCJ 33:2 (2002) 381–99, at 386–91. 114. BL Harl.Ms.6998 f.220–1. 115. SP12/272/107,107.I; Chapter 5. 116. 31% answered no, and 44% did not answer; previously there were sixty-seven positive and sixty-three negative answers, but with 363 not answering directly. 117. c.1591. RSJ:3, pp.755–6 [from VEC Coll.F]. 118. Ward, ‘Autobiographical fragments’, p.107.

4 The Court of Wards

1. Cornelius Burges, Cornelius, ‘Another Sermon preached to the honourable house of commons now assembled in Parliament, November the Fifth, 1641’ in R. Jeffs (ed.), The English Revolution I: Fast Sermons to Parliament (34 vols., London, 1970–1), vol.1, pp.333–401, at p.371. Notes 217

2. W. Somers and J. Scott (eds.), Somers’ Tracts (13 vols., London, 1809–15), vol.1, p.166. The nature and provenance of this document are unclear. 3. Beales, Education, p.61 (quoting BL Lansdowne.Ms.97, f.156ff). 4. Beales, Education, p.62; D. Dean, Law-making and Society in Elizabethan England (Cambridge, 1996), pp.67–70. 5. Beales, Education, pp.91–6. 6. Ibid., pp.96–7, 101–2. 7. My paper ‘The state, childhood and religious dissent’ given at the symposium ‘Family politics in early modern England’, Kings College London, November 2013, examines further some issues discussed in these chapters. I am developing this paper for publication in a collection arising from the symposium. 8. Relatively little has been written on this subject for the early modern period. However, contemporary sources suggest such an attitude, as well as chal- lenges to it (see Chapter 5). J. Hardwick argues that state intervention in family life increased during this period, but not in the form of challenging parental rights. Ordered families were perceived as vital to the polity: ‘The State’ in S. Cavallo and S. Evangelisti (eds.), A Cultural History of Childhood and Family in the Early Modern Age (Oxford, 2010), pp.135–51. J. Hardwick, ‘Widowhood and patriarchy in seventeenth-century France’ in Journal of Social History 26:1 (1992) 133–48 comments on widowed mothers’ lack of guardianship rights (even when guardianship was granted), pp.137–9; B. Premo discusses Spanish guardianship law in her Children of the Father King: Youth, Authority and Legal Minority in Colonial Lima (Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 2005), pp.27–31. J. Harrington, ‘Bad parents, the state, and the early modern civilizing process’ in German History 16:1 (1998) 16–28 discusses state intervention in parenting in Reformed German cities, though not extending to custody. 9. The indispensable guide is H.E. Bell, An Introduction to the History and Records of the Court of Wards and Liveries (Cambridge, 1953). 10. SR IV.ii., 3 Jac I c.5, p.1081. 11. A Commission with Instructions and Directions Granted by His Majesty to the Master and Counsel of the Court of Wards and Liveries (London, 1618), p.19. 12. Bell, Court of Wards, pp.116–7; Instructions and Directions Given by His Majesty ...to the Master and Counsel of the Court of Wards and Liveries (London, 1610), pp.4–5. 13. SP14/69/69; Bell, Court of Wards, pp.20, 62, 112. 14. Bell, CourtofWards, Chapter 7; P. Croft, ‘Wardship in the parliament of 1604’ in Parliamentary History 2 (1983) 39–48; N. Cuddy, ‘The real, attempted “Tudor Revolution in Government”: Salisbury’s 1610 Great Contract’ in G.W. Bernard and S.J. Gunn (eds.), Authority and Consent in Tudor England (Aldershot, 1988), pp.249–70, and E. Lindquist, ‘The failure of the Great Contract’ in JMH 57:4 (1985) 617–51. 15. Fabian Phillips, Tenenda Non Tollenda, or the Necessity of Preserving Tenures in Capite and by Knight-service (London, 1660), p.71. 16. J.T. Cliffe, The Yorkshire Gentry From the Reformation to the Civil War (London, 1969), pp.184–6. 17. BL Lansdowne.Ms.608. 18. Heir of Edward Fowler: TNA C142/404/126 IPM (April 1624); TNA WARD 9/207 (October 1624) f.47; WARD 9/299 (unfoliated) 7 December 1626. 19. Lansdowne Ms.608 f.53v. 218 Notes

20. M. Greenslade, Catholic Staffordshire 1500–1850 (Leominster, 2006), pp.44–8, passim; Longden, ‘The Fowlers’. 21. CRS:53, p.353. 22. H.S. Grazebrook (ed.), The Heraldic Visitations of Staffordshire ... (London, 1885), pp.134–7; Greenslade, Catholic Staffordshire, passim. 23. HOP 1604–29, ‘Matthew Cradock 1584–1636’; G. Grazebrook and J.P. Rylands (eds.), The Visitation of Shropshire (London, 1889), Part I, pp.189–90; Staffordshire Visitations, p.100. 24. He appears as witness, trustee, etc., in various Chancery documents relating to Staffordshire families. I am grateful to Simon Healy of the History of Parliament Trust for this information. 25. Possibly the bishop, Thomas Morton of Chester, got involved: see below. 26. WARD 9/543, pp.137, 247. 27. A.C. Clifford (ed.), Tixall Letters (2 vols., London, 1815), vol.1, pp.63–70; ODNB Walter Aston 1584–1639; G.M. Bell, A Handlist of British Diplomatic Representatives 1509–1688 (London, 1990), pp.258–9. 28. Staffordshire Visitations, pp.18–20; Tixall Letters; A.C. Clifford (ed.), Tixall Poetry (London, 1813), pp.xviii–xxviii and passim. 29. Lansdowne Ms.608 f.39v. 30. WARD 9/162 f.188v; C142/344/76 IPM Thomas Skrymshere, (April 1614). 31. WARD 9/299 19 February 1624/5; WARD 9/299 31 May 1625. 32. Staffordshire Visitations, p.271; Shropshire Visitations I, pp.197–8; Greenslade, Catholic Staffordshire, pp.44, 63, 73n, and passim. Francis and Elizabeth Gatacre paid recusancy ﬁnes on Shropshire manors c.1594–1617: ExRS. Nicholas does not appear in the Giffords’ pedigree, Staffordshire Visitations, pp.146–9. 33. WARD 9/299 20 February 1625/6. 34. Ibid. 35. WARD 9/207 f.56, December 1624; ExRS; G. Squibb (ed.), The Visitation of Derbyshire ...(London, 1989), p.30. 36. WARD 9/300, 11 & 12 May 1632; WARD 9/208 f.123v wardship of Thomas Eccleston cousin & heir of Henry Eccleston sold to John Osbaldeston July 1632. 37. A.J. Hawkes, ‘Sir Roger Bradshaigh of Haigh, knight and baronet, 1628–1684’ in Chetham Miscellanies n.s.vol.8, no.5 (Manchester, 1945); WARD 9/163 f.116; Beales, Education, p.107. 38. Hawkes, ‘Roger Bradshaigh’, pp.9–10; R. Wroe, Righteousness Encouraged and Rewarded With an Everlasting Remembrance ...(London, 1684), pp.17–18. 39. Hawkes, ‘Roger Bradshaigh’, pp.9–10, 13, 38–41; M. Blundell, Cavalier: Letters of William Blundell to His Friends, 1620–1698 (London, 1933), pp.41, 183–5, 213 (Blundell recommended his Jesuit son Nicholas to Bradshaigh’s patronage, using disguised but not impenetrable language). Bradshaigh’s uncle, a Carmelite friar, may have lived at Haigh: Hawkes, ‘Roger Bradshaigh’, p.6, citing Gillow 1, pp.286–7; though Gillow says that Edward Bradshaigh worked at Haigh from 1632, but died in Flintshire (1652). Responsa Scholarum LR637, LR674 for two other uncles; LR802 for another possible relative. 40. Lansdowne Ms.608 f.45v. 41. WARD 9/162 f.416v; ODNB Henry Montagu c.1564–1642. 42. WARD 9/299, 19 May 1625, 7 July 1625. 43. WARD 9/299 7 July 1625. 44. Lansdowne.Ms.608 f.65v. 45. ODNB Henry Montagu. Notes 219

46. Aveling, Northern Catholics, p.225; WARD 9/207 f.73v. 47. J.P. Cooper (ed.), Wentworth Papers 1597–1628, Camden Society 4th Series (London, 1973), pp.212–27, 241, 277, 301, 306–8; C. Whone, ‘Christopher Danby of Masham and Farnley’ in Thoresby Society Publications 37:1 (Leeds, 1945), pp.1–29; Cliffe, Yorkshire Gentry, pp.130–1, 369–70. 48. Wentworth Papers, pp.212, 214. 49. Memoirs of .... Lord Deputy Wandesforde (vol.2 of T. Comber, A Book of Instruc- tions ...) (Cambridge, 1778), pp.45–6, 59–60. 50. Wentworth Papers, p.277. 51. cf Lansdowne Ms.608, f.13v. 52. WARD 9/299 7 November 1628, 28 February 1628/9, 5 May 1629, 12 May 1629; WARD 9/163 f5a. 53. WARD 9/299 28 February 1628/9. 54. WARD 7/77/196, Nicholas Heveningham IPM (September 1628). 55. WARD 9/299 30 January 1628/9; 12 May 1629. 56. n46 above. He was born 29 September 1609: WARD 7/77/196. 57. WARD 9/567 pp.405–6. 58. Staffordshire Visitations, pp.172–4. 59. WARD 9/567, pp.405–6. 60. WARD 9/543, p.876 (17 February 1628/9); WARD 9/299 5 May 1629. 61. Lansdowne Ms.608 f.13v. 62. Lansdowne Ms.608 f.16v., 5 Chas.I. I have not traced this order in the Wards records, but the wardship of Francis Copledicke of Lincolnshire was sold in 1617 to Sir Edward Waldegrave of Stanninghall, Suffolk (WARD 9/162 f.259v). The Waldegraves were known Catholics. The authorities allowed them to buy the wardship, but kept an eye on the ward. 63. SP 16/540(i)/50 (MS damaged). 64. J.C.H. Aveling, ‘The Catholic recusancy of the Yorkshire Fairfaxes’ Part I in BS 3:2 pp.69–114 & Part II in RH 4:2 pp.61–101; Chapter 5 below. 65. Aveling, ‘Yorkshire Fairfaxes’ 2, p.76 citing WARD 9/220 f.55; cf. WARD 9/163 f.116v. 66. This was the well-known parliamentarian general. 67. Aveling, ‘Yorkshire Fairfaxes’ 2, p.77; Bodl. Ms.Fairfax.32 f.30. 68. M. Craze, A History of Felsted School (Ipswich, 1955), pp.50–8. 69. Aveling, ‘Yorkshire Fairfaxes’ 2, pp.78–81. 70. APC 1619–21, pp.100–1. 71. His authorship is established in Allison, ‘John Brereley’. 72. Allison, ‘John Brereley’, p.20 and notes; SP14/75/20, 36. The accompanying inventory of books may be misﬁled: Allison, ‘John Brereley’, note 19, pp.37–8. 73. ExRS. 74. SP14/112/7, f.21. 75. ExRS; APC 1618–19, p.491, APC 1619–21, p.318 (licences for travel within England). 76. SP14/112/9 Bridgeman to Council, 18 January 1619/20. 77. APC 1619–21, p.108. 78. APC 1619–21, pp.111, 125; SP14/112/59, 59.I. 79. It is recorded in Christopher Anderton senior’s IPM, WARD 7/66/115, 17 Jas; Bell, Court of Wards, p.127. 80. SP14/112/59.I. 81. Lansdowne.Ms.608 f59v. 220 Notes

82. WARD 9/207 f.65r. Anne Preston was a recusant in Lancashire in 1634, CRS:53, p.391. 83. Salisbury Ms.214/66; ODNB George Abbot 1562–1633. 84. HMC Salisbury 21, pp.231–2. 85. According to a Catholic newsletter. M.C. Questier (ed.), Newsletters From the Archpresbyterate of George Birkhead (Cambridge, 1998), p.269. 86. ODNB Henry Mordaunt, second earl of Peterborough (1623–97) including John Mordaunt, ﬁrst earl of Peterborough (1599–1643). 87. Chapter 3. 88. DCRO D/Sa/F412.1-2; D/Sa/E5. 89. D/Sa/E5; CRS:53, pp.92, 151–2. 90. CRS:53, p.355; LR608. 91. TNA DURH3/188/71. 92. DURH3/188/71; Lady Katherine Conyers compounded for recusancy, CRS:53, p.355. 93. BL Add.Ms.4274, f.148; Aveling, Northern Catholics, pp.224–5. 94. Complete Peerage 11, pp.719–20. 95. K. Fincham (ed.), Visitation Articles and Injunctions of the early Stuart Church (2 vols., Woodbridge, 1994), vol.1, p.116. 96. Salisbury Mss.214/66. 97. L. Stone, The Crisis of the Aristocracy, 1558–1641 (Oxford, 1965), pp.739–41. 98. G.P.V. Akrigg, Shakespeare and the Earl of Southampton (London, 1968), pp.21–5, 177–81; ODNB Henry Wriothesley, third earl of Southampton. 99. Stone, Aristocracy, p.739; ODNB Thomas Wharton, second baron Wharton. 100. T. Spence, The Privateering Earl (Stroud, 1995), p.18. 101. Quoted in G.C. Williamson, George, Third Earl of Cumberland (Cambridge, 1920), pp.5–6. 102. ODNB Henry Wriothesley 1545–81. 103. ODNB Henry Clifford 1517–70. 104. Spence, Privateering Earl, pp.14–16, 18. 105. Spence, Privateering Earl, pp.23–4. 106. M.A. Jervis, ‘The Caroline Court of Wards and Liveries, 1625–1641’ PhD.Diss, University of York, pp.124–61, esp. pp. 141, 144, 154–8. 107. T.B. Trappes-Lomax, ‘Some homes of the Dormer family’ in RH 8:3 (1965) 175–87; ODNB Jane Suarez de Figueroa [nee Dormer] 1538–1612. 108. WARD 9/162 f.240. 109. ODNB Philip Herbert 1584–1650; ODNB Robert Dormer 1610–43; Complete Peerage 3, pp.44–5; Trappes-Lomax, ‘Dormer family’, pp.177–8; Chapter 5. 110. ODNB Henry Shirley 1589–1633; ODNB Dorothy Stafford [Shirley] 1600–36; references to Dorothy Shirley’s Catholicism include Sir Henry denying her alimony on the grounds of her recusancy: BL Add.Ms.46189, f.30. 111. WARD 9/163 f.45r. 112. WARD 9/299 1 November 1633, 4 February 1633/4. 113. ODNB Robert Shirley 1629–53; Chapter 5. 114. WARD 9/162 f.93v. The price was £10,000. cf Jervis, ‘Caroline Court of Wards’, p.137. 115. C. Clay, ‘The misfortunes of William, fourth Lord Petre 1638–1655’ in RH 11:2 (1971) 87–116, at pp.89–95. 116. Clay, ‘Fourth Lord Petre’, pp.106, 111. 117. CSPD, 1628–9, pp.419–20. Notes 221

118. WARD 9/163 f.18v; CSPD, 1638–9, p.462; Jervis, ‘Caroline Court of Wards’, pp.138–9, 140–1. 119. WARD 9/159 30 Eliz (unfoliated). 120. Chapters 1 and 3; Anstruther, Vaux, pp.231–2. 121. WARD 9/221 f.246; WARD 9/348; CRS:53, pp.108, 109, 187. 122. WARD 9/221 f.204v; C. Kelly, Blessed Thomas Belson, His Life and Times (Gerrards Cross, 1987); Chapter 7. 123. WARD 9/157 f152v–153r; Mush, Margaret Clitherow, pp.365–8 for Bowes senior’s martyrdom. 124. C142 210/127 IPM Marmaduke Bowes 28 Eliz; WARD 9/157 f.153r. Felons’ estates were forfeit, but if they were entailed, permanent forfeiture was usually avoided and the heir acquired the land: K.J. Kesselring, Mercy and Author- ity in the Tudor State (Cambridge, 2003), pp.130–1; The Northern Rebellion of 1569: Faith, Politics and Protest in Elizabethan England (Basingstoke, 2007), pp.129–30. 125. James Bowes, of Welbury, Yorkshire, possibly Marmaduke senior’s brother, married the widow of a Waite: J. Foster (ed.), The Visitation of Yorkshire [1584/5 & 1612] (London, 1875), p.497. 126. CRS:53, pp.100, 310; Troubles 3, p.463n. 127. Aveling, Northern Catholics, p.274. 128. J. Finnis and P. Martin, ‘Tyrwhitt of Kettleby, Part I: Goddard Tyrwhitt, martyr, 1580’ in RH 26:2 (2002) 301–13; Chapter 8. 129. WARD 9/221, p.263; Sir William Tyrwhitt IPM, WARD 7/23/140; ExRS. 130. Bell, Court of Wards, p.116. 131. J. Finnis and P. Martin, ‘Tyrwhitt of Kettleby, Part II: Robert Tyrwhitt, A main benefactor of Fr John Gerard, SJ, 1600–1605’ in RH 26:4 (2004) 556–69, at pp.560–2 citing Gerard, Autobiography. 132. Martin and Finnis, ‘Tyrwhitt’ 2, p.557; APC 1595–6, p.118. 133. SP14/112/9; APC 1619–21, p.125. 134. SP14/112/9. 135. WARD 9/162 f.344r; SP14/112/no.9. 136. ExRS; CCC:3, pp.2125–7; Chapter 5. 137. Complete Peerage, 12.i, p.187; Jervis, ‘Caroline Court of Wards’, pp.137–8, 140; ODNB Thomas Howard, 1585–1646. 138. WARD 9/163 f.17r; 9/163 f.49r; 9/163 f.11r; John Gage’s will: Fletcher, County Community, pp.100–1 (citing TNA PROB/11/164/86,113). Compton was related by marriage to Lord Montague: HOP 1604–29, ‘Henry Compton 1584–1649’. 139. Examples include: WARD 9/543, pp.181, 567, 676, 871; cf. SP16/540(i)/43, a conformity certiﬁcate addressed to the Court of Wards. 140. Lansdowne.Ms.608 f.23v. I have not traced this in the WARD records. 141. Jervis, ‘Caroline Court of Wards’, pp.202–38, esp. pp.203, 215–21, 222–8, 237; pp.216, 219 (Danby). 142. Cliffe, Yorkshire Gentry, pp.184–6; also his data collected from Court of Wards records, unpublished. I am grateful for permission to cite. 143. ODNB Thomas Morton 1564–1659; K. Fincham, Prelate as Pastor: the Episcopate of James I (Oxford, 1990), pp.257, 258–61. 144. Aveling suggests that Thomas Wentworth and Ferdinando Fairfax experi- mented with wardship as a policy against northern Catholicism in the 1630s. Yet there seem to be few concrete examples. Northern Catholics, pp.224–5. 222 Notes

145. Wentworth complained of Morton harassing compounding recusants: Chapter 1, and W. Knowler (ed.), The Earl of Strafforde’s Letters and Dis- patches ...(2 vols., London, 1739), vol.1, pp.173–4, vol.2, pp.158–9, 170–1. cf Walsham, Charitable Hatred, pp.138–40 on rulers’ perceived lenience provoking hostility against minorities.

5 Notable Stratagems: Control of Catholic Children Outside the Court of Wards

1. CRS:52, pp.1–16 at p.6; AEN p.25, possibly drawn from Southwell’s report. 2. AAW B47, f.68 (13 December 1633). I am grateful to Michelle Howell for this reference. 3. ARSI Anglia 33.I, pp.899–901; Chapter 4. 4. CSM:2, p.166. 5. Beales, Education, pp.57–64, 107–9, discusses various cases, including some covered here. See also Bossy, Community, pp.162–4. Another possible research avenue is guardianship of orphans administered by Church courts: W. Coster, ‘ “To bring them up in the fear of God”: guardianship in the diocese of York, 1500–1668’ in Continuity and Change 10:1 (1995) 9–32 examines kin relation- ships of guardians. Unfortunately an investigation of possible religious policy in administering guardianship was not practicable within this study. 6. Beales, Education; C. Bowden, ‘ “For the Glory of God”: A study of the education of English Catholic Women in convents in Flanders and France in the ﬁrst half of the seventeenth century’ in R. Aldrich, J. Coolahan, and F. Simon (eds.), Faiths and Education: Comparative and Historical Perspectives (Gent, Belgium, 1999), pp.77–95. 7. Beales, Education, pp.53–4, 64–71, 272–3. 8. Gibbons, Concertatio, pt.2.Add. sig.A1v -sig.C2v. Also Robert Persons’ letter, September 1584: RSJ:1, pp.633–9, at p.638–9; Beales, Education, pp.59–60. 9. Gibbon, Concertatio, pt.2.Add. sig.A1-v. 10. Concertatio Pt.2 Add.sigs.B2r-B3v. 11. ‘alijque Commisarij’, Concertatio sig.A2v; cf. sigs.A3r-v, B4. B. Coward, The Stanleys, Lords Stanley and Earls of Derby 1385–1672: The Origins, Wealth and Power of a Landowning Family (Manchester, 1983), pp.165–7 for Derby’s membership of the Commission. 12. Gibbon, Concertatio, pt.2.Add. sig.B4-sig.C2v. Thomas Worthington appears in prison lists 1585–6: CRS:2, pp.245, 253, 254, 271 ‘comitted by the L.Tresorer the xixth of July 1584’, pp.282–4. cf. SP12/190/25. Arrivals at Douai: Douay Diaries, pp.202–3. 13. Gibbon, Concertatio, pt.2.Add. sig.B4. 14. APC 1592–3, pp.24–6, 41, 56, 88–9, quotation at p.56. Beales, Education, p.63. 15. APC 1592–3, pp.472–3. 16. 1593 was between Mulcaster’s appointments at Merchant Taylors’ School and St Paul’s School, but he was teaching in London. ODNB Richard Mulcaster 1531/2– 1611. 17. CSM:2, p.40–1. 18. CRS:52, p.223 (from ABSJ Anglia Ms.2/3), pp.225–6n; LPL Ms.3470, f.154. 19. CRS:52, p.223; pp.225–6. 20. Litteræ Societatis Jesu duorum annorum 1594 et 1595, ad patres et fratres ejusdem Societatis (Naples, 1604), pp.302–3. Notes 223

21. Wark, Cheshire Recusancy, pp.111–12, Beales, Education, pp.125–6. 22. Yepes, Historia, pp.791–820. 23. ChRO ZML/1, ff.89,90; Yepes, Historia, pp.811–12; D.M. Rogers, introduction to facsimile edition of Historia (Farnborough, 1971), unpag. 24. Yepes, Historia, p.[8]09, pp.791–820, passim; Wark, Cheshire Recusancy, pp.169–70; ChRO ZML/1, f.89. 25. Yepes, Historia, pp.803–4, 811–18. 26. Chapter 8. 27. Yepes, Historia, p.792. 28. Wark, Cheshire Recusancy, pp.108–111. 29. Yepes, Historia, pp.791–2; Wark, Cheshire Recusancy, p.112. 30. ChRO ML/1 f.66 ODNB Roger Lord North 1531–1600. 31. ChRO ML/5 f.242–3; CRS:2, p.286, Fleet prison lists including Elizabeth Warnford, committed in 1591. 32. Yepes, Historia, pp.652–66, translated in D.A. Thomas, The Welsh Elizabethan Catholic Martyrs (Cardiff, 1971), pp.264–93. 33. Thomas, Welsh Martyrs, pp.272–5, 280–3. 34. Ibid., pp.290–3. 35. Ibid., pp.300–01, 265 (note p.294), 293 (note p.295); CRS:30, LPE30, pp.33–4n. 36. BIHR YHCAB:12, ff.74v, 83–4, 112v; Aveling, Northern Catholics, pp.176–7. 37. BIHR YHCAB:12, ff.83r. 38. BIHR YHCAB:12 ff.84r, 112v. 39. ODNB George Calvert 1579/80–1632. 40. YHCAB:12 ff.83v, 126v. 41. APC 1599–1600, p.201. 42. Chapter 3. Apart from records of the search (CSPD 1635, pp.303, 420), further references to the Vaux school do not appear in the Calendar of State Papers. 43. TNA PC2/47, p.389, SP16/355/176, SP16/356/3 (Arundell); PC2/47, p.330 (Compton, Lumley). 44. SP16/357/92.I; chapters 1, 3. 45. Beales, Education, pp.211–12. 46. SP16/303/105 f.218, SP16/303/73 f.166. 47. PC2/45 f.131. 48. PC2/45 f.121(Powtrell); PC2/45 147v (Blomﬁeld) PC2/45 152v (Wakeman). 49. SP16/303/73. John Fitzherbert of Norbury may have been a Catholic: J. March, ‘The Fitzherbert family: Derbyshire recusants’ in Derbyshire Miscellany 17:1 (2004) 3–8. 50. PC2/45 f.147v; cf f.152v. 51. SP16/304/98, 98.I. 52. PC2/45 f.133v (Bodenham); SP16/308/71; SP16/312/78. 53. PC2/45 f.133v. 54. SP16/303/105 f.218. 55. APC 1580–1, pp.165, 271; APC 1581–2, pp.238–9 56. APC 1581–2, p.153; ExRS. 57. LPL Ms.2008 f.43. 58. CSM:1, pp.155–7, at p.155 59. LPL: Ms.2008 f.43, f.23, Ms.3470 f.102. Thimelby’s second wife was Magdalen Bilsby. T.B. Trappes-Lomax, ‘The owners of Irnham Hall, Co. Lincoln, and their contribution to the survival of Catholicism in that county’ in LAAS new series, 9:2 (1962) 164–77 at p.176. 224 Notes

60. APC 1581–2, p.238. 61. CSM:1, pp.155, 157. Elizabeth was ﬁfty in 1615. 62. APC 1581, pp.238–9. 63. APC 1599–1600, pp.251–2, 279–81, 200–01; W. Page, G. Proby, and S.I. Ladds (eds.), The Victoria History of the County of Huntingdon (4 vols., London, 1926–38), vol.3, pp.227–9, at p.228. One priest, Thomas Benstead, was re-arrested and executed at Lincoln, July 1600. Anstruther 1, p.33. 64. SP12/274/111, f.189; H. Hajzyk, ‘The Church in Lincolnshire c.1595–c.1640’ unpubl. Ph.D. diss., University of Cambridge 1980, pp.409–13, 429 for Thimelbys. 65. APC 1589–90, p.45; LPL Ms.3200 f.22; J.C. Cox, Three Centuries of Derbyshire Annals (London, 1890), vol.1, pp.257–8; G. Turbutt, A History of Derbyshire (1999), pp.980, 984; March, ‘Fitzherbert family’. The two priests were executed; Fitzherbert died in prison. 66. HKN, p.308; Troubles 3, p.271 (from YCA B28, February 1583/4). 67. HKN, p.303. 68. YCA B32 f.79v–81; Morris, Troubles 3, pp.287–8. 69. YCA B32 f.242r; Morris, Troubles 3, pp.289–90. 70. CRY: Wright: pp.68–9, 161, 189, appendices passim. Browne: appendices, passim, her latest presentment being 1623 (p.235). She was gaoled in 1594: Troubles 3, pp.280–1 (from YCA B31). Tailor: CRY p.69. Thomas Porter, George and Thomas Pole in prison: Troubles 3, p.290. 71. CRY, pp.35, 66, 70 (Lee); Troubles 3, pp.216, 283 (Thwaites). 72. CRY, pp.217, 222. 73. Troubles 3, p.313. Two, Anne and Bridget, were recusants in 1600: CRY, p.227. 74. YCA B32 f.241–2; Troubles 3, pp.290–2. 75. CRY, pp.183, 217, 226. 76. BIHR V.1615.CB, f.32; CRY, pp.230, 235. 77. His Maiesties Answer to the XIX Propositions of Both Houses of Parliament (London, 1642) sigs.B[3v],B[1r]. 78. See, e.g., HLJ Vol.7 (8 November 1644), pp.51–8, at p.54; HJC Vol.4 (4 November 1645), pp.332–4, at p.332; John Rushworth, Historical Collections of Private Passages of State (8 vols., 1721), vol.6 (1645–7), p.309–17, at p.310 (treaty propositions, July 1646); HCJ Vol.5 (5 November 1647), p.350–1, at p.351. 79. HCJ Vol.4 (20 January 1646), p.411–12, at p.412. 80. Rushworth, Historical Collections, vol. 7 (1647–8), pp.1281–1314, at p.1281. The act for educating papists’ children was among measures the king accepted in a letter read in parliament on 2 October. 81. A.K. Tompkins, ‘The English Catholic Issue, 1640–1662: Factionalism, Perceptions and Exploitation’ unpubl. PhD. dissertation, University of London 2010, p.155, quoting a report of the London Venetian resident; Acts and Ordi- nances of the Interregnum, 1642–1660 (2 vols., London, 1911), vol.2, pp.1170–80. Thomas Burton’s parliamentary diary makes one allusion to an ‘education’ clause, when someone suggested that ‘The Protestant guardian [of a deceased recusant’s heir] should not only be bound for his life, but the child should be brought up in the Protestant religion.’ J.T. Rutt (ed.), Diary, of Thomas Burton, Esq. Member in the Parliaments of Oliver and Richard Cromwell From 1656–59: With an ... Account of the Parliament of 1654; From the Journal of Guibon Goddard (4 vols., London, 1828), vol.1, p.7. 82. A&O vol.1, pp.254–60 at p.255 [18 August 1643]; A&O vol.2, pp.1048–56, at p.1050 [25 May 1657]. Notes 225

83. A&O:1, p.769; CCC:1, p.440. Bossy, Community, p.164, notes this measure and one case (the Andertons). 84. Even in cases where evidence of it survives elsewhere (see below). 85. Selby, CCC:4, p.2763 (Co.Durham); Norris, CCC:4, p.2863 (Lancs.); Bevans, CCC:4, p.2968 (Co.Brecon); Thornton, CCC:4, pp.2591–3 (Northumberland); Byfleet, CCC:4, p.2707 (Somerset); Fage, CCC:4, p.2733 (Sussex); Porter CCC:4, pp.2700–1 (Cumberland); Latham CCC 4, p.2994; Eccleston CCC:3, pp.2308–9 (Lancs.); Eure CCC:3, pp.2240–3 (Yorks.); Gerard, SP23/69 no.239; SP23/89 f.183 (Lancs.). 86. Fortescue, CCC:4, pp.2539–41 (Bucks.); Scarisbrick CCC:4, pp.2492–4 (Lancs.); Ireland, CCC:4, pp.2503–4 (Lancs.); Huddleston CCC:3, pp.2226–8 (Cumberland); Brett CCC:3, pp.1644–6 (Somerset); Compton SP23/19/f.1116r – here assurance was sought that the children were not recusants, though it is not stated that the sequestration was for recusancy; Sir Henry Compton was deceased, but Lady Compton survived. 87. Blundell [see below], (Lancs); Morley, CCC:3, pp.2276–83, at pp.2278–9 (Lancs., Essex); Anderton [see below] (Lancs.); Keynes [see below] (Dorset). 88. CCC:4, p.2763; SP23/115/483, March 1651. 89. Norris, CCC:4, p.2863; Bevans, CCC:4, p.2968; Thornton CCC:4, p.2591 (guardian); Byfleet CCC:4, p.2707; Eure, CCC:3, p.2242 (mother); Porter, CCC:4, p.2701 (guardian). 90. Selby CCC:4, p.2763; Fage CCC:4, p.2733; Porter CCC:4, pp.2700–1; Huddleston CCC:3, pp.2227–8; Gerard, SP23/69 no.239 (petition of Henry Blundell, James Blackborne, William Lander, William Gerard). 91. Selby, CCC:4, p.2763; Porter, CCC:4, p.2701; Latham, CCC:4, p.2944; Eccleston, CCC:1, pp.506–7; Ireland, CCC:4, p.2503, CCC:1, pp.506–7. 92. CCC:4, pp.2503–4. 93. CCC:1, pp.506–7. 94. J.M. Gratton, The Parliamentarian and Royalist War Effort in Lancashire, 1642– 1651 (Manchester, 2010), pp.118, 289–90. 95. Gratton, War Effort in Lancashire, pp.155–6; B.G. Blackwood, The Lancashire Gentry and the Great Rebellion, 1640–60 (Manchester, 1978), pp.75–6. 96. CCC:4, p.2504; CCC:3, p.2039. 97. cf CCC:3, p.1644 (Brett), CCC:4, p.2763 (Selby). 98. Tompkins, ‘English Catholics’, p.113. SP23/109/935, 937. 99. CCC:3, pp.2276–83, at pp.2278–9. 100. Tompkins, ‘English Catholics’, pp.103, 112–14. Hearing Mass incurred 100 marks’ fine and one year’s imprisonment. 101. CCC:3, pp.2278–9. 102. CCC:3, pp.2278, 2276–83, passim. 103. CCC:3, pp.2279–80; SP23/16, pp.26, 60, 175. ODNB Daniel Blagrave 1603–68. 104. CCC:3, p.2280. 105. Complete Peerage 9, pp.230; CCC:3, p.2280. 106. In SP23/10, SP23/17, SP23/69. 107. Blundell, Cavalier, pp.17–18, quoting Blundell family papers (LRO DDBL.acc. 6121). 108. Order dated 14 October 1646. C.H. Mayo (ed.), The Minute Books of the Dorset Standing Committee (Exeter, 1902), pp.19–20; TNA SP23/17, p.230; SP23/117 f.699. Shammell was an employee of Alexander Keynes’ father: SP23/152 f.509. 109. SP23/17, pp.267, 292. 110. SP23/96 f.463 [16 Feb 1652/3]; SP23/152 f.513. 226 Notes

111. Chronicles of St Monica’s Louvain, archive property of the Augustinian Canonesses of Windesheim, Kingston-near-Lewes, presently held at Douai Abbey, Reading, pp.607–11, 615. I am grateful to Caroline Bowden for her transcript of the MS, and to the Augustinian Canonesses for permission to quote. 112. cf. SP23/63, p.409. 113. Louvain chronicle, p.607. 114. SP23/63, pp.443, 447, 455. 115. SP23/63, pp.451–3, 479. 116. SP23/14 ff.181, 211. ‘It was suggested to us’ that Mrs Anderton had recently taken the oath; the County Committee were to tender it again. 117. Su Fang Ng, Literature and the Politics of Family in Seventeenth-century England (Cambridge, 2007); L. Cowen Orlin, Private Matters and Public Culture in Post-Reformation England (Ithaca, 1994), esp. pp.85–36; Hardwick, ‘The State’, pp.136–7; Premo, Children of the Father King, esp. pp.9–11, 27–31. My paper ‘The state, childhood and religious dissent’ pursues this further. 118. SP14/69/no.69, Chapter 4. 119. Ng, Literature and the Politics of Family, esp. Introduction, pp.1–18; Orlin, Private Matters, pp.86–7, 118. 120. Harrington, ‘Bad parents’; Spierling, ‘Making use of God’s remedies’. 121. Martin Luther, ‘To Councilmen of all cities in Germany that they establish Christian schools’ (trans. J. Pelikan and H.T. Lehman) in T.F. Lull (ed.), Martin Luther’s Basic Theological Writings (2nd edn., Minneapolis MN, 2005), pp.460–78, at p.465. 122. CRS:53, pp.116–17, from Cecil Papers. 123. CRS:53, pp.120–1, from Cecil Papers. 124. Bossy dismisses this case, and the wider issue, slightly too easily. Bossy, Commu- nity, pp.163–4. 125. Aveling, ‘Yorkshire Fairfaxes’ 2, pp.62–5. 126. Ibid., p.62. (April 1637). 127. Ibid., p.65. 128. Ibid., p.66. 129. Ibid., pp.64–5. 130. Ibid., pp.64–5. 131. Bossy, Community, p.164. 132. In 1679, Lady Throckmorton attempted to take her son to a Jesuit school abroad; the Privy Council ordered him placed with his uncle. She was, however, allowed to take her daughter abroad, merely promising not to place her in a Catholic school. TNA, PC2/67, f.63v. I am grateful to Liesbeth Corens for this reference.

6 SpeakingtotheYoung

1. CRS:39, pp.83–5, translation; original Latin pp.72–83. (from Persons’ edition of Nicholas Sanders De Schismate Anglicano, 1586). This document is apparently a conﬂation of original letters printed by Persons as a single report. 2. Robert Persons, An Epistle of the Persecution of Catholickes in England, trans. ‘G.T’ (Rouen, 1582). 3. Brigden, ‘Youth’, p.58, characterises the early Reformation as ‘revolutionary’, and comments, p.67, ‘To be a youthful Protestant in the 1520s, when the faith was new and outlawed, was to be a revolutionary: a generation later Protestantism was the orthodoxy ...the rebels were not the reformers but those who looked to Notes 227

the restoration of the old faith.’ P. Collinson, The Birthpangs of Protestant England: Religious and Cultural Change in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries (Basingstoke, 1988), p.36, notes ‘it would not be sufficient to call [the Reformation] a revolution of youth, or an episode in female assertion and emancipation, although both these social dimensions of the movement attract attention’. 4. What follows is partly developed from my M.Phil thesis (‘Catholic childhoods and the childhood of Catholics in early modern England’, unpubl. diss. Cambridge University 2008); some texts considered there are explored here. Some material in this section appeared in my ‘Recusancy and the rising generation’, Recusant History 31:4 (2013) 511–33. 5. Introduction. 6. CRS:39, pp.82, 90 (translation); ODNB Nicholas Roscarrock 1548–1633/4. 7. Anthony Champney, Annales Elizabethae Reginae AAW Ms.F.1, p.903, describes the martyr James Bird as ‘iuvenis ...novendecim annorum’. 8. Green, Catechisms, pp.122, 124–5. 9. Griffths, Youth and Authority, pp.33–4, 76–9; Ben-Amos, Adolescence, p.39 for servants’ ages and their inclusion in studies of youth. 10. William Allen, An Apologie ...of the Two English Colleges (Henault, 1581), f.22v– 23v. 11. Allen, Apologie, f.24. 12. Campion, Edmund, ‘Oration ...De Iuuene Academico’ in Edmundi Campiani ... Opuscula, ed. Robert Turner (Paris, 1618), pp.229–73. All references to this edition. R. Simpson, Edmund Campion (London, 1867), pp.25ff, 49–50; pp.25, 362, note 7 for delivery of lecture. 13. RSJ:4, pp.288–328, translation from Ms. in ‘Stonyhurst Collection’ [ABSJ]. All references to Foley’s translation. 14. LRO, DDBL.acc.6121 Box 6: Copies of Letters to William Blundell (1622–98), unfoliated. Richard Blundell’s responsa: LR826, 1645. 15. S. Ditchfield, Liturgy, Sanctity and History in Tridentine Italy: Pietro Mario Campi and the Preservation of the Particular (Cambridge, 1995), chapters 2, 7. 16. Virgilio Cepari, The Life of B. Aloysius Gonzaga, trans. ‘R.S.’ (Paris, [St Omers]1627); preface, sigs.*5v-*6r. 17. Cepari, Gonzaga, pp.248–59. 18. ibid., p.92. 19. For example, Orazio Torsellino, The Admirable Life of S. Francis Xavier ...,trans. Thomas Fitzherbert (Paris, 1632); Pedro Morejon, A Briefe Relation of the Persecu- tion ...in the Kingdome of Japonia, trans. W. Wright (St Omer, 1619). 20. William Allen, Martyrdom of XII Reverend Priests (Rheims, 1582), sig.6v. 21. See (e.g.) Thomas Worthington, A Relation of Sixtene Martyrs (St.Omers, 1601), p.21. 22. Annual Letters of the Jesuit English Mission, 1583, translated extracts, RSJ:3, pp.685–6. 23. Yepes, Historia Particular, pp.852–3. 24. Another copy of the ‘Life of Throckmorton’ is VEC Libro 281, a volume of orations given by College members, pp.55–76. Here it is attributed to Southwell. 25. TNA SP12/235/74; SP12/173/26. 26. Gennings, Edmund Geninges. All references to 1614/1971 edition. 27. Griffiths, Youth and Authority, pp.35–49, 56–61 and Ben-Amos, Adoles- cence, pp.10–28, 34–8 for contemporary literature on ‘good’ and ‘bad’ youth. 228 Notes

28. I.P. Bejczy, ‘The sacra infantia in medieval hagiography’ in Wood (ed.), Church and Childhood, pp.143–51; R.M. Bell and D. Weinstein, Saints and Society: The Two Worlds of Western Christendom, 1000–1700 (Chicago and London, 1982), pp.19–47. Gennings, Edmund Geninges, pp.15–19. 29. CRS:5, pp.205–7 (from ABSJ Coll.M). Probably based on a lost printed edition: A. Shell, ‘The seventeenth century “Lives” of Edmund Gennings (1566–91)’ in RH 30:2 (2010) 213–27 for this text’s relationship to the 1614 Life. J.H. Pollen, Acts of English Martyrs Hitherto Unpublished (London, 1891), pp.212–21 for James Leyburne. 30. Grifﬁths, Youth and Authority, pp.35–6. 31. Brigden, ‘Youth’. 32. Shell, ‘Edmund Gennings’, p.219 suggests children as a possible audience. 33. Weinstein and Bell, Saints and Society, pp.48–72. 34. VEC Coll.F; relevant extract in RSJ:3, pp.249–53. All references to RSJ. 35. BIHR YHCAB:10 f.250, 255. 36. VEC Coll.F. 37. M.B. Rowlands, ‘Recusant women 1560–1640’ in M. Prior (ed.), WomeninEnglish Society 1500–1800 (London, 1985), pp.149–80. 38. C.W. Bynum, Holy Feast and Holy Fast: The Religious Signiﬁcance of Food to Medieval Women (Berkeley, CA, 1987), pp.130–40. 39. The prefatory verses of Edmund Geninges eschew literary pretension: ‘Affected wordes, or Courtly complement,/Do not expect, who euer reades this story; ...If any such there be, post to King Liere,/He hath applause, seeke not contentment heere.’ cf F.W. Brownlow, ‘A Jesuit alllusion to King Lear’ in RH 28:3, 416–23. 40. SP12/245/66; J. Morris, ‘The martyrdom of William Harrington’ in The Month 20 (1874) 411–23. 41. Morris, ‘Harrington’. Harrington’s examination is printed from SP12/243/14, pp.417–8.

7 Encountering and Participating

1. Gerard, Autobiography, pp.29–30, 58–65 and notes. 2. Palmes, Dorothy Lawson, pp.19–20. 3. Gerard, Autobiography, p.150. 4. Palmes, Dorothy Lawson, p.48. Compare similar practices of the Protestant Margaret Hoby: Hoby, Diary, pp.32, 48, 51, 68, 107. 5. Precedents and Proceedings, pp.228–9. Probably the composer William Byrd: ODNB William Byrd (1539x42-1623). 6. TNA SP12/173/29; Kelly, Thomas Belson, p.40. 7. SP12/179/1; Anstruther, Vaux, pp.159–61. 8. SP12/179/2. 9. Mush, ‘Margaret Clitherow’, pp.403, 411. 10. TNA SP14/216/70, f.114ff. 11. SP14/216/70 f.115. 12. Anstruther, Vaux, pp.282–5. 13. CRS:60, pp.59, 67–8, 83, 84; LPL Ms.2008 f.43; ExRS. 14. CRS:60, pp.45, 85; Questier, Catholicism and Community, pp.161–3, 184, 188. Notes 229

15. Griffiths, Youth and Authority, p.193 and note (reference to Helen Bird). Griffiths does not consider the possibility of Catholic recusancy among young people missing church: pp.192–4. 16. CRS:60, pp.64, 87; Lilly was ‘prentes to Mr. Perpoynt’. Possibly the master did not attend church though the mistress did. 17. ‘James Duckett’, pp.624–5. 18. CRY p.187. The churchwardens were attempting to distrain goods in default of fines from various recusants: CRY, pp.186–9. Hall’s wife was also recusant: CRY pp.176–80, 178, 186, 198. 19. SP12/164/56-61. Walsham, Church Papists, pp.89–91 for Catholic dissent expressed through church attendance. 20. SR IV.ii, pp.842–3 (35 Eliz.c.1:5–6), p.1076 (3 Jac I.4:19–20). 21. I know two examples: Cliffe, Yorkshire Gentry, pp.217, 1624, fine compounded for 1635; ExRS, fines collected by Thomas Wentworth in 1626 (£84-16-8 from seven Yorkshire gentry). 22. Surrey Indictments, pp.298–9; Hertfordshire Indictments, pp.288, 290; Kent Indict- ments, pp.21, 22, 70–1, 121–2, 163, 171, 186, 243, 277, 361–2, 387, 391, 404, 405, 419, 435, 445–6, 447–8. Durham QS, pp.233, 263, 288–9, 292. 23. The Memorandum Book of Richard Cholmeley of Brandsby 1602–1623,North Yorkshire County Record Office Publications no.44 (North Yorkshire County Council, 1988), p.41 (13 December 1605). Cholmeley wrote: ‘All my Catholicke servants went from me.’ 24. R.M. Fisher, ‘Privy council coercion and religious conformity at the Inns of Court 1569–84’ in RH 15 (1979) 305–24; J. McConica, ‘The Catholic experience in Tudor Oxford’ in McCoog (ed.), Reckoned Expense, pp.39–63; J. Loach, ‘Ref- ormation controversies’ in J. McConica (ed.), History of the University of Oxford (Oxford, 1986), vol.3, pp.363–97. 25. E.E. Reynold, Campion and Parsons: The Jesuit Mission of 1580–1 (London, 1980), pp.102–3. 26. Quoted in McConica, ‘Catholic experience’, p.57. 27. Quoted in Loach, ‘Reformation controversies’, p.395. 28. APC 1581–2, p.170. 29. Thirty-two LPE entrants, including twenty-six converts, studied at Oxford or Cambridge; ten at one of the Inns. 30. SP12/19/56. 31. Gibbon, Concertatio, f.143v–144r. My translation. 32. Ibid., f.144r; SP12/19/56; Loach, ‘Reformation controversies’, p.381. 33. Weston, Autobiography, pp.178–84, and notes pp.187–8. 34. BL Harl.Mss.6846 f.353; Harl.Mss.6998 f.232 (government list of executed Catholics); J. Foster (ed.), The Register of Admissions to Gray’s Inn, 1521–1889: Together With the Register of Marriages in Gray’s Inn Chapel, 1695–1754 (London, 1899), p.63 (More’s admission, April 1583). 35. AEN, pp.39, 25. 36. R.C. Bald, John Donne: A Life (2nd edn.,Oxford, 1986), pp.35, 42, 58–9; Al.Oxon.1, p.414; Morris, ‘Harrington’, esp. pp.417–18 37. RSJ:3, pp.658–704; CRS:39, pp.65–7; Chapter 6. 38. Letter of Agazzari to Aquaviva, October 1583, RSJ:3, pp.687–701, 688. 39. Persons to Pope Gregory XIII, June 1581, CRS:39, pp.65–6, at p.66; translation pp.66–7. 40. RSJ:3, pp.701–4 (from SP12/140/62; SP12/148/11). 230 Notes

41. RSJ:3, p.689. Letter of Alfonso Agazzari, Jesuit superior of the English Col- lege Rome. 42. As some early historians did, e.g. Foley, RSJ:3, pp.626–8, 661–2. 43. Agazzari letter, RSJ:3, p.688. 44. Described in 1580 as ‘about twenty-four years of age’. RSJ:3, pp.701–2. 45. Anstruther, Vaux, pp.169–71, 182. 46. CRS:39, p.93, editor’s translation; original Italian pp.91–2 (from Bartoli, Dell’istoria della Compagnia di Gesu, l’Inghilterra, 1667). 47. CRS:39, pp.321–31 translation at pp.331–40; cf. RSJ:3, p.694. 48. RSJ:3, pp.697–8, 688–9, 691. 49. Gerard, Autobiography, pp.151–7, 79, 130–7; CRS:60, pp.64, 87. 50. BAA Ms.R941, pp.457–8. 51. Kelly, Thomas Belson for the following. 52. Kelly, Thomas Belson pp.44–51. 53. Ibid., pp.67–8. 54. Ibid., pp.81–2. 55. Ibid., p.87. 56. Breve Relatione del Martirio ...(Rome, 1590) quoted extensively in Kelly, Thomas Belson, pp.89–100. 57. YRR, pp.90–2; AEN, pp.9, 40 (probably derived from YRR); HKN, pp.310–11; mentioned in John Mush, ‘An answere to a comfortable advertisement ...’ [Oscott MS.99], in G. Crosignani, T.M. McCoog, and M.C. Questier (eds.), Recusancy and Conformity in Early Modern England: Manuscript and Printed Sources in Translation (Toronto, 2010), pp.157–243, at p.165. 58. YRR, pp.90–2; HKN, pp.310–11. 59. Boste’s offence in being a seminary priest was compounded by connections with the Catholic faction in Scottish politics. M.C. Questier ‘Practical antipapistry during the reign of Elizabeth I’ in JBS 36:4 (1997) 371–96, esp. 380–6; Anstruther 1, pp.43–4, 182–4. 60. AAW A4 p.131; Richard Smith became titular bishop of Chalcedon with responsibility for English Catholics in 1627. 61. He is described as ‘iuuenis’ in the ‘Chalcedon Catalogue’, AAW Ms.B28 no.3, p.94. 62. YRR, p.90; AAW A4 p.131; CRS:53, p.96; Peacock, Yorkshire Catholics, p.50; CRS:57, p.219. 63. YCA F.4, f.130. 64. YRR, p.90. Andrew Trewe and Robert Brooke were aldermen, Brooke twice lord mayor; John Trewe farmed one of York’s prisons: Troubles 3, pp.280, 300, 318–20, 340–2, CRY, pp.60, 180, 337. 65. HKN, pp.310–11. 66. YRR, pp.90–2; HKN, p.311. 67. Ingilby’s father was Sir William Ingilby of Ripley; his uncle David Ingilby was an associate of Boste’s, and suspected of political conspiracy. Questier, ‘Antipapistry’, pp.382–3; Anstruther 1, pp.43–4, 181–2; Lake and Questier, Margaret Clitherow, pp.83–4. 68. YRR, p.90. 69. AAW Ms.A4 p.127; YRR, pp.84–5, Mush, ‘Margaret Clitherow’, pp.365–7. 70. AEN, p.34; Harl.Ms.6998 f.232 [ofﬁcial list of Catholics executed August 1588]; CRS:5, pp.164–5 (from SP12/216/22) for their indictment; CRS:5, pp.194–8 Notes 231

(from ABSJ Anglia Ms.1/39), Latin poem mostly about Lloyd’s brother, but gives Richard’s age. 71. AEN, pp.40, 46–8 quotation at p.46; RSJ:3 (Coll.F.) pp.740–2, quotation at p.741. Agnes Hardesty was a recusant at Ripley, Yorks, 1595: CRS:53, p.95. 72. SP12/173/64, f.100–101. 73. CRS:60, pp.73–4, cf pp.63, 87. 74. Printed in CRS:9, p.117. 75. CRS:53, p.61. 76. Note 14 above. 77. CRS:2, pp.282–3, 284–5. 78. CRS:2, p.61; J. Fox, ‘The Bromes of Holton Hall: A forgotten recusant family’, in Oxoniensia 68 (2003) 69–88 at 75–6; Chapter 8. 79. CRS:53, p.247; CRS:4, pp.230–1. 80. CRS:2, pp.249–50, 255, 271, quotation at p.255. Roger Line married Anne Heigham, executed for priest-harbouring in 1601; William Higham was possibly her brother. References to young prisoners other than those discussed in chapters 7–8 include: Sherwood (a ‘boy’), 1577, CRS:1, p.61; Margaret Hewitt (‘yonge’), 1577, CRS:22, p.27, Troubles 3, p.259; William Calverley, c.1589, LPL Ms.3470 f.118; John Hawe (aged 24), 1593, CRS:60, p.87; Mary Cole (aged 23), 1593, CRS:60, pp.62, 87; Cooper, c.1581, Persons, Epistle, pp.90–2; Thomas Worthington (aged 16) 1584–6, CRS:2, pp.245, 253, 254, 271, Chapter 5; John Thackeray c.1581, RSJ:3, pp.221–4, 753–4; ‘young man’, 1615, RSJ:7.ii, pp.1082–3; ‘iuuenis nobilis’, 1624, ARSI Anglia 33.2, f.240v; ‘scholar’ of St Omer, 1626, RSJ:7.ii, p.1164. The Responsa Scholarum records ten respondents imprisoned aged under 21, the LPE four entrants. 81. Douay Diaries, pp.149–50 (1578). 82. J.C. Jeafferson (ed.), Middlesex County Records (4 vols., London, 1886–92), vol.1. 83. See Chapter 8. 84. SR IV.i, 13.Eliz.c.1 pp.526–7. 85. Stanney, ‘Trium laicorum’, pp.377–88; AEN, pp.44–5 (possibly based on Stanney); shorter version in the Jesuit collections: ABSJ Anglia Ms.7, f.25–6. 86. ‘sed quia testes varij contrarium afﬁrmant, nolo obstinate negare, sed libenter pro illis poenas quasunque [sic] a vobis sustinere’ Stanney, ‘Trium laicorum’, p.3, AEN, p.44. 87. Anglia Mss.7 f.26. 88. Chapter 1; Champney, Annales, p.903ff; ABSJ Anglia Ms.7 f.25–6; CRS 5, pp.228–30, 231–3 (Bird and Thomas). 89. Stanney’s narrative covers Laurence Humphreys, Ralph Milner and the London martyr Swithin Wells. Stanney may have been the original source for ABSJ Anglia Ms.1/73, Garnet’s report on Winchester martyrs, and hence for Bird’s martyrdom. 90. CRS:5, pp.228–9 (from ABSJ Anglia Ms.1/73); SP12/160/26 f.56. 91. Stanney, ‘Trium Laicorum’, pp.393–6; APC 1590–1, pp.234–5; Winchester calendar of prisoners, February 1590/1, notes the removal ‘by the Councells order’ of Milner and ‘Richard Johnson’ the ‘seminarie’ (presumably Dicconson’s alias), and lists people arrested for associating with ‘Johnson’. HRO, 44M69/G3/112. 92. See (e.g.) his 1594 reports, SP12/248/30,88. 93. Stanney, ‘Trium Laicorum’, pp.383–4. 94. HRO 21M65/C1/26, pp.34, 62. 232 Notes

95. Stanney, ‘Trium Laicorum’, p.386, says the word ‘whore’ (‘meretricem’) was omitted from the indictment. 96. In primo vel secundo anno conversionis suae, incidit in febrim vehementem valdre; & in extremitate febrij verba aliqua otiosa locutus est; inter quae dixit reginam Elizabetham esse meretricem & haereticam: aderant tunc temporis in domo illa milites multi ituri cum comite Essexiae in Portugeliam, & quidam illo- rum hac verba audientes, statim in furorem conversi sunt contra illum, dicentes ad invicem, subito occidamus illum, non enim dignus est amplius vivere, quod talia nefanda loquitur contra Reginam nostram. At Dominus eius prohibuit illos ne mali aliquid contra illum facerent. Non multo post (contra omnem justi- tiam) cum parum convaluit, pro istis verbis authoritate justitiarium cum vinculis conjectus est in carcerem usque ad tempus proximae cessionis. Stanney, ‘Trium laicorum’, pp.384–5. 97. Stanney, ‘Trium laicorum’, p.388. 98. H.A. Lloyd, The Rouen Campaign 1590–1592: Politics, Warfare and the Early Modern State (Oxford, 1973), chapters 1–4. 99. Lloyd, Rouen, pp.55, 58–62; APC 1590–1, p.206. 100. Llord, Rouen, p.62; APC 1590–1, pp.361–4. 101. ABSJ Ms.Anglia 7 f.26. 102. The assize judges for Hampshire1590–3 were Edmund Anderson and Thomas Gent; Anderson was then Chief Justice of Common Pleas and, as queen’s sergeant, had prosecuted Edmund Campion. S.J. Cockburn, A History of English Assizes, 1558–1714 (Cambridge, 1972), pp.266–7; ODNB Sir Edmund Anderson 1530?–1605; ODNB Thomas Gent c.1530–93.

8 Authority and Agency

1. Griffiths, Youth and Authority, pp.35–49, 56–61; Ben-Amos Adolescence, pp.10–28, 34–8. 2. Griffiths, Youth and Authority,Chapter4. 3. N.Z. Davis, ‘The reasons of misrule’ in her Society and Culture in Early Modern France: Eight Essays (London, 1975), pp.97–123; N. Schindler, ‘Guardians of disorder: Rituals of youthful culture at the dawn of the modern age’ in Levi and Schmitt (eds.), Young People in the West, vol.1, pp.240–82. 4. Brigden, ‘Youth’, pp.50–1, 53–7, 61–4; Davis, ‘Reasons of misrule’, pp.120–1, 122; N.Z. Davis, ‘The rites of violence’, in Davis (ed.), Society and Culture, pp.152–88, at pp.183–4 for youthful involvement (Catholic and Protestant) in religious riots. 5. Brigden, ‘Youth’, pp.38–40, 64–6. 6. Griffiths, Youth and Authority, pp.49–51; Ben-Amos, Adolescence, pp.19–20, 21–2; Thomas, ‘Age and authority’, esp. pp.244–8; P. Thane, Old Age in English History: Past Experiences, Present Issues (Oxford, 2000), pp.44–70. 7. Translated in Simpson, Campion, pp.363–6, from Campion, Opuscula, pp.306–29. Quotations from Campion, Opuscula, my translations. 8. Simpson, Campion, p.356 (Appendix V). 9. J. Antonio Guarnerio (ed.), Acta Quaeda Insignia Anglica Ad Catholicam Religionem pertinentia ex Seminario Rhemensi allata in Latinum conuersa (Bergamo, 1580), sig.[B4]v-sig.[D3]r. The work consists of newsletters etc. from Douai College (then at Rheims). John’s father was probably Mark Tippet of St. Wenn, d.1594: IPM, CRO CA/B23/8/c. Notes 233

10. Described in CRS:2, p.65 note: the Italian MS paraphrases a Latin report later attached to Robert Persons’ ‘Memoir of Domesticall Difficulties’ (c.1600), but includes some items, including the Typpet letters, which the Latin does not. These are printed, CRS:2, pp.67–74, English translation pp.75–83. Mark Typpet’s letter is dated St Wenn, Cornwall 17 January 1578. 11. Douay Diaries, pp.149, 151. 12. Liber Ruber I, p.20. 13. CRS:53, p.199, from BL Yelverton Mss. 14. RSJ:6, p.71. This may refer to Insignia, but that has no declared link with Paleotti. Guarnerio’s preface, sig.Aijr -sig.[Aiij]r apparently alludes to a previous Italian translation, from which that published in CRS:2 might derive. A translation of Persons’ Epistle of the Persecution, Della Persecutione de Catolici nel Regno D’Inghilterra (Bologna, 1582) was published by order of Cardinal Paleotti (according to its title page), but does not contain the Typpet letters, and was printed 1582. 15. Shell, ‘Furor juvenilis’, pp.186–7, 189. 16. Insignia sigs.C1r, C1v, C2r; CRS:2, pp.72, 80. 17. Insignia sigs.C2v, C3v, C4r; CRS:2, pp.72–3, 81–2. 18. Insignia sig.C4r; cf CRS:2, pp.73, 82. 19. CRS:2, pp.73, 82; this passage is not in Insignia. See J. Sircy, ‘Becoming spiritual: Authority and legitimacy in the early modern English family’ in Renaissance Papers 9 (2009) 55–65 for the potential destabilising effect of biblically derived parental metaphors for authority figures. 20. CRS:2, pp.73, 82; cf Insignia sig.C4r. 21. CRS:2, pp.71, 80; Insignia sig.C2v. 22. CRS:2, p.81, cf.p.72. 23. CRS:2, pp.81, 72–3; cf Insignia sig.C3v. 24. Allen, Apologie, f.24. 25. CRS:2, pp.72–3, 81; not in Insignia. 26. ODNB Richard Cheyney d.1579. 27. CRS:2, pp.80, 72; Insignia sig.C1v. 28. CRS:39, p.53, trans. p.60. 29. CRS:39, p.81, trans. p.89; Persons, Epistle, p.79. 30. J. Innes, ‘Prisons for the poor: English Bridewells, 1555–1800’ in D. Hay and F. Snyder (eds.), Labour, Law and Crime: An Historical Perspective (London, 1987), pp.42–122; E.D. Pendry, Elizabethan Prisons and Prison Scenes (2 vols., Salzburg, 1974). vol.1, pp.39–53; P. Griffiths, ‘Building Bridewell: London’s self-images, 1550–1640’ in N.L. Jones, and D. Woolf (eds.), Local Identities in Late Medieval and Early Modern England (Basingstoke, 2007), pp.228–48; F. Dabhoiwala, ‘Summary justice in early modern London’ in EHR 121:492 (2006) 796–822. 31. LGL, BCB 33011/3, 33011/4, 33011/5, passim. 32. Jeafferson, Middlesex Records 1, pp.124–33, passim. 33. CRS:2, pp.224–6. 34. Gerard, Autobiography, pp.5, 83; RSJ:3, pp.756–7 (from VEC Coll.F). 35. E.g., APC 1591–2, p.40, two prisoners ‘to be put to the manacles and soche other tortures as are used in Bridewell’. References to Catholics (not necessarily young) in Bridewell include: SP12/174/64; SP12/256/71; SP12/269/32. 36. A 1597 report giving numbers of Bridewell inmates for November and December adds, ‘Recusantes which remaine in the House of Bridewell – 9/ Spaniardes 234 Notes

remayning in the said house [presumably prisoners of war] – 25/’. Lansdowne Mss.84, no.22 f.48–49v. 37. HMC Rutland 1, pp.334–6; Chapter 3. 38. M.C. Questier, ‘Agency and appropriation at the foot of the gallows: Catholics (and Puritans) confront (and constitute) the English State’ in P. Lake and M.C. Questier (eds.), The Antichrist’s Lewd Hat: Protestants, Papists and Players in Post-Reformation England (New Haven & London, 2002), pp.229–80. 39. Gennings, Edmund Gennings, pp.91–4, quotations at pp.92, 91; Chapter 6. 40. cf. Questier, ‘Agency and appropriation’, pp.246–9, 273, 275. 41. CRS:5, pp.205–7; Gennings, Edmund Gennings, p.94. 42. ‘Elysse Bowman’ was baptised in St Crux Church, 25 September 1564: R.B. Cook and F. Harrison (eds.), The Parish Register of St Crux, York (2 vols., YPRS, 1922, 1985), vol.1, p.6. 43. HKN, pp.302–4. 44. YCA F3, pp.669–70. 45. ASJ Coll.P2, p.546; P. Caraman (ed.), The Other Face: Catholic Life Under Elizabeth I (London, 1960), pp.231–2; H.A.C. Sturgess (ed.), Middle Temple Admissions Reg- isters (3 vols., London, 1949), vol.1, p.73: 20 May 1598, ‘Christopher Blackall son and heir of Richard Blackall, of Exeter, esq.’; Gillow, 3 pp.657–60 on John Jones. 46. As Brigden, ‘Youth’, p.49, suggests about early Protestantism, and Shell, ‘Furor Juvenilis’, p.168, about post-Reformation Catholicism. 47. SP12/192/52,54; SP12/193/11; Fox, ‘The Bromes’. 48. Fox, ‘The Bromes’, pp.75–6; APC 1571–5, p.270; APC 1577–8, pp.204, 438–9. 49. Fox, ‘The Bromes’, pp.77–81 discusses this episode. 50. SP12/192/52; SP12/193/11. 51. Although if it was Thomas Stapleton’s deﬁantly Catholic rendition (A History of the Church of Englande, 1565), this was daring enough. Southern, Recusant Prose, pp.88–94; P. Stapleton, ‘Pope Gregory and the Gens Anglorum: Thomas Stapleton’s translation of Bede’ in Renaissance Papers (2008) 15–34. 52. SP12/193/18,19. 53. SP12/192/12. 54. Fox, ‘The Bromes’, pp.73–4, 79–80. 55. George Brome conformed to Protestantism later: Fox, ‘The Bromes’, pp.84–6. 56. APC 1571–5, pp.92, 96. 57. Complete Peerage, 12.i pp.307–9. 58. BL Lansdowne.Ms.17 no.28, f.57. 59. Lansdowne Ms.17 no.28, f.57; Lansdowne.Ms.17 no.55, f.124. 60. Lansdowne Ms.17 no.55; APC 1571–5, pp.168–9, 195. 61. RSJ:3, pp.444–5, citing Dorothy Arundell, ‘the MS. Acts of the blessed martyr Cornelius’. 62. CRS:22, p.123; Complete Peerage, 12.i pp.309–10 for his Catholicism. 63. LPL Ms.3470, f.113. 64. Troubles 3, pp.354–5. 65. CSM:1, pp.33, 34, 119–20. 66. Weston, Autobiography, pp.151–2; ASJ 61/1/5/1, photocopy of ARSI manuscript, f.541v–542r, for original Latin. 67. ASJ 61/1/5/1 f.541v; Weston, Autobiography, pp.157–8 (notes to pp.151–2). Evi- dence identifying him as Evan Floyd derived from APC and Ath.Cantab. is suggestive but insufﬁcient. 68. Gibbon, Concertatio, pt.2.Add. sig.B2-v. Notes 235

69. This material appeared in a similar form in my ‘Recusancy and the rising generation’, pp.516–29. 70. Barnaby Rich, The True Report of a Late Practise Enterprised by a Papist ...(London, 1582/3). All references to this edition. The incorporated tract dates the visions 1 and 24 February 1580/1; it was circulating by June 1581, when the bishop of Chester sent a copy to the Privy Council: APC 1581–2, p.98. K.R. Wark mentions the case; the Elizabeth Orton summoned for recusancy in 1589 may be the same: Wark, Cheshire Recusany, p.29 & note. Barnaby Rich published numerous works, mainly on Ireland and soldiering: ODNB Barnaby Rich 1542–1617. 71. Elizabeth Orton and her visions are the subject of ongoing research by Professor Alexandra Walsham, some of which appears in her ‘The Holy Maid of Wales: Visions, politics and Catholicism in Elizabethan Britain’, a paper unpublished to date. I am grateful to Professor Walsham for allowing me to read and cite her work-in-progress. The dates given in Rich’s tract are misleading; Walsham clariﬁes that the episode occurred in 1581, and the tract was published in 1582. 72. Walsham, ‘Holy Maid’. 73. E. Duffy, Saints, Sacrilege and Sedition: Religion and Conﬂict in the Tudor Reformations (London, 2012), pp.147, 169–73; Duffy, Stripping of the Altars, p. 142. 74. Chapter 1. 75. Walsham, ‘Holy Maid’, investigates Elizabeth’s conformist family, and her connections, further. 76. This refers to Chapter 1 of John’s Gospel, read at the end of Mass and often worn as a talisman: Duffy, Stripping of the Altars, pp.215–16. 77. Walsham, ‘Holy Maid’; Rich, True Report, sig.C2v-C3r 78. Christopher Goodman. Walsham, ‘Holy Maid’, for Goodman’s radical Protestant background and Rich’s existing connections with Walsingham. 79. APC 1581–2, p.98. The following month, Chadderton was asked to report on progress: APC 1581–2, pp.122–3. The Privy Council records are missing from 1582–6, and so give no further information on Orton. 80. Rich’s title page invoked a more famous example: Elizabeth Barton, the ‘Holy Maid of Kent’. Barton’s status as a reputed saint, and her transformation into a political threat when her visions became condemnations of Henry VIII’s Refor- mation, have been discussed by several historians: see in particular E. Shagan, Popular Politics and the English Reformation (Cambridge, 2003), Chapter 2. Barton’s gender was central both to her authority and to the denial of her agency in her eventual recantation. 81. Walsham, ‘Holy Maid’, discusses parallels with other cases, including the Catholic case of the ‘Boy of Bilson’, also publicised via a hostile tract. See also Chapter 9. The case of Anne Gunter, raises similar questions of agency and manipulation: J. Sharpe, The Bewitching of Anne Gunter (London, 1999). 82. Presumably Alexander Nowell’s Catechism: Or Institution of Christian Religion (London, 1572), the standard Elizabethan Protestant catechism. 83. SP12/165/28; information of Richard Smith; Finnis and Martin ‘Tyrwhitt’ 1. See also Finnis and Martin, ‘Tyrwhitt’ 2. 84. SP12/165/28 85. SP12/165/28. 86. SP12/165/28. 87. APC 1580–1, pp.107–8; R. Rex, ‘Thomas Vavasour, M.D.’ in Recusant History 20:4 (1991) 436–54. 88. APC 1581–2, pp.79–80, 238–9. 236 Notes

89. SP12/165/28. 90. Finnis and Martin, ‘Tyrwhitt’ 1, pp.307–8. 91. SP12/152/54; Finnis and Martin, ‘Tyrwhitt’ 1, p.308. 92. Persons, Epistle, pp.98–9; Finnis and Martin, ‘Tyrwhitt’ 1, pp.306–7. 93. TNA C142/196/10. 94. Finnis and Martin, ‘Tyrwhitt’ 2 for the subsequent history of Catholicism in the Tyrwhitt family. Lord and Lady Sheffield conformed in religion; indeed after this first brush with the Privy Council, in July 1581, Sheffield was already pleading that his wife was now ‘conformable’: Finnis and Martin, ‘Tyrwhitt’ 1, p.306; Complete Peerage, vol.9, pp.388–90. 95. Colton’s text is preserved in the Rutland family papers with other Catholic persecution narratives. HMC Rutland 1, pp.334–6: all quotations from this source. Robert Colton of Wisbech was among a party of fugitive students and school- boys intercepted in Ireland in 1594: Wark, Cheshire Recusancy, pp.111ff; Yepes, Historia, pp.791–820; Chapter 5. Colton mentions no previous stay in Bridewell, which Yepes claims for the 1594 fugitives. Colton appears in Bridewell prison lists for 1595: CRS:2, p.287, committed by the archbishop of Canterbury. The Rutland volume calls him Thomas or Robert ‘Dowlton’, but Caraman takes this as a misreading for Colton: Caraman, Other Face, pp.196–7. 96. Unless the manuscript is incomplete, although the text does not appear trun- cated; the heading is there. 97. LR349, LR380; Weston, Autobiography, pp.152–6, 165–72; chapters 2 and 3. 98. Weston, Autobiography, p.153; copy of the original Latin MS (now at ARSI), ASJ 61/1/5/1, f.542r.

9 Writing Catholic Childhood

1. Weinstein and Bell, Saints and Society, pp.19–47. 2. Weston, Autobiography, p.36. cf Chapter 3. See also 1608 Jesuit annual letters, naming the priest Leonard Hide: ARSI Ms.Anglia 31.I, p.345. 3. L. Sinanoglou, ‘The Christ-child as sacriﬁce: A medieval tradition and the Corpus Christi plays’ in Speculum 48:3 (1973) 491–509. 4. Robert Southwell, Collected Poems ed. P. Davidson and A. Sweeney (Manchester, 2007), pp.6–7. 5. Sinanoglou, ‘Christ-child’, 494–5. 6. Southwell, Poems, p.14. 7. Southwell, Poems, pp.13–14; Robert Southwell, An Humble Supplication to Her Maiestie (1591), ed. R.C. Bald (Cambridge, 1953), p.35. 8. D.P. Auslander, ‘Victims or martyrs: Children, anti-semitism and the stress of change in medieval England’ in Classen (ed.), Childhood in the Middle Ages, pp. 105–34. 9. Dillon, Martyrdom, pp.205, 216 (Figure.4.18). 10. Southwell, Poems, pp.13–14. 11. Ibid. My emphasis. The poem reconﬁgures combative instincts, as other Southwell poems redirect the secular language of love to spiritual objects: Sweeney, Snow in Arcadia. 12. W. Wooden, ‘The topos of childhood in Marian England’ in Wooden (ed.), Children’s Literature, pp.55–72. 13. Wooden, ‘Topos of childhood’, quotations at pp.58–9, 70. cf Wooden, ‘Childermass sermons in late medieval England’ in his Children’s Literature, Notes 237

pp.23–38; S. Shulamith, ‘The Boy-bishop’s feast: A case-study in Church attitudes towards children in the high and late Middle Ages’ in Wood (ed.), Church and Childhood, pp.243–60. 14. Richard Baddeley, The Boy of Bilson (London, 1622); F. Young, ‘Catholic exorcism in early modern England: Polemic, Propaganda and Folklore’ in Recusant History 29:4 (2008) 487–507, and English Catholics and the Supernatural 1553–1829 (Farnham, 2013), pp.153–4, 201–2. 15. Young, ‘Catholic exorcism’ discusses non-Catholics’ recourse to Catholic exor- cists. 16. Robert Howson, The Second Part of the Boy of Bilson: Or a True and Particular Relation of the Impostor Susanna Fowles (London, 1698), pp.7–8. 17. French, ‘Possession’, 156. 18. Hardman-Moore, ‘Such perfecting of praise’; Walsham, ‘Out of the mouths’. 19. French, ‘Possession’, pp.144–6, 152–4, 156–7. 20. cf. Wooden, ‘Topos of childhood’, p.72. 21. Hungerford, Memoriall to His Children, p.42. 22. Hungerford, Advise of a Sonne, p.36 cf Luke 11:11. 23. Francis Savage, Conference Betwixt a Mother a Devout Recusant and Her Son a Zeal- ous Protestant ...(Cambridge, 1600), pp.41–2, 61–2; J. Puterbaugh, ‘ “Your Selfe Be Judge and Answer Your Selfe”: Formation of Protestant identity in A Conference Betwixt a Mother a Devout Recusant and Her Sonne a Zealous Protestant’inSixteenth Century Journal 31:2 (2000) 419–31. 24. Savage, Conference Betwixt, p.131 25. Chapter 3. 26. See Covington, ‘Children and Early Modern Martyrologies’ which focuses mainly on Protestant martyrologies. 27. John Mush, ‘Margaret Clitherow’ in Morris, Troubles 3. All references to this edition. Dillon, Martyrdom, pp.277–322. 28. Dillon, Martyrdom, pp.315–6. 29. Ibid., pp.291–2, 297–8. 30. Ibid., pp.313–16. 31. Ibid., pp.293–8, quotation at p.294. 32. Ibid., pp.295, 314–16, quotations at pp.314, 315. 33. YRR, pp.85–7, quotations at pp.86, 87. 34. John Mush [attrib.], ‘answere to a comfortable advertisement ...’inQuestierand McCoog, Recusancy and Conformity, pp.157–243 at pp.164–5. 35. John Mush, An Abstracte of the Life and Martirdome of Mistres Margaret Clitherowe (1619) ed. D.M. Rogers (Ilkley, 1979). 36. Mush, Abstracte, sig.A1v-A2v 37. Mush, Abstracte. It was thought that a pregnant mother’s emotional state affected the child’s development: P. Crawford, ‘ “The Sucking Child”: Adult attitudes to childcare in the ﬁrst year of life in seventeenth century England’ in Continuity and Change 1:1 (1986) 23–52. 38. Gibbon, Concertatio, f.143–56. My translations. 39. AAW MS F.1, p.835. ‘admoneret, quatenus sui ipsius, conuigis, et octo liberorum memor, semel tantum Calvinistae templum ingrediende, et putibuli ignominam declinaret’; ‘si quis non oderit[sic] patrem et matrem uxorem et liberi non est me dignus’. 40. John Cecil to Robert Persons, CRS:5, pp.199–200. 41. ABSJ Coll.M f.196; extract printed in Pollen, Acts of English Martyrs, pp.95–6. 238 Notes

42. ABSJ Coll.M, f.194. 43. Stanney, ‘Trium Laicorum’, p.398: ‘miserunt tunc temporis ad illum septem liberos suos ad cor eius movendum a sua religione ...coram omnibus dixit suis liberis, Dominus det vobis omnibus ﬁnem simillimus mihi patri vestri’. 44. HPN, pp.187–8, 191. 45. Lake and Questier, Trials of Margaret Clitherow, p.170, omit to mention that Clapton’s [or Claxton’s] pardon was dependent on her conformity. cf Morris, Troubles 3, p.191. 46. Gibbon, Concertatio, Pt.2 Add.sig.A1v-C2v. All references to this publication. 47. Walsham, Church Papists, pp.22–49, 36–7. 48. Gibbon, Concertatio, Pt.2 Add. sigs.B3r-v, quotations at sig.B3v. 49. Douay Diaries, vol.1, pp.202–3. My translation. 50. cf. Chapter 5, notes 8 and 12. 51. Dillon, Martyrdom, pp.275–322. 52. Shell, ‘Furor Juvenilis’, pp.186–9. 53. Ibid. ‘Ez.W.’, The Answere of a Mother Unto Hir Seduced Sonne’s Letter (1627). 54. Answere of a Mother, pp.6–7, 9. 55. Walter Montague, Henry Montague, The Coppy of a Letter Sent From France by Mr Walter Montague to His Father ...With His Answere ...(n.p., 1641). Manchester’s original letter is Beinecke, Osborn Manuscript Files no.16729. 56. Montague, Coppy of a Letter,sig.A2r. 57. Ibid., sig.B1v. 58. Ibid., sig.B2r-v. 59. Ibid., sig.B[3]r. 60. See above. In these texts, gender also promotes the authors’ claims to authority, since both involve men addressing women (their mothers). 61. Wadsworth, The English Spanishe Pilgrim (London, 1629) (facs.ed.Amsterdam, 1970), pp.19–28. 62. Abigail Shinn, ‘Our Father: Paternal Politics in the Conversion Narratives of Thomas Gage and James Wadsworth’, paper given at ‘Family Politics in early modern England’ symposium, publication forthcoming. I am grateful for permission to cite. 63. Wadsworth, English Spanishe Pilgrim, pp.3, 4, 4–5. 64. anon., A Pitilesse Mother That ...Murthered Two of Her Owne Children ...1616. (n.p., 1616). 65. Pitilesse Mother, sig.A2v-A3r and passim. Lake and Questier, Antichrist’s Lewd Hat, pp.95–6. 66. M. Lee (ed.), Dudley Carleton to John Chambelain 1603–1624: Jacobean Letters ed. M. Lee (New Brunswick NJ, 1972), p.204; cf. N.E. McClure (ed.), The Letters of John Chamberlain (2 vols., Lancaster PA, 1939), vol.2, pp.1–2. 67. AAW A15, no.98 (p.259). 68. Pitilesse Mother, sig.A3r-v. 69. AAW A15/98. 70. Pitilesse Mother, sig.A3v-B2r; AAW A15/98. The tract does not quite say Vincent reconverted to Protestantism, stopping at ‘Thus was she truely repentant, to which (no doubt) but by the good meanes of these Preachers she was wrought unto.’ Pitilesse Mother,sig.B2r. 71. anon, An Exact Narrative of the Attempts Made Upon the Duke of Gloucester (London, 1654), all references to this edition. N. Greenspan, ‘Public scandal, political controversy, and familial conﬂict in the Stuart courts in exile: The struggle to convert the Duke of Gloucester in 1654’ in Albion 35:3 (2003) 398–427. Notes 239

72. cf Greenspan, ‘Familial controversy’, pp.408–9. 73. Ibid., p.407. 74. sig.A3v. Attempts does acknowledge Charles’ missive to be a ‘threatening com- forter’; cf. Greenspan, ‘Familial controversy’, p.405. 75. Greenspan, ‘Familial controversy’, 406–8. 76. J. Gee, The Foot out of the Snare (1623) ed. T.H.B.M. Harmsen (Nijmegen, 1992), pp.138–40; LR734 1633; Liber Ruber II, p.8. Gee, Snare, pp.154–58 for a maidservant’s conversion. 77. B.B. Diefendorf, ‘Give us back our children: Patriarchal authority and parental consent to religious vocations in early counter-reformation France’ in JMH 68:2 (1996) 265–307. 78. Diefendorf, ‘Give us back our children’, pp.265–6, 278–9. 79. F.E. Dolan, Whores of Babylon: Catholicism, Gender, and Seventeenth-Century Print Culture (Ithaca NY, 1999), pp.138–47. 80. Dolan, Whores of Babylon, pp.142–3. cf chapters 4–5. 81. H. Wolfe (ed.), Elizabeth Cary, Lady Falkland: Life and Letters (Cambridge, 2001). All references to this edition. Wolfe discusses Cary and her Life in the ‘Introduc- tion’ to her edition. See Dolan, Whores of Babylon, pp.144–52; M. Wynne-Davies, ‘ “To Have her Children With Her”: Elizabeth Cary and Familial Inﬂuence’ in H. Wolfe (ed.), The Literary Career and Legacy of Elizabeth Cary, 1613–1680 (Basingstoke, 2007), pp.223–42. All these focus more on Cary than on her children. 82. Anne, Lucy, Elizabeth and Mary became nuns at Cambrai. Patrick and Henry returned to England and to Protestantism in the 1650s. Wolfe, Falkland, p.xiii–xx. 83. Wolfe argues that the biographer, Lucy, was particularly guilty, and her writing is partly penitential. Falkland, Introduction pp.59–64. 84. Wolfe, Falkland, Letter 115, p.428; cf Introduction pp.68–9. 85. Wolfe, Falkland,p.xix. 86. Diefendorf, ‘Give us back our children’, 279–86, quotation at 279 87. For example, Richard Fisher LR349; Charles Gwyn LR484 (1610). 88. Robert Southwell, An Epistle of a Religious Priest Unto His Father ...(1595), p.5. 89. Reproduced in HPN, at pp.142–3. 90. AAW F1, p.903. But if so, he would have been only nine when reported as recusant in 1583 (see Chapter 7). 91. CRS:5, p.229, translation at p.232. 92. AAW F1, p.903. ‘dixerunt enim piis iuvenis pater qui eum solicitabat ut voluntate magistrati faciens a vita suae periculo se eriperet (non erat eius pater catholicus) quod sicut semper illi obediens fuerat sic etiam in hoc illi libertra obediret si dei offensum non incurreret’. This appears in the margin. 93. AAW F1, p.903.

pater ipsius illam transiens et vultum ﬁlii sui non absq paternorum viscerum commotione intuens, videbetur sibi quod caput se reverenter inclinavit, reverentiam illi faceret unde et ille ingestiens inter se dixit Ah ﬁli mi Jacobe qui non solum vivens pater tuo obediens eras et morigerum sed etiam mortuus reverentiam illi exhibes quam longe abest a corde tuo omnis proditionis vel alterius impietatis affectus et voluntas.

94. AAW A3 no.59, pp.237–9 [copy]. 240 Notes

Coda: A Catholic Household in the 1660s

1. LRO DDBL.acc.6121 Box 2 ‘Blew Book’ of William Blundell f.27r-30r. A modified version of this chapter appears in Studies in Church History 2014. 2. Chapters 5, 6. 3. cf. his letter, 5 February 1657, from Liverpool gaol: DDBL.acc.6121 Box 3 (account book 1646–70) f.61v-63r; also (for the sequestration) Blundell, Cavalier, pp.40–1, 303. 4. cf. DDBL.acc.6121 Box 2 Letter Book 1672–3 fol.12aff; DDBL.acc.6121 Box 2 (accounts 1663–80) f.24–28v & 87r–v. 5. Geoffrey Baker, Reading and Politics in Early Modern England: The Mental World of a Seventeenth Century Catholic Gentleman (Manchester, 2010). 6. Mary Blundell was born 3 February 1654/5, making her just under nine at the date of the first play. Clare Frances was born 1 August 1656, and Bridget March 1659/60. DDBL.acc.6121 ‘Great Hodge Podge’ f.184. 7. Shell, ‘Autodidacticism’ discusses autodidacticism (of a different kind) in the school dramas of the Blundell girls’ male counterparts. 8. Notes of correspondence, November–December 1665: DDBL.acc.6121 Box 2 (account Books 1663–80) ff.24r, 28v. 9. A. Bryson From Courtesy to Civility: Changing Codes of Conduct in Early Modern England (Oxford, 1998), esp. pp.43–74. But J. Gillingham qualifies the posited contrast between medieval and early modern concepts: ‘From civilitas to civility: Codes of manners in medieval and early modern England’ in TRHS ser.6 12 (2002). 267–89. 10. Bryson, Courtesy to Civility, p.70. 11. Ibid., pp.71–3. 12. Hawkins, Francis [trans.] Youth’s Behaviour: Or Decency in Conversation Amongst Men (4th edn., London, 1646). It was still being reprinted in 1672. Hawkins became a Jesuit in 1649. Bryson, Courtesy to Civility, p.31; ODNB Francis Hawkins 1628–81. The 1646 title-page describes Youth’s Behaviour only as ‘Composed in French by grave persons for the use and benefit of their youth’; see Bryson for its Jesuit influence. 13. Fletcher, Growing Up in England, pp.259–80; although his material focuses mainly on the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries; A.J. Fletcher, Gender, Sex and Subordination in Early Modern England 1500–1800 (London, 1985), pp.364–76. Mendelson and Crawford perceive a similar bias, Women in Early Modern England, pp.75–92. 14. Richard Allestree, The Ladies Calling in The Works of the Author of the Whole Duty of Man (London, 1684), pp.1–12; cf. Fletcher, Growing Up in England, pp.5–6, 25. 15. Allestree, Ladies Calling,p.5. 16. Ibid., pp.12–14. 17. Ibid., pp.58–9, 63. 18. Bryson, Courtesy to Civility, pp.38–9, 270. 19. Fletcher, Gender, Sex and Subordination, p.364. 20. Shell, ‘Furor Juvenilis’, pp.196–7, quotation at p.197. 21. cf. Allestree, Ladies Calling, p.63. 22. Robert Russel, A Little Book for Children and Youth (London, 1693–6, 2 parts), Pt.2, pp.15–16; G. Avery, ‘The Puritans and their heirs’ in G. Avery and J. Briggs (eds.), Children and Their Books (Oxford, 1989), pp.95–118, esp. pp.102–3. Notes 241

Conclusion

1. Shell, ‘Furor juvenilis’. 2. Weinstein and Bell, Saints and Society, pp.19–47; Luke, Pedagogy, Printing and Protestantism; Sommerville, Discovery of Childhood;P.Tudor,‘Religiousinstruction for children and adolescents in the early English Reformation’ in Journal of Eccle- siastical History 35:3 (1984) 391–413; O. Logan, ‘Counter-Reformatory themes of upbringing in Italy’ in Wood (ed.), Church and Childhood, pp.275–84. 3. CRS:52, pp.1–16 at p.6, chapter 5; CRS:53, pp.120–1, chapter 5. 4. Errington, Catechistical Discourses; Richelieu, A Christian Instruction,chapter3. 5. Brigden, ‘Youth’, p.67. 6. Brigden, ‘Youth’. See her comments especially on pp.38–40, 42, 52, 54–5, 63. 7. Brigden, ‘Youth’, p.64–5, chapters 6, 8; R. Woodcoke, A Godly and Learned Answer to a Lewd Unlearned Pamphlet (London, 1608), sig.A3. 8. Grifﬁths, Youth and Authority, passim. 9. Ibid., Brigden, ‘Youth’; Ben-Amos, Adolescence and Youth. 10. Duffy, Stripping of the Altars, p.593. 11. ARSI Anglia 33.I, p.683. ‘patrium errores abiurarunt, et ad Ecclesiae commu- nionem redierunt triginta.’

Appendix A: The Responsa Scholarum and the Liber Primi Examinis

1. Antony Kenny edited the Responsa Scholarum as CRS:54 and CRS:55; E. Henson edited the LPE in the Records of the English College, Valladolid (CRS:30). I use these editions. I have also consulted the manuscripts of the responsa, VEC Scritture 24 & 25. See Abbreviations for Kenny’s and Henson’s numbering systems, which I use. The Rome 1598 questionnaire was printed by Kenny, and with translation in M. Murray, The Poetics of Conversion in Early Modern English Literature (Cambridge, 2009), p.39. 2. Rome entrants are enumerated in the Liber Ruber; the Valladolid entry register was edited in one volume with the LPE, CRS:30. 3. Beales, Education, pp.84–6; Bossy, Community, pp.197–202, 415; Questier, ‘Recruit- ment’, pp.76–94; M. Murray, ‘William Alabaster’ in R. Corthell, F.E. Dolan, C. Highley, and A.F. Marotti (eds.), Catholic Culture in Early Modern England (Notre Dame, IN, 2007), pp.189–215; Murray, Poetics of Conversion, pp.38–42. 4. Underwood, ‘Youth, religious identity and autobiography’, esp. pp.349–55, and references. 5. V. Houliston, Catholic Resistance in Elizabethan England: Robert Persons’s Jesuit Polemic (Aldershot, 2007) is a recent study. 6. M.E. Williams, The Venerable English College, Rome: A History, 1579–1979 (2nd edn., Leominster, 2008), pp.23–8. 7. Williams, English College, p.19. 8. Bossy, Community, pp.198–202, 415. Douai produced nothing comparable to the responsa or LPE, but recorded students’ social origins from 1628–33. 9. Underwood, ‘Youth, religious identity and autobiography’, pp.353–4. 10. Chapter 2. Where responsa omit ages, they are taken from the Liber Ruber (very few are recorded in neither). At Valladolid, the register records what the LPE omits. 11. VEC Scritture 24–25; CRS:54, Introduction. 242 Notes

12. Instructions for examining and admitting candidates at Valladolid: CRS:30, pp.1–3. 13. CRS:54, p.vii. 14. CRS:55, pp.v–viii for 1658 questionnaire. 15. Chapter 1. Select Bibliography

Manuscript sources

Archives of the Archdiocese of Birmingham (BAA)

R941 (Alban Butler’s Collection for Bishop Challoner’s Lives of Missionary Priests) Archives of the Archdiocese of Westminster (AAW) A3 A4 (martyrologies collected for Richard Smith, bishop of Chalcedon) B28 Catalogues of martyrs (B28 no.3 ‘Chalcedon Catalogue’) B47 F1 Anthony Champney, Annales Elizabethae Reginae Archivum Romanum Societatis Iesu (ARSI) Annual Letters of the English Mission of the Society of Jesus, and subsequently the English Province of the Society of Jesus Anglia 31.I Anglia 32.I Anglia 33.I Anglia 33.II Anglia 34 Archivum Britannicum Societatis Iesu (ABSJ) ‘Anglia’ Manuscripts Anglia Ms.7 Christopher Grene’s Collectanea Coll.P2 (Collectanea volume ‘P’ part 2; transcriptions from Henry Garnet’s correspondence) Autobiography of William Weston 61/1/5/1 (photocopy of manuscript at ARSI) Beinecke Rare Books and Manuscript Library, Yale University (Beinecke) Osborn Manuscript Files no.16729. Bodleian Library (Bodl.) Rawlinson Manuscripts Rawlinson Ms.B452 Fairfax Manuscripts Fairfax Ms.32 Borthwick Institute of Historical Research (BIHR) Act Books of the High Commission for Ecclesiastical Causes (Northern Province) YHCAB, vol.10 (1580–85), YHCAB, vol.12 (1591–1600) Visitation records of the Achdiocese of York V.1604.CB (courtbook, 1604) V.1615.CB (courtbook, 1615)

243 244 Select Bibliography

Visitation records of the Archdeaconry of York Y.V/CB/1 (courtbook, 1598) Y.V/CB/2 (courtbook, 1613) British Library (BL) Additional Manuscripts Add.Ms.46189 Jessop Papers vol.2 Add.Ms.4274 Collections of Ralph Thoresby Harleian Manuscripts Harl.Ms.6846 Harl.Ms.6998 Lansdowne Manuscripts Lansdowne Ms.17 Lansdowne Ms.50 Lansdowne Ms.84 Lansdowne Ms.153 Lansdowne Ms.608 Cheshire Record Office (ChRO) Mayors’ Letters, 1546–1716 ZML/1 ZML/5 Cornwall Record Office (CRO) Croft Andrew Cornish Documents CA/B23/8/c Archives of the Augustinian Canonesses at Kingston near Lewes, housed at Douai Abbey Chronicles of the English Augustinian Canonesses at St Monica’s Convent, Louvain, 1546–1836 Transcript provided by Caroline Bowden, by permission of the Augustinian Canonesses Durham County Record Office (DCRO) Salvin of Croxdale Papers D/Sa/E3 D/Sa/E4 D/Sa/E5 D/Sa/F412 Hampshire Record Office (HRO) Jervoise of Herriard papers 44M69/G3/112 (Calendar of prisoners Feb 1591) Winchester Diocese Consistory Court Office act books 21M65/C1/26 (1598–1603) Lambeth Palace Library (LPL) Talbot Papers Ms.3200 I:Shrewsbury Letters Fairhurst Papers Ms.3470 Select Bibliography 245

Privy Council Letters Ms.2008 Lancashire Record Ofﬁce (LRO) Blundell of Little Crosby papers DDBL.acc.6121, (Copies of Letters to William Blundell b.1620, d.1698) DDBL.acc.6121 Box 2 (‘Blew Book’) DDBL.acc.6121 Box 3 (Account book 1646–70) DDBL.acc.6121 Box 2 (Letter book 1672–3) DDBL.acc.6121 Box 2 (Account book 1663–80) DDBL.acc.6121 Great Hodge Podge London Guildhall Library (LGL) Bridewell Court Books BCB33011/3 BCB33011/4 BCB33011/5 The National Archives (TNA) Records of Chancery: Inquisitions Post Mortem C142/404 C142/210 Records of the Palatinate of Durham Inquisitions Post Mortem DURH3/188 Prerogative Court of Canterbury and related Probate Jurisdictions: Will Registers PROB 11/173 Records of the Court of Wards and Liveries Inquisitions Post Mortem WARD 7/77 WARD 7/66 WARD 7/23 WARD 9/197 List of Wards and Calendar of Leases, 5 Hen VIII – 19 Chas I Entry Books of Bargains for Sale of Wards WARD 9/157 21–30 Eliz I WARD 9/158 32–42 Eliz I Entry Books of Receipts for Sale of Wards WARD 9/159 37 Eliz I-4 Jas I WARD 9/162 4–21 Jas I WARD 9/163 4–21 Chas I WARD 9/221 16–36 Eliz I Entry Books of Contracts for Marriages and Leases WARD 9/207 20 Jas I – 2 Chas I Entry Books of Commissions and Injunctions WARD 9/298 4–12 Jas I WARD 9/299 21 Jas I-5 Chas I WARD 9/300 5–9 Chas I Entry Books of Injunctions WARD 9/301 9–14 Chas I 246 Select Bibliography

WARD 9/348 Abstracts of Sales of Wards 1590–1611; Abstracts of Leases 1590–1607 Entry Books of Orders WARD 9/543 4–5 Chas I WARD 9/531 7–8 Jas I Entry Books of Affidavits WARD 9/567 4–6 Chas I State Papers SP12 (Domestic Series, Elizabeth) SP14 (Domestic Series, James I) SP15 (Domestic Series, Addenda 1580–1625) SP16 (Domestic Series, Charles I) SP23 (Committee for Compounding with Delinquents: Books and Papers) Order Books SP23/10 1650 April 26–1651 February 11 SP23/14 1651 February 12–August 29 SP23/17 1652 July 15–1653 March 1 Reports, Petitions, etc. SP23/63 1st series no.3 SP23/69 1st series no.9 SP23/96 1st series no.36 SP23/117 1st series no.57 SP23/152 1st series no.92 Privy Council Registers, 1540–2010 PC2/45 July 1 1635–28 1636 PC2/47 December 1636–May 1637 Oscott College Archives (Oscott) Ms.98 (Christopher Grene’s Collectanea, volume ‘E’) Mss. 121, 122, 123, ‘Notes for catechism’ Manuscripts of the Marquess of Salisbury (microfilms at British Library) Ms.214/66 Archives of the Venerable English College, Rome (VEC) Christopher Grene’s Collectanea Coll.F (Collectanea volume ‘F’) Scritture 21.2.2.1 Responsa Scholarum Scritture 24 Scritture 25 West Sussex Record Office (WSRO) Detection Books of Chichester Archdeaconry: EPI/17/8 (1592–6) EPI/17/11 (1603–6) Act Books, Dean’s Peculiar of Chichester EPIII/4/7 (1605–10) Chichester Archdeaconry Depositions Books EPI/11/7 (1592–7) Select Bibliography 247

Worcestershire Record Ofﬁce (WRO) 899:169/BA 1546/Russell MSS, B.8 York City Archives (YCA) Minutes of Sessions: Court of Quarter Sessions of the Peace (City of York and Ainsty) F.3 (1571–83) F.4 (1583–6) York Housebooks B.32 B.33 Some manuscripts were consulted on microﬁlm or as digital images.

Printed primary sources

Catholic catechetical works in English, 1550–1700, cited in Chapter 3. Compiled from: I. Green, Catechisms Part III; Appendix to G. Scott ‘The Poor Man’s Catechism’. Bibliographical data from: ARCR STC2 Clancy Wing2 ECB Bellarmine, Robert, trans. Richard Hadock An Ample Declaration of the Christian Doctrine. Composed in Italian ...Translated Into Englishe by Richard Hadock Translation of Robert Bellarmine, Dichiarazione piu copiosa della dottrina cristiana ARCR: 361, Douai, 1604 362, secretly in England, press no.13, 1605 363, secretly in England, press no.13, 1604–5 364, Douai, 1611 365, Douai, 1617 366, St Omers, 1624 367, Mechlin (Makline), 1635 Bellarmine, Robert A Short Catechisme of Cardinal Bellarmine Translation of Dottrina Christiana ARCR: 342 George Mayr, 1614 (trans. Richard Gibbons) 343 [St Omers?] 1633 (trans. Richard Gibbons) with The Manner How to Help a Priest to Say Mass Clancy:∗89.5 A short Christian Doctrine n.p.1675 88 Christian Doctrine ...Translated into better English than Formerly 1676 ∗89.3 A Short Catechism n.p.1677 ∗89.7 A Short Christian Doctrine London, 1686 90 A short Christian Doctrine ...Now Revis’d and Much Amended n.p.[London], 1688 Bonner, Edmund A Proﬁtable and Necessarye Doctrine, with Certayne Homilies 248 Select Bibliography

STC: 3281.5, 3282, 3283, 3283.3, 3283.3, 3283.5, 3283.7 All London, 1555. Bonner, Edmund An Honest Godly Instruction, and Information for Bringinge VP of Children, Comaundyng that [schoolmasters] Neither Teach, or VSE any Other Maner of ABC, Catechisme or Rudiments, then this. Mense Januarii 1556. STC: 3281 London, 1555. Canisius, Peter, trans. T.I. Certayne necessarie priniciples of religion, which may be entituled, A catechisme conteyning all the partes of the Christian and Catholique fayth ...now ampliﬁed and Englished by T.I. Translation of Peter Canisius, Catechismus parvus ARCR: 462, London (William Carter), secret press no.2, 1578–9 Canisius, Peter, trans. anon. An Introduction to the Catholick Faith: Containing a Brief Explication of the Christian Doctrine (Rouen, 1633) STC2 no.14123.5 Canisius, Peter, trans. Henry Garnet A Summe of Christian Doctrin: Composed in Latin by the R. Father P. Canisius ...Newly Translated into Englishe Translation of Peter Canisius, Summa Doctrinae Christianae ARCR: 333, secretly in England, press no.8, 1592–6 334, St Omer, 1622. Reprint of 333 335, [St Omer?] 1639, with title A Summary of Controversies ...By Way of Catechism, Against the Sectaries of this Age Clifford, William The Little Manuel of the Poor Man’s Dayly Devotion Clancy: 230 Paris, 1669 231 Paris, 1670 231.3 part of 231, Paris 1670 232 Paris, 1682 233 London, 1687 Errington, Anthony Catechistical Discourses Clancy: 364 Paris, 1654 Ledesma, Diego de (Jacobus), trans. Henry Garnet [attrib.] The Christian Doctrine in Manner of a Dialogue Betweene the Master and the Disciple ...Now Lately Translated into English, for the Use of Children, and other Vnlearned Catholickes Translation of Diego de Ledesma, Dottrina Christiana ARCR: 336, secretly in England, press no.10, 1597 Richelieu, Armand du Plessis, Cardinal duc de, trans. anon. The Instruction of a Christian Clancy: 833 St Omers 1647 Richelieu, Armand du Plessis, Cardinal duc de, trans. Thomas Carre vere Miles Pinckney A Christian Instruction Clancy: 834 Paris, 1662 Sadler, Thomas Vincent The Childes Catechism Wherein the Father Questions his Child ... Select Bibliography 249

Clancy: 859 Paris, 1678 Turberville, Henry [attrib.] An Abstracte of the Douay Catechism Clancy 7 n.d.p. c.1672 8 Douay, 1682 9 London, 1688 10 Douay, 1697 ECB: 8 Paris, 1703 9 Paris, 1715 10 Douai, 1716 11 London, 1748 12 London, 1762 13 Cork, 1774 15 London, 1792 16 Preston, 1795 Turberville, Henry An Abstracte of the Scripture Catechism Wing2 A142B n.p., 1675 Turberville, Henry An Abridgement of Christian Doctrine Clancy 974 Douay, 1648 974.3 Douay, 1649 975 Douay, 1661 976 n.p. 1676 977 Basil [?], 1680 978 Basil [?] 1680 979 Douai? 1684 979.3 London 1685 980 n.p.1687 981 Douay 1689? 981.3 Douay? 1695 982 London 1698 ECB 2801 London 1708 2802 London, 1717 2803 London, 1720 2804 London, 1725 2805 London 1734 2806 London, 1748 2807 (see 2806), London 1748 2808 London, 1756 2809 London, 1782 2811 London, 1788 2812 London, 1797 2813 London, 1798 2814 London, 1798 2815 London, 1799 2816 Liverpool, 1799 2817 London, 1781 [Gaelic translation]. 250 Select Bibliography

Vaux, Laurence A Catechisme, or a Christian Doctrine, Necessarie for Chyldren and the Ignorant People ARCR: 748, 1568 749, Antwerp, 1574 750, Rheims, 1580. Reprint of 749. 751, Rouen, 1583 752, 1583. This and subsequent editions include A Brief Fourme of Confession 753, 1590 754, secretly in England, press no.12, 1599 755, secretly in England, press no.13, 1605 756, St Omers, 1620. Clancy: ∗1000.3 1670. Reprint of ARCR 756 Warford, William alias George Douley A Briefe Instruction by Way of Dialogue, Concerning the Principal Points of the Christian Religion, Gathered out of the Holy Scriptures, Fathers and Councils ARCR: 787 Louvain, 1604 788 n.p. 1616 789 n.p. 1637 White, Thomas alias Blacklo A Catechism of Christian Doctrine ARCR: 801 Paris, 1637 Clancy: 1066 Paris, 1659

Other contemporary printed works

Anon. A,B,C. wyth a catechisme (London, 1551). Anon. An Exact Narrative of the Attempts Made Upon the Duke of Gloucester (London, 1654). Anon. Godly Contemplations for the Unlearned (1575). Facsimile edition by Scolar Press (ed. D.M.Rogers, Menston, 1973) of original edition (1575). Anon. A manuall of praiers newly gathered out of many and diuers famous authors ...(n.p. [secret press, England], 1595). Anon. A manuall of godly praiers and litanies ...(St Omers, 1623). Anon. A pitilesse mother that ...murthered two of her owne Children ...1616. (n.p., 1616). Allen, William. An Apologie ...of the two English Colleges (Henault, 1581). Martyrdom of XII Reverend Priests (Rheims, 1582). Allestree, Richard. The Works of the Author of the Whole Duty of Man (London, 1684). Baddeley, Richard. The Boy of Bilson (London, 1622). Bellarmine, Robert. An Ample Declaration of the Christian Doctrine. Composed in Italian ...Translated into Englishe by Richard Hadock (first edition Douai, 1604). A Short Catechisme of Cardinal Bellarmine (trans. R.Gibbon) (first edition 1614). Bunny, Edmund [Robert Persons] Booke of Christian Exercise ...by R.P. Perused, and Accompanied Now With a Treatise Tending to Pacification (Oxford, 1585). Select Bibliography 251

Bonner, Edmund. An Honest Godly Instruction, and information for bringinge vp of children, comaundyng that [schoolmasters] neither teach, or vse any other maner of ABC, catechisme or rudiments, then this. Mense januarii 1556 (London, 1555). A profitable and necessary doctrine, with certayne homilies (London, 1555). Canisius, Peter Summa doctrinae christianae (Antwerp, 1580). (trans.’T.I.’,) Certayne necessarie priniciples of religion, which may be entituled, A catechisme conteyning all the partes of the Christian and Catholique fayth ...now amplified and Englished by T.I. (London, 1579). (trans. Henry Garnet) A summe of Christian doctrin: composed in Latin by the R.Father P.Canisius ...Newly translated into Englishe (first edition, English secret press, 1592–6). (trans. anon.) An Introduction to the Catholick Faith (Rouen, 1633). Campion, Edmund (ed.Robert Turner) Edmundi Campiani Societatis Iesu, Martyris in Anglia, Opuscula omnia nunc primém é M.S. edita. (Paris, 1618). Cepari, Virgilio, trans. R.S. The Life of B.Aloysius Gonzaga (Paris, [St Omers]1627). Charles I His Maiesties Answer to the XIX Propositions of both Houses of Parliament (London, 1642). Clifford, William The Little Manuel of the Poor Man’s Dayly Devotion (first edition, Paris, 1669). Errington, Anthony. Catechistical Discourses (Paris, 1654). Guarnerio, J. Antonio. (ed.) Acta Quaeda Insignia Anglica Ad Catholicam Religionem pertinentia ex Seminario Rhemensi allata in Latinum conuersa (Bergamo, 1580). Gennings, John. The Life and Death of Mr. Edmund Geninges Facsimile reprint by Scolar Press (Menston, 1971) of original edition (St Omers, 1614). Gibbons, John. Concertatio Ecclesiae Catholicae in Anglia (Trier, 1588). Facsimile edition, D.M.Rogers (Farnborough, 1970). Gother, John. Instructions for Children (n.p.,1698). Gother, John. Instructions for Youth (n.p., 1698). Instructions for Apprentices and Servants (n.p., 1699). A Practical Catechism in Fifty-two Lessons (n.p., 1701). Hawkins, Francis [trans.] Youth’s Behaviour: Or Decency in Conversation Amongst Men (London, 1646, 4th edn.). Howson, Robert. The Second Part of the Boy of Bilson: Or a True and Particular Relation of the Impostor Susanna Fowles (London, 1698). Hungerford, Anthony. The Advise of a Sonne Professing the Religion Established ...to His Deare Mother a Roman Catholike, whereunto is added The Memorial of a Father to his Deare Children (Oxford, 1639). 252 Select Bibliography

Kilby, Richard. The Burthen of a Loaden Conscience: Or the Miserie of Sinne (ﬁfth impression, Cambridge, 1614). Ledesma, Diego de (Jacobus), trans. Henry Garnet [attrib.] The Christian Doctrine in Manner of a Dialogue Betweene the Master and the Disciple ...Now Lately Translated into English, for the Use of Children, and other Vnlearned Catholickes (English secret press, 1597). Morejon, Pedro (trans. W. Wright) A Briefe Relation of the Persecution ...in the Kingdome of Japonia (St Omer, 1619). Mush, John An Abstracte of the Life and Martirdome of Mistres Margaret Clitherowe (1619) (facsimile edition, D. M. Rogers, Ilkley, (1979) Persons, R. [trans. ‘G.T’], An Epistle of the Persecution of Catholickes in England (Rouen, 1582). Phillips, Fabian. Tenenda non tollenda, or the necessity of preserving tenures in capite and by knight-service ... (London, 1660). Rich, Barnaby. The True Report of a Late Practise Enterprised by a Papist ... (London, 1582/3). Richelieu, Armand du Plessis, Cardinal duc de, (trans.anon.)The Instruction of a Christian (St Omers, 1647) (trans. Thomas Carre) A Christian Instruction (Paris, 1662) Roucourt, Jean [trans.W.B.] A catechism of Penance: Guiding Sinners unto a True Conversion Translated out of French by W. B (London, 1685). Russel, Robert. A Little Boke for Children and Youth (2 vols., privately printed, 1693–6). Sadler, Thomas Vincent The Childes Catechism Wherein the Father Questions His Child ...(Paris, 1678). SocietyofJesus Litteræ Societatis Jesu duorum annorum 1594 et 1595, ad patres et fratres ejusdem Societatis (Naples 1604). Annuæ Litteræ Societatis Jesu, anni 1650, F. Piccolomineo Præposito Generali societatem gubernante (Dilinger, 1658). Southwell Robert. An Epistle of a Religious Priest unto his Father ...([n.p.]1595). Torsellino, Orazio. (trans. Thomas Fitzherbert) The Admirable Life of S. Francis Xavier ...(Paris, 1632). Turberville, Henry. An Abridgement of Christian Doctrine (Douay, 1661). [attrib.] Abstract of the Douay Catechism (Douay, 1682). An Abstracte of the Scripture Catechism (n.p., 1675). Vaux, Laurence. A Catechisme, or a Christian Doctrine, Necessarie for Chyldren and the Ignorant People (Antwerp, 1574). Select Bibliography 253

A Catechisme, or a Christian Doctrine, Necessarie for Chyldren and the Ignorant People (English Secret Press, 1599). ‘Ez. W.’ The Answer of a Mother unto her Seduced Sonne’s Letter ([n.p.]1627).

Warford, William. A Briefe Instruction by Way of Dialogue, concerning the Principal Points of the Christian Religion, Gathered out of the Holy Scriptures, Fathers and Councils (Louvain, 1604). Wadsworth, James. The English Spanish Pilgrime (London, 1629) (facsimile edition, Amsterdm, 1970). White, Thomas. A Catechism of Christian Doctine, (Paris, 2nd edn., 1659). Woodcoke, R. A Godly and Learned Answer to a Lewd Unlearned Pamphlet (London, 1608). Worthington, Thomas. A Relation of Sixtene Martyrs (St.Omers, 1601). Wroe, R. Righteousness Encouraged and Rewarded with an Everlasting Remembrance ...(London, 1684). de Yepes, Diego. Historia particular de la persecucion de Inglaterra (Madrid, 1599). Reprinted Farnborough, 1971, with introduction by D.M.Rogers

Ofﬁcial publications Instructions and Directions Given by His Majesty ...to the Master and Counsel of the Court of Wards and Liveries (London, 1610). A Commission With Instructions and Directions Granted by His Majesty to the Master and Counsel of the Court of Wards and Liveries (London, 1618).

Later editions of contemporary manuscripts and printed works Atkinson, J.C. (ed.) Quarter Sessions Records (North Riding Records Series vol.1, London, 1884). Aveling, J.C.H. ‘Appendices of Documents and Tables’ in his Catholic Recusancy in the City of York, 1558–1791 (CRS, 1970). Caraman, Philip (ed.) The Other Face: Catholic life under Elizabeth I (London, 1960). Catholic Record Society Records Series: Miscellanea I (CRS 1, 1905) Miscellanea II (CRS 2, 1906) Miscellanea IV (CRS 4, 1907) Pollen, J.H. (ed.) Unpublished Documents Relating to the English Martyrs, I, 1584–1603 (CRS 5, 1908). Miscellanea VII (CRS 9, 1911). Burton, E.H. and Williams, T.L. (eds.) The Douay College Diaries: Third, Fourth, and Fifth, 1598–1654, with the Rheims Report, 1579–80 (CRS 10, 1911). 254 Select Bibliography

Miscellanea XII (CRS 22, 1921). Calthrop, M.M.C. (ed.) Recusant Roll No.1, 1592–3, Exchequer Lord Treasurer’s Remembrancer Pipe Ofﬁce Series (CRS 18, 1916). Henson, E. (ed.) Registers of the English College at Valladolid, 1589–1862 (CRS 30, 1930). Hicks, L. (ed.) Letters and memorials of Father Robert Persons, S.J vol. I (to 1588) (CRS 39, 1942). Kelly,W.(ed.)Liber Ruber Venerabilis Collegii Anglorum de Urbe Part I CRS:37 (London, 1940) Kelly, W. (ed.) Liber Ruber Venerabilis Collegii Anglorum de Urbe Part II CRS:40 (London, 1943). Petti, A.G. (ed.) The Letters and Despatches of Richard Verstegan (c.1550–1640) (CRS 52, 1959) Talbot, C. (ed.) Miscellanea: Recusant Records (CRS 53, 1961) Kenny, A. (ed.) The Responsa Scholarum of the English College, Rome, Part One: 1598–1621 CRS:54 (CRS, 1962). Kenny,A.(ed.)The Responsa Scholarum of the English College, Rome, Part Two, 1622–85 CRS:55 (CRS, 1963). Bowler, H. (ed.) Recusant Roll No. 2 (1593–4): An Abstract in English with an Explanatory Introduction (CRS 57, 1965). Petti, A.G. (ed.) Recusant Documents from the Ellesmere Manuscripts (CRS 60, 1968). Holmes,P.J.(ed.)Elizabethan Casuistry: The Douai-Rheims Cases: The Allen-Persons Cases (CRS 67, 1981). Cholmeley, Richard. The Memorandum Book of Richard Cholmeley of Brandsby 1602–23, North Yorkshire County Record Ofﬁce Publications no.44 (North Yorkshire County Council, 1988). Clifford, A.C. (ed.) Tixall Poetry (London, 1813) Clifford, A.C. (ed.) Tixall Letters (London, 1815). Cockburn, J.S. (ed.) Calendar of Assize Records: Hertfordshire Indictments, James I (London, 1975–82). Calendar of Assize Records: Surrey Indictments, James I (London, 1989). Calendar of Assize Records: Kent Indictments, Charles I (London, 1995). Comber, T. A Book of Instructions/written by the Right Honourable Sir Christr. Wandesforde, Knt ....to his Son and heir, George Wandesforde, Esq.: In order to the Regulating the Conduct of his Whole Life ...(2 vols, Cambridge 1777–8). Comber, T. vol.2 has title: Memoirs of the Life and Death of the Right Honourable the Lord Deputy Wandesforde: Collected from Authentic Records and MSS. by his Great Great Grandson Thomas Comber, LL. D. Cook, R.B. and Harrison, F. (eds.) The Parish Register of St Crux, York (2 vols., Yorkshire Parish Register Society, 1922, 1985). Cooper, J.P. (ed.) Wentworth Papers 1597–1628, Camden 4th Series (London, 1973). Crosignani, G., McCoog, T.M., Questier, M.C., (eds.) Recusancy and Conformity in Early Modern England: Manuscript and Printed Sources in Translation (Toronto, 2010). Fenlon, I. and Wilson, E. The Winchester Anthology: A fascimile of British Library Additional Manuscript 60577 (Woodbridge, 1981). Select Bibliography 255

Fincham, K. (ed.) Visitation Articles and Injunctions of the Early Stuart Church (2 vols., Woodbridge, 1994). Fisher, T.M. (ed.) The Parish Register of All Saints’ Church, Pavement, in the City of York (2 vols., Yorkshire Parish Register Society, 1935) Foley, H. (ed.) Records of the English Province of the Society of Jesus: Historic Facts Illustrative of the Labours and Sufferings of its Members in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries 7 vols. (London, 1875–83). Foster, J. (ed.) The Register of Admissions to Gray’s inn, 1521–1889: Together with the Register of Marriages in Gray’s INN Chapel, 1695–1754 (London, 1889). The Visitation of Yorkshire: Made in the Years 1584/5 ...to Which is Added the Subsequent Visitation Made in 1612 ...(London, 1875). Fraser, C.M. (ed.) Durham Quarter Sessions Rolls 1471–1625 (Publications of the Surtees Society, vol, 191, Newcastle 1991). Frere, W.H. Visitation Articles and Injunctions of the Period of the Reformation (3 vols., London, 1910). Gee, J. The Foot out of the Snare (1623) ed. Harmsen, T.H.B.M. (Nijmegen, 1992) Gerard, John. Autobiography of an Elizabethan. trans.P. Caraman, (London, 1951). Grazebrook, G. and Rylands, J.P. (eds.) The Visitation of Shropshire (2 vols., London, 1889). Grazebrook, H.S. (ed.) The Heraldic Visitations of Staffordshire ...(London, 1885). Hale, W. (ed.) A Series of Precedents and Proceedings in Criminal Causes ...Extracted From the Act- Books of Ecclesiastical Court in the Diocese of London (Edinburgh, second edition, 1973). Hamilton, A. The Chronicle of the English Augustinian Canonesses Regular of the Lateran: at St. Monica’s in Louvain (now at St. Augustine’s Priory, Newton Abbot, Devon) vol.1 1548–1635; vol.2 1625–44 (Edinburgh, 1904) Hodgetts, M. ‘A Certiﬁcate of Warwickshire recusants, 1592. Part I’ Worcestershire Recusant 5 (1965) pp.18–31. ‘A Certiﬁcate of Warwickshire Recusants, 1592, Part 2’ Worcestershire Recusant 6 (1965), pp.7–20. Jeafferson, J.C. (ed.) Middlesex County Records (4 vols., London, Middlesex County Records Society, 1886–92) Jeffs, R. (ed.) The English Revolution I: Fast Sermons to Parliament (34 vols., London, 1970–1) 256 Select Bibliography

Kenworthy-Browne, C. Mary Ward (1585–1645): A Briefe Relation ...with Autobiographical Fragments and a Selection of Letters (CRS, 2008). Knox, T.F. (ed.) The Letters and Memorials of William, Cardinal Allen: 1532–94, Edited by Fathers of the Congregation of the London Oratory, with an Historical Introduction by Thomas Francis Knox (London, 1882). The First and Second Diaries of the English College, Douay: and an Appendix of the Unpub- lished Documents, Edited by Fathers of the Congregation of the London Oratory, with an Historical Introduction by Thomas Francis Knox (London, 1878). Lee, M. Dudley Carleton to John Chambelain 1603–24: Jacobean Letters,ed.M.Lee(New Brunswick NJ, 1972). Lull, T.F. (ed.) Martin Luther’s Basic Theological Writings (2nd edn., Minneapolis MN, 2005). Mayo, C.H. The Minute Books of the Dorset Standing Committee (Exeter, 1902). McClure, N.E. The Letters of John Chamberlain (2 vols., Lancaster PA, 1939). Morris, J. The Troubles of our Catholic Forefathers Related by Themselves (3 vols., London, 1872–7, reprinted Farnborough, 1970) pp.360–440. Palmes, W. ed.G.B.RichardsonLife of Dorothy Lawson (London, 1855). Peacock, E. (ed.) A List of the Roman Catholics in the County of York, 1604: Transcribed from the Original MS. in the Bodleian Library (London, 1872). Pollen, J.H. Acts of English Martyrs Hitherto Unpublished (London, 1891). Purvis, J.S. (ed.) Tudor Parish Documents of the Diocese of York (Cambridge, 1948). The Elizabethan High Commission of York: The Act Books 1561/2–1580 (1979) Questier, M.C. (ed.) Newsletters from the Archpresbyterate of George Birkhead (Cambridge, 1998). Rutt, J.T. (ed.) (1828) Diary, of Thomas Burton, Esq. Member in the Parliaments of Oliver and Richard Cromwell from 1656–59: With an ...Account of the Parliament of 1654; from the Journal of Guibon Goddard (4 vols., London), vol.1 p.7. Schroeder, H. (ed. and trans.) The Canons and Decrees of the Council of Trent (Rockford, IL, 1978). Somers, J. and Scott, W. Somers’ Tracts (London, 1809–15). Southwell, Robert. ed. N.P. Brown Two Letters and a Short Rule of Good Life (Charlottesville VA, 1973) Squibb, G. (ed.) The Visitation of Derbyshire ... (London, 1989). Select Bibliography 257

Strype, J. Ecclesiastical Memorials: Relating Chieﬂy to Religion ...under King Henry VIII. King Edward VI. and Queen Mary the First (3 vols., Oxford, 1822). Sturgess, H.A.C. Middle Temple Admissions Registers (3 vols, London, 1949). Tobias, J., ‘New light on recusancy in Warwickshire, 1592’ Worcestershire Recusant 36 (1980), pp.8–27. Weston, William. trans.P. Caraman (London 1955) Autobiography of an Elizabethan Wolfe, H. Elizabeth Cary, Lady Falkland: Life and Letters (Cambridge, 2001)

Ofﬁcial publications Acts and Ordinances of the Interregnum, 1642–60 ed. Firth, C.H. and Rait, R.S. (London, 1911) Acts of the Privy Council of England, new series, ed. J.R. Dasent, (London, from 1890, reprinted Nendeln, 1967) Journals of the House of Commons (many vols., London, 1803–) Journals of the House of Lords (many vols., London, 1846–) Royal Commission on Historical Manuscripts The Manuscripts of His Grace the Duke of Rutland ...Preserved at Belvoir Castle (12th Report, Appendix Parts 4–5, 14th Report Appendix Part 1, HMC Rutland vol.4) (4 vols., London 1888–1905) Calendar of the Manuscripts of the Most Honourable the Marquess of Salisbury: Preserved at Hatﬁeld House, Hertfordshire (24 vols, London, 1883–1976). The Statutes of the Realm ...From Original Records ...(1101–1713). edited by A. Luders, T. E.Tomlins, J. France, W.E. Taunton, and J. Raithby for the Record Commission (11vols., London, 1963; reprint of 1810–28 edition) Some early printed works were consulted online as digital images

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adolescence, see youth Bellarmine, Robert Cardinal, SJ, 40, Agazzari, Alphonsus SJ, 116 52–3, 58, 61, 66 Allen, William Cardinal, 16, 115, 131, Belson family, 129, 149 143, 145 members of; Anne, 88; Augustine, 88; Allestree, Richard, 187–8, 191 Augustine (sr), 129; Robert, 135; Anderton family, of Lostock, 78, 82, Thomas, 87, 129, 135, 149, 197; 106–7 William, 129 members of; Agnes, nee Preston, 82–3; Ben-Amos, Ilana Krausman, 32, 48, Alethea, nee Smith, 106–7; 114, 197 Alethea (Sr Mary Magdalen), Bickerdike, Robert, 135–7 106–7, 108; Christopher, d.1620, Bickerdike family, members of, 136 82–3, 89; Christopher, d.1650, Bierley, Richard, 137 82–3, 89, 107; Dorothea, 106–7; Bird, Anthony, 139, 182 Francis, 106–7 James, 139, 181–2 Anderton, household of, 28 Bird, Helen, 129, 130 Andrew, William, 98 William, 129 Aries, Philippe, 2, 3 Blackall, Christopher, 147 Arundell, John, of Hants, 97 Blacklo, Thomas, see White, Thomas Arundell family of Lanherne, members of Blagrave, Daniel, 105 Dorothy, 150 Blomﬁeld, John, 98 John, 150 Blundell, family of Little Crosby, 79, Sir John, 149–50 105–6, 116–19, 184–92 Aston members of; Anne, and children of, Constance, married name Fowler, 77–8 105–6; Sr Anne, 116; Bridget, Walter, Lord Aston of Forfar, 77–8, 89 184–92; Frances, 184–92; Mary, Atkins, Robert, 147–9 184–92; Richard, 116–19, 184; Atkinson, William, 20 William, 106, 116–17, 184–92 Aylmer, John, bishop of London, 58, 93, Bodenham, Roger, 98–9 94, 145–6 William, 98–9 Bonner, Edmund, bishop of London, 52, 53 Babington Plot, 147–9 Baddesley Clinton, Warks, 61, 149 Book of Common Prayer, 1, 12, 13, 52, 53–4, 149–50 Bagshaw Christopher, 69 Henry, 69 Bossy, John, 3, 4, 19, 50, 52, 59, 63, 64, Nicholas, alias Clayton, 69, 97 199–200 Baptism, 11–19, 20, 50, 54, 55, 56, 58–9, Boste, John, 135–6 68, 92, 99, 101 Bowes, Marmaduke, 88, 136 Bardwell, James (LR436), 133 Marmaduke (jr), 88 Barker, Thomas, and children, 101 Bowes family of Welbury, 88 Bearn, John (LPE152), 43 Bowman, Alice, 147 Bede, the Venerable, Ecclesiastical Boyes, Anne, 131 History, 148 Bradshaigh, Richard, 116 Bedford, earl of, see Russell Roger, 78–9

266 Index 267

Bridewell, London, 64, 96, 130, 137, 138, Cary, Elizabeth, nee Tanfield, 145–6, 149, 158–60 Viscountess Falkland, 179–81 Bridgeman, John, bishop of Chester, children of, 179–81 82–3, 89 Cary, Henry 1st Viscount Falkland, Brigden, Susan, 32, 48, 142, 196, 197 179–80 Brome, Sir Christopher, 147–9 Cary, Lucius, 2nd Viscount Falkland, Eleanor, 138, 148 174, 179–80 George, 138, 147–9 catechisms and catechesis, 26–7, 29, Bromfield, Anne, 66 45, 51–60, 61, 66–7, 71, 90, 97, Brookesby, Eleanor, 61 114, 128–9, 131, 155–6, 184–92, Browne, Anne, 102 193, 196 Dorothy, 101; children of, 101 Cater, Francis (LR585), 69 Thomas (LR873), 43 Catholic Church, communion with, 2, Browne family, Viscounts Montague, 22–9, 153–4, 198 members of see also reconciliation; schism; Anthony, 1st Viscount, 12, 85 conformity Anthony Maria, 2nd Viscount, 11–12, catholicism, laws concerning, 1–2, 16, 43, 130; affinity of, 89 12–14, 20, 23–4, 51, 67–71, 73–4, Francis, 130, 137, 138 75–7, 91, 102–3, 110, 131, 135–7, Francis, 3rd Viscount, 89 139, 184, 186 Mary, 11–12, 16 Cecil, Robert, 1st Earl of Salisbury, 83, 84 Bryson, Anna, 187 Sir Thomas, 2nd Baron Burghley, 1st earl of Exeter, 87 Bunny, Edmund, 41 William, 1st Baron Burghley, Lord Burges, Cornelius, 73 Treasurer of England, 12, 73–4, 75, Burghley, barons of, see Cecil 85–7, 95, 110, 194–5 Burrowes, Frances, 60–2, 93 Chaderton, William, bishop of Chester, Butler, John (LR379), 28 64, 93–4, 154, 172 Chambers, Francis, 17 Cadwallador, Roger, 134–5 Champney, Anthony, 170–1, 181–2 Calvert Charles I, 5, 57, 74, 86, 87, 90–1, 97–8, Christopher, 97 102, 178 George, first Baron Baltimore, 97 Charles II, 57, 76, 78, 104, 177–8 Leonard, 97 Chester, Edward, 20–1, 22, 130, Cambridge, 80 137–8, 146 University or colleges of, 43, 80, Chesterfield, earls of, see Stanhope 131, 150 Cheyney, Richard, bishop of Gloucester, Campion, Edmund SJ, 40, 143–5 99, 127, 129, 133–4, 135, ‘Childermass’, 163–4 152, 157 children, custody of, 73–112 De Iuvene Academico, 115–19 Cholmley, Richard, servants of, 131 Epistola ad Cheneum, 143–5 christening, see Baptism works of; Rationes Decem, 25, ChronicleofStMonica’s, 6, 7, 38–9, 40, 40–1, 131 45, 67, 94, 99, 106–8 Canisius, Peter SJ, 52–4, 56, 58 ‘Church-papists’, see Conformity Carew, George (Master of the Wards), Civil War, 73–4, 76, 78, 83, 86, 89, 92, 75–6, 108–9 102–8, 184, 198 Carnarvon, earls of, see Dormer Clapton, Grace, 170–1 Carpenter, William (LR661), 46 Cliffe, J.T., 76, 90 268 Index

Clifford, Elizabeth, Sister, nee Court of Wards, 5, 75–91, 92–3, 99, 104, Thimelby, 99 108, 110–11, 194–5 Clifford family, earls of Cumberland, Coventry and Lichﬁeld, diocese of, members of 90–1 George, 3rd earl, 85–6 Cradock, Matthew, 77, 80 Henry, 2nd earl, 85–6 Creswell, Joseph SJ, 95 Clinch, John, 167–8 Cromwell, Oliver, 102, 104 Clitherow, Anne, 150, 168, 173 Richard, 104 John, 150 sons of, 81 Margaret, 59, 61, 63, 129–30, 150, Cumberland, earls of, see Clifford 166–9, 170–1, 173, 176; ‘sister’ Curtis, John (LR478), 70 of, 63 Clyffe, Henry (LR396), 42–3 Cole, Henry (notebooks of), 76–91 Dalton, James (LR568), 22 Cole, Mary, 20–1 Danby, Thomas, 79–80 Colford, Gabriel, 46–7 Davies, Hugh, 147–9 Colles, Thomas (LR516), 27 Davies, William, 96–7 Colton, Robert, 146–7, 158–60, 197 Dawston, William, 139–41 committee for compounding with Dene, Sir Ralph, 98 delinquents, 103–8 Derby, earls of, see under Stanley Compton, Sir Henry, 69, 83–4, 89, 97–8 Devereux, Robert, 3rd earl of Essex, family of, 69 86, 92 sons of, 69, 97–8 Robert, 2nd earl of Essex, 140 Compton, Spencer, 2nd earl of Dicconson, Roger, 139 Northampton, 86–7 Dolan, Francis, 179 conﬁrmation, sacrament of, 11, 55, 57 Donne, Henry, 133 conformity, 19–23, 24, 25–26, 38, 89–90, siblings of, 133 91, 153, 154, 156, 170–2, 173 Dormer, Jane, Duchess of Feria, 86 see also recusancy; schism Robert, Lord Dormer, 1st Earl of Conset, Reynold, 101 Carnarvon, 86, 92–3 Constable, Michael (LR550), 22 Douai, English College at (located at conversion, 31–50, 143–5, 174–81, 198 Rheims 1578–1590), 36–7, 47, 93, and childhood, 46–8, 58, 179–81 96, 115–17, 120, 134, 135, 138, 143, and family, see Family, familial roles 169, 172, 199–200 and reading, 39–42, 47 Downes, Roger, 89 and youth, see Youth Drury family, 37 Conway, Edward, 1st Viscount Conway, 87 members of; Bridget (married name Conyers, Anne, Dorothy and Katherine, Harrington), 37; Robert (LR420), 84–5 37; William (LR419), 37 Lady Katherine (sr.), 84 Dublin, Ireland, 95–6 William, 84 archbishop of, 96 Cooke, Thomas (LR447), 46–7 Duckett family, 28 Copinger, Henry (LR449), 49 Duckett, James, 14, 45, 130–1 Copley, John (LR351), 94–5, 96 Barbara, 14; mother of, 14 Cottington, Edward (LR358), 40, 42, Dudley, Robert, earl of Leicester, 131 44, 178 Durham, Palatinate of, 84–5, 91 Council of the North, 138 bishop of, see Morton, Thomas; and custody of children, 101–2, Matthew, Toby 108, 109 Dynham, Sir John, 147–8 Index 269

Ecclesiastical Causes, Commissoners for, Fenn, Frances, 169 59, 146, 150, 154, 158–9 James, 132, 169; family of, 169 and baptism, 13, 16, 17 Fenton, Edward (LR485), 41 and custody of children, 93–4, 97, Ferrers family, 147, 149 109, 172 Ferris, Hugh, 147–9 Eccleston, Thomas, 104 Fidden, Richard, and family of, 21, 98 children of, 104 Fincham, Richard (LR916), 70 Eccleston, Thomas, royal ward, 78 Fisher, John, Cardinal, bishop of Elizabeth I, 2, 12, 14, 140, 193 Rochester, 152 court of, 66 Fisher family, 37–8 English Colleges or seminaries, see under members of; George (LR380), 37–8, 69; locations Richard (LR349), 37–8, 49, 69, Errington, Anthony, 59 178; Thomas jr, 37–8, 69; Thomas Essex, earls of, see under Devereux sr, 37–8, 178 Eucharist, Catholic, 1, 2, 11, 22, 28–9, Fitzherbert, John, of Padley, 100 55, 59, 60–3, 67, 70, 105, 115, daughters of, 100 125–6, 132, 137, 148, 151–3, 156–7, Fitzherbert, Sir John of Norbury, 98 160, 162–3 Fleetword, John, 78–9 Eucharist, Protestant, 11, 19, 47–8, Fletcher, Anthony, 187, 188 101, 160 Forcer, John (LR374), 146 Evans, Anne, 66 exorcisms, 164–5 Forest, William, 129 Forster Fairfax of Denton family, members of Bartholomew (LR506), 28 Sir Ferdinando, 2nd Lord Fairfax of William (LR429), 36 Cameron, 81–2, 84 Fortescue Sir Thomas, Lord General, 3rd Lord Elizabeth, 21, 62 Fairfax of Cameron, 81–2 John, daughters of, 21 Thomas, 1st Baron Fairfax of Katherine, 21, 22, 62 Cameron, 84 Foster, Seth (LR476), 22 Fairfax of Gilling family, members of Foster, Thomas (LR589), 22, 26 Alethea, Viscountess Fairfax of Emley, Fowler family, 77–8 81, 110–11 members of; Constance, nee Aston, Charles, 5th Viscount Fairfax of 77–8; Dorothy, 77–8; Walter, 77–8 Emley, 82 Foxe, John, 3, 164 Thomas, 1st Viscount Fairfax of Emley, Acts and Monuments, 3, 40, 93, 172 81, 110–11 Freeman, Thomas, 20 Thomas, 2nd Viscount Fairfax of parents of, 20 Emley, 81–2, 110–11 Fulthrop family, 17 William, 3rd Viscount Fairfax of Fursden, Cuthbert, OSB, 179, 180 Emley, 81–2, 86, 110–11 Fairfax, Sir William, of Steeton, Yorks, 98–9 Gage family, familial roles Edward, 89; son of (William), 89 and confessional polemic, 174–81 George, 130 and conversion, 33–9, 48–50, 143–5, Sir John, 89; son of (Thomas), 89 174–8 Garnet, Henry SJ, 52, 56, 58–9, 60, and martyrdom, 166–71, 181–3 61, 130 and the state, 73–4, 108–12, 194–5 Thomas SJ, 96 fasting, 63–5, 137–8, 149, 179, 180 Gee, John, 178 270 Index

Gennings Herbert, Lord Herbert, see under Edmund, 43, 119–23, 124, 125, 146–7 Somerset, Edward John, and his Life of Mr. Edmund Herbert, Philip, 1st earl of Montgomery, Gennings, 119–23, 124, 126, 146–7 4th earl of Pembroke, 86 George, Bartholomew, child of, 14 Heton, John (LR619), 38 Gerard, John SJ, 25, 35, 61, 66, 88, 126, Heveningham family, 80–1 128, 134, 146 members of; Anne, 80–1; Elizabeth, Gibbon, John, and his Concertatio 80–1, 90; Nicholas, 80–1; Simon, Ecclesiae Catholicae in Anglia, 93–4, 80–1; Sir Walter, 80–1; Walter jr, 132, 150, 169, 171–2, 173, 174 80–1, 83 Gifford, Dorothy (formerly Higges, Richard, and child, 16 Skrymshere), 78 Higham, William, 138 Nicholas, 78 High Commission, see Ecclesiastical Gilbert, George, 113, 133–4, 136 Causes Godwin, Elizabeth, 45 Hobdy, Elizabeth (Sr Alexia), 43, 47 Goldsborough, Robert, 14 Hodgson, Clement, 69 Gonzaga, Aloysius, 117, 118 Thomas (LR368), 25, 61 Good, John, 29 Holland, Edward, of Heaton, 82–3, 89 Goodman, Christopher, 154 Holtby, Richard SJ, 17, 38 Goothrick, Francis, 59–60 George (LR07), 29, 38 Goulding, Bridget (Sr Teresa), 38–9, 40 his ‘Persecution in the North’, 17, Gravenor, Walter (LPE64), 27 135–7, 170–1 Gray, George SJ, 116–19 Horne, Robert, bishop of Winchester, 132 Green, Ian, Christian’s ABC, 52, 54, 56 Houliston, Victor, 41 Grifﬁths Howard, Charles, Lord Howard of James, (LR496), 60, 70 Efﬁngham, 85 Paul, 3, 32, 45, 48, 114, 130, 197 Thomas, 14th Earl of Arundel, 89 Robert (LR385), 35 Humphreys, Laurence, 45–6, Grissold, George (LPE82), 146 139–41, 197 Grosvenor, Robert (LR532), 133 Hungerford, Anthony, 44, 165, 175 Hutton, Christopher, 101 Hall, John, (LPE23), 95, 96 Hutton, William, 62, 100 Hardesty, Robert, 137 family of; John (‘Jack’), 62, 100; Mary, Harding, Thomas, works of, 40 62, 100; Peter, 100 Harrington, Bridget, nee Drury, 37 and his Notes of a prisoner, 135–7 Richard, 37 Harrington, William, 126–7, 133 Indulgences, 189 father of, 127 Innocence, of childhood, 162–3, 188–9 Hart, Nicholas, 26, 27, 28, 29, 61, Inns of Court or Inns of Chancery, 41, 64–5, 126 131–3 Hart, William, 182–3 Ireland, 95–6 mother of, 182–3 Ireland, Gilbert, colonel, 104 Hatton, Jane, 45, 48, 67 Laurence, 104 Hawkins, Francis SJ, 187 Margaret, 104 Henrietta Maria, queen consort, 176–8 Iveson, John (LPE61), 94, 95 Henry IV of France, 140 Henry (Stuart), duke of Gloucester, Jackson, John (LR393), 47, 63, 133 176–8 James I & VI, 14, 56, 74, 83–4, 85, 86, Henry VIII, 2, 152, 164 97, 108 Index 271

Jerningham Liber Primi Examinis (English College, Christina, Sr, 94 Valladolid), as source, 5, 6, 24, Edward, 64, 66, 94, 110 27–8, 32–3, 42–3, 49–50, George, 64, 66, 94, 110 199–201 Henry, 88, 94, 110 see also individual entries ‘Lady’, 43 Lilly, John, 130, 134, 136 Jervis, Mark, 86, 90 Lincoln, Robert, 20, 21, 130 Jewel, John, bishop of Salisbury, 40 Line, Anne, 60 John the Baptist, St, 152–3, 155 Roger, 138 Jones, John alias Godfrey Morris, 147 Liturgical calendar, Catholic, 61, 62, Jones, Norman L., 9–10 63–5 Lloyd, Richard, 136–7 Kayley Lobb, Emmanuel alias Simons, Joseph Francis, 22 (LR558), 47, 178 Grace, 22 London, 14, 20–1, 26, 29, 36, 58, 94, 95, Isobel, 22 96, 98–9, 122–3, 130, 134, 135, 138, Kemys, Thomas (LR369), 40 139, 143, 157, 200 Kenyon, Edward (LPE17), 27 Lord Mayor of, 96 Keynes family, 106, 108 Louvain, St Ursula’s Convent, 150, 168 members of; Alexander, 106, 108; Sara, St Monica’s Convent, 43, 44, 45, 66, 106, 107, 108; Sara jr, 106, 108 107; ‘Chronicle’ of, see separate Kilby, Richard, 44–5 entry Killingbeck, Thomas, and children Loveden, Elizabeth, 69 of, 101 Barbara, 69 Kirke, George, 87 Luetie, Margaret, 147 Knatchbull, Thomas (LPE39), 27 Lumley, Richard, 1st viscount Lumley of Knyvett, Sir Thomas, 69 Waterford, 98 Thomas (jr.) alias Everard, 69, 97 sons of, 69, 98 Luther, Martin, 109, 102, 164 Lane Lyming, Edmund (LPE41), 95, 96 Anne, 21 John, 21 Machell, Lancelot (LR448), 68–9 Thomas, 21 Manchester, earls of, see under Montagu Lanman, Henry (LR366), 43 Laurence, and his Catechism, 52, Manly, Thomas (LR457), 40 53, 54, 55, 58, 66–7, 131 Marrow, Thomas, 137 Lawson, Dorothy, 59, 65, 128–9 Marsh, Francis, 132–3 Ralph, 13 Martyrdom, 119–26, 166–71, 181–3 Laythwaite family, 36–7 see also Family, familial roles, Youth members of; Edward Mary, queen of Scotland, 137 (LR462), 36–7, 130; Thomas, Mary, Saint, 29, 45, 53, 54, 65, 115, 36–7 129, 151 Laythwaite, household of, 28 Mary I, 3, 40, 41, 52, 163–4 Ledisma, Diego de, 52, 53 Maryland, 97 Lee, Roger, 101, 102 Mass, see Eucharist, Catholic Isabel, 102 Mathew, John (LR734), 178 ‘Leicester’s Commonwealth’, 148 Matthew, Toby, bishop of Durham Leveson family, Worcs, 98 (1595–1606), archbishop of York Lewis, Francis (LR706), 43 (1606–1628), 84, 178 272 Index

Maturity Page, Anthony, 181 and confessional polemic, 154, 164–6 mother of, 181 and religious identity, 21, 26–7, 29–30, Papacy, authority of, 2, 49, 57, 142 61–2 Parker family, barons Morley & Mayson, Francis (LR553), 68 Monteagle Miles, Francis (LR517), 42, 44 members of; Henry, 14th Baron Miller, Ralph, 137 Morley & Monteagle, 104–5; Milner, Ralph, 139, 170–1 Philippa, nee Caryll, Lady Morley children of, 170–1 & Monteagle, 104–5; Thomas, Mompesson, 95 15th Baron Morley & Monteagle, Montague, viscounts, see Browne, 104–5 Anthony Maria Parker, Matthew, archbishop of Montagu, Henry, 1st Viscount Canterbury, 149–50 Mandeville, 1st Earl of Manchester, Parliaments, 57, 73–4, 76, 102–8, 79, 174–5 110, 194 Walter, OSB, 79, 174–5 Pembroke, earls of, see under Herbert Montgomery, earls of, see under Herbert penance, sacrament of, 22–9, 46, 61, Mordaunt, John Lord Mordaunt, 1st Earl 64–5, 92, 115, 133, 176, 185–6, 189 of Peterborough, 83–4, 85, 89, 108 see also Reconciliation Margaret, Lady Mordaunt, nee Pennant, Thomas (LR407), 42 Compton, 83–4, 90 Perry, Thomas, 164–5 More, Sr Anne, mother of, 40 Persall, Sir John of Horseley, 98 More, Hugh, 133 Persecution, perceptions of Morgan, Edward (LR433), 46 and children, 171–4 George (LR409), 130 and religious identity, 67–71 Morgan, Hugh, 119 Persons, Robert SJ, 16, 41–2, 45, 100, Morton, Thomas, bishop of Coventy and 113, 114, 133–4, 145, 157 Lichﬁeld, bishop of Durham, 78, 80, Book of Resolution or Christian Directory, 81, 84–5, 90–1, 98 41, 42, 45 Mulcaster, Richard, 94 Petre, William, 4th Lord Petre, 86–7 Mush, John, 166–9, 171, 173 Phillips, Fabian, 83, 85 Pole, George, 101 Pole, Reginald Cardinal, archbishop of Nanfan, Giles, 15–16 Canterbury, 164 Nevell, Sir Christopher, 98 Popham, John, 147 Neville, Edmund (LR620), 61 Postgate, Elizabeth, 20 New England, 32 Pound, William, 96 Newman, Thomas (LR357), 25, 40–1, 43 Pounde, Thomas, 96 Nichols, George, 135 Powdrell or Powtrell, Robert, 98 North, Roger, 2nd Baron North, 96 Powtrell, family, 78, 98 Northampton, earls of, see under members of; Cassandra, 78; Henry, 78; Compton Mary, 78 Nowell, Alexander, Catechism, 97, 156 Prescott, Alexander, 129 Preston, Agnes, married name Anderton, Ody, Richard, 96, 109 82–3 Ogle, Robert, 137 Anne, 83 Orton, Elizabeth, 151–5, 159, 164, 196 John, of Furness, 82–3, 89 Oxford, 94, 135 Price, Robert of Washingley, Hunts, University or colleges of, 40, 83, 86, 92, 99 98, 131–3, 135, 180, 196 children of, 92, 99 Index 273

Prisons, imprisonment, 13–14, 17, 20–1, Robins, William (LPE30), 97 36–7, 69, 87, 101–2 Robinson and children, 60, 62, 68, 70–1 Jane, 130 and custody of children, 94–7, John (LR552), 23 99–100 Rome, 42, 133, 134, 135, 143 and youths, see Youth, and Venerable English College at, 9, 37, 45, imprisonment 47, 49–50, 115–19, 143, 163, see also Bridewell 178, 184 Privy Council, 14, 68, 69, 127, 131, 146, see also Responsa Scholarum 147–9, 154, 155–8, 194 Rookwood, Edward, 88–9 and custody of children, 82–3, 86, Rookwood, Robert (LR612), 23 88–9, 94, 95–6, 97–9, 100, 109, Roper, Christopher, 4th Baron Teynham 110–11 of Teynham, 87 Probin family, members of, 20 Mary, nee Petre, Lady Teynham, 87 Puckering, Sir John, 126 Rosary, society of, 65 Pulton, Ferdinand (LR508), 130 Roscarrock, Nicholas, 113, 114 Purgatory, 40, 151–2, 185, 189 Puritans, Puritanism, 3, 31–2, 36, 41, Rose,Frances,22 44–5, 60, 80, 90, 102, 122, Rudgeley, John, 9–10, 11, 55 165, 193 Russell, Francis, 2nd earl of Bedford, Pye, Sir Walter, 99 85–6 Russel, Robert, 191 Questier, Michael C., 12, 19, 36 Sackville, Thomas, 1st Baron Buckhurst Radcliffe, Francis, and children of, 20, 21 and 1st earl of Dorset, 12 Ravenhill, John (LR839), 29, 65 Sadler, Vincent, 59 Rawlins, Alexander, and godchildren St Omer, Flanders, English Jesuit school of, 67 at, 9, 22, 27, 29, 38, 42, 47, 94, 95, reconciliation (rite of), 2, 22, 23–9, 35, 96, 178 44, 45, 50, 61–2, 119, 133, 139, Salvin of Croxdale family, 84 152–4, 186, 195 members of; Gerard, 84; Ralph see also penance, sacrament of (LR608), 84 recusancy, 18–23, 102–3, 151–8, 158–60, Savage, John, Conference betwixt a mother, 171–4 166, 175 see also Conformity Schism, schismatics, 2, 19, 22–29, 37, 38, Renold, William, 13 39, 45, 49–50, 69, 88, 95, 158, 176, Responsa Scholarum (Venerable English 199 College, Rome), as collection, 5, 6, 9, see also Conformity, Reconciliation, 15, 18–19, 23, 24–5, 26–7, 30, 32, Recusancy, Catholic Church 33–5, 49–50, 60, 69–71, 126, 131, communion with 158, 178, 181, 197, 199–201 see also individual entries Schools, Catholic, in England, 68–9, Rheims, 137 97–9 Rheims, English College at, see Douai, Scudamore, Mary, 45 English College at Selby, George, 103–4 Rich, Barnaby, 151–5 sequestration, 86, 87, 89, 103–9, 184 Richelieu, Armand du Plessis Cardinal and custody of children, 103–9 duc de, 59 servants and service, 113–14, 128–31 Ridley, Lucy, 146–7 Seville, English College at, 118 Riley, John (LR701), 46 Shammell, Thomas, wife of, 106 274 Index

Sheffield, Edmund, 3rd Baron Sheffield, Stokes, William, 138 1st earl of Mulgrave, 88–9, 155–8 Stone, Lawrence, 2, 3, 85 Ursula, countess of Mulgrave, nee Stourton, Edward, 10th Baron Tyrwhitt, 156–7 Stourton, 150 Shell, Alison, 3, 6–7, 48, 189 Anne, nee Stanley, Lady Stourton, Shelley, Cyprian (LR499), 28 other married name Arundell, 149 Sherwood, Richard, 43, 119, 120 John, 9th Baron Stourton, 149–50 Sherwood, Thomas (LR454), 41 Swinburn, Toby (LR732), 32 Shirley family, members of Dorothy, nee Devereux, other married Tailor, Thomas, and children of, 101 name Stafford, 86, 92 Talbot, Francis, 11th earl of Sir Charles, 86, 92 Shrewsbury, 84 Sir Henry, 86 Talbot, Winifred, 20 Sir Robert, 86 Tasburgh, Agnes, 44 Shirley, Ralph, 118 Thimelby family of Irnham, Lincs ‘Sign of the cross’, 9–10, 55–6, 95 members of; Elizabeth, married name Simons, Joseph, see Lobb, Emmanuel Clifford, 99; John, 99; John’s sons, Skinner, Sir John, 64 99, 109; Richard, 100 Elizabeth, 64, 65 Thomas, John, 139 Lady, 64, 65 Thornbury, William, 130 Skrymshere, Thomas, 78, 83 Threlfall, William (LR678), 27 Smith, Edmund (LR352), 49 Throckmorton, Edward, 116–19, 172–3 John (LR363), 25–6, 27, 65, 133 Thwaites, James, and children of, Richard, titular bishop of 101–2 Chalcedon, 135 Tildesley, Thomas, 83 Richard (tutor to Lord Sheffield), Topcliffe, Richard, 1, 95, 146 155–7 Townshend, Lady Dorothy, 81 Somerset, Edward, styled Lord Herbert of Trent, Council of, 12, 51, 54 Raglan, later 2nd Marquess of Tridentine liturgy, 152–3 Worcester, 86 Turberville, Henry, Abridgment of Soto, Peter de, 54 Christian Doctrine, 53, 54, 56, 57, Southampton, earls of, see under 58, 67 Wriothesley Typpet, John, 138, 143–5, 174 Southwell, Robert SJ, 15, 65, 92, 99, Mark, 143–5 116–19, 149, 162, 163, 174, 181, 194 Tyrwhitt family of Kettleby, Lincs, 88, Spencer, Dame Margaret, 79 155–8 children of; Edward, 79; Richard, 79; members of; Elizabeth, other married Sir William, 79; Thomas, 79 name Rookwood, 88–9; Goddard, Spenser, William, 137 156–8; Sir Robert, 155–8; Robert, Stafford, Henry, 5th Baron Stafford, 89 jr, 88; Ursula, married name Stanford, John, 98 Sheffield, 156–7; William, 88, Stanhope, Philip, 1st Earl of 156–8; daughter of William, 88–9 Chesterfield, 98 Stanley Grange, Derbyshire, 68, 98 Valladolid, English College at, 27, 49–50, Stanley, Henry, 4th Earl of Derby, 93–4, 95, 96, 100 129, 150, 154, 171, 172 see also Liber Primi Examinis James, 7th Earl of Derby, 78, 104 Vaughan, Stephen, and parents of, 150 William, 6th earl of Derby, 78 Vaux family, barons Vaux of Harrowden Stanney, William SJ, 139–41, 170 members of; Anne, 61, 68, 97, 98, 130, Stevenson, Cyprian (LR610), 18 149; Edward, 4th baron, 61, 69, Index 275

87–8; Elizabeth, 87–8, 128; Henry, Whitmore, John, 60, 95 134; William, 3rd baron, 61, 87, son of, 60 129, 137 Whittingham, William (LR453), 40, Vavasour, Dorothy, 15, 157 47, 58 Thomas, Dr, 15, 157 Winchester, Hants, 21, 45, 69, 97–8, Verstegan, Richard, 95 139–41, 170, 171, 182 Vincent, Margaret, 176, 177 Wisbech, 37–8, 69, 96, 159–60 children of, 176 prison at, 37–8, 69, 96, 97, 100, 159–60 Wadsworth, James sr, 175–6, 181 Wiseman family, 15, 60, 128 James jr, 175–6, 178 Wolf, William (LR465), 40 Waite, Anne, 88 Wolseley, Walter, 129 James, 88 Worcester, battle of, 105 Waite family, 88 Worthington brothers, 93–4, 95, 109, Wakeman, Edward, 98, 99 171–4 Richard, 98, 99 brothers; John, 64, 93–4, 109, 172, Walker, Thomas (LR570), 36, 46 173; Richard, 93–4, 95, 109, Waller, Robert, 118 171–4; Robert, 93–4, 95, 109, Walsham, Alexandra, 19, 38, 152, 153 171–4; Thomas, 93–4, 95, 109, Walsingham, Sir Francis, 73, 83, 154 150, 171–4 Wandesford, Sir Christopher, 79–80 Worthington, Thomas, priest, 93 Warcop, Thomas, and daughters of, 67 William, 96 Ward, Mary, 60, 65, 66, 70–1 Warford, William SJ, and his Catechism, William (LR408), 18 53, 56, 57, 68 Wright, John, and children of, 101 Warnford, Elizabeth, 96 Wright, Ursula, 70–1 John, 96 Wriothesley, Herny, 2nd earl of Oliver, 96 Southampton, 85 Richard, 96 Henry, 3rd earl of Southampton, 85 Watkinson, Robert (LR348), 27, 29 Watson,Agnes,66 Yepes, Diego de, Historia Particular della Webster, Isabel, 20 Persecucion de Inglaterra, 95–6, 119 Webster family, 125 York, education of Catholic children in, members of; Frances, 123–6; Margaret, 100–2 123, 125 Lord Mayor of, 62, 100, 101 Wentworth, Matthew, 13 ‘Yorkshire recusant’s relation’, 135–7 Wentworth, Sir Thomas, ﬁrst Earl of Young, Richard, 137 Strafford, 79–80, 81–2, 110–11 youth, 113–61 Weston, William SJ, 15, 60–1, 132–3, and confessional polemic, 122–3, 150, 159, 162 178–9, 196–7 Wharton, Thomas, 2nd Baron and conversion, 42–6, 48–50, 119, Wharton, 84 122–3, 143–5, 174–6, 178–9, 181 Philip, 3rd Baron Wharton, 84 and ‘English Mission’, 115–19, 133–8 Whitaker, William, 40–1 and imprisonment, 20–1, 70, 123–6, White, Richard, 15 132, 133, 137–8, 145–6, 147, 150; Thomas, alias Blacklo, 53, 57–8 see also Bridewell William (LR883), 47 and martyrdom, 119–23, 181–3 White Webbs, Essex, 61, 130 Whitgift, John, archbishop of Canterbury, 11, 94–5, 97 Zemon Davis, Natalie, 142