Primer of Heraldry for Americans

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B o o k- plat e o f

h n n Pre siden t Ge o rge W as i gt o . PRIMER O F HERALDRY

FO R AMERICANS

D D D A . H L N LL D E W R O E . . S ,

NEW Y O RK

THE CENTURY 00 . 1898 Co ri ht 18 py g , 98 , by

TH E CEN TU R Y 0 0 .

THE DEVINNE Passe TO M ' M AND E $ H

TABLE O F CO NTENTS

EMB LEMS FLAGS SEAL S ARMS HERAL DRY IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES HERAL DRY IN ARCHITECTUR E HERALDRY IN LITERATURE AND HISTORY THE COAT OF ARMS CHARGES HELMETS CRESTS

CROW NS AND CORONETS

SUPPORTERS

BADGES . MOTTOS KNOTS

BLAZ ONING MARSHAL ING ARMS OF KINGDOMS AN D STATES viii TABLE OF CONTENTS

P A G E E SE L AR S ND FL OF THE UNITED TH A , M , A AG STATES OF AMERICA

TITLES OF NOB ILITY O RDERS OF KNIGHTHOOD SILVER PLATE HEREDITARY PATRIOTIC SOCIETIES IN THE UNITED STATES 78 HO W TO TRACE A PEDIGREE 88 ANCIENT LINEAGE 90

INDEX TO HERALDIC TERMS . 100

PLATES ( FIGURES 1 TO 119 ) E nd of the book INTR O DU CTO RY NO TE

IT is usual to commence Am e rican books o n heraldic and genealogic matters with a half apology fo r introducing su ch subjects o f to the notice the citizens of a republic . The writer believes apologies to be entirely d h unnecessary . Such topics eserve t eir due Share o f attention (though it may not bO a large share) in a country which con tains millions o f descendants o f good fami l f G l ies o England and the Continent . enera George Washington inherited a coat o f s arms from reputable Engli h ancestors, d and use it on appropriate occasions . Ben jamin Franklin applied for and obtained a o f r t grant armo ial bearings , and his mo to $ Exem lum ades t i se homo was, p p ( Conduct marks the Where two such Repub licans A led, mericans need not fear to follow . The writer began his heraldic studies as a school-boy with Scott’ s novels and Frois ’ l sart s Chronic es . The present book has ix INTRO DUCTO RY NOTE

been written at spare moments, as a relief $ e re nt from very di work . The informa tion that it contains will help to solve many A Art enigmas in rchitecture, , Literature, and History (both European and colonial) , and will enable the reader to take an in timate pleasure in matters that otherwise l z ﬁ re are mere y pu zling and, at rst Sight, lle nt M o f - pe . uch our mother literature S (especially hakspere, Scott, Tennyson , and very much o f foreign literature A Tasso ( riosto , , Froissart, cannot be intelligently read without a little learning G A of the sort . othic rchitecture tells no P inco m story, and ainting often tells an le t e o ne o f p , without some rudiments l heraldic knowledge . Ha f the point of History is lost unless it is studied in it s To details . comprehend its details (espe cially in the period from the Crusades t o the French Revolution) an accurate knowledge l . e of heraldry is a materia aid La Bruy re, ” D e V l e num e r in his Caracteres ( la i le) , ates the uses to which armorial bearings $ were put in his day The y are $ ” o n emblazoned everywhere, he says - d stained glass win ows , over the doors , INTRO DUCTO RY NOTE xi

o n o n even on the locks, coaches, and ” 1688 liveries . What was true in is also

' - o f true to day . The seals countries, prov ince s S O , and states are heraldic ; are their s ﬂags . Coin and medals are stamped with heraldic emblems ; each government de n o ﬂi ce l part m e t or has its sea ; cities, cor o rat io ns p , colleges, universities, employ as and seals and devices, do societies indi u ls l n vid a . Hera dry is a doctri e which has

to do with all these things , and it is inter esting and advantageous t o kno w s o m e thing o f - d o f it . The visiting car s foreigners un Freihew en— co ts , barons , bear their coro and l d nets , the rank and tit e can be decide - l l at a glance . Note paper is Simi ar y marked, and the sex and condition o f the writer can di o f be scovered from the coat arms . A s such devices are in every-day use in ll this country, and sti more in foreign l countries , it is worth whi e to understand the universal rul es according t o which they no t are employed, and to make blunders l No that may easi y be avoided . t t o follow these rules is Simply to refuse to admit the alphabet of the language which one is em l Fo r p oying . instance, no woman except INTRODUCTORY NOTE

s A a queen may bear a cre t . Let merican ladies remember this Simple rule in order - N ing their book plates and stationery . o unmarried woman may bear arms o n a ’ A 1 . 35 knight s shield Since . D . 0 (except o n American letter-paper) such arms have been borne o n a lozenge ( 0 The present little book treats o f such matters in a compact form and a simple ll il It s manner, and it is fu y lustrated . materials have been gathered fromleisurely and extensive reading, not only in English but in continental heraldry ; and some o f s A them, at lea t, will be new to most meri It cans . will serve as a primer for young l and o f peop e, as a handy book reference to their elders ; and it Should be espe cially useful to t he m embers of the many hereditary patriotic societies now formed, ‘ and forming, throughout the country. Special attention is here paid to such z and l organi ations, it is be ieved that a perusal o f this book will make the reader a

no t A . better, a worse, merican

E . S . H .

NE YORK Januar 1898 . w , y, A PRIMER O F HERALDRY

FO R AMERICAN S

A PRIMER O F H ERALDRY FO R AMERICANS

AR MS (or armorial bearings) are heredi n tary heraldi c devices, arra ged according ul to conventional r es, appertaining to and o f d l honorably di stinctive in ividua s, cor

o ratio ns . The p , cities , countries, etc y are usually blazoned (painted in color) on a d l and Shield, and surmounte by a he met d crest, and they may be accompanie by n l n An supporters , mottos, and ma t i gs . achievement o f arms is the aggregate o f all these devices as borne by a person ; so called because in Old days the honor O f

arms was achieved by knightly deeds . Heraldry (o r armory) is the body of doc trine (it used t o be ranked as a science) which prescribes the rul es by which arms 2 A PRIMER OF EEERALDRY

are composed ; in its widest scope it has to do W di o f ith honorary stinctions all kinds . o f Dr n The business the herald, as . Johnso $ well says, is to proclaim peace and to de nounce war ; to be employed in martial messages ; and to judge and examine coats ” o f arms . EMBLEMS

THE tribes of Israel had their distinctive — E h l . sc u s He emblems Judah its lion y , ro do t u s and , many ancient writers describe o n ld the devices borne the Shie s of warriors . Such devices were more than mere orna o f O f ment, and partook the nature perso nal di badges ; but they were not here tary, l Al th as armoria bearings are . exander e Great distributed such special di stinctions n l l l amo g his genera s , precise y as Napo eon ’ granted arms to his marshals . Trajan s Column in Rome was erected in the years A 98—11 l o f D n . . 7 D , and the Shie ds the acia s sculptured upon it are covered with em

ble m s . , as the sun , the moon, etc Even o u r R e d Indian clan s were distingui shed by m s and ndi u tote ic Sign , each i vid al warrior l z had his persona cogni anc e . From remote

4 A PRIMER OF HERALDRY arms o f the knight were born e upon his n m in his shield, ofte ti es repeated crest, l painted on his banner, scu ptured on his o n ﬁ castle and his tomb, and nally became t o n a precious inheritance his desce dants . Here we have the marks of veritable arms as distinguished from no n-hereditary em ble m s l . Emb ems were personal badges , an l A d were not necessari y inherited . rms h d are ere itary .

FLAGS

THE Oldest o f existing ﬂags is that of D — D enmark the anebrog, which was cer nl t ai y adopted in the thirteenth century . A 1219 Tradition says that in . D . , during a combat with the heathen Esthonians, the white cross o f the Danish ﬂag appeared in sk the y . It was adopted as a national em o f blem, and an order knighthood founded

d - n which, un er much changed conditio s D still exists (the O rder o f the anebrog) . n The earliest ba ners were ecclesiastical . The oriflamme o f France was the ﬂam e D d o f A o f . colore banner the bbey St enis, which was carried before the army as a SEALS 5

A o f sacred Sign ( . D . The banner l G ’ ar ent Eng and, St . eorge s cross ( g , a cross le l u s . g ) , had a re igious origin also

SEALS

P l n HARAOH gave his sea to Joseph (Ge . xli D l o f . and arius sea ed the den l wn Dan ions with his o Signet ( . vi . H so n B The seal of aggai, of Shebaniah ( . C . o f has come down to us, and copies it can be bought for a triﬂe . The seals o f monarchs and great nobles prove that during the twelfth century they l bore, as persona devices, true armorial bearings . It was not until the return of Richard the Lion-heart from Palestine (1194) that the thr ee lions passant gardant ﬁ l became xed as the arms of Eng and (Fig . Louis le Jeune o f France seals with

- - 11 0 D n a ﬂe ur de lis in 8 . uri g the Third Crusade (1189) armorial bearings were common , as they had been proved to be u l n s sefu by experience in war . The E gli h soldiers were distinguished by a white cross sewed t o their s urcoats ; the French

and n . bore a red, the Flemings a gree , cross 6 A PRIMER OF HERAL DRY

The nobles charged their Shields with such

l o r persona devices as pleased their fancy, t he o f mi as recalled obj ect their ssion . The l l ll - ion, the eag e, the cross , the sca op shell il o f . n the p grim, etc , became commo . The v l o f Van dragon , the wi ern (emb em the l S ’ h da s) , aracens eads, etc . , bespeak an

n n - Easter origi . The double headed eagle o f the Holy Roman Empire was adopted A from an siatic device . The early ecclesiastical seals were im pressed in the form o f an elongated pointed v — h o f ﬁsh ll o al , the s ape a , in a usion to G o f Jesus the reek initials the sentence, d the aviour — IXO TE Christ the S on o Go S . , f , A s the early universities were ecclesiasti al l O f ll c corporations , the sea s co eges Often take this form (see Johns Hopkins Uni 1 o f h versity, Fig . The seals bis ops

in l . are, general , of this form a so

1 The very beau tiful seal of the Johns Hopkin s Univer sit y is reprodu ced here as a model of what su ch devices t he should be . In design for the seal, symbols of learn ing have been added ( in the chief) to the w ell-kn own m w L t m ar s of Maryland, hich are those of ord Bal i ore C i C ﬁ t T C ( ec l alvert) , the rst proprie or he alvert III or arms ( in the q uarters I and ) are paly of six , and ” able t u . u e II s , a bend dex er co nterchanged Qart rs and ARMS 7

ARMS

ARMS were granted by the greater nobles

to the Crusaders for gallant deeds , or they ll ﬁ were assumed at wi . They were at rst di l z merely in vidua cogni ances , but they became hereditary about the end o f the A thirteenth century . victorious knight had the privilege o f assuming the arms of

his vanquished enemy . The Carys of Car ro k V ar ent isb o in irginia bear the arms ( g ,

$ sable ﬁ l on a bend , three roses of the e d) h w ich their ancestor, in the reign of Henry V d o f S , assume from those a panish knight l whom he overcame in a tria of arms . The three feathers of the crest o f the Prince of Wales were once the badge o f the King o f I ch dien Bohemia, which, with his motto , , d d P o f l were assume by Edwar , rince Wa es,

IV are for Crossland ( derived by Lord Baltimore from hi s A C grandmother, licia rossland, an heiress) , namely, $ u a r ent ate s ﬂ o r u t q arterly g and g , a cross y co n er

. hi azure r changed The c ef is , and it bears a terrest i al or r n w globe betw een t wo O pen books a ge t . The hole seal presents an heraldic picture of a uni versit y devoted to science ( signiﬁed by the globe) and literatur e ( the O pen u books) , sit ated in the State of Maryland . 8 A PRIMER OF HERALDRY

l o f n after the batt e Cressy, where the ki g l was among the S ain . The very earliest

Crusaders did not bear arms . The shields o f the French knights at Constantinople, 1100 d A about , are describe by nna Com n l and ne a as po ished plain . di The Bayeux tapestry, tra tion says , was M ll embroidered by atilda, wife of Wi iam At all the Conqueror . events, it represents O f n the invasion E gland by the Normans, and contains the ﬁgures o f more than Six hundred men, with horses , Ships , banners, ll d . a at etc , worke in colors , with minute l tention to detai . Experts are agreed that true armorial bearings are no t found in this v work, which must ha e been subsequent to 1066 o f . It was not until the last part the twelfth century that arms came into gen N0 eral use . coins bear arms until the thirteenth century The latest researches indicate that armorial bearings originated 1150 d about the year . Heraldic seals date 115 11 116 il 7 59 3 . , , , etc , are st l extant in G ermany . o fVarm o nd It is reported that the tomb , t Em m e ran R in the Church of S . at atisbon , d er ale d bears a shield parte p p , charge with ARMS 9

l and MX a ion over all, the date . It is likely that the carving was done long after ward in this case, as in many others . The earliest Pope o f Rome who can be proved t o have borne arms is said t o have been Boniface VIII (1294 though arms are ascribed to nearly all the popes since L l o f P ucius II The sea hilip, Count o f Flanders bears a lion rampant, which is still the cogniz ance o f Flanders ; and this is o ne o f the very earliest exam l o f h l d p es an era dic evice . It is to b e nOt e d l that a sea , whose impression was necessarily contemporaneous with the doc um e nt h to which it was attac ed, is evidence o f ﬁ o f the rst importance . Coats arms can be cut upon monuments and tombs at any se t time, and brasses up whenever their e vidence is wanted .

1 For many years the Viscounts MacD uﬂ claimed de scent from the ancient Earls of Fife ; and to substantiate the claim an ancient monument ( belonging to another uff u u family) w as removed to the D ma sole m, and the date 4 4 altered so as to read ( in Arabic nu merals $) 1 0 . A family of Deardens constru cted in Rochdale Church a

w e fﬁ ie s . complete family chapel, ith g , slabs, brasses, etc all recording th e lives and deaths of a line of Sham ance s o f $ tors , no one whom ever existed The lions of England u u c t on the monument of W illiam the Conq eror at Caen, 1 0 A PRIMER OF HERALDRY

Experts in heraldry are often asked to n ” explain the meani g of heraldic charges . $ IS ga tes a noble color $ Does the lion sig nify generous courage ? Does azure denote l ? ar ent ? or justice, oyalty g , purity , force, r ? IS sable o f ? constancy, iches a Sign grief etc . The earliest arms were assumed by ll o r fi individuals at wi , granted for Speci c deeds ; and in such cases there may once ld have been a Special meaning to the Shie . Retainers were granted arms resembling l o f those of their over ord . The branches a family differenced their coats with difl e r M ent tinctures, etc . any new coats were d grante to new men . In most cases there $ ” was little meaning to the arms ; and fi where there was a Signi cance, it was (usu ll l h . a y) soon ost sig t of For example, the o f A l L d’Archo t arms rno d inden, Comte , or fle urs-de - abl were , three lis s e ; and these d d d d so n T arms escen e to his el est . he d so n m d fo r a tes ' t hre e secon assu e arms, g , fle u rs- - ar ent so n ar ent de lis g the third , g , fle urS- - a tes ar three de lis g the fourth son, ent fle urs- -lis sable fif so n g , three de the th ,

1642 w in , ere never borne by him . Seals impressed on u doc ments cannot be so readily counterfeited .

1 2 A PRIt R OF HERALDRY sible t o lay down any rul es in their regar d that shall be really authoritative . Good taste and good usage must govern us here as elsewhere . In n a G A r E gl nd, France, ermany, ust ia ni (and in the U ted States) , there is no legal ob stacle t o the assumption o f armorial a n s by be ri g any individual or corporation . Any individual has the right t o assume and t o In bear a coat of arms . most coun u se o f o n tries those who make arms ( seals ,

r e t c . ar e t o l car iages , ) subj ect an annua l G ny . tax and in erma , etc , the law express y forbids any indi vidual t o bear a coat o f 1 Th arms belongin g t o another person . e n t ax and law i an ual , the protect ng each in o wn person the possession of his coat ,

1 The followin g is a t ranslation of a part of a lett er re $ ” ce ived from t h e edit or of t h e German Herald $ It is lawful for every citi z en to assume a coat of arms .

y hi s s He m a eit her be ar a coat us ed by ancestor , or he may assume and us e a coat accordi ng to hi s o wn pleasure . It w t o u t w al is , ho ever, forbidden ass me a coa hich is t ready in us e b y anot her famil y . A regis er of arms is kept by th e Heraldic Soc iety of Be rlin ( Sc hill st ras s e ” ut t . No . in w hich arms are ent ered wi t ho cos Th e same ru le O bta ins in Au st ria and in most count ries

t h e C I al be of ontin ent . f her dry is to a live science some O w e su ch provision mus t be adopt ed . ther ise it b comes ARMS 1 3

1 serve to regulate the whole m atter ; and the tax is a very proper means of raising revenue . The s eals o f corporations and the trade f indi marks O viduals may be registered, an d governments take m easures to insure their exclusive use by thos e to whom they Ar m appertain . orial bearings were always l t in i strictly regu a ed France, and dur ng the reign o f Loui s X IV they were subject — t o a tax o f twenty li vres o r forty if they

a ﬂ ur - - li R n cont ined e S de s . The evolutio in 1790 swept away arms but they were again al d revived under Napoleon, whose her s — mi d d . evised new charges, pyra s , etc , ll d hi s o wn no t that reca e wars , and those a of the Crus des . The Heralds’ Coll ege was establi shed in l in 1483 s Eng and . Its busine s was to reg o f se e ister grants arms, and to that such di ll ll stinctions were not borne i ega y . From

i of antiqu arian inte rest onl y . It is a pract cal fact that arms continu e to be u sed in democrat ic cou nt ries as w ell It t t o as in monarchi es . is herefore only rational recog niz e and to redu ce to some kin d of orderly rul e proceedi ngs h t at cannot be ignored or prevented . 1 u in uin t wo The ann al tax England is one g ea, or u g ineas if the arms are borne on ca rriages . 1 4 A PRIMER OF ~ ERALD RY

1528 to 1704it s O fli cials made periodic visi t atio ns ri n to the va ous counties, registeri g n ill ge ealogies, etc . It is st in existence, n o f A though Shor much of its power . rms are still granted by the college to any ap li cant p for a moderate fee (ten pounds) . The Montjoie r ot d’armes o f France dates from the thirteenth century ; and the office o f Lyon king- at -arms of Scotland was e s h 1 1 $ ” t ablis e d before 37 . The name herald first occurs in 1152 in the imperial consti t ut io ns o f B Frederick arbarossa, though the ld office is as o as warfare . Heralds were the spokesmen for all the messages o f the r di king o comman ng general . D fif uring the fourteenth, teenth, six t e e nth and , seventeenth centuries the kings of France ordered various heralds’ visita n o f tio s, because the wrongful assumption nobili ty di sturbed the incidence o f taxes h l (from many o f w ich nob es were exempt) . The most thorough of these visitations was — 4 l d m ade in 1666 7 . It was then aid own as a prin ciple that those nobles who had borne titles and arm s continuously Since 1560 fir m in were to be con ed their rights, ll h l h l provided they sti held t eir ands, w i e ARMS 1 5 those who had alienated their lands were required to prove that they had borne their 1514 1 14 r titles Since . In 7 proofs were e 1614 A ra quired no further back than . p c tice dating back o ne hundred and fifty or o ne hundred years was sufficient c o nfir o f h mation a title, therefore, in monarc ical A h France . Those mericans w ose ancestors assumed arms in colonial days ( as so many did) may be glad to have thi s precedent t o refer to . English idea of armorial bearings is $ The that they are given as property to an in d d ividual, and from him escend as property l to his chi dren and their children . Hence In England there is no such thing as the o f amil the arms a f y, except as sons, grand no t o f the sons, etc . ( the brothers) , grantee hi l l rac constitute s particu ar fami y . The p tice is quite different o n the Continent . In l theory, every Eng ishman who bears a coat o f No biles suut ui arma arms is noble . q gentilicia autecessoram saoram proferre pos sua t o f bour eois z . The arms the g (citi en) are not recognized unless they are registered ’ ll at the Heralds Co ege, when he becomes l Ge r (in strict theory) a petty nob e . In 1 6 A PRIMER OF HERALDRY

m A . many, ustria, etc , ar s are granted by the emperor t o the noble class ; but citi z m a m e n ens y assu e them , and are rather z co urage d to do so . When a citi en assumes arms they descend to his children . o f If a new coat arms is to be designed, l the fo lowing points , among others , should be attended to, and in all cases the advice d o f l . an expert Shou d be sought The shiel , l l he met, mant ing, crest, and the lettering o f the motto should all be designed in o ne style (as of the fourteenth o r ﬁfteenth cen l tury, and the mode s chosen from l l good examp es . The divisions of the shie d should be few, the charges simple ; but pains should be taken to make the arms in and o f an fact new, not a copy of those an cient family. What right has a new man to bear the arms o f the Howards o r o f Hohenlohe ? The crest Should also be Sim l l ple, and it may we l repeat the co ors and the forms o f the principal charge o f the l ﬁ shield . The he met Should be in pro le when the arms are designed for a Simple n gentleman . The mantli g and the wreath ul l f Sho d repeat the co ors o the Shield . In d l ld re esigning the he met, the artist Shou ARMS 1 7

it over t e member that was slipped h head,

and that no part of it, therefore, should be o ll ul no t s sma that this co d be done . The o f de helmets many modern knights , as o o f d pi ted in their coats arms , coul not o n be put even , much less worn . Coats o f s arms for cities , corporation , etc . , are seat o f usually designed from the the city,

etc . It may be convenient to brin g together Arms ﬁ a few important dates . were rst A D 1150 o n used by persons about . . ; coins

in the thirteenth century . They came into l r genera use in the thirteenth centu y , and at the end o f this century they became s o f hereditary . The olde t grants arms (in m n 1401 P at n Ger a y) date from . e ts of no bility were granted by the German em pe ro rs in the second half of the fourteenth in 12 0 centur y ; France as early as 7 . Some seats cities had in the twelfth century, and arms dl o f u in the mid e the fo rteenth . Cres ts began to come into use (in England) 1 00 3 . about , and soon became general M antlings ﬁrst appeared (in England) with Richard I (1189 and they were in gen l a era use in the fourteenth century . S p 1 8 A PRIMER OF HERALDRY

or ters t 1300 B a p were used from abou . dges n 1400 were wor in England before .

HERAL DRY IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES

THE origin of heraldry must be referred

to the Crusaders, who brought its customs with them on their return to their native In h countries . each country the art as diﬁ e re nt S O had a development, that Eng G h lish, French, and erman eraldry have dis tinctive all characters . In countries the n and o ne esse tials are the same, in each heraldr y has passed through three distinct

- and well marked periods . In the ﬁrst period ( 1150 to about 1200)

the Shield alone bore the arms . There were d 1200 no crests . In the second perio ( to about 1500) the armorial bearings o f the

warrior displayed the actual Shield, hel

met, crest, which were worn by him in o f battle . This is the best period heraldry, 64 A Diire r naturally . Fig. (after lbrecht )

may be taken as an example o f it .

A S the implements of war were perfected, and especially as the use o f gunpowder be ff o f came general and e ective, the armor

2 0 A PRIMER OF HERAL DRY arms is felt by o ne versed in such matters ; and s o f a ort pleasure, akin to that derived from good architecture, is to be had from an armorial achievement which is well and suitably composed . No one can mi stake a collection of Russian coats of arms for o r l French Eng ish . Their national char l acter is entire y obvious . In a general way it may be said that Ge r m an heraldry best represents the spirit of m l o f Ge r the iddle ages , though a col ection man coats seems to an Engli shherald to lack n and somewhat in imagi ation variety . The n o f d partitio s the German Shiel are Simple, and colors and metals are well disposed, the l charges are few . The crests are often e ab li orate and seem heavy . Eng sh and French heraldry are much alike , though there are ff characteristic di erences . The use of marks o f cadency in France and England (t o di s t in ui sh l g the e dest , the second, the third so n and , of helmets appropriate to o f each rank, are consequences of the law primogeniture which prevail ed in both so n these countries . The eldest must needs have his privileges marked and d Azure l l guarde . (the roya co or of the HERALDRY IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES 2 1

Bourbons) predominates in French shields vert in those of Holland (why i) ; gates (the l o f P nationa color) in those oland . The ermine S O n n , frequently occurri g in E glish o f n coats arms , is doubtless a reminisce ce o f the arms of Brittany (whose shield was ermine ) . Italian heraldry has a style all its o wn l . Ita ian Shields have a Special Shape l a so . The symbol of the party o f the

G azure fle u rS- -lis uelfs (a chief , with de ) and of that o f the Ghibellines (the eagle di o f the n splayed empire) are very commo . Spanish and Portuguese heraldry have o f been much influenced by that France, though their national styles are plainly fi marked . The elds are frequently parted and in three pieces, the charges are nu r u an D re m e o s d confused . anish heraldry o f n sembles that France and E gland, except armes ar tantes that rebus arms ( p ) , which ll o f spe the name the bearer, are more A R common . rms in ussia have a well s w as fo r marked tyle also . Japan centu re im e o f l ries under the g a feuda system, and an elaborate em blematic armorial was

h d . t ere developed, which is in use to ay Every noble Japanese family has its em 22 A PRIMER OF HERALDRY

z o n dr and blem, which is embla oned the ess weapons . $ The principal sources from which the history o f heraldry can be derived are o f seals, coins , monuments , tombs , patents ili o f nob ty, grants land or arms , the visi a io ns t t and other records of the heralds , ll records of tournaments, ro s of arms, por traits (which often bear the arms o f the sitter) , coats of arms carved on the exterior l o r h of bui dings in t eir interior decorations , Al woven in tapestries , etc . most every large library in the United States has a section devoted to works o n heraldry and l an d genea ogy, those who have read this little book wi ll ﬁnd it a good introduction to further explorations in this interesting ﬁ eld . Excellent articles on heraldry are to o f and be found in many books reference, the reader may well consult these after he d has mastere the principles here set forth . Perhaps the best of them within the reach of everybody are to be found in the Ency ’ clo ae di a Enc clo p Britannica, in Johnson s y pedia, and (under various heads) in the D M Century ictionary . any of the excel lent cuts o f this book are taken from the HERALDRY IN ARC H ITECTURE 2 3

latter work . In the cyclopedia of Cham bers (which gives great prominence to Scottish matters) the reader will do well to consult the articles o n the chief Scottish l A D fami ies, as rgyle, Bruce, ouglas, Lind Mar sa . A y, , Stewart, etc The lmanach de

Gotha gives the genealogy, etc . , of the o f i princely houses Europe . There are s mi l lar works re ating to the counts, the bar

o ns . , etc

HERALDRY IN ARCHITECTURE

GOTHIC architecture can scarcely be ap pre ciat e d in its detail s without a consider able knowledge of heraldry . It was a uni versal custom to display the coat of arms n l o bui dings , tombs , monuments, windows ,

d - etc . The same custom is wi e spread in o f the United States, where the seals the States and departments are to be found o n ui n many public b ldi gs . The monuments erected at Gettysburg display the State o f - seals , the badges army corps, etc . , in a very instructive fashion . The new University Club in New York is to di splay the arms of American colleges n ne w o n o its facade . The Library of C 2 4 A PRIMER OF ERALD RY

n gress, in Washi gton , contains (in the read ing- room ) the arm s o f the States o f the n U ion in colored glass . It is worth whil e to have some knowledge o f the pictorial language o f heraldry in order to deri ve the great pleasure which m h co es through such a familiarity . An e raldi c v in l de ice, displayed the right p ace and in the right way, produces precisely the kin d of pleasure which a scholar feels from 1 an n apposite quotatio .

HERALDRY IN LITERATURE AND EHSTO RY

IF ri ﬁ history is to be w tten at rst hand , n s ul origi al document must be cons ted, and these cannot be properly understood with a d l out knowledge of heral ry, which enab es o ne to decipher the seals that they bear

1 arvard C For instance , the seal of ollege on the eighteenth - century gatew ays to its grounds ; the Mapes memorial gatew ay at the n e w Columbia University in w e a le s Ne w . B ut York , on the other hand, hat are these g ” wi th wings disp layed cheeky doing in front of the Boston Pu blic Library ? They are a part of the arms of a noble i b ut Roman family . They are certa nly decorative ; they $ are as appropriate in that place as a door-plate Beau ” ’ — champs w ould be on Governor W inthrop s mansion no more , no less . HERALDRY IN LITERATURE AND HISTORY 2 5

and by which they are authenticated . This is not only true o f England and l d in Europe, but also of the co onial perio All n America . colo ial papers were sealed o r n and by either public private Sig ets , the seal em ployed wil l Often ﬁx the date o f the n docume t . A s heraldry was a part o f daily life up i s to very recent t mes, and a most es ential 1200 1 00 re part from to 7 , it is naturally

ﬂe ct e d in history and throughout literature . n Fully to u derstand what one reads, these allusions must no t be missed for wan t of a o f l little study. The history trade is i lus t rat e d by the arms o f the powerful London n ld compa ies (gi s) , which received their charters from 1327 onward ; and the seals o f the O xford and Cambridge colleges co n stit ut e a most interesting chapter in the o f d history learne foundations . The connection o f famili es can Often be traced by their arms and in no other way ; $ Gu illi m as says, in his Heraldry The Shaws are known t o be McInt o she s by their ” f arms . The relation o the early Ameri n l D h can emigrants to the E g ish (and utc , l French, etc . ) fami ies from whom they de 2 6 A PRIMER OF HERALDRY scend is Often to be ﬁx ed by arm s o r crests l l o r - engraved on Si ver p ate, by Signet rings , li l d etc . Comparatively tt e use was ma e of arms in America during the century 1620 1 20 d o f dis; 7 . It was a perio stress, and tinctio ns O f rank were more o r less forgot d l ten . With acquire wealth came eisure and a general desire to connect one’ s self - 1 00 o n with the mother country . From 7 ward more attention was paid to such mat and ters, arms were quite generally borne d as by those who inherite them, or were h sumed by others who ad acquired fortune . o f B The cemeteries oston , New York, New P l A l R port, hilade phia, nnapo is, ichmond, etc . , contain many gravestones engraved l A with armoria bearings . few date from the seventeenth century ; most are later 1 20 than 7 . It is not possible to read the plays o f

Shakspere, the poems of Chaucer, Spenser, A h Tasso, riosto, Scott, Tennyson, and ot ers , with full unde rst andingwitho u t some know ldi l l ledge of hera c ru es and anguage .

Awake a ake En lis no bili $Cro e d are , w , g h ty pp ’ the ﬂo we r-de -luce s in yo ur arm s $o f England s

2 8 A PRIMER OF HERALDRY stam ped) or with parchment (on which M l d they were painted) . eta ban s, fesse w 1 wise, palewise, bend ise , etc . , and bosses were used to strengthen the shield ; and some o f the ordin aries o f heraldry have n n A probably bee the ce derived . number — o f an cie nt shields are still extant usually in churches in Europe, or in museums . The shield of Heinrich of Hesse (died 1298) is n M still to be see in arburg, for example . m 3 4 The pointed Nor an Shields (Figs . , , 5 6 7 54 ul , , , ) are the most gracef in form, d z and they are well suite to simple bla ons . n z l l 1 The co ventionali ed Shie ds ( ike Fig. 5 ) and are convenient for displaying charges , are here employed fo r that reason only ; fo r illum i but they are not suitable seals ,

nat e d . r drawings , etc The proper p o ce dure is to select, from ancient drawings o r n mo uments, the forms for crest, mantling,

Shield, and charges, and to reproduce them o ne l l all in consistent sty e . The sty e o f ill any century may be chosen at w . Figs . 106—112 n are i structive in this connection, 64 and especially Fig . . The shape o f the Shield employed is more

1 T z v hat is, hori ontal, ertical, inclined . THE COAT OF ARMS 2 9 o r less determined by the arrangement o f n the beari gs to be charged upon it, and it is an essential o f good design that the

' char e s sho ul ﬁll l g d the entire shie d . The size o f a charge has no relation to its sig niﬁcance 8 . The three lions of Fig . 7 have equal importance . o f The shield a man , a warrior, the head ’ of a house, is, as has been said, a knight s n shield, and it is surmou ted by his crest . His wife, in English practice, may bear his o n without arms his Shield, but the crest . His daughters may bear their father’ s arms o n a lozenge 0 The French practice is to blazon the arms o f all women on lozenge o r l o f shaped ova Shields . The arms na tions , of provinces, cities, etc . , are borne on ’ M a knight s shield . onasteries, colleges, and the like often employ a pointed oval as l s a shie d ( e e Fig .

Part s o f t h Shie ld -In l e . describing a Shie d l and its charges , it is a ways supposed to be

- borne as in war . That is, the left hand 1 ll d dexter Side in Fig. is ca e the Side, the sinis er right hand the t . The upper third f l chie E 2 o d . the Shie is the f. , in Fig , is the - F ombril- oin o m esse oint n t. f p , the p N 3 0 A PRIMER OF HER ALDRY bril -points are not named in English her al dr o n i y , though they are used the Cont r nent . The whole su face of the Shi eld is al eld is c led the ﬁ . It necessary for the reader to pay som e attention t o the de ﬁni di tions of this section . They give the heral c hi bla alphabet, as it were, without w ch the zon of a shield cannot be read .

Divisio n o f t h Shi ld 4 5 6 e e i . 3 (see F gs , , , , i l is o f l 7) The sh e d seldom all one co or . i It is generally di vided nto parts . It is

r a 3 er esse . parted pe p le in Fig . ; p f in Fig 4 e 5 d er bend ; quarte r d in Fig. ; parte p lt r . A e Fi 6 er s a i e in 7. (dext r) in g. ; p Fig a r b n ini ter l Shield may be p rted p e e d s s a so . If it is divided into any number of equal parts with square corners, as six, eight , v twel e, sixteen parts , etc . , it is said to be l f r o f . o qua terly Six, eight, etc The ines l di vision may not always be straight ines . They may be a Single smooth curve o r composed of several curves r li indented o r o edged ke a saw ( ) ,

i . embattled . like battlements ( ) , etc (see F gs 8 9 10 11 12 , , , , , — Tinct u res The sur face of the Shield is v l o r in suppo sed t o be co ered, whol y part ,

u o r . by either metals, f rs , colors THIS COAT OF AR MS 3 1

l m al t w o : or The hera dic et s are gold, ; t If is m d l ar en . si ver, g the shield e blazone to ll in colors, these are be painted ye ow l and white respective y . They may be represented conventionally in blac k and hi 1 2 i e 1 . . . 8 . w te, as in Fig . and Figs , , etc ( , i ﬁ ar ent a plain shield sign es g ) . The principal heraldi c colors are

— a Fi 19 and Re d g tes ( se e gs . B — ur Fi 20 an d lu e az e ( see gs . B k— 21 d lac sable ( se e Figs . an n — Fi 22 and Gree vert ( se e gs . Pur l — u r ur Fi p e p p e ( se e g.

The latter color seldom occurs in Englis h o f al r c ert coats arms . In French her d y is ll d sino le ﬂe sh-c is ll car ca e p , and olor ca ed nation Fi 2 . 3 ls l g. a o shows the conventiona method O f depicting other colors (rarely ’ s tenne s an uin e . u ed) , as , g , etc O f ldi the hera c furs , three are most com viz mon ,

E rmin Fi e ( se e g. l Vair ( see Fig. P o tent ( see Fig.

1 dw Dr . E ard Everett Hale shr ewdly surmises that ’ C e w e fur z va ir n o t s : inderella s slipp rs er of , and of gla s ver re . 3 2 A PRIMER O F HERALDRY

O ur s n in s 2 28 29 . 7 . ther f s are how Fig , , i If new coats are to be dev sed, it is con ve nient to employ these rarely used furs, especially as they len d themselves to e fl e c n tive desig s . The Shield is wholly covered with these l meta s , furs, and colors . Upon it are $ ” d s charge certain devices, which are al o and A l . of meta s , furs , colors funda m ental rule o f blazoning is that metal o n must not be superposed metal , nor fur n A t o . a es on fur, nor color color lion g , m o n fi for exa ple, must not be charged a eld fi azure ar ent o r . , nor a lion g on a eld

n m a r f Co lo r m ay be place d o e t l o ur . r r f Meta co lo o ur .

Fur m e al o r co l r t o .

These rules have been universally fol l in En owed modern times , especially in g n m n la d . There are any a cient coats, n m however, that do not co for to the o f o f rule . The arms the kingdom Jeru s m n o f or ale , for insta ce consist crosses charged on a ﬁeld argent ; the arms of the sable Inquisition in Spain were , a cross v r M z d e t. oreover, when a charge is bla one CHARGES 3 3

ro er l l in its p p co or the rule does not app y .

Azure k- o a ro er i e . c ert , an tree p p ( . , ) , is an allowable blazon .

CHAR GES

A charge is any figure or device placed f upon a shield . In the nature o things most Shields must be di stinguished by D ’Ai r charges . The arms of b e t were originally a field ga tes without any other hi l $ h t ng, says Froissart, unti the Frenc n hi s - n l ki g gave to cousin germa , Sir Char es d’Al bre t o f , for the augmentation his honor, two quarters o f arms o f France with flo we r ” -l o f ermine de uces . The arms Brittany are and But l l no more . on y a few Shie ds can be composed with Simple tinctures and without charges . The heralds have divided charges into is l several classes . It on y necessary here di l di to stinguish two, name y, or naries and common charges . : The chie The o rdinaries are as follows f, which occupies the upper third o f the field dim i llet ( se e Fig. Its nutive is the fi o n h h l n e fourth o f t e c ief, and yi g at its 3 4 A PRIMER OF HERALDRY

ate o ne base . Thep is a vertical band, third o f s i o f the width the h eld (see Fig . o ne The pallet is half of the pale . The is in 31 bend (dexter) as Fig . when it bears l l another charge (as a ion , an eag e, and it then is one third the width o f the shield 12 ( se e Figs . and If it bears no charge fif o f hi It it must be one th t s width . has bend several diminutives (see Fig. The sinis ter crosses the Shield di agonally from not Sinister to dexter . It is the Sign of i baton o ne ill egit mate birth . The is fourth ben cou e ff the width of the d. It is p d (cut o ) mi at its extre ties , and is often used to mark ill i irnac e g t y . The cadets of the house o f Bourbon bore the baton ; the illegitimate sons the baton Sinister (Fig. esse 35 n hi The f (Fig . ) is o e t rd the width o f hi l bar 35 his the S e d, and the (Fig . ) , is o ne fif th of this width . (The bar is borne in o f i fi groups two, three, etc . The fesse s xed l in position, whi e bars may be placed any fi ld A $ ” where in the e . bar Sinister is an l Fo r impossib e charge .) various forms of i 1 11 r s 8 9 0 . hev on e e . c the fesse F gs , , , The 36 n (Fig . ) is formed of two bars co joined se e l 56 and A chevronet ( a so Figs . is

3 6 A PRIMER OF HERALDRY

’ c itche it is des ribed as f . Such crosses were se t up by the Crusaders in their devotions an (see Fig . Crosses d saltires may be $ ” 3 voided, as in Fig . 7 bis . uarter is l o ne The q , as the name imp ies, o f fi 5 51 52 5 fourth the eld (see Figs . , , , 7 The canton is a little quarter occupying o ne n e third of the chief, usually o th dexter side ron l o f (see Fig . The gy is ha f a quar 48 ter, bisected bendwise (see Fig . , where fi the whole eld is gyronny) . The gyron is i said to have orig nated in Spanish heraldr y. The bordure is one fifth o f the width of the l Shield (see Fig. It is frequent y added o n to a coat of arms , especially the Con t ine nt ff l , to distinguish an o shoot of a fami y o r e l from the original stock ; , as fr quent y, f o . in Spain, as an augmentation honor

The tressure is one fourth of the bordure . l In the arms o f Scotland it is borne doub e ,

- - eur counter leur i . e . and fl y f y, , with eight fle u rs-de-li s issuing from each tressure fle ur s -de -lis (Fig . These are said to allude to the early alli ances o f Scotland with France . The inescutcheon is a small Shield borne B ezants o n the center o f the field (Fig . CHARGES 3 7

r se 16 f r are small roundels o f o ( e Fig . o roundels) . Wh en a Shield consists o f more than o ne

di -l d d tincture, the divi ng ines are escribe , r l as to their di ection, as in the tit es to 1 16 1 61 2 3 4 5 6 7 5 7 6 63 . Figs . , , , , , , , , , , 15 l z o f Fig . is b a oned paly Six, because the lin es di vide the Shield into Six parts and f l o . 61 lie in the di rection the pa e Fig. is ix A ﬁ l z s . ch k b a oned barry of , etc eld ec y

- is divided like a chess board (Fig. The che ek Stewart s bear a fesse y . They were at ﬁrst hereditary stewards o f the Scottish kings ; and the checkered board was used in making up accounts, it is said . The foregoing gives an account O f the ordinaries o f subordinaries and most the . The reader should consult the titles to the various ﬁgures in the plates at the end of

. ll 58 59 60 this book See especia y Figs . , , . We have now to consider what figu res may fi l o ne be charged upon the e d, or upon any o f the ordinaries . — Co m m o n Charges Any device may be field — d charged upon the , animals, bir s, l ft h l — o e . and etters a phabet, weapons , etc , all h d or inaries suc evices , except the d just 3 8 A PRIMER OF HERALDRY

” described, are called common charges . Each of these devices may be represented it s ll ro er in native tints (when it is ca ed p p ) , or it may be di splayed in any one o f the l r o . A l heraldic meta s, furs, colors ion ver t zo Olo ical would be a g curiosity, but it

is a perfectly correct heraldic charge . The o f hi hl forms heraldic animals, etc . , are g y v z l Fo r con entionali ed a so . instance, an heraldic lion is all mouth and paws ; the features which represent hi s ferocity and d A strength are purposely exaggerate . con ve nt io nal heraldi c style has been evolved in s the course of centurie , which is not with o u t ll its exce ences , and which gives plea 64 sure to the expert . Fig . is an admirable example of medieval heraldic design (in G A Diire r ermany) , by lbrecht . It is a combination of medieval design with Re

naissance forms . Heraldi c animals are described as to their ram ant position in technical terms, as p , se ant An o f ﬁ j , etc . examination the gures at the end of this book will convey a bet ter notion o f the heraldic postures than In G m verbal descriptions . er an heraldry it is indifferent in whi ch direction the CHARGES 3 9

l l charges face . In Eng ish they a ways face has to dexter, as been said . If the arms o f d o n t wo h ld man and wife are marshale s ie s, o r o n l d se e the same shie d side by si e ( Fig . it is a ﬁxed rul e in Germany that the so charges must face toward each other, that the arm s o f the baron (dexter half o f

’ l contourne l the shield) are necessari y , whi e those o f the femme (sinister half) face in Al l hel their natural direction . English mets in proﬁle must also face to the dex ter ; but it is not so in Germany This rul e i s carried so far that in German heraldic books it has been customary t o make all t he charges and helmets face toward the inner side o f the pages $ This woul d no t A be tolerated in English practice . few of the more important charges will be named . Heraldic terms no t given here maybe found in the Century Dictionary . 33 55 67 68 69 70 on se e . The li ( Figs , , , , , , 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 l , , , , , , , and The ion was fo r several centuries the charge most o f o f frequently used . In a roll the time Edward II the arms of 918 bannerets are n 225 give . Lions occur in coats ; and 4 3 . eagles, a very frequent charge, in It 40 A PRIMER OF HERALDRY has been the badge (cognizance) o fEngland He nr l A D since the time of y ( . . Lions 1 s tatant assant may be (standing) , p (walk in ass ant ardant l n ll g) , p g (wa ki g with the fu ram ant salient face seen) , p (as in Fig . se ant (as in Fig . j (seated) , etc . Lions $ are generally blazoned armed and langued ” n tan ue a tes i . e . g , , with claws and to gue ( g ) a tes n ﬁ a tes g , u less the eld is g , in which case azure the color is usually . 2 s ta . 8 83 84 85 A The g (see Figs , , , , assant tri ant stag is not said to be p , but pp n o t s alient s ri n i n s e ant , but p g g ; not j , but lo dged ; etc . l 8 ea e . l The g (see Figs 7, The eag e la i is ed e . d . o f is usually p y , , as in the arms R d . the Unite States, ussia, etc It is single o f headed in the arms the United States, R G l ancient ome, ermany, etc . ; doub e d R 2 A l hea ed for ussia, ustria, the Ho y 3 f R . o Me x oman Empire, etc The eagle is d Az ico , with the cactus , erived from tec manuscripts .

1 These w ords are pronounced as they are Spelled in

En lish N . g , not as in orman French 2 The Cz ar of Ru ssia ass umed th e double -headed eagle z 1470 w as a cogni ance , in , on his marriage ith the niece

f z O the last By antine emperor . 3 The double -headed eagle has been the cogni z ance CHARGES 4 1

boar The (see Fig . The p eacock is said to be in his pride ” l when the tai is spread . The pelican is said to be in her piety ” when in the nest feeding her young with d O bloo from her breast . ther birds are 90 1 89 9 . shown in Figs . , , o f The wings birds, in pairs or single , are very common in the crests o f Ge r A O f man heraldry . plume (three) feathers P is the badge of the rince of Wales . It was assumed from that o f t he King o f Bohemia who was killed at the battle o f Cressy and has since been the co g z n f o f ni a ce o the princes Wales . Three allerions (eagles without beaks o r claws) ’ occur in the arms o f Lorraine ( alerion : loraine) . The martlet is a swallow with no beak and l no feet, and is frequently found in Eng ish heraldry (see Fig . Fi h A ﬁsh haurient s . is when it is in l d A d pa e with the head upwar . olphin (dauphin) was the cognizance o f the dau hins o f e p France ( s e Fig . It is usually emb w e l 9 o ed se . 3 ( a so Figs ,

S ince the beginning of the ﬁfteenth century . Before that time the emperor bore the eagle with a Single head . 42 A PRIMER OF ERALD RY

W i ld men o r savages are most frequently met with as supporters . P ar ts o the human bod f y (a hand, an arm,

e t c . ) are often used as charges . The heart (of Bruce) appears in the arm s of Douglas

(Fig . dra on dr The g (see Fig . The agon is l an hera dic charge, either with or without t s S . George ( e e the beautiful design o n the obverse of the gold sovereign s o f the Eng u cockatrice wivern lish c rrency) . The and ur are fabulous beasts of the same nat e, and, dr ldi m like the agon , have hera c for s all r 80 thei own (Figs . and The sun usually appears in his splen ” dor i a e . , . , front f ce, or with rays (as in B l the seal of owdoin College, for examp e)

(Fig . r cent The mo on is usually either c es (Fig . 96) (a new moon with the horns pointing o r increscent o r upward) , (horns to dexter) , decrescent (horns to sinister) . The three 9 crescents interlaced o f Fig . 7 is a very Old

design of religious origin .

S tars have Six wavy points ( se e Fig .

- l A ﬁve pointed star is heraldi cally a ma le t.

ierced i . e . The mallet as a charge is Often p , ,

44 A PRIMER OF HERALDRY

thistle l The is the emblem of Scot and . The shamrock (quatrefoil) is the emblem o f Ireland . Several of the States of the Union have l formally adopted a ﬂower as an emb em, as : A labama li follows , the goldenrod ; Ca for nia ll Co lorado c o , the ye ow poppy ; , the lum bine D elaware - l ; , the peach b ossom ;

Idaho M aine - , the syringa ; , the pine cone and l M innesota tasse ; , the cypripedium ; M ontana - N e braska , the bitter root ; , the New York Oklahoma goldenrod ; , the rose ; , O re on d Utah the mistletoe ; g , the goldenro ; ,

-l Vermont re d l the sego ily ; , the c over ; Rho e I land isconsin l d s and W , the map e

tree . A r r e ga b (or ge b ) is a sheaf of wheat . A mount c ert (usually in the base o f a Shield) is a green moun d o f earth o ut of which other charges rise (as in the beauti ful and appropriate seal o f the United States D A epartment o f griculture) (see Fig . The bro ad- arrow is often found as a

- o rd charge . The master general of the 1 9 o c nance ( 6 3) used this charge , which o f curred in his coat arms, to mark cannon, has etc . Ever since that day it been em CHARGES 45 ployed as a m ark for governm ent stores in general at all British stations, and it is ll f as we known as the lions o England . The castle appears in the arms o f Castile a tes or (g , a castle ) . The ladder is found in Galileo’s arms and i r in the arms o f the Scal ge s o f Verona . s ar m The pe . The ar s granted to Shak s e re ’s or o n s able p father were , a bend , a - fi r i . e o tilting spear of the eld ( . , ) . sword The . The arms granted to Joan o f Arc azure l were , a sword in pa e, point U t l pward, suppor ing a roya crown , between fle u rS- d -li or 32 two e s (Fig . shows a sword in bend) . When there is more than o ne charge o n h d is a S iel , it necessary to specify the posi o f o ne o f o ne tion each . Three charges kind (in English heraldry) are always ar $ ranged t wo and one ” unless otherwise fi speci ed . In continental heraldry the ar rangement is always described . — Cade nc . o f d y The arms a father descen , o f all o f right, to his sons , each whom may l in turn becom e the head o f a fami y . In ” early tim es the difi e re nce s employed to mark the various branches were Obtained 46 A PRIMER OF HERALDRY

by the use Of bordures, by changing the f n o . colors the coat, etc E glish practice

prescribes the following rules, which have

l : not been strictly fol owed, however The l so n difl e r e dest bears the paternal arms , ” l l i . nce d abe e . e by a , , by a Sign like the o f 102 H f . a device in chief Fig . ere the ’ the r’s ul or arms wo d be , and the eldest son s ul or ar coat wo d be , a label of three points en so n difl e re nce s his g t . The second coat by n so n mulle a cresce t (Fig . the third by a t five - d martlet (a pointe star) , the fourth by a

(Fig . etc The grandsons (during the life of their grandfather) difference their d coats in the same manner . The secon so n o f the eldest so n would place a cres $ ’ l l O r o f cent upon his father s abe , mark ” cadency . Englishmen entitled t o bear arms brought coats SO differenced to America ; o f — and marks cadency labels , crescents, ll o n A etc . sti remain many merican coats , o f and have, in fact, now become a part d the arms . They were not remove at the d h ul d h eat of the parent, as they sho ave o f u been . The arms da ghters are not diﬁ e re nce d h in in this manner, as t ey are CHARGES 47

di n So capable of foun g a family . long as they are unmarried their arms are the sam e o f as those their father . If his arms are difi e re nce d , theirs must be, of course . The marks o f cadency Should be borne o n the o n as as o n crest and the supporters , well l the arms , in Eng ish heraldry, according to l ru e . A S ld we have seen, the Shie may be di vide d in difi e re nt ways by a few partition l difi e re nt difl e r ines . The parts may be of ll ent tinctures, and a comparatively sma xiii mbe r of charges may be superposed o n h ld difl rin the S ie in e g positions . These are the elements from which armorial bear l and h l d l ings are bui t up, t ey en themse ves to a great variety o f relatively simple co m binatio n s . It has been estimated that there are at least two hundr ed thousand difi e re nt 1 o f t o - coats arms known day . It is by no means di fficul t t o compose an entirely ne w coat that Shall be Simple and yet entirely distinct from any coat now in use . While the right o f bearing arms w as

” 1 Arm 0ri 1 n r l Rie st a 1861 The a Ge e a of M . p ( ) alone contain s the coats of more than sixt y thou sand families . 4 8 A PRIMER OF HERALDRY

m ﬁn c s o f for erly con ed to the las nobles, merchants were permitted to adopt distinc — merchants’ marks — tive devices, , which n n were placed upo their mercha dise . Such m marks, which are often mere onograms o r o f letters the alphabet, are frequently n in P o f s fou d olish coats arm as charges . O f ’ m printers arks , the best known is that o f A — l ldus the do phin and the anchor . In modern times we ﬁnd ancestral arms

- put to practical use as trade marks . The Montebello champagne is marked with the arms granted by Napoleon to Marshal L c er t l annes ( , a naked sword in pa e), and there are many like instances .

HELMETS

A V and l l BO E the Shield, so id y resting

- upon it, is the helmet It is full faced with bars , for kings, princes, and the

- n fo r higher nobility ; full faced, ope , baro i ﬁ fo r e s nets and kn ghts ; in pro le, closed, l — in n quires and gent emen E glish practice, l and also in French . These ru es do not l apply in Germany . Upon the he met rests o f the wreath, a twisted band (six twists) l o f two tinctures . The principal meta the CRESTS 49

fi fi arms occupies the rst, third, and fth the twists (counting from the dexter) , and principal color occupies the other twists . O f m se e For difl e re nt forms hel ets Figs .

106 10 108 109 110 111 119 and 64. , 7, , , , , ,

CRESTS

CRESTS came into general use in the l thirteenth century, and are an essentia m part of the ar s . In German practice they o n often repeat the charges the shield, and are very elaborate and o f exaggerated size — l l n very much arger than the shie d, in ma y o f M kl cases . The arms of the dukes e c e n or ’ sable d burg are , a bull s head , crowne

a tes . or and a tes g Their crest is a fan g , ’ supporting a peacock s tail, and between the latter and the fan the shield is repeated . ne ce s This crest, with its helmet, must s arily be drawn very much larger than the shield . Many Germ an crests bear horns i o r in pairs, w th without additions . Wings in pairs occur very frequently in German n heraldry as crests . In E glish practice there is seldom a relation between the crest and l the charges of the shie d . 5 0 A PRIMER OF HERALDRY

t o The crest is in theory a badge, be as an rac sumed at will by individual . In p l tice the crest, ike the arms, usually remains so n l the same from father to . In Eng and the crest is frequently displayed over a wreath of the colors in Germany it is never separated from the helmet, on which it must G l rest solidly . erman hera ds make merry o ver our English crests floating in the air . In Germany all crests face as the helmet is o . s faces If this in face, must be the fi crest ; if in pro le, the crest must also be fi no t in pro le . This rule does Obtain in l i l Eng and, though it is the log ca practice 55 (see Fig . , however, where it is carried ut G o ; and compare Fig . The erman o r fi helmet may be borne full face in pro le, l and according to fancy. In Eng and ( in France) each rank has its appropriate i M . e . helmet . oreover, a quartered coat ( , quarterings Of various coats derived from difl e re nt families) in Germany always has the right to at least two helmets and crests, l though they are not a ways borne . In Eng land it is not common to di splay more than a single helmet and crest, even when the right exists .

5 2 A PRIMER OF H ERALDRY

BADGES

BADGES were borne by nobles at least as o f as early coats arms, and they con t inu e d in common u se in England down l z to the times of Queen E i abeth . The lanta enista P p g (broom) of the lantagenets, the roses o f York (white) and Lancaster ff o f l (red) , the bear and ragged sta Ear w ll War ick, are we known

The ram pant be ar chaine d t o a ragge d st aﬁ ’ This day I ll we ar alo ft m y burgo ne t SH K PERE H enr I P II c c A S V a a t v s . ( , y , rt , ,

The Scottish clans still employ their o f h B u ccle u h o r badges heat er ( g ) , ivy (G MacGre o r don) , pine ( g ) , thistle (Stewart) ,

. h etc , to which t eir chiefs (only) add two ’ eagle s feathers . Badges are cognizances — the marks by which individuals are dis t in uish g e d . MOTTOS

THE motto was anciently the cri- ole guerre (the war- cry) as well as the personal motto of the noble . Froissart speaks o f MOTTOS 5 3

” as the cry, arms, and name if this were the order o f their importance ; and it is true that war-cries were not per mi l A tt e d . to the esser nobles gain, it is probable that the arms did in fact precede l the fami y name in many cases . The de vice in the shield o f the noble gave the t o t he il name fam y in some instances . The swallow (hirondelle) in the arms of Arundel o f mil was the origin the fa y name . The famil y name o r motto is frequently im in armes artantes plied the arms or crest ( p ) . L ’ Thus Sir Thomas ucy, Shakspere s enemy, lucies ﬁsh S bore (a , the pike) ; the purrs bear spur-rowels ; W O LT von W o lﬂ thal (Germany) a wolf in arm s and crest ; the dauphins o f France a dolphin (dauphin) ; He re dit ar surnam e s w e re no t ado t d etc . y p e l unti the thirteenth, and were not common till the fourteenth , century . The French de De la R ( oche , for example) shows that many surn ames arose from the o f name a property, etc . There were few Americans bearing three names before 1 0 77 . In o ld German heraldry mottos were not l ’ T . In rinitate emp oyed Bismarck s motto , 5 4 A PRIMER OF HERALDRY

R o bur , is not hereditary . It was assumed by the present prince when he received the decoration o f the Danebrog from the King f D D ieu e t mon roi o . d t enmark , is the o f E Go tt mit ans o f P motto ngland ; , rus sia P lus ultra S n E luribus unam ; , of pai ; p , R S . . of the United tates ; etc . F . E T . (the device o f the house of Savoy) stands for

For titudo ejus Rhodum tenuit. The device — of the hous e of Austria the ﬁve vowels — d Austria E st Im e may be interprete , p r r r - are O bi Unic e so; etc . The war cry Of ’ B eauseant ll the Templars was , in a usion ’ - - B eauseant t o their black and white ﬂag . is O ld French fo r a black-and-white charger . The motto o f the coat o f arms may be a e ll - purely personal o n as we as the war cry. m G M e . de enlis, speaking of personal mot $ ll : sa tos, we says Chaque personne, par v e e u n o u de ise, r v le petit secret, prend une ’ m n ” A sorte d e ngage e t . few mottos may be here se t down as examples . or A D Aberdeen : B en A cc d ( . . ’ ’ The French Academ y : A l immortalite .

Beauharnais : Autre ne sers . m m Sara Bernhardt : Quand e e . r Douglas : Jamais ar iere . KNOTS AND BLAZO NING 5 5

Erasmus (with a ﬁgure of the god Ter o nulli minus) : Cred . Louis X IV (with a sun in splendor 1) im ar N ee pluribus p . Mistral the poet (with a locust) : L e soleil it hanter me fa c . ’ Montaigne : S ais-je 5 P G d l eter the reat, in Hollan , sea ed with a Signet o n which the device was a carpen ’ ter s apprentice and the motto : M on rang ’ ’ l er et ’ ai b n m i r lui an eeo i esoi de a t es . est ce d , j Rohan : P laisance$

m de ll : L e M e . Sevigne (with a swa ow) froid me chasse . A ait Voltaire : u f .

KNOTS

KNOTS are a kind o f personal badge ( se e 101 Fig. , which gives the principal forms o f heraldic knots) .

BLAZ ONING

2 BLAZ ONING a coat o f arms means its d h ldi accurate escription in era c terms ,

1 V u v Charles of France sed the same de ice, according t o Froissart . 2 Blaz on ( blazonry) is the doctrine accordi ng to whi ch w arms are described and marshaled . The ord is proba v m bl en u bly deri ed from the Ger an as , to blow, in all sion 5 6 A PRIMER OF HERALDRY so that it can be understood or drawn o u t n n from the descriptio . The la guage of l it s the herald is technica and brief, and use cannot be learned except by practice O n o n many examples . ly the barest outline ﬁ of the art can be given here . In the rst z place, the description (the bla on) must be

d . brief, and all tautology must be avoi ed Each charge must be mentioned in the strict order o f its im portance (in the order it s d of nearness to the surface of the shiel , l ﬁ l for examp e) . The rst mention of a co or v a tes (or metal) must gi e its name, as g ,

azure . and no t re , etc , this name must be a pe t e d . If it is necessary to refer to the ll $ ﬁ ” $ color again, it is ca ed the rst, the ” n . l ﬁ l seco d, etc Thus a Si ver e d with a t w o n green fesse, charged with gree crosses the and above fesse one below it, and bear ing o n the fesse itself three silver stars o f

ﬁve : ar ent points, would be blazoned g , a fesse c ert between three crosses o f the sec o nd ul ﬁ , as many m lets of the rst . This z l bla on, and others ike it, becomes very

u u to the tr mpets of the heralds at to rnaments, where the di i name, arms, and lineage of the conten ng kn ghts were proclaimed . MARSHALING 5 7 plain when we recollect the fundamental rul e that color m ust not be charged o n l l co or, nor meta on metal . The silver ll mus t o n st u mu ets be the fesse . If the dent will careful ly read the titles to the ﬁ gures given in this book (especially Figs . 16 17 56 5 64 l 7 . , , , , , etc ) he wi l obtain some l o f l z insight into the ru es b a on .

MARSHALING

A o r S is COAT ARM hereditary . Every so n h l in erits the paterna coat . If there a re h no sons , all the daug ters (heiresses) inherit it, and can transmit it to their children . When o ne marries the arms go ll has with the a iance . The husband the h h his right to mars a her coat wit , and their children inherit the new quartered l o f coat . The marsha ing such complex coats has been performed in various ways diﬂ n h A hus at e re t epoc s . nciently the band’ s coat was cut in two per pale (di m idiat e d and d ) , its dexter half forme the A f d . dexter half o the new shiel ( , Fig while the sinister half (B in the same ﬁg ure) was formed o f the sinister half o f the h ’ eiress s coat . This arrangement was very 5 8 A PRIMER OF HERALDRY

P unsatisfactory, for obvious reasons . arts ’ o f three lions of the husband s coat might be continued by parts o f three Ships of the ’ A D wife s, etc . The next process (about . . l m 1500) was to marsha by i palement . In 65 A l ’ Fig . , , is the who e of the husband s coat, wif ’ B , the whole of the e s . The modern fashion is as follows The husband bears his A o n ld paternal arms ( ) a Shie , and over the Shield an inescutcheon (a small Shield cen l 2 ral . 5 t y placed, as in Fig ) bearing the arms h hi hi s . s (B) of the eiress , wife Unless wife is in fact an heiress, he may not bear l her arms . The chi dren of such a marriage s h h bear a quartered coat ( e e Fig . wit t e l ﬁ t h paterna arms in the rst and four , the h d maternal in the second and t ir , quarters, A B ’ Should the issue o f such a mar B A ria e b e l dau ht e r he ire ss she wo ul d g an on y g ( ) , d he r d carry the quartere coat to husban . During his life he would bear his paternal ’ arms (C) , with his wife s quartered coat on an inescutcheon ; their children would bear o f and o o n s s e . a coat Six quarters, ( e Figs 51 52 57 l , , for examp es of quartered coats o f is l arms) . Such the Eng ish practice .

6 0 A PRIMER OF HERALDRY

A t r : a es a ent. ustria g , a fesse g : a tes o n Sir Francis Bacon g , a chief ar ent ull bl i sa e . e . t w o g , two m ets pierced ( , ﬁve - pointed black stars with white centers) . : or ules Baden , a bend g . : ar ent l d l d Brandenburg g , an eag e isp aye l gu es . : or l ul Bruce , a sa tire and chief g es . a : ates é l d Ch teaubriant g , sem (sprink e ) ﬂe urs - -lis or with de (like Fig .

: ar ent a tes Chaucer per pale g and g , a i d . e . bend counterchange ( , the dexter half of the bend is gates; the sinister is argent) . Fo r examples o f counterchanging se e Figs . 16 1 116 , 7, and .

: ar ent a tes . Croy g , three bars g D e Vo iié : azure - or g , a game cock wat i tle d and d ates . e . arme g ( , with red dew l and aps spurs) .

D : ar ent a tes ouglas g , a human heart g , i e l ensigned ( . . , crowned) with a roya crown rO er azure p p , on a chief , two stars of the ﬁ r 95 o f rst a gent) (see Fig . for a part

this blazon) . D ukes o f O rleans : France modern, a n r n bato a ge t . l : azure n John Eve yn , a grypho passant COATS OF ARMS 6 1

r i l and o e . and a chief ( . , both anima chief r are o ) . d : or sable Flan ers , a lion rampant , armed ules g . ’ 2 1 azure . Frontenac , three eagles gambs, ,

: azure G ar ent . Greece , a reek cross g

: ar ent ro er . Grenada g , a pomegranate p p t or a es . Guienne g , a lion passant gardant z l n r nt Hohen ollern quarterly s ab e a d a ge . o f l h Knights St . John of Jerusa em : t ey o n a tes r ent bore a chief g a cross a g . : ar ent a tes d London g , a cross g , in exter

ro er . chief a dagger, point up, p p o f l : ar ent l h Lords the Is es g , a ymp ad

i - . e . l sable ( , an ancient war gal ey) . M : a tes ar ent agdeburg per fesse g and g , n a bordure cou terchanged .

h M l : a tes M l Knig ts of a ta g , a a tese cross ar ent g . Mar : azure x , a bend between si crosses ﬁt ché or crosslet .

P : azure l ercy (ancient) , a fesse engrai ed i e . . 12 r ( , with edges like Fig . ) o . P l r t r : c e o . o a (city) , a cross

: ar ent a tes d Sardinia g , a cross g , cantone M ’ h i o n e . e by four oors eads ( . , in each l o f ang e the cross) . 6 2 A PRIMER OF HERALDRY

: s able Shelley , a fesse engrailed between i e . l or three whelks ( . , she ls) . Sir P n r i S : o . e . hilip id ey , a pheon ( , - azure arrow head) .

S : or leswick , two lions passant gardant

i . e o ne azure in pale ( . , above the other) . : or che e k ar ent and Stuart , a fesse y g

azure .

Su abia : ar ent d l sable g , an eagle isp ayed , ules armed g .

: azure ro er Thun and Taxis , a badger p p G D achs (a badger in erman is , which is a o r rebus f Taxis) . r nt l l d ules : a e . Tyrol g , an eag e disp aye g les : or u . Ul ster , a cross g

v o f B : a tes Uni ersity ologna g , two keys argent in saltire ; o n a chief azure a closed or book, palewise, . m n a tes University Of Ca bridge, E gland g , ermine o f o n a cross , between four lions d o f ﬁ ﬁ Englan , a book the rst (arms rst used in o f H : s a ble University eidelberg , a lion or n a tes rampant , crow ed g , holding in his

paws an open book .

o f O : azure University xford , between or r r three open crowns an open book p op e . ARMS OF KINGDOMS AND STATES 6 3

V az r n d l f : u e o St . enice , the wi ge ion M or ark . Washington (George) se e the frontis

piece . D f 2 l o : se e . 5 We lington ( uke ) Fig .

ARMS OF KINGDOMS AND STATES

HERAL DRY is closely all ied with history in the armorial bearings o f kingdoms and monarchs The evidences o f the alliances Of o f ruling kings, and even their aspira n as ﬁ tio s, are, it were , petri ed in their coats f l o f o arms . The gold nob e (coin) Edward o f n III E gland displays his arms quarterly, IV I and France ancient, II and III Eng l and t wo and, thus exhibits interesting

: fi h d l facts rst , t at Edwar c aimed the crown o f o f France as right ; and, second, that he n gave France precedence over E gland . And in m , fact, the France which he clai ed w m n P ( estern France, fro Na tes to the yre nees) was then a richer inheritance than his n fle u rs-de - isla d kingdom . The lis on the — tressure (fle ury- counter fle ury) surround 50 ing the lion of Scotland (see Fig . ) mark the alliances o f the Scottish and 6 4 A PRIMER OF HERALDRY

G French royal houses . The uelfs, who had claims on the throne of England (about n bore the E glish arms diminished,

t . i . e . a es , g , two (not three) lions of England Their crest contains the white horse o f the o ld Saxons over a kingly crown The seal f l D o Trinity Co lege, ublin bears the name o f Queen Elizabeth and the Tudor o f all l rose (the badge the Tudors) , but a so s di plays the portcullis , the badge of the uf o f Bea orts , and thus exhibits a piece early history . The present arms o f England are well IV a tes known ; they are quarterly, I and g , 1 three lion s of England ( or) in pale ; II Scot n or n la d ( , a lio rampant within a tressure ﬂe u ry- counter-ﬂe ury ga tes) ; III Ireland azure or n ar ent ( , a harp , stri ged g ) . The shield is surrounded with the collar o f the G n d arter, and surmou te bythe royal crown . l o f The crest is a ion England . The sup porters are a lion (for E ngland) and a uni l D e corn (for Scot and) . The motto is ieu t m droit on . The full coat of arms of a monarch con tains many quarterings to exhibit his many

1 8 . See Fig . 7 ARMS OF THE UNITED STATES 6 5

r alliances with p i ncely houses . Whenever the daughter o f the Elector of Bavaria w as $ not in mourning it w as a Sign that all ” Europe was in good health (court o f

Louis XV) .

S A A S N F THE E L, RM , A D LAG OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

THE history o f the great seal o f the United States is given in an ofﬁcial docu ment issued by the Department o f State in 2 189 .

113 o f l Fig. is a copy the sea now in use .

: ar ent six l It is blazoned as follows g , pa lets 1 a tes azure o n o f g , a chief , borne the breast A l l ro er an merican eag e disp ayed p p , hold ing in his dexter talon an olive -branch with o f thirteen fruits , in his sinister a sheaf as ro er many arrows , all p p ; above his head a sk azure i m y , charged w th as any mullets o f ﬁ 1 2 3 4 1 w the eld, , , , , , environed ith a l or and s ha o of rays , encircled with cloud ro er p p ; in his beak a scroll of the last, with E luribus anum the motto p .

1 u u The arms . It sho ld be noticed that the O ter edges ar ent ur ﬂ ule N o a s . of the shield are g ; of g, g otice also no t that the stars are borne on the shield . 6 6 A PEB I E OF HERAL D RY

The Congres s o f the United States a e n at n fl a 14 1 dopt d a io al g June , 777. In the e arlv days o f the Revolutionary War the di e r e nt c olonies m ade us e o f various ann a n b ers . The n tio al flag ad opted w as t o h ave thi rt een stripes (correspo nding t o hi l e the t rteen origina Stat s) , alternately re d an d whi te ( red stripe s bordering the fi . w as t o eld) The Union be blue, charged ir i Af v ri with th teen wh te stars . ter a ous c an n as v slight h ges , the flag remai s abo e, except that the Uni on is now charged with as y s r as ar e a e h man ta s there St t s . W en a new State is adm itt ed its star is added o n the Fourt h of Jul y next succeeding the date i n fla n n . O ur of it s e trance into the U o g, i s m w as fi i s o n ul 4 in th for , rst d played J y , 1818 . The fl ag doe s no t exactly reproduce the w ill e — arms, it be se n nor, of course, is ul so there any reason why it sho d do . al Bo th flag and arms are st rictly her dic . ni n m e s n fla o f In the opi o of ost p r o s , the g ni d a is s d t o o l the U te St tes u e free y, and t o o s e c v r i with little re p t, for ad e t sing pur

- A o s as a d e tc . p se , tra e mark, movement is o t o l u se in on fo t regu ate its such ways,

6 8 A PRIMER OF HERALDRY the n ewer States contravene all heraldic ul o f r es , and are mere monstrosities (those s M Nevada, Kansa , innesota, They were adopted in a stage o f cul ture in which such things were valued simply for l l their lega use . From time to time rea improvements are introduced (by law) , and it is instructive to note that these are al o f ways returns to heraldic usage . Some the States have adopted State flags (Con ne cticut 1897 in , for example) ; and a State e emblem, usually a flower, has also be n M o f o u r chosen in many instances . ost o f cities have seals , a few them being very ll A ul o f we designed . very f l account American Official seals is given in Ziebe r’s $ A ” Heraldry in merica .

TITLES OF NOBILITY

THE highest hereditary title that can be l Duke he d by a British subject is that of . The premier duke of E ngland is Henry Fit zalan D o f Howard, uke Norfolk and Earl of Surrey Earl o f Aru ndel d 1139 ﬁ (feu al title about , con rmed l f B Fit zalan Ear o Norfolk aron , TITLES OF NO B ILITY 6 9

n O swald st r Clu , and e e B aron Mal 13 0 3 . travers ( , by writ) The premier duke o f Scotland is Alfred D D a - D o f ouglas ougl s Hamilton , uke Ham ilton and Marquess o f Clydesdale Marquess o f Douglas Marquess o f Hamilton Earl o f Selkirk l o f L A and Ear anark, rran, Cambridge Earl o f Angus Baron H am ilton Baron Abernethy and Je d B A Po l burgh Forest aron von, m Machanshire and Inne rdale ont, , Baron Daer and Sho rt cle u ch Duke o f Brandon and Baron Dutton The premier duke o f Ireland is Maurice z D o f Mar Fit gerald, uke Leinster quess o f Kildare and Earl o f Cﬂ aly Earl o f Kildare B aron o f C ﬂ aly 1205 22 l h 8 ( , by tenure) . There are Eng is ,

2 . Scottish , and Irish dukes The next hereditary rank is that o f Mar 1 22 l h 4 quess . In 896 there were Eng is , Scot

s 10 . ti h, and Irish marquesses Next in r 121 44 order come the E a ls ( English, 2 l 6 . Scottish, Irish titles) The Ear s are nts 29 followed by the Viscou ( of England,

5 o f l 3 o f l . Scot and, 7 Ire and) Then follow 7 0 A PRIMER OF HERALDRY

B arons 310 o f l d 25 l d the ( Eng an , of Scot an ,

65 o f Ireland) . The Oldest title o f Baron is held by D e Kin sale Courcy, Lord g , Baron Courcy,

o f Rin ro ne l . 1181 Baron g (an Irish tit e of , 139 was confirmed by patent in 7, which li preceded by an Eng sh barony by tenure, from the Conquest, The title o fB aronet was created by James I in order to fill his treasury fo r the con An quest o f Ireland . y gentleman with an estate o f the annual value o f o ne thousand ld pounds , who wou agree to maintain thirty fo r l d soldiers three years in Ire an , might receive the title ; and the treasury issued a receipt to him fo r the first year’ s pay o f ldi the so ery, at the rate of eightpence per O ne m day . of the ost amusing o f survivals h occurs in t is connection . The baronets o f tod ay are no longer obliged to maintain l t o the quota of so diers ; but the treasury, o f preserve the ancient form the warrant, still issues to the newly created baronet o f 1898 a receipt for the pay of thirty men for o ne year $ The first baronet of England (1611) was B Sir Nicholas acon, father of Sir Francis, TITLES OF NOBILITY 7 1

A l afterward Lord Bacon . descendant stil l holds the title as e eventh baronet . There are 771 baronets of England and the United d 91 o f King om baronets Scotland, 64 f l A $ o Ire and . baronet is Sir Nicholas B art ” Bacon , , for example ; his wife is ” Lady Bacon . All the foregoing dignities are hereditary, and they are seldom conferred upon persons h t o m w o have not wealth maintain the . Personal honors are conferred upon indi vidu als i , for their lives only, by bestow ng the decorations o f the various orders o f h B n knight ood, as the ath , etc . The K ight $ B is Sir Nicholas acon, K . C . his wife $ ” l n is Lady Bacon . The owest distinctio n is that of K ight Bachelor . It is conferred by the sovereign in person , and is personal, $ A l Sir not hereditary . Knight Bache or is Kt ” $ ” Nicholas Bacon, ; his wife is Lady

Bacon . The nobility o f Germany is divided into

ff : 1 H erzo di erent classes, as follows ( ) g (Duke) ; (2) Fitrst (Prin ce) (there are two

o f n : classes pri ces the higher, who are D urchlaucht addressed as ; the lower, who are styled Fitrstliehe Gnaden); (3) Graf 7 2 A PRIMER OF HERALDRY

(Count) ; (4) Freiherr (Baron) ; (5) nobles ; B itter and this class includes the (Knight) . A n H er In ustria the obles are, in order, zo Fars t M ar uis Gra Conte B aron g, , q , f, , Freiherr B itter ( ), , etc . D ue P rince M ar uis Com In France, , , q , te, Vicomte B aron ali r Chec e . , , D uca P rinci e M archese Conte In Italy, , p , , , Vi on B r n l c te a o e N o bi e . , ,

S Gra B aron Ade l n l . In weden , f, , ( ob e) In R d P ussia the or er is, rinces, Counts

Barons , and nobles . O ne o f the titles o f the King Of France $ ” was Most Christian Ki ng ; the King o f $ ” Spain is His Catholic Majesty ; the King $ H n A M ” of u gary His postolic ajesty . Henry VIII of Englan d received the title $ n ” o f Defe der of the Faith . These titles P were conferred by the ope .

O RDERS OF KNIGHTHO O D I m N a s all book like the present, written A d o f for mericans, little need be sai the At re orders of knighthood . a diplomatic e tio n h o r l c p at the W ite House, at a ba l in n n o f Lo don , the i signia modern orders (which are worn only with full dress) may ORDERS OF KNIGHTHOOD 7 3

be seen . The Knight wears the jewel (usuall y a cross) o n the left breast of the coat ; the Knight Commander wears it su s pended from a ribbon round the neck ( en s autoir) ; the higher ofﬁcers wear a star o n the breast, with a wide ribbon over the o f Shoulder . In evening dress miniatures the orders are often worn at the buttonhole o f the coat . In morning costume a ribbon o r l rosette may be worn, a so at the button hole . o f In former days Knights St . John (Knights of Malta) augmented their coats a tes o f arms by a chief g , charged with a cross or ; and the Knights o f the Teutonic F r O rder bear its cross in their arms . o the higher grades o f an order Of knight hood the collar o f the order surrounds the d o f o f is Shiel the coat arms , and charged o f the Honi s oit with the motto order, as , qui mat ypense Shame to him who thinks l evil Of it for the Garter . The ower grades e (commander, knight) suspend the cross b l l o w the shield by the ribbon . In Eng ish heraldry the helmet o f the knight must be l ﬁl . in ful face, not in pro e The history o f the ancient orders of chiv 7 4 A PRIMER OF HERALDRY

— alry the Golden Fleece (founded the f O rder o St . John of Jerusalem the 1118 — ' Templars ( etc . may be found o f o f in most books reference . Some the m ’ore important orders are mentioned o f d o below, with the dates their foun ati n,

etc .

En land. o f ar er A D g O rder the G t ( . . l Thistle 1540 This order, ike those of the ( ) P atrick and of S t. is bestowed only o n princes and great nobles . O rde r o fthe B ath(1399) B t o h ld and C . . It is given bot so iers l civi ians . f t M ichae l an eor e S . d S t G O rder o . g

M . . M . M . . . G . G G . . . G . C , K C , C It is usu ll l a y conferred for services in the co onies, di o f except In a, which has two orders its o w n viz S tar o India I ndian , . , the f , and the — Em E . ir K . e . . . . p . C K C I , etc i toria r The V c C oss is not an order, prop erly speaking ; but it is a high distinction l for military va or . — Franca The o ld orders o f France were A swept away by the Revolution . famous — — order the Legion ofH onor w as instit ut e d 1802 ll e x is by Napoleon I in , and is sti in

7 6 A PRIMER OF HERALDRY

— Be lgium The O rder O f L eopo ld — o f Redeemer Greece . The O rder the — Italy The O rder o f the Annunciation 2 o ne n n o f ( 136 ) is of the most a cie t Europe,

and is bestowed o n princes only . The L azaru 1434 M aurice and S t . s orders o f S t. ( ) and o f the Cro wn of I taly ( 1868) are given

for both military and civil merit. The

Pope bestows various orders also .

Po r u al o f t g has several orders, which

t B enedict o Acis S t . those of S . f James the O rder o f Chris t the Tower and Sword are very ancient

foundations, connected with the Crusades . Spain also has several ancient orders : Calatrac a t t James (abou S . A lcantara O ur L ady of M ontesa the Go lden Fleece Russia - The most famous order o f Ru s sia t Ge r is the S . o ge which is be stowed only for the highest military se r

. O f t Vladimir 1 82 vices The orders S . ( 7 ) An St . ne 1 and ( 735) are often seen . — Ve ne zue la The only order m aintained o n the South American continent is the O o f Liberator v rder the (Boli ar) , which was founded by Peru in 1825 ( and subsequently SILVER PLATE 7 7

s V n di solved) , and adopted by e ezuela in 1854 . — Unite d States The Cincinnati is a true d order, in which the honor escends to the o n eldest s . It was instituted at the close o f the War o f the Revolution Ge n ﬁ eral Washington was its rst president . M edal o H onor The f , given by the United it s and States to soldiers sailors , is a true decoration (see the section of this work on 83 and patriotic societies , pages

SILVER PLATE

A VERY interesting chapter might be written o n the silver plate of colonial times now in the possession of churches , corpora di M tions, and in viduals . uch was brought here from England and the Continent (and this can usually be identiﬁed and dated by

l- the hal marks) . From early days there A l o f P l were merican si versmiths , whom au Revere (1735 who made the night ride from Boston t o Lexington is P o f perhaps the most famous . ieces Silver ware are often marked with the initials o f B w A married couples , thus , which might mean that the piece belonged to William 7 8 A PRIMER OF HERALDRY

and A n s ns M n g e Blake, for i tance . a y of the se venteenth - centu ry pieces were engraved with arms when they were brought from

England . In the eighteenth century it b e came common for prosperous gentlemen in t he l n s co onies to assume armorial beari g , which were sometimes entirely new achieve ments, but more often were similar to those o f some branch o f the family in the o ld 119 se e . country ( Fig , which represents a piece o f plate made in Boston before

HEREDITARY PATRIOTIC SOCIETIES IN THE UNITED STATES W ITHIN the past few years there has been a remarkable m ovement in the United ul States , which has res ted in the formation o f many patriotic hereditary societies o f l hi arge members p , with chapters in every e li i State o f the Union . Those only are g ble to membership who can prove their descent from an ancestor o f colonial o r R an O fli c e r o r evolutionary times , from r n soldier o seama of the various wars, from m M a lower Hu u e a pilgri in the yf , an early g i not em grant, etc . These societies bring AMERICAN PATRIOTIC SO CLETIES 7 9 men (and women) o f like traditions to z ff gether, and organi e them in an e ective n way for actio . The action contemplated — is patriotic never religious o r related to l party po itics . The general society from its headquarters issues charters to branch f societies in the di ferent States . Each State society forms an organized group o f t o persons well known each other, by name l and . at least, often persona ly Certain of the societies have been very l active in preserving Old monuments, bui d and ings, landmarks, historic documents , or in erecting tablets and monum ents at o r the o f historic places, in marking Sites battles or the graves o f Revolutionary so l d O z iers . thers have founded pri es to be given annually t o school- children for essays o n A O e s events in merican history . th r , ll l ’ again, forma y ce ebrate the nation s anni ve rsarie All o f h s . t em foster patriotism and h l istorica research, and teach organization — the sinking o f individual desire in a l l common oyalty . There are probab y too z many such organi ations at present, and more are forming. The weaker societies ll h and wi , owever, die ; those that remain 8 0 A PRIMER OF HERALDRY will represent som e real aspiration o f their m me bers . The exact significance o f this remarkable movem ent — this return to mutuality from n v — no t i di idualism is yet apparent . Some it s l of results are a ready obvious . Thou sands of persons in sympathy with each z co l other have been organi ed . If their le ctive n actio is needed, it can be com m de an d . In the case of a foreign war, for n example , the ce ters for defense, for hos l v in 1 pita ser ice, etc . , are already existence . The path o f a mili tary dictator in the United States would never have been strewn with roses, but such societies insure e fi e ct ive o f the distribution thorns . The larger afi airs o f o u r States and cities will undoubtedly be greatly influenced by the o f o f union good citizens, like traditions n fo r and u n (and those excelle t) , common fi sel sh ends . Finally, the educative power o f such unions , where, as has been said , loyalty to an abstraction is cultivated and d l i im indivi ua istic a ms are discouraged, is m ensely important to o u r development as

1 The Greek-letter fr aternities of colleges coul d also be u z tili ed in these ways . AMERICAN PATRIOTIC SOCIETIES 8 1

l a nation . They supp y exactly what was d nee ed by the country at large, and more especially by it s younger and cruder por tions . In what follows a brief enumera o f l tion some of these societies wi l be made . It must be remembered that many o f them A count their membership by thousands . note directed to any o f the secretaries -gen eral (whose addresses are here given) will i l bring printed c rcu ars in return , which give more detailed information than can is il be printed here . It worth wh e for every z who l citi en is eligib e to make inquiries , t o at any rate, and determine whether it is not desirable t o join at least o ne o f z these organi ations . Each of these societies and orders has a seal (and Often a flag) fo r the general SO cie t l y, as well as sea s for the separate State A chapters . diploma is given to members, and each member has a right to wear the badge or decoration suspended from a rib ’ l A o f bon o f the society s co or . rosette the colors may be worn at the buttonhole o f e th coat . The right to use such insignia law has been protected in many States by , and the United States has authorized it s 8 2 A PRIMER OF HERALDRY o cers and soldiers to wear the badges o f m and the ilitary naval orders . It is some times fli ppantly said that the right to wear such insignia is the sole motive for joining n the societies . This judgme t is entirely fi l super cia . The greatest satisfactions of m ankind have always been found in joint fi a action for unsel sh ends . In their speci l way these organizations foster a common ff r hl e ort fo ends that are thoroug y worthy . A s the entrance to such societies is through descent from some ancestor, gen e alo o w e rq ul and gy has been p y stim ated, thousands of fam ily records have been um z ur examined and s mari ed in print . O colonial and Revolutionary history has t u been s died in its details, which is the l l z o f on y way to ful y reali e it . The men to - day have been connected with colonial and R n evolutio ary times . The children of the coming century will find their ancestral fo r records all prepared them, and they will be face to face with high standards O f duty fi r and e o t . A few o f these societies are very exclu and o f sive, require high social standing their members as well as eligibility o n

8 4 A PRIMER OF HERALDRY

The O rde r o f t he Fo u nde rs and Patrio ts o f Am e rica (founded 1896) is open to any male

‘ citize n o f the United States who is lineally descended in the male line o f either parent from an ancestor who settled in any o f the 160 165 colonies between 7 and 7, and whose interm ediate an cestors adh ered as patriots to the cause of the colonists throughout the

o f R S - War the evolution . ecretary gener ’ al s 101 - address, West Eighty ninth street,

New York city . The So ciety o f t he Cincinnati (instituted 1783) is composed of descendants of Ofﬁcers R n l of the evolutio ary army, usua ly the eldest male direct descendant . The address 31 s of the secretary general is Na sau street,

New York city. The Aztec Club (founded 1847) is Open t o the descendants of ofﬁ cers o f the army who M served in exico , usually the eldest male ’ dr direct descendant . The secretary s ad ess

D . is War epartment, Washington The Military O rde r o ft he Lo yal Le gio n o ft he Unite d St ates (founded 1865) is composed o f ofﬁcers who served in the War o f the R e n d bellio , and of their el est direct male n n A l li eal descenda ts . etter addressed to AMERICAN PATRIOTIC SOCIETIES 8 5

r- in- P l P n the recorde chief, hi adelphia, en l sylvania, wi l be delivered . The Military O rde r o f Fo re ign W ars o ft he Unite d States (instituted 1894) is com posed v v o f o ﬂi c ers who ha e ser ed in such wars, and of their lineal male descendants . Sec ’ r t ar - 478 Ave e y general s address , Classon N e w . nue, Brooklyn, York The So cie ty o f t he W ar o f 18 12 (organized 1814) is composed of lineal male de sce n dants o f soldiers o r sailors of the War o f 12 ’ G 18 . General secretary s address , erman P n town , en sylvania . The N aval O rde r o f t he Unite d States (in stituted 1890) is Open to o fuce rs of the navy who have served in war, and to their male nl m e n descendants , etc . , and also to e isted who have received a Medal of Hon or from ni fo r ’ the U ted States bravery . Secretary s

s D n . addres , Navy epartment, Washi gton The So ns o f t he Am e rican Re vo lutio n (in stituted 1875) must prove their descent

m R The So ns fro a evolutionary ancestor . o f t he Re vo lutio n (1876) is organized o n the same basis . It is expected that these two large societies will soon be consolidated . - A R 14 l . . . 3 Secretary genera , S , Chestnut 8 6 A PRIMER OF HERALDRY

street, Newark, New Jersey . Secretary R 146 general, S . . , Broadway, NewYork city . The Ho lland So ciety (incorporated in 1775) is com posed o f the direct m ale descendants of Holl anders resident in Am erica before ’ dr 46 B 1675 . 3 d Secretary s ad ess, roa way,

New York city . The Hu gue no t So cie ty o f Am e rica (organ ize d 1883) adm its descendants o f Huguenots A ri 1 8 l who came to me ca before 7 7. Genera ’ se cre t ar s addre ss 105 - y , East Twenty second street, New York city. The So cie ty o f Co lo nial D am es o f Am e rica (organized 1891) is composed of women descended from an ancestor who held an ofﬁce o f importance in the colonies previous ’ 1 0 - to 75 . The secretary general s address is 2 P ul B M 8 5 St . . a street, altimore, aryland There are various other societies for women, of which the most important are D au ghte rs o f t he Am e rican Re vo lutio n (1890) 1 10 D 7 . ( I street, Washington, and D au ghters o f t he Re vo lutio n (1891) ( 128 West

- ni . Fifty nth street, New York city) , etc and there is also a society o f Childre n o f t he

Am e rican Re vo lu io n 1 2 t ( 895) (90 F street, h D Was ington, .

8 8 A PRIMER OF HERALDRY societieswhich com m emorate service in any o f the wars of the nation (not those of the colonies) . o f There are a number other societies, o r no t formed forming, which are men o f tio ne d here for lack space .

HO W TO TRACE A PEDIGREE

CAN DIDATES fo r membership in any o f the heredi tary societies are required to furnish a written pedigree showing their descent from some ancestor in Revolutionary o r Fo r l colonial times . each person in the ine to be traced back there should be given (1) ll 2 the o f 3 the fu name, ( ) date birth, ( ) the o f 4 d o f an date marriage, ( ) the ate death ; d it is desirable to know for each male ano es 5 his l o f 6 l tor, ( ) p ace residence, ( ) his civi o r military service, etc . These data should be obtained from liv ing persons fo r as many generations back l D in as is practicab e . ocuments the posses sion o f one’ s famil y may serve to carry the pedigree further . Finally, recourse must be had to town, county, and State records , and l l to genealogica books and pub ications . H O W TO TRACE A PEDIGREE 8 9

It wil l often be the simplest way t o apply d t o l 1 irect some professiona genealogist, and to make an arrangement by which the missing links are to be looked up . It is always more instructive and inter esting t o do this work one’ s self among the l l l l fami y histories of a arge ibrary . Severa o f the States (Massachusetts is a striking example) have their colonial and Re vo lu t io nar d so y recor s admirably arranged, that the l origina documents (rosters, deeds, wills, o r o f l o n copies them, may be readi y c lt d All l s u e . pub ic libraries have many l works on genealogy, and the ibrarians are d i A l prepare to give needed adv ce . litt e l l perseverance, and a itt e system in keeping ’ l ll o ut is one s notes, wi l usua y bring what A the d . d nee ed fter ata are obtained, it is very necessary to arrange them in an o r rl ’ A de y form . Whitmore s ncestral Tablets r are well suited fo such a purpose . These general directions are all that need be given o f s here . The particular methods re earch and the special books t o be consulted are

1 Addresses of su ch experts may be found on the ad ve rt ising pages of the pu blications of genealogical and hi sto rical or patriotic societies . 9 0 A PRIMER OF HERAL DRY

difi e re nt difi e re nt i for States . It s the busi ness of the librarian o r o f the expert to put o ne o n and no t iffi ul the track, it is d c t to ll if fo ow it one has access to the books .

ANCIENT LINEAGE

THE Egyptians have possessed written records fo r something like six thousand years . There might conceivably be a pedi as A li l ac u in gree long as this . very tt e q a tance with the history o f dynasties or of families shows that a proved descent o f a is and o ne thousand years a marvel, that of two thousand is unknown in Europe . u s h This brings to ask, W at is ancient lin $ $ Mr S l P eage . amue epys, who knew a little o f i everyth ng, was in conversation with the Garter King- at - arms o f his day (November $ 11 in did h , who discourse say t at there was none o f the families o f princes in Christendom that do derive themselves so ul a no r so high as J ius C esar, far by a thou di sand years , that can rectly prove their rise only some in Germany do derive them n m o f R selves from the patricia fa ilies ome, but that uncertainly ; and he did much in i h o f h ve g against the writing romances, t at

9 2 A PRIMER OF HERALDRY

ll O n M m A over the rie t, in oham edan s m countrie , one eets with descendants of

P A. D the rophet (who was born in . It is probable that there are many pre tenders to this honor ; but it is certain that there are hundreds and hundreds o f per sons whose claims are entirely authentic, and whose descent is carefully registered o f by the chief the family, who has his seat M l n in ecca . Such a ineage is ancie t, beyond o f an a doubt . In China, where the tablets ce st o rs are preserved in a family hall and d periodically honored, descent can be trace for centuries without a break The de 1 n s B o . 55 sce nda t of Confucius (born . ) are

t o - A hereditary nobles day . mong the Jews, too , especially the Jews of Spain and the and V East, in enice, Bosnia, and Bulgaria, m n genealogies of any centuries are commo . The Mikado o fJapan was the religious head o f his nation as well as its ruler . The dig nit and has n o ne y is hereditary, remai ed in fam ily since the tim e of Nebuchadnezzar is lin B o . ( . Here the most ancient e a e n l g known , though it i c udes adopted m o f sons . The present E peror Japan is the o n e hundred and twenty-second o f his ANCIENT LINEAGE 9 3

o ld line . There are few religions as as this dynasty . A n s mo g Western nation , poverty extend two o r ing over three generations, seems ff n e ectively to exti guish family pride, ex o f S cept, perhaps, in parts pain, where the common laborer may have the ancient coat o f arms o f his house built in among the o f n l stones his hovel . Certai ly in Eng and and America poverty soon effaces all know o r o f s ledge interest the ort . Ancient lineage o f the kind known to Mo slems is the rarest thing in o ur Western O f world . the English barons in the House o f Lords (some five hundred in number) there are less than a dozen whose baronies n l 1264 d 1400 a d . ate back to , the ear iest is The Moslem Se iyid goes eight centuries t o - n o f further back, the great gra dfather A D o r n Mohammed ( . . eve , if we are to A B o t o . . believe the commentators , dnan ( There are less than a dozen English peerages o f the fifteenth century even . The vast majority have been created since o n h o r 1700 fo r services in war, the benc , the fo r l d influ at bar, or ande power and d ence . The same thing, in a less egree, is 9 4 A PRIMER OF HERALDRY true o f the prin cely and ducal houses o f the

Continent . There are comparatively few of the German counts whose titles date back n u 1863 to the sixteenth ce t ry . In the House of Lords had not a single descen dant of any o f the barons w ho were chosen to enforce Magna Charta no r of any one who fought against t he French at Agincourt ( 1415) The Alman ach de Gotha is a trustworthy guide to the genealogies o f the princely f o f H houses o Europe . The house apsburg 1 o nt ran R o f springs from G the ich, Count A w as z d ltenburg, whose seat in Swit erlan , A D 9 2 Hi . . s 5 . descendants ﬁrst became H 1020 Counts of apsburg, ; Kings o f Ge r 1273 D o f A 1282 many, ; ukes ustria, ; Kings R G of the omans and Emperors of ermany, 1519 , etc . The ancestor of the Bourbons 1 R o f A was obert the Strong, Count njou, 864 o f P O rleans 866 ; Count aris and , ; his 888 son Eudes became King of France in . B 1 00 The ourbons of Spain date from 7 . The house of Hohenzollern has its origin o f o f Z o l in the marriage Friedrich, Count

1 Riches and strengt h have been the sour ces of power and rank from time immemorial .

9 6 A PRIMER O F HE RALDRY the R o hans (by that name) in 1128 ; Broglie in 1254; Gramont in 1381 ; Doria in 1335 ; Borghese in 1450 ; La Rochefoucauld in 1019 Graham (D uk es o fMontrose) in 1128 Noailles in 1230 ; Poniatowski in 1142 Choiseul in 1060 ; Radziwill in 1412 ; Riche lieu in 1596 ; Grosvenor (Dukes o f West m n 1066 M D i ster) in ; St . aur ( ukes of Somerset) in 1240 ; Corsini in 1170 ; Rocca 1102 in . The Co lo nnas were a patrician family o f R ome, from which came, according to tradi R tion, four popes of ome between the years 00 4 l 3 88 . G and enealogica ly speaking, their 1100 O r origin is not proved beyond . The sini are descended from another patrician l n fami y, from which issued, accordi g to A D 52 and t w o . . 7 tradition, popes ( The popes elected in 1191 and 1277 did cer t ainly belong to this ancient and powerful family, which traces its authentic origin to n R n 1190 a se ator o f ome i . The foregoin g are some o f the oldest l o ut o f names in Europe, special y selected long lists that include hundreds o f later n o f o f origi . The dates the dukes Napo ’ — M leon s creation Ney, urat, Lannes, Ber ANCIENT LINEAGE 9 7

thier — look very modern beside those of the Montmorencys and Tu re nne s ; but they are — all in the lists fo r the same reason for magniﬁcent services rendered t o their n cou try . The Almanach de Gotha has only room fo r kings and princes ; but a reference to any book o n the landed gentry (of England o r of the Tyrol, for example) would show that long descents are by no m eans co n ﬁ ned to the peers, and that there are very o ne few really ancient lineages . If is allowed to count the stream o f blood as it runs through female as well as male ance s l o f in tors, the ist long descents is much creased byreckoning the marriages with the f o n . A Mu n daughters ki gs Count lbert de , o f the Catholic socialist, and leader the $ R ” A ight in the French ssembly, descends (through females) from Clovis the Great A D (born . . and from the grandfather o f l Me ro veeu s M C ovis, , from whom the ero vin ian n d g ki gs erive their name . Here is an ancestry which puts that o f the Bourbons (who do not even go back to Charlema gne) is the l to shame, and it , without doubt, ong est proved pedigree o f t he Western world. 9 8 A PRIMER OF HERALDRY

If such descents in the female li ne are n and Am s counted, Engla d erica posse s

l n n o f ma y lo g pedigrees, not a few which are derived from descents from the dau gh n ters of the Scottish ki gs, and may be traced back to Kenneth I (died o r to n ’ n s Ke neth s a ce tor Fergus , who crossed A D 503 M from Ireland to Britain in . . . any n Irish pedigrees are porte tously long, also . It is practically im possible to trace de scents other than those o f royal person ages further back than the eleventh cen in o ne o f tury, except special class cases . When funds have been left with religious bodies for the saying o f masses for the o f souls ancestors , it is sometimes possible to connect them with their descendants . It was no t until the eleventh and twelfth d l centuries , indeed, that an in ividua was n An known by a sur ame . individual known by o ne name only is identiﬁed with fﬁ n di culty, except u der very special cir cu m st ance n s . Co sider how much labor has been expended o n the pedigree o f o r o f n t and Shakspere Washi g on , how l m h as n n ittle, co paratively, bee lear ed . In America there is an astonishing num

1 00 A PRIMER OF HERALDRY

z thing t o reali e . Tradition tells us that the Laird o f Macnab refused to acknowledge his descent from Noah the Macnabs had a boat of their because he was used to l live in a small community without equa s .

INDEX TO HERAL DIC TERM S

THE titles to the separate ﬁgures in the following plates contain nearly all heraldi c 1 terms in common use .

A 56 ccompanied Fig . . A 93 . dorsed Fig . Aifro nt é 5 Fig . 5 . A d 41 nchore cross Fig . . At 2 8 . gaze Fig. At 8 speed Fig. 3 . A 2 5 . ugmentation Fig. A z 20 ure Fig . .

36 . Bar Fig . 61 Barry Fig. .

1 . Base Fig . 4 Baton Fig . 3 .

1 For formal deﬁnitions of these terms t he reader may ul C u w cons t the ent ry Dictionary, in hich they are given w u u ith m ch f llness , or any of the other large dic tionaries . INDEX TO HERALDIC TERMS 1 0 1

n 1 3 . Be d Fig .

n 33 . Be dl et Fig. 32 Bendwise Fig . . 59 Billets Fig . . 91 Bird Fig. .

- n Book plate Fro tispiece . 4 9 . Bordure Fig . B 42 ottony Fig . . 99 Budgets Fig . . 86 Caboshed Fig . .

4 . Canton Fig. 7 h 62 C ecky Fig. .

h 36 . C evron Fig . bis

30. Chief Fig . l h 4 3 . C e c é Fig .

l 90. C ose Fig.

106 cl se . Coats of arms Fig . q 1 8 . Cockatrice Fig .

3 . Combatant Fig . 7

49 . Compony Fig . 4 Couped Fig . 7 . 4 u 3 . Co pe Fig . n 1 1 6 . . 7 Countercha ged Figs ,

- n ﬁ ur 50. Cou ter e y Fig . 4 8 . Courant Fig . 96 Crescent Fig. . 4 6 . Crosses Fig . 1 02 A PRIMER OF HERALD RY

42 Cross bottony Fig. . 4 3 . Cros s cleche Fig. 9 3 . Cross crosslet Fig . 4 5 . Cross ﬁt ché Fig . f Fi 38 o G . . Cross St . eorge g 44 Cross patté Fig. . 40 Cross ragul y Fig. . Crowns D e 9 ancett Fig . . D 3 ebruised Fig . 3 .

D m - l 5 . e i ion Fig . 7 D escendent Fig . 88 . D 8 isplayed Fig . 7. D 92 olphin Fig . . D 2 ormant Fig . 7 . D 90 ove Fig . . D ragon Fig . 79 .

8 . Eagle Fig . 7 10 Embattled Fig . . 12 Engrailed Fig. . 95 Ensigned Fig. . 4 7 . Erased Fig . bis 24 Ermine Fig . . 29 Ermines Fig . . 2 Erminois Fig . 7. l 98 Estoi e Fig . .

1 04 A PRIMER OF HERALDRY

94. Natant Fig . 11 e . Nebul Fig . 2 Nombril Fig . . 1 r 8 . O Fig. l? 4 1 . ale Fig . P 15 aly Fig . . P 6 3 . aly bendy Fig . P n 6 arty per be d Fig . . P 4 arty per fesse Fig . . P 3 . arty per pale Fig . P l arty per sa tire Fig . 7. P 6 8 . assant regardant Fig . P 44 atté Fig . . P 2 8 . ean Fig . P 26 otent Fig . . P 2 urpure Fig . 3 . 5 51 52 Quarterly Figs . , , . R m 9 33 6 . a pant Figs . , R 68 egardant Fig . . 21 Sable Fig . . ’ . 8 3 . St George s cross Fig . 0 Salient Fig . 7 .

Saltire Fig. 37. 2 S 3 . anguine Fig . 11 t 3 e se . Seals Fig . q n 1 55 . Seja t Figs . , 7 l 119 Si ver plate Fig . . INDEX TO HERALDIC TERMS 1 0 5

l 22 Sinop e Fig . . 100 Sleeve Fig . . At . 8 speed Fig 3 . 84 Stag Fig . . S 98 tar Fig . . 6 Statant gardant Fig . 7. 5 Sun Fig . 3 . 2 3 . Sword Fig . e 2 3 . Tenn Fig . 23 Tinctures Fig . . 50 Tressure Fig . .

85 . Trippant Fig .

d . 8 Un e Fig . 25 Vair Fig . . 22 Vert Fig. . Fi 3 . Voided g. 7 bis 91 V . olant Fig .

- 99 . Water budgets Fig . 0 Wivern Fig . 8 .

PLATE I

PLATE III

20 . 21 . Fig . . Fig

20 A ure u . . z Fig , ( bl e)

21 Sa ble . Fig . , ( black)

le . . 22 Ve r t s zno ( Fig , ( or p ) green)

23 Fig . .

' . 23 t t u : 0 7 a r e nt Fig , The inc res a , ( gold) ; b , g

ules az ure u s able ( silver) ; c , g ( red) ; d , ( bl e ) ; e , r e r t m ' m ’ e ur s a n ( black) f, ( green) ; g, p p ( p ple) h ,

’ um e murr e - te nne te im e g or y ( blood red) ; j, k , or y t w ( a ny, orange) .

4 25 . 2 . . Fig . Fig

24 Em zm e . Fig . ,

26 P o te nt . Fig . ,

PLATE V

PLATE VII

PLATE IX

PLATE XI

PLATE XIII

79 . . . 80 . Fig Fig Fig . 8 1 .

. 79 n Fig , A drago passant .

. 80 w Fig , A ivern . 8 1 Fig . , A cockatrice .

8 2 . . . . 8 3 Fig Fig Fig . 84.

2 . 8 t at z Fig , A har ga e .

. 8 3 t at Fig , A har speed .

. 84 t u Fig , A s ag co rant .

7 8 6 . 8 . 5 . . . Fig . 8 Fig Fig

85 t t t . Fig . , A s ag rippan ’ 8 6 t . Fig . , A s ag s head caboshed

. 8 7 . Fig , An eagle displayed

PLATE XV

PLATE XVII

PLATE XIX

PLATE XXI

1 11 . Fig .

F i . 1 2 g 1 .

65 . 111 C u A . 1 0 Fig . , oat of arms ( Germany) , abo t

50. . 1 12 C t u A . D . 17 Fig , oa of arms ( Germany) , abo t