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A Past So Fraught with Sorrow Bert H
A Past So Fraught With Sorrow Bert H. Barnett, Gettysburg NMP On May 23 and 24, 1865, the victorious Union armies gathered for one massive, final “Grand Review” in Washington, D.C. Among the multitude of patriotic streamers and buntings bedecking the parade route was one, much noticed, hanging from the Capitol. It proclaimed, perhaps with an unintended irony, “The only national debt we can never pay is the debt we owe the victorious Union soldiers.” One sharp-eyed veteran, a participant in almost all the war’s eastern campaigns, observed, “I could not help wondering, whether, having made up their minds that they can never pay the debt, they will not think it useless to try” [emphasis in original].1 The sacrifices demanded of the nation to arrive at that point had been terrific—more than 622,000 men dead from various causes. To acknowledge these numbers simply as a block figure, however, is to miss an important portion of the story. Each single loss represented an individual tragedy of the highest order for thousands of families across the country, North and South. To have been one of the “merely wounded” was often to suffer a fate perhaps only debatably better than that of a deceased comrade. Many of these battle casualties were condemned to years of physical agony and mental duress. The side effects that plagued these men often also tore through their post-war lives and families as destructively as any physical projectile, altering relationships with loved ones and reducing the chances for a fuller integration into a post-war world. -
James Longstreet and the Retreat from Gettysburg
“Such a night is seldom experienced…” James Longstreet and the Retreat from Gettysburg Karlton Smith, Gettysburg NMP After the repulse of Lt. Gen. James Longstreet’s Assault on July 3, 1863, Gen. Robert E. Lee, commanding the Army of Northern Virginia, knew that the only option left for him at Gettysburg was to try to disengage from his lines and return with his army to Virginia. Longstreet, commander of the army’s First Corps and Lee’s chief lieutenant, would play a significant role in this retrograde movement. As a preliminary to the general withdrawal, Longstreet decided to pull his troops back from the forward positions gained during the fighting on July 2. Lt. Col. G. Moxley Sorrel, Longstreet’s adjutant general, delivered the necessary orders to Maj. Gen. Lafayette McLaws, commanding one of Longstreet’s divisions. Sorrel offered to carry the order to Brig. Gen. Evander M. Law, commanding John B. Hood’s division, on McLaws’s right. McLaws raised objections to this order. He felt that his advanced position was important and “had been won after a deadly struggle; that the order was given no doubt because of [George] Pickett’s repulse, but as there was no pursuit there was no necessity of it.” Sorrel interrupted saying: “General, there is no discretion allowed, the order is for you to retire at once.” Gen. James Longstreet, C.S.A. (LOC) As McLaws’s forward line was withdrawing to Warfield and Seminary ridges, the Federal batteries on Little Round Top opened fire, “but by quickening the pace the aim was so disturbed that no damage was done.” McLaws’s line was followed by “clouds of skirmishers” from the Federal Army of the Potomac; however, after reinforcing his own skirmish line they were driven back from the Peach Orchard area. -
“Never Was I So Depressed”
The Army of Northern Virginia in the Gettysburg Campaign “Never Was I So Depressed” James Longstreet and Pickett’s Charge Karlton D. Smith On July 24, 1863, Lt. Gen. James Longstreet wrote a private letter to his uncle, Augusts Baldwin Longstreet. In discussing his role in the Gettysburg Campaign, the general stated: General Lee chose the plan adopted, and he is the person appointed to chose and to order. I consider it a part of my duty to express my views to the commanding general. If he approves and adopts them it is well; if he does not, it is my duty to adopt his views, and to execute his orders as faithfully as if they were my own. While clearly not approving Lee’s plan of attack on July 3, Longstreet did everything he could, both before and during the attack, to ensure its success.1 Born in 1821, James Longstreet was an 1842 graduate of West Point. An “Old Army” regular, Longstreet saw extensive front line combat service in the Mexican War in both the northern and southern theaters of operations. Longstreet led detachments that helped to capture two of the Mexican forts guarding Monterey and was involved in the street fighting in the city. At Churubusco, Longstreet planted the regimental colors on the walls of the fort and saw action at Casa Marta, near Molino del Ray. On August 13, 1847, Longstreet was wounded during the assault on Chapaltepec while “in the act of discharging the piece of a wounded man." The same report noted that during the action, "He was always in front with the colors. -
Gettysburg National Military Park STUDENT PROGRAM
Gettysburg National Military Park STUDENT PROGRAM 1 Teachers’ Guide Table of Contents Purpose and Procedure ...................................3 FYI ...BackgroundInformationforTeachersandStudents CausesoftheAmericanCivilWar .........................5 TheBattleofGettysburg .................................8 CivilWarMedicalVocabulary ...........................12 MedicalTimeline ......................................14 Before Your Field Trip The Oath of Allegiance and the Hippocratic Oath ...........18 Squad #1 Activities — Camp Doctors .....................19 FieldTripIdentities .........................20 "SickCall"Play..............................21 CampDoctorsStudyMaterials ................23 PicturePages ...............................25 Camp Report — SickCallRegister .............26 Squad #2 Activities — BattlefieldDoctors .................27 FieldTripIdentities .........................28 "Triage"Play ...............................29 BattlefieldStudyMaterials ...................30 Battle Report — FieldHospitalRegister ........32 Squad #3 Activities — HospitalDoctors ...................33 FieldTripIdentities .........................34 "Hospital"Play..............................35 HospitalStudyMaterials(withPicturePages) ...37 Hospital Report — CertificateofDisability .....42 Your Field Trip Day FieldTripDayProcedures ..............................43 OverviewoftheFieldTrip ..............................44 Nametags .............................................45 After Your Field Trip SuggestedPost-VisitActivities ...........................46 -
PICKETT's CHARGE Gettysburg National Military Park STUDENT
PICKETT’S CHARGE I Gettysburg National Military Park STUDENT PROGRAM U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service Pickett's Charge A Student Education Program at Gettysburg National Military Park TABLE OF CONTENTS Section 1 How To Use This Booklet ••••..••.••...• 3 Section 2 Program Overview . • . • . • . • . 4 Section 3 Field Trip Day Procedures • • • . • • • . 5 Section 4 Essential Background and Activities . 6 A Causes ofthe American Civil War ••..•...... 7 ft The Battle ofGettysburg . • • • . • . 10 A Pi.ckett's Charge Vocabulary •............... 14 A Name Tags ••.. ... ...........• . •......... 15 A Election ofOfficers and Insignia ......•..•.. 15 A Assignm~t ofSoldier Identity •..••......... 17 A Flag-Making ............................. 22 ft Drill of the Company (Your Class) ........... 23 Section 5 Additional Background and Activities .••.. 24 Structure ofthe Confederate Army .......... 25 Confederate Leaders at Gettysburg ••.•••.••• 27 History of the 28th Virginia Regiment ....... 30 History of the 57th Virginia Regiment . .. .... 32 Infantry Soldier Equipment ................ 34 Civil War Weaponry . · · · · · · 35 Pre-Vtsit Discussion Questions . • . 37 11:me Line . 38 ... Section 6 B us A ct1vities ........................• 39 Soldier Pastimes . 39 Pickett's Charge Matching . ••.......•....... 43 Pickett's Charge Matching - Answer Key . 44 •• A .•. Section 7 P ost-V 1s1t ctivities .................... 45 Post-Visit Activity Ideas . • . • . • . • . 45 After Pickett's Charge . • • • • . • . 46 Key: ft = Essential Preparation for Trip 2 Section 1 How to Use This Booklet Your students will gain the most benefit from this program if they are prepared for their visit. The preparatory information and activities in this booklet are necessary because .. • students retain the most information when they are pre pared for the field trip, knowing what to expect, what is expected of them, and with some base of knowledge upon which the program ranger can build. -
"War Is a Hellish Way of Settling a Dispute" Dr. Jonathan Letterman and the Tortuous Path
“War is a hellish way of settling a dispute” Dr. Jonathan Letterman and the Tortuous Path of Medical Care from Manassas to Camp Letterman Matthew Atkinson, Gettysburg NMP A battlefield is like no other place on Earth. It is where men come to settle questions, test their resolve, and where the winner lives and the loser often dies. In the blink of an eye, friends are lost forever. In the years afterward, as old men tell their stories to young kin, memories fade; all that carnage, bloodshed, and strife are forgotten, sometimes on purpose. But, then again, who could blame them? We remember the brave ones—the men who stood out amidst the fray. As young boys, we emulate them; as men, we celebrate them. This is the story of those we do not wish to remember. Those twenty-two-year-old boys mangled for life in an instant: bullets or other projectiles impacting bone, severing arteries, mangling tissue until what once was a thriving life is reduced to a crumpled, disfigured mass of humanity. This scene has been repeated over and over multiple times in warfare through the centuries. Our microcosm for examining this tragedy is Gettysburg. Chaplain Anson Haines of the 15th New Jersey paints the picture well: The vast number of the wounded received attention on the 4th, which could not be given them while the battle was in progress. The scenes at the hospitals were often of the most shocking kind. The human body was wounded and torn in every conceivable manner. No description can portray the work of the surgeons at the amputating table. -
Did Meade Begin a Counteroffensive After Pickett's Charge?
Did Meade Begin a Counteroffensive after Pickett’s Charge? Troy D. Harman When examining the strategy of Union Major General George Gordon Meade at the battle of Gettysburg, one discovers lingering doubts about his leadership and will to fight. His rivals viewed him as a timid commander who would not have engaged at Gettysburg had not his peers corralled him into it. On the first day of the battle, for instance, it was Major General John Fulton Reynolds who entangled the left wing of the federal army thirty miles north of its original defensive position at Westminster, Maryland. Under the circumstances, Meade scrambled to rush the rest of his army to the developing battlefield. And on the second day, Major General Daniel Sickles advanced part of his Union 3rd Corps several hundred yards ahead of the designated position on the army’s left, and forced Meade to over-commit forces there to save the situation. In both instances the Union army prevailed, while the Confederate high command struggled to adjust to uncharacteristically aggressive Union moves. However, it would appear that both outcomes were the result of actions initiated by someone other than Meade, who seemed to react well enough. Frustrating to Meade must have been that these same two outcomes could have been viewed in a way more favorable to the commanding general. For example, both Reynolds and Sickles were dependent on Meade to follow through with their bold moves. Though Reynolds committed 25,000 Union infantry to fight at Gettysburg, it was Meade who authorized his advance into south-central Pennsylvania. -
2018 – Fall Volume 75 No 3
Loyal Legion Historical Journal Fall 2018 www.mollus.org Time is Running Out Register Now! MOLLUS Congress October 12-15 Richmond, Virginia Alexander Barton Gray William R. Firth, III Esq. Noah Edward Meyers Registration Form on Page 9 Loyal Legion Welcomes a New Generation of Members Three Millenial members join the Pennsylvania Commandery With recruitment assistance from the New Generation Committee, the Pennsylvania Commandery has installed three new Companions. Please join the Commandery in wel- coming Alexander Barton Gray, William R. Firth, III Esq., and Noah Edward Meyers. Alex Gray is the great-great-great-grandson of Captain Duane Merritt Greene of the 6th California Volunteer Infantry. Alex currently serves as Special Assistant to the President for the Defense Industrial Base at the White House Office of Trade and Manufacturing Policy. Alex is pursuing an M.A. in National Security & Strategic Continued on p. 13 ROTC Award Recipients Recognized Giordano Named Exec.Dir. of Commanderies award medals to 41 U.S. Semiquincentennial outstanding cadets. Commission The Loyal Legion ROTC Award recognizes worthy cadets and midship- The office of the Chair of the United States Semi- men for academic achievement and quincentennial Commission, a federally appointed demonstrated leadership at some of the body in charge of planning and developing the com- nation’s most distinguished colleges and memoration of the 250th anniversary of the founding universities. The award ceremonies are of the United States, has appoint Frank Giordano, very rewarding and many Loyal Legion Pennsylvania Companion and the president and CEO Companions participate and personally of the Philly Pops, as its executive director. -
1 Longstreet, James. from Manassas to Appomattox: Memoirs of the Civil
Longstreet, James. From Manassas to Appomattox: Memoirs of the Civil War in America. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2020. Hardback: $75.00; Paperback $25.00 . ISBN: 978-0-253-04706-9. Much detail on various commands, and units; much matter of fact accounts and description, often impersonal; good deal of the quoting from the Official records; mild and often indirect in any criticisms of Lee; some sly anti-Jackson comments; much attention to vindicating his performance at Gettysburg; Introduction by James I. Robertson, Jr. 1. Long controversy about Longstreet at Gettysburg 2. Notes Freeman reduced criticism of Longstreet 3. Imposing physically, some deafness, sparse conversation 4. Three children died of scarlet fever early in 1862 5. More dependable than brilliant, not suited for independent command 6. Limited insight but stubbornness 7. Close relationship with Lee 8. Calming influence 9. Favored the defensive 10. Did well at Chickamauga 11. Failure in independent command at Knoxville 12. Ruinous decision to become a Republican 13. Mixed performance at Gettysburg—not good at defending himself after the war 14. Memoir is “unbalanced, critical, and sometimes erroneous,” p. xxiii 15. Mixed record of a dependable general, Lee’s war horse Forward by Christopher Keller ` 1. indispensable narrative about the Army of Northern Virginia 2. praises great eye for detail 3. compares well with Grant’s and Sherman’s memoirs Background, planter’s son, 13 Not much of an academic at West Point, 15-16 Service in regular army, 17ff Mexican War, 19-28 New Mexico, 29-30 Cheering on way to Richmond, 32 Bull Run, Manassas campaign, McDowell and Beauregard criticized, 33-58 Siege of the Potomac, 59ff Richardson invited Longstreet to a dinner party, 59 Skirmishes, 60ff Defenses of Richmond, 64-65 Council of war, Davis, Lee, opinion of McClellan. -
NPS Buys Ford Dealership to Clear Gettysburg First-Day Field
THE “OLD LINER” NEWSLETTER EDITOR’S NOTE: IN MEMORIAM If you received this issue of the Harry Dorsey BCWRT Newsletter in the mail, 12/9/43 – 8/29/07 please check the mailing label on On August 29, 2007, the Baltimore Civil War Roundtable’s long-serving the outside page. If there is a RED Treasurer passed away. Harry Dorsey had been active in the BCWRT almost X you will continue to receive a since the group’s inception. His dedication and interest helped to make the copy of the monthly newsletter via Roundtable what it is today. On behalf of the members of the Baltimore Civil War Roundtable, The Board of Directors and I offer deep condolences to Harry’s the US Postal Service. If there is family. He will be missed. no RED X, next month’s He is survived by his wife Ruth and his brother Joe Dorsey. newsletter will be the last one you will receive in the mail. Please resembling their appearance when exist at the time of the battle, and notify me if you wish to continue they were the scenes of bloody replant 115 acres of trees that were struggles between the forces of North there but have since disappeared. to receive the newsletter via and South. "If you can think of an This year, work is focusing on USPS. I can be reached by mail at historic landscape the same way that clearing out trees around Devil's Den, 17 Fusting Ave, 1W, Catonsville, we're used to thinking of historic a rocky outcropping that saw bitter MD 21228 or by phone at 410- structures, the whole reason for doing fighting, and along a section of the 788-3525. -
Monterey Pass Battlefield Park 14325 Buchanan Trail East, Waynesboro
Civil War Sesquicentennial Signature Event Battle of Monterey Pass & the Retreat from Gettysburg Washington Township, Franklin County, Pennsylvania • July 4 -7, 2013 Help us to preserve the Monterey Pass Battlefield and considering Battlefield Event Map joining the Friends of Monterey Pass Battlefield, Inc. Waynesboro, PA Rolando Woods Lions Club Park Hawley Presbyterian Church Monterey Pass Battlefield Park 14325 Buchanan Trail East, Waynesboro Emmitsburg, MD Schedule of Events July 4th, 2013: Educational Exhibits & Interpretive Programs (10:00 am-9:00 pm) 12:00 pm: Tour of the Monterey Pass Battlefield, Hawley Memorial Presbyterian Church 6:00 pm: 150 Years Later & Commemoration of the Battle of Monterey Pass with wreath laying ceremony 8:30 pm: Maria Furnace Road Candle Light Tour, Monterey Pass Battlefield Park 9:30 pm: Campfire Program “Stories of the Battlefield”, Monterey Pass Battlefield Park July 5 th , 2013, Educational Exhibits & Interpretive Programs (9am-8pm) 11:00 am: Tour of the July 4 th portion of the Battle of Monterey Pass, Hawley Presbyterian Church 2:00 pm: Tour of the July 5 th portion of the Battle of Monterey Pass, Monterey Pass Battlefield Park 7:00 pm: Dedication of the Custer’s Wolverines Michigan State Sponsored Marker, Monterey Pass Battlefield Park July 6 th , 2013, Educational Displays & Interpretive Programs (9am-5pm) Monterey Pass Speakers Series, Rolando Woods Lions Club Park: 10:00 am: The Civil War Uniforms of 1863, by Wayne Hutzell 11:00 am: The Confederate Retreat through Monterey Pass, Rev. John Schildt 12:00 pm: The Retreat from Gettysburg, by Ted Alexander 1:00 pm: Tour of the Maria Furnace Road, led by John Miller 3:00 pm: The Importance of Battlefield Preservation, by Dr. -
The High Water Mark of an Army
The Army of Northern Virginia in the Gettysburg Campaign The High Water Mark of an Army The Characteristics of the Army of Northern Virginia during The Gettysburg Campaign John S. Heiser In the annals of American military history, the Army of Northern Virginia is probably the most unique fighting force ever sent to the field. Despite inadequate materials, resources, and political support, its soldiers fought against a numerically superior foe and often won the field. The Confederate government, the lack of human resources, and even command indecision often handicapped it. Yet the Army of Northern Virginia, bound only by a common cause, compiled an enviable record and achieved greatness by sheer determination combined with an underlying esprit de corps that has since been rarely matched. Despite the fact that some of this legendary status has been derived from post-war philosophizing and memory, this army was possibly the best in the world in the summer of 1863. So why was this army, whose career span only lasted three years, so unique? What in particular made this army perform so well under such detrimental circumstances? And why had it attained such legendary status within a year of its founding? It was a yeoman army, composed of a majority of men who a few years before had been civilians. The rank and file was overwhelmingly under-educated with assorted civilian backgrounds- farmers, clerks, and laborers. Their officers were mostly members of the upper class of southern society, gentlemen planters and politicians. This composition of personnel was still true two years into the war and was continual source of friction between officers and men.1 Battle attrition and loss due to ages or other causes had elevated men into higher ranks who were deserving, but the higher ranks (captains on up) were universally filled by a high percentage of those who were prominent members of southern society back home and included ex-politicians, lawyers, and prosperous planters and property owners.