Pheromone Issue Special

Volume XXXV, Number 9/10 (Published May 2017) IPM for the Western Corn Rootworm

By William Quarles Photo by Tom Hlavaty courtesy of USDA

he western corn rootworm (WCR), virgifera Tvirgifera, is a billion dollar superbug created through con- tinuous corn monocultures and pesticide misuse. Corn losses and management costs in the U.S. exceed $1 billion per year. Larval feeding on corn roots interferes with uptake of water and nutrients, reducing yields. Damage to roots can cause the plant to topple and fall (lodging). The adult form of the pest is a leaf . Adults eat corn pollen, silks, foliage, and developing kernels. Adult feeding can interfere with pollination, leading to yield re- duction (Meinke et al. 2009; Spen- cer et al. 2009; Metcalf 1986). The rootworm is a major pest because of prolific reproduction, Shown here is an adult female beetle of the western corn rootworm, widespread dispersal, and resis- Diabrotica virgifera virgifera. Larvae feed on roots, adults feed on pollen, tance both to pesticides and geneti- corn silks, and developing kernels, reducing corn yields. cally engineered traits. Many preda- tors eat it only as a last resort, due to body fluids that are chemically describes an IPM program for the on wild buffalo gourd, Cucurbita and physically repelling. Global western corn rootworm that will foetidissima. There were no corn warming may also be a factor, as effectively manage the while plantings in the area at that time warmer winters may allow more preventing and (Moeser and Hibbard 2005). eggs to survive. Crop diversification environmental damage (Andow et WCR became a pest in the U.S. would reduce damage, but obses- al. 2016; Gray et al. 2009; Gray after the widespread planting of sion with large corn monocultures 2011; Cullen et al. 2013). corn. It was first noticed in Colo- make this alternative unlikely (Gray rado cornfields in 1909. The pest et al. 2009; Meinke et al. 2009; Where did it Come From? followed a slow path of dispersal Lundgren and Fergen 2014, Cullen The western corn rootworm eastward to Nebraska in the 1930s et al. 2013; Chiang 1973). is native to . It may and 1940s (Spencer et al. 2005). The pest has become more of have developed on corn in Mexico, a problem in recent years due to then moved northwards as plant- increased plantings of corn (21% ings of corn moved northward. In This Issue increase), and over-reliance on ge- But the larval form is also able to netic engineering (80% of acreage) reproduce on roots of grasses, and Corn Rootworm 1 as the sole management strategy. populations can be sustained in the Growers have abandoned effective, absence of corn if adults are able to Conference Notes 12 economical IPM methods that pro- find nutrition. It was first collected Calendar 15 tect the environment. This article and identified in 1865 in Kansas Update

Creation of a Superbug lymma vittatum (see Box A). Adults Applications of the chlorinated use corn pollen, silks, foliage and and chlordane developing kernels as a source of in the 1950s turned the insect into food, but are able to eat a number a superbug. It became resistant to of other plants. WCR are the pesticides, but the insecticides attracted to cucumbers, squash also encouraged survival of vari- and other plants in the Cucurbita- ants that dispersed toward untreat- ceae. Feeding on cucurbits may be ed fi elds. Long distance dispersal part of a defensive strategy. The then became part of the insect’s bitter curcurbitacins may protect behavior. Before the pesticides, the insect against predators. The movement averaged 19 km/year chemicals are sequestered in their (11 mi/year). After the pesticides, eggs, and may protect developing from 1961 to 1964, movement larvae (Tallamy et al. 2005). averaged 193 km/year (116 mi/ year), and the pest moved from Ne- Monitoring Adults braska to Wisconsin (Metcalf 1983; Monitoring adults is im- Metcalf 1986; Spencer et al. 2005; portant, as it can reduce pesti- Meinke et al. 2009). Dispersal may cide applications. Adults can be have been linked with resistance, monitored by visual counts and as Eastern populations today still direct sampling, by sticky traps, have greater resistance to chlo- pheromone traps, and by attract rinated pesticides than western and kill traps. Measurement of populations (Wang et al. 2013). adult populations in cornfi elds in By the 1980s, it had reached one year can provide estimates of the East Coast. In 1995, it found economic damage for the following its way to . Since 1995 there year (Olkowski 1986; Hein and have been several European intro- Tollefson 1985). ductions, leading to 80% damage in For visual monitoring, whole some cases. Populations can qua- plant counts of beetles are more druple each year without adequate effi cient than ear counts. The idea management. In the U.S. infesta- is to sample only enough plants tions up to 100 million eggs/ha to get reliable prediction, as this (40 million/acre) and 10.9 million reduces cost. The fi eld is divided adults/ha (4.4 million/acre) have into quadrants, then subquad- been found. The current insect is rants, and samples are taken from resistant to many pesticides, and as many areas as possible. Stef- may be quite different from the one fey et al. (1982) found sampling 2 living in the 1950s (Spencer et al. plants at 27 sites optimized pre- 2005; Metcalf 1983; Lemic et al. cision (30%) and cost. Sampling 2016; Meinke et al. 2009). 10 plants at 10 sites gave slightly higher precision (37%), but in- Pest Larvae, Pest Adults creased cost. Though other species of Penn State recommends 2 Diabrotica will attack corn, the plant samples at 40 sites. The western corn rootworm is the most Penn State economic threshold is damaging (see Box A). It produces 1.0 beetle/plant in fi rst year rota- eggs, 3 larval stages, pupae and tion fi elds and 1.5 beetles/plant adults. Eggs, larvae and pupae live in continuous corn. Consultants in the soil, and the wormlike larval in Kansas mostly use 11-20 whole stages are the most destructive plant counts in fi elds averaging 114 forms. There is one generation a acres. If averages are 0.5 to 1 beetle 2017 year, and the larval stage can only per plant or higher, treatment in develop on corn roots and roots of the following year is recommended a few related grasses (see Box A) to prevent damage (Calvin 2003; (Spencer et al. 2005). Daves et al. 2007). More informa- Female adults of the western tion on monitoring can be found corn rootworm resemble adults of in Tollefson (1986), Steffey et al. the , Aca- (1982), and Calvin (2003).

IPM Practitioner, XXXV (9/10) Published May 2017 2 Box 7414, Berkeley, CA 94707 Update Box A. Biology of the Western Corn Rootworm The western corn root- Photo by Stephen Ausmus courtesy of USDA Oviposition is more shallow worm, D. virgifera virgifera is the in irrigated fields, and with rota- most damaging, but the north- tion resistant . Egg mortal- ern corn rootworm, Diabroti- ity is 35-70% according to tem- ca barberi; the Mexican corn perature and soil conditions. Low rootworm, D. virgifera zeae, and temperatures can kill the eggs, the southern corn rootworm, D. and mortality increases with the undecimpunctata howardi will length of the overwintering peri- also attack corn. The southern od. The developmental threshold corn rootworm is also called is 53°F (11.6°C) (Toepfer and the spotted cucumber beetle, Kuhlmann 2005; Chiang 1973). and the western corn rootworm Larvae must establish on resembles the striped cucumber corn roots within 24 hours of beetle, Acalymma vittatum (Kry- hatching, and they are attracted san 1986; Olkowski 1986). to roots by the CO2 released by The western corn rootworm plant respiration (Vemmer et al. produces eggs, 3 larval stages, 2015). Because eggs are often pupae, and adults. Eggs are laid Shown here is a female adult laid close to plants, movement in soil, usually near the base of beetle on a corn leaf. is limited. Younger larvae eat

a corn stalk. Female beetles use Photo by Scott Bauer courtesy of USDA fine roots, older larvae bore into earthworm burrows and natural larger roots, destroying them soil crevices to bury their eggs. (Schumann and Vidal 2012; Tal- Peak egglaying and adult emer- lamy et al. 2005). gence is in August, but eggs are Greenhouse mortality of the laid late July to Mid-september, 3 larval stages and pupae rang- and the WCR overwinters in the es from 60-85%. Natural field egg stage (Spencer et al. 2005). mortality of immature stages can Eggs hatch late May or early be greater than 90%. More larvae June, normally in the year after are killed in very wet or very dry they were laid. Adult emergence soil. Mortality is higher in san- starts in early July in the Mid- dy loam than clay soils (Chiang west, and there is one generation Shown here is a third stage larva 1973). Adult emergence is about a year (Levine and Oloumi-Sade- of the western corn rootworm. 5-10 days after pupation. Males ghi 1991). Adults tend to aggre- emerge about 5 days before gate in the fields, and the egg of the abdomen. Backs of males females. About 14 days after distribution tends to be patchy are completely black, except for emergence, females start laying (Meinke et al. 2009; Steffey and the posterior quarter, which is eggs. Adults in the field live an Tollefson 1982). yellow-green (Chiang 1973). average of 52 days (Toepfer and The white 0.1 mm eggs are In the field, females lay a Kuhlmann 2005). shaped like footballs. The worm- lifetime average of about 300- Adults will eat cucurbits, like larval stages are white except 400 eggs. Eggs are laid at night, such as cucumbers, squash, and for dark brown heads and ter- preferably in moist soil. In Iowa, pumpkins, and may appear in minal tail sections. Size ranges most eggs (66%) are laid within these crops at the same time as from 1/8 (3.2 mm) to ½ inches 8 inches (20 cm) of the surface, striped cucumber beetles. Female (12.7 mm), and larval stages last but some eggs can be found at WCR are similar in appearance to 4-6 weeks. Pupae are white and 12 inches (30 cm) (Gray and females of the striped cucumber generally the shape of adults. The Tollefson 1988). In colder areas, beetle, Acalymma vittatum, but adults are about ¼ inch (6.4 mm) eggs are laid deeper. In South Da- the stripes of A. vittatum ex- long with a typical beetle appear- kota about 40% were found in the tend to the end of the abdomen. ance. Females have yellow to first 8 inches (20 cm), but 60% The abdomen of WCR is yellow, green backs with 3 parallel black between 8 and 12 inches (20-30 whereas the abdomen of A. vit- stripes, extending toward the end cm) (Gray et al. 1992). tatum is black (Chiang 1973).

Box 7414, Berkeley, CA 94707 3 IPM Practitioner, XXXV (9/10) Published May 2017 Update Photo courtesy Landon Momberg ml capped vials with holes drilled for beetle entry. Attractants were plant volatiles and cucurbitacins from buffalo gourd. It has been used successfully by several researchers, but it is no longer commercially available (Levine and Gray 1994; Rondon and Gray 2003; Tallamy et al. 2005).

Monitoring Root Damage Monitoring root damage from feeding larvae can provide early warning about crop damage. The Iowa scale is the best known, easy to use, and gives effective results (Hills and Peters 1971). This is a scale of 1-6. No feeding is assigned a value of 1. Root feeding with min- imal damage (damaged roots >3.8 cm; 1.5 in) is assigned 2. Moderate damage with several roots attacked is assigned 3. The Pherocon AM® sticky trap is useful for monitoring adult beetles. Corn roots sprout from the Trap catches can be correlated with economic thresholds, preventing stalk in a circular fashion. A circle unnecessary pesticide applications. with all the roots the same distance down the stem is called a node. If one complete node of roots is Sticky Traps Traps with Attractants destroyed, the scale number is 4. If The Pherocon AM® sticky Much of the initial monitor- two complete nodes of roots, 5; and trap produced by Trécé Inc. has ing for adults of the western corn three complete nodes, 6. On this been used to estimate economic rootworm was done with Pherocon scale, economic damage in a field thresholds. Peak beetle emergence sticky traps. A non-sticky trap will be seen if there is an average is in August, and Pherocon traps commercially available from Trécé rating greater of 3 or more. Corn are deployed for about a week in combines a lure of plant volatiles yields are reduced 15-17% with August. About 12 traps per field and cucurbitacins with a stun pill each node of root injury (Dunbar are used (Tollefson 1986). Hein containing carbaryl. Adults are et al. 2016). Other scales have also and Tollefson (1985) found that 6 attracted to the trap, then killed. been suggested (Oleson et al. 2005). beetles a day per trap in contin- The lure trap is preferred by some uous corn meant significant root researchers (Tallamy et al. 2005). damage the following year unless The sex pheromone is Soil Insecticides Soil insecticides were the first treatments were applied. The (R-)-8-methyl-(R)-2-decylpropa- widely applied chemical manage- Pherocon sticky trap has also been noate, and it is produced by female ment tool. At one point in the 1980s used to measure rotation resistant beetles. Northern corn rootworms about 60% of the corn acreage was populations (see below). A catch of (see Box A) also react to this pher- being treated with soil insecticides. 5 adults/day per trap in a soybean omone. Multigard® (Scentry Inc.) The insecticides were overused, as field means that when planted to pheromone monitoring traps are monitoring showed only 11-19% corn, moderate damage is likely commercially available, and are of the corn acreage was infested. (O’Neal et al. 2001). useful to detect low populations Effectiveness of soil insecticides Rondon and Gray (2003) used (Metcalf 1986; Lemic et al. 2016). can be variable according to the the Pherocon trap to monitor adult A good review of attractants site and environmental conditions. beetles in alfalfa and oat stubble. can be found in Tallamy et al. Inconsistent results can sometimes Catches in alfalfa were similar to (2005). A mixture of 1,2,4-tri- be due to microbial degradation soybeans, but levels in oats were methoxybenzene, indole and (Olkowski et al. 1986; Levine and lower than the threshold, at least cinnamaldehyde is attractive to Oloumi-Sadeghi 1991). in one year. Females predominated adults. It is a simplifiedCucurbita The rootworms are now re- in all the rotation crops (see Rota- volatile aroma. Shaw et al. (1984) sistant to chlordane and other tion Resistance below). developed a vial trap made of 60 chlorinated pesticides. Because of

IPM Practitioner, XXXV (9/10) Published May 2017 4 Box 7414, Berkeley, CA 94707 Update a change to granular in-row appli- Photo courtesy Kansas State Univ. Dept. of Entomology cations, larval resistance to organo- phosphates and carbamates has been slow to develop. Larger roots near the stalk are protected, but feeding is possible on fine roots. Soil insecticides protect corn roots, but do not kill emerging beetles, preventing resistance, but leading to repeated annual applications (Olkowski 1986; Metcalf 1986; Lud- wick and Hibbard 2016; Levine and Oloumi-Sadeghi 1991).

Adult Baits Pruess (1974) showed adult control could prevent lar- val damage. Reducing the adult population reduces the number of eggs laid and the subsequent damage seen the following year. Aerial sprays have been used, but there is extensive environmental Larval feeding shown here can destroy roots, leading to reduced uptake of damage. And resistance to foliar water and nutrients, and lower yields. Extreme feeding causes the stalk to applications of , fall to the ground (lodging). carbaryl, and bifenthrin has oc- curred (Chandler 2003; Ludwick perimental baits have been devel- and Hibbard 2016). Cultural Controls oped that release CO2, attracting Baits have been used in area- Corn rootworms do not move the rootworms to a lethal fungus. wide management programs to re- very far in soil. They mostly move The approach has promise, but is duce the numbers of adult beetles. about a foot or two, and the maxi- not commercially available (Vem- Baits contain cucurbitacin feeding mum distance is about 100 cm (39 mer et al. 2016). Modifications of attractants, an , and in). In continuous corn, moving the this method have so far not been an edible carrier. Baits can reduce planting rows each year can reduce very successful (Schumann et al. the amount of insecticide applied damage. Larval populations can 2013; 2014). by 95-98%. Cucurbitacins are be reduced about 33% for each 10 extracted from the buffalo gourd, inches (25.4 cm) a new corn row is Cucurbita foetidissima. Trécé Inc. Plant Less Corn moved. Application of nitrogen fer- sells Cidetrak® CRW which is a One obvious solution to the tilizer or manure reduces damage. feeding stimulant. Cidetrak CRW western corn rootworm problem Heavy ground cover of plant debris can be mixed with an insecticide is to plant less corn. Continuous from cover crops deters egg laying to make a sprayable bait. Invite® corn cropping is being driven by and reduces larval populations. (Rockwell Inc.) is also a feeding crop subsidies, crop insurance, Winter cover crops also encourage stimulant to which insecticide can and the mandate for ethanol in au- predators (Lundgren and Fergen be added. The products SLAM® tomobile fuel. U.S. acreage planted 2011; Lundgren and Fergen 2010a; and Adios® (Microflo Inc.) contain to corn increased by 21% between Allee and Davis 1996; Riedell et al. a feeding stimulant and carbaryl. 2003 and 2013. And acreage de- 1996; Chiang 1973). Areawide management in Illinois, voted to continuous corn increased Moisture is important. Beetles Kansas, and Iowa with baits led from 21% in 2000 to 29% in 2010 prefer to lay eggs in moist soil, but to reduced root damage in corn. (Andow et al. 2016). irrigation with 5-10 cm (2-4 in) of Costs were either equal to or less Problems with the corn root- water when beetles are in the pupal than applications of soil insecti- worm would decrease if less corn stage can reduce adult emergence cides (Chandler 2003; Gerber et were planted and the landscape by 50%. Rootworm damage is al. 2005; Metcalf et al. 1987). were more diversified. Diverse worsened by drought, and plants landscapes are known to mitigate may survive if rainfall is adequate Larval Baits pests, especially specialists, and for root regrowth. Egg laying, egg lead to fewer pesticide applications mortality, and adult emergence is Since rootworms are attracted (Onstad et al. 2003a; O’Rourke and generally unaffected by the type of to CO2 released by plant roots, ex- Jones 2011). tillage. But root damage can be less

Box 7414, Berkeley, CA 94707 5 IPM Practitioner, XXXV (9/10) Published May 2017 Update in no-till, perhaps due to predation. Photo courtesy John Obermeyer, Purdue Extension Entomology Larval mortality is higher in sandy soil. Cold weather can kill rootworm eggs. Eggs held at -10°C (14°F) for 21 days have 100% mortality (Levine and Oloumi-Sadeghi 1991; Lundgren and Fergen 2010a).

Delayed Planting Delayed planting is an excel- lent cultural strategy. Rootworms must find corn roots within 24 hrs of hatching (Moeser and Hibbard 2005; Branson 1989). When eggs hatch, corn is not there to provide nutrition. Late plants also act as trap crops to help manage rotation resistant rootworms (see below) Sanitation is important when crop rotation is practiced. Volun- teer corn left in soybean fields can attract egg laying beetles. Green and yellow foxtail are also hosts, Rotation resistant beetles shown here are feeding on soybean leaves. but since most cornfields and Eggs laid in soybeans hatch out in rotation cornfields, causing damage. rotation soybean fields are aerial- ly sprayed with herbicides, host weeds are not likely to be a prob- most of the U.S. (Levine et al. 2002; Rotation resistant WCR lem (Levine and Oloumi-Sadeghi Dunbar and Gassmann 2013). beetles are more active than the 1991; Quarles 2016b). normal variety. A genetic basis for Some corn varieties are tol- Rotation Resistance the behavior is suspected, but has erant to feeding, but research on The cause of rotation resis- not been proven. Rotation resistant naturally resistant species stalled tance in WCR is beetle migration. individuals, however, have higher with the development of genetical- Corn rootworm females generally levels of digestive enzymes than ly engineered corn containing BT lay their eggs in the corn fields rotation susceptible rootworms toxins (Levine and Oloumi-Sadeghi where they develop. But rotation (Knolhoff et al. 2006; Miller et al. 1991; Gray et al. 2009)(see below). resistant beetles migrate from corn 2006; Curzi et al. 2012). into other crops to lay at least some Rotation resistant insects Crop Rotation of their eggs. WCR females will lay their eggs higher in the soil. In Illinois 60% are laid in the top Since the larval stage of the migrate into soybeans, oats, alfalfa, 10 cm (4 in), while rotation sus- corn rootworm can only develop on and wheat to lay eggs. If these fields ceptible insects lay most of their corn or a few grassy weeds, crop are planted to corn in the next year, eggs deeper (Spencer et al. 2009). rotation is the best cultural strat- the corn will be damaged (Rondon Rotation resistance is concentrated egy. When eggs laid in cornfields and Gray 2003; O’Neal et al. 2002). in Eastern states such as Illinois hatch in a rotation crop such as If the corn rootworm likes and Indiana, and is not present to soybeans, larvae cannot devel- corn so much, why does it desert any extent in Iowa (Dunbar and op on the rotation crop. Rotation its favorite food? One reason is that Gassmann 2013). has been used successfully since corn is less appealing to adults later The northern corn rootworm, the beginning of corn cultivation. in the year when silks have turned D. barberi, can also show rotation Only recently, in areas such as brown. Another reason is that con- resistance. But resistance in D. bar- Illinois where most of the acreage stant applications of to beri is due to extended egg is planted to corn, has resistance Ready® genetically engi- (see Box A). Instead of hatching after to rotation developed. For instance, neered corn kills weeds that could one year, some of them hatch after in Ford County Illinois, 89% of the provide alternate food to keep them two. Eggs are laid in corn, but eggs land is under cultivation and 98% in the corn fields. Another reason is do not hatch in rotation soybeans, of that is planted to either corn or that insecticides changed the stay- but right in the middle of corn on a soybeans, and nearly all (98%) of at-home rootworm into a wanderer two year rotation (Levine and Olou- the soybeans are rotated back to that has dispersal as part of its mi-Sadeghi 1991). corn the following year. Classical behavior (O’Neal et al. 2001; 2002; crop rotation is still effective in 2004; Metcalf 1983; Quarles 2014a).

IPM Practitioner, XXXV (9/10) Published May 2017 6 Box 7414, Berkeley, CA 94707 Update

Cure for Rotation (tebupirimphos and cyfluthrin) are nient and effective, and farmers Resistance applied (Gray et al. 2009; Cullen et discarded IPM methods, and relied Late planted corn can be a al. 2013). mostly on BT to protect their corn. cure for WCR rotation resistance. Problems include consumer Although regulators required BT Rotation resistant WCR beetles resistance, destruction of wildlife, corn to be planted with refuges of do not prefer soybeans over corn. contamination of food with systemic non-BT corn to slow resistance, ref- As conventional corn matures, it pesticides, and expensive intro- uges were not effective. The reason becomes a less acceptable food and ductions of new traits as old ones for failure in some instances might dispersal begins. Late planted corn fail—the genetic treadmill (Quarles have been non-compliance. Field can act as a trap crop because the 2012; 2014a; 2016ab). Aerial appli- resistance to BT corn has developed younger corn is more attractive lat- cations of glyphosate may change (Gray 2011; Gassmann et al. 2011; er in the year when other fields are the microbial composition of the Gassmann et al. 2016). senescing. Late planted corn draws soil (Johal and Huber 2009; Kremer beetles away from other crops. and Means 2009), possibly affecting BT Resistance In the next year the field can be rootworm management. Fungicides About 80% of the corn crop in planted to soybeans or wheat, applied as seed treatments may the U.S. had a genetically engi- destroying the larvae (O’Neal et al. destroy natural biocontrols such neered BT trait in 2014. BT for the 2004). For instance, Pierce and as Beauveria bassiana and Metar- rootworm was introduced in 2003. Gray (2006) found that beetles left hizium anisopliae (Quarles 2012). Farmers welcomed it enthusias- early planted corn and laid eggs Natural predators such as tically because they could grow in soybeans, but late planted corn carabid beetles may be killed by continuous corn without soil insec- acted as sink for the beetles, at- neonicotinoid seed treatments ticides. However, the rootworm tracting them away from soybeans (Mullin et al. 2006; Gray and Stef- rapidly became resistant to the and early planted corn. fey 2006) (see Biocontrol below). first trait introduced, Cry3Bb1. Re- Onstad et al. (2003b) devel- Neonicotinoids may also kill bees, sistance can develop within three oped models that show rotation birds and other beneficials (Goul- years of continuous BT plantings. resistant beetles can be managed son 2013, Krupke et al. 2012, A 3-6 fold increase in resistance by a 3 year rotation of wheat, then Quarles 2014b). The reality may leads to substantial damage in the corn, then soybeans. Three year be the simultaneous application of field (Gassmann et al. 2011; And- rotations would also be effective conflicting management tools. ow et al. 2016). for the northern corn rootworm. When BT corn with rootworm Major reasons for resistance Schroeder et al. (2005) found in resistance was introduced, it quick- development were low expression of small plot tests that corn following ly become the major control for the insecticidal trait, a resistance wheat had the least root damage, the corn rootworm. It was conve- allele that was not recessive, inade- and corn following soybeans had Photo courtesy John Obermeyer, Purdue Extn. Entomology root damage near the economic threshold.

Genetically Engineered Corn Today’s western corn root- worm is likely very different from the one found in cornfields in 1909 (Metcalf 1983; Metcalf 1986). Similarly, today’s corn is definitely quite different. Corn planted now may contain several traits added to it by genetic engineering tech- niques. These traits may include one or more of four different BT traits for rootworm control, BT for the European corn borer, traits for resistance to glyphosate and other herbicides. Seeds may be treated with neonicotinoids and fungi- cides. In fields where rootworm control failures have occurred, Beetle feeding on corn silks interferes with pollination, causing incomplete soil insecticides such as Aztec® development of corn ears.

Box 7414, Berkeley, CA 94707 7 IPM Practitioner, XXXV (9/10) Published May 2017 Update quate BT-free refuges, and excessive Photo by Juan Morales-Ramos courtesy USDA are injected into adult beetles. reliance on one management strate- During a mean egglaying period of gy instead of IPM (Petzold-Maxwell et 23 days, 33 beetles can be parasit- al. 2012; Cullen et al. 2013; Tabash- ized. Maximum 24 hr parasitism nik and Gould 2012). rate in the laboratory is 27% (Zhang Greenhouse tests show resis- et al. 2004; Kuhlmann et al. 2005). tance is possible to all four com- Ground beetles can be preda- mercial BT rootworm traits, and tors, but larval rootworms are not also to “pyramids” containing more preferred prey. Rootworms have than one trait. Field resistance to a hemolymph defense that makes some of these traits has already de- them distasteful. Predators vigor- veloped and others are at risk (An- ously clean mouthparts after en- dow et al. 2016; Cullen et al. 2013; counters. The hemolymph may also Gassmann et al. 2011; Gassmann contain chemical repellents such as et al. 2016). Heterorhabditis spp. nematodes cucurbitacins. Chewing predators Resistance to BT usually can help manage the western corn are deterred more than fluid feed- develops in field “hot spots.” The rootworm. ers. Rootworm predation increases best mitigation is immediate imple- with predator density (Lundgren et mentation of IPM methods, such Photo by Jonathan Lundgren courtesy USDA al. 2009; Lundgren et al. 2010b; as areawide crop rotation. Another Lundgren and Fergen 2014; Talla- possibility is increasing refuge size my et al. 2005). of non-BT corn to 50% of the BT Mites feed on eggs and larvae, acreage. It is best to implement IPM but applications of predatory mites methods before resistance occurs to corn fields made the rootworm (Tabashnik and Gould 2012; Marti- problem worse. Mites may have nez and Caprio 2016). interfered with a natural biocontrol (Prischmann et al. 2013). Reaction to Resistance Though IPM methods are the Nematodes and Fungi solution, Dunbar et al. (2016) found Nematodes and fungi can be that the reaction of Iowa farmers effective biological controls for the to development of resistance to BT The carabid Cyclotrachelus western corn rootworm. Soil is the (Cry3Bb1) was to grow continu- alternans can provide biocontrol. natural habitat for nematodes, ous corn with a different BT, or to fungi, and rootworms. Success with apply soil insecticides or both. This aradices. The inoculant slowed the nematodes and fungi increases approach was taken even though growth rate of the larvae, making with soil moisture and temperature, rotated fields had the same or less them more susceptible to predators. and nematodes are more effective damage, but planted less BT corn, Santos et al. (2014) inoc- in sandy soils. Some corn varieties and used less soil insecticide. Where ulated corn with the beneficial release plant volatiles that attract it was implemented, crop rotation microbe Azospirillum brasilense. nematodes, increasing efficacy.Het - in Iowa led to protection equal to or The inoculated corn suffered less erorhabditis spp. are more effective better than chemical management. rootworm (Diabrotica speciosa) at- than Steinernema spp. In many tack than untreated corn. Larvae cases, nematodes are just as effec- Help from Soil Microbes that fed on the inoculated corn tive as soil insecticides. In Europe, The underground ecology is weighed less than those feeding they are used in commercial corn important for WCR survival. Since on untreated corn. Inoculated production under the brandname corn rootworm lives in the soil, it corn had elevated emissions of Dianem® (Hiltpold et al. 2010; is reasonable that changes in soil (E)-beta-caryophyllene, which the Wright et al. 1993; Toepfer et al. microbes might affect root damage. rootworm may avoid. This chemi- 2008; Hoffmann et al. 2014). Some microbes might make the cal also attracts beneficial nema- Because they attack the insect sick, or microbe interaction todes that may contribute to plant larvae, nematode and fungi ap- with corn might make the plant less protection (Rasmann et al. 2005). plications must persist in the soil attractive. Dematheis et al. (2012) until rootworm eggs hatch. Per- found that western corn rootworm Biocontrol sistence of nematodes in the fields larval feeding changed the microbial The tachinid parasitoid Celato- is variable. Wright et al. (1993) composition of the corn root rhizo- ria compressa is being considered found S. carpocapsae nematodes sphere. Demathesis et al. (2013) in- as a biocontrol for the western corn persisted 28 days one year, but oculated corn with the mycorrhizal rootworm in Europe. The eggs of only 7 days the next year. But in fungus Glomus (Rhizophagus) intr- the parasitoid contain larvae that European field experiments, Kurtz

IPM Practitioner, XXXV (9/10) Published May 2017 8 Box 7414, Berkeley, CA 94707 Update et al. (2007) found Heterorhabditis Nematodes Versus Soil ments can be a viable alternative to spp. and S. feltiae persisted for Insecticides soil insecticides. This IPM approach 2-5 months. Because of possibly Wright et al. (1993) found will work both for organic and limited persistence, applications high rates of nematodes 2.5 x109/ conventional corn. If nematodes are after planting time may be more ha applied to natural infestations unavailable, soil insecticides or adult successful than those at planting. were more effective than the soil baits might be used as a last resort. The entomopathogenic fungi insecticide terbufos and had simi- Experiments with larval baits Beauveria bassiana and Metar- lar effectiveness to chlorpyrifos in and microbial ecology show prom- hizium anisopliae occur naturally in preventing root damage. Nematodes ise, and more research on resistant 55-60% of Iowa cornfields (Rudeen were applied through irrigation species is needed. Stubborn adher- et al. 2013). And Metarhizium aniso- after planting. ence to continuous corn protected pliae applied to cornfields persists When nematodes were applied only by BT traits is bound to fail. for at least 15 months (Pilz et al. at planting time, Jackson et al. The western corn rootworm is a 2011). About 1.4% of western root- (1996) found that S. carpocapsae superbug created by poor agronomic worm larval field infestations are and H. bacteriophora were not as practices. Conversion to IPM meth- infested (Pilz et al. 2008). effective as terbufos at preventing ods will lead to sustainable corn root damage. Adult emergence was production and less environmental Heterorhabditis spp. reduced 66-98% by the nematodes, destruction. As a result, both farm- More Effective and 94-95% by the insecticide. ers and consumers will be winners. In laboratory tests, Kurtz et Jackson may have had less success al. (2009) found that the 3rd larval because the nematodes did not Acknowledgement stage of the rootworm was the most persist long enough to attack the The author would like to thank susceptible to nematodes, and that rootworms. Erin Berg for help with research on Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and Pilz et al. (2009) compared this article. H. megidis were more effective than efficacy of the soil insecticide teflu- S. feltiae. thrin with clothianidin seed treat- Toepfer et al. (2008) found that ments, H. bacteriophora nematodes, William Quarles, Ph.D., is an IPM H. bacteriophora and H. megidis and the fungus M. anisopliae. The Specialist, Executive Director of the caused 70% rootworm mortality, pesticides and the nematodes gave Bio-Integral Resource Center (BIRC), and S. feltiae caused 32% mortality similar reductions in adult emer- and Managing Editor of the IPM when applied at field application gence: tefluthrin (60%), H. b. (60%) Practitioner. He can be reached by rates of 3.4 x109/ha. In another ex- and clothianidin (70%). The fungus email, [email protected] periment Toepfer et al. (2010) found reduced emergence by only 31%. H. bacteriophora applied in the field Effectiveness of the fungus might References reduced root injuries due to root- have improved with increased ap- worm feeding by 25-79%. Highest plication rates (Pilz et al. 2009). Allee, L.L. and P.M. Davis. 1996. Effect of manure and corn hybrid on survival of western corn reduction in rootworm density rootworm. Environ. Entomol. 25(4):801-899 (68%) occurred with application of Conclusion Andow, D.A., S.G. Pueppke, A.W. Schaafsma et nematodes at planting. al. 2016. Early detection and mitigation of Crop diversification would be resistance to Bt by the western corn Though Heterorhabditis spp. the best longterm solution, but rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). J. Econ. are more effective, studies have farmer resistance is likely. If corn Entomol. 109(1):1-12. Branson, T.F. 1989. Survival of starved neonate shown that Steinernema carpocapsae monocultures are planted, the best larvae of Diabrotica virgifera virgifera. J. nematodes are effective in controlling strategy for the corn rootworm is an Kansas Entomol. Soc. 62:521-523. larval rootworms in the field. The IPM program that includes cultural Calvin, D. 2003. Western and northern corn rootworm management in Pennsylvania. 2nd and 3rd larval stages of the root- controls and crop rotation. Crop Pennsylvania State Cooperative Extension. worm are the most vulnerable. About rotation of corn with soybean or Chandler, L.D. 2003. Corn rootworm areawide 6% of eggs reached adult stage in the wheat should be effective in areas management program: United States Department of Agriculture—Agricultural controls, whereas about 1% of eggs where rotation resistance is not Research Service. Pest Manag. Sci. 59:605-608 reached adulthood in treated fields a problem. In areas with rotation Chiang, H.C. 1973. Bionomics of the northern (Journey and Ostlie 2000). and western corn rootworms. Annu. Rev. resistance, late planted corn can be Entomol. 18:47-72. Petzold et al. (2013) found rotated with regular corn plantings, Cullen, E.M., M.E. Gray, A.J. Gassmann et al. that H. bacteriophora and S. feltiae soybeans, and wheat. This rota- 2013. Resistance to Bt corn by western corn plus the fungus Metarhizium brun- rootworm (Coleoptera: chrysomelidae) in the tion would also be effective for the U.S. corn belt. J. Integ. Pest Mngmt. 4(3):1-6. neum reduced root injury of BT northern corn rootworm. Neither Curzi, M.J., J.A. Zavala, J.L. Spencer et al. 2012. corn when rootworm levels were BT corn nor soil insecticides should Abnormally high digestive enzyme activity and high, and reduced injury to non-BT gene expression explain the contemporary be needed, and costs would be low. evolution of a Diabrotica biotype able to feed on corn when levels were low. In both If monitoring shows that eco- soybeans. Ecol. Evol. 2(8):2005-2017. cases, corn yields were increased nomic damage is likely when a field Daves, C.A., R.A. Higgins, P.E. Sloderbeck et al. by the treatment. 2007. How Kansas crop consultants scout is planted to corn, nematode treat- for western corn rootworms (Coleoptera:

Box 7414, Berkeley, CA 94707 9 IPM Practitioner, XXXV (9/10) Published May 2017 Update

Chrysomelidae) in field corn.Am. Entomol. of western corn rootworm and fitness costs of Lundgren, J.G. and J.K. Fergen. 2011. 53(1):8-12. resistance to Cry3Bb1 maize. J. Econ. Entomol. Enhancing predation of a subterranean Dematheis, F., U. Zimmerling, C. Flocco et 107(1):352-360. insect pest: a conservation benefit of winter al. 2012. Multitrophic interaction in the Jackson, J.J. 1996. Field performance of vegetation in agroecosystems. Appl. Soil Ecol. rhizosphere of maize: root feeding of western entomopathogenic nematodes for suppression 51:9-16. corn rootworm larvae altered the microbial of the western corn rootworm. J. Econ. Lundgren, J.G. and J.K. Fergen. 2014. Predator community composition. PLoS ONE 7:0037288. Entomol. 89(2):366-372. community structure and trophic linkage Dematheis, F., B. Kurtz, S. Vidal et al. 2013. Johal, G.S. and D.M. Huber. 2009. Glyphosate strength to a focal prey. Mol. Ecol. 23:3790- Multitrophic interactions among western corn effects on diseases of plants. Eur. J. Agron. 3798. rootworm, Glomus intraradices and microbial 31:144-152. Martinez, J.C. and M.A. Caprio. 2016. IPM use communities in the rhizosphere and endorhiza Journey, A.M. and K.R. Ostlie. 2000. Biological with the deployment of a non-high dose Bt of maize. Frontiers Microbiol. 4: article 357 control of the western corn rootworm using pyramid and mitigation of resistance for Dunbar, M.W. and A.J. Gassmann. 2013. the entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema western corn rootworm. Environ. Entomol. Abundance and distribution of western and carpocapsae. Environ. Entomol. 29(4): 822-831. 45(3):747-761. northern corn rootworm and prevalence of Knolhoff, L.M., D.W. Onstad, J.L. Spencer et al. Meinke, L.J., T.W. Sappington, D.W. Onstad et rotation resistance in eastern Iowa. J. Econ. 2006. Behavioral differences between rotation al. 2009. Western corn rootworm population Entomol. 106(1):168-180. resistant and wild type Diabrotica virgifera dynamics. Agric. For. Entomol. 11:29-46. Dunbar, M.W., M.E. O’Neal and A.J. Gassmann. virgifera. Environ. Entomol. 35(4):1049-1057. Metcalf, R.L. 1983. Implications and prognosis of 2016. Effects of field history on corn root Kremer, R.J. and N.E. Means. 2009. Glyphosate resistance to insecticides. In: G.P. Georghiou injury and adult abundance of northern and glyphosate-resistant crop interactions with and T. Saito, eds. Pest Resistance to Pesticides. and western corn rootworm (Coleoptera: rhizosphere microorganisms. Eur. J. Agron. Plenum Press, New York. pp. 703-733 of 809 Chrysomelidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 109(5):2096- 31:153-161. pp. 2104. Krupke, C.H., G.J. Hund, B.D. Eltzer et al. 2012. Metcalf, R.L. 1986. Foreword. In: Krysan and Gassmann, A.J., J.L. Petzold-Maxwell, R.S. Multiple routes of pesticide exposure for Miller, pp. vii-xvi. Keweshan et al. 2011. Field-evolved resistance honey bees near agricultural fields.PLoS ONE Metcalf, R.L., J.E. Ferguson, R. Lampman et to Bt maize by western corn rootworm. PLoS 7(1):e29268. 8pp. al. 1987. Dry cucurbitacin containing baits ONE 6(7):e22629. Krysan, J.L. 1986. Introduction: biology, for controlling diabroticite beetles. J. Econ. Gassmann, A.J., R.B. Shrestha, S.R.K. Jakka distribution, and identification of pest Entomol. 8:870-875. et al. 2016. Evidence of resistance to Diabrotica. In: Krysan and Miller, pp. 1-23 of Miller, N.J., K.S. Kim, S.T. Ratcliffe et al. 2006. Cry34/35Ab1 corn by western corn rootworm: 260 pp. Absence of genetic divergence between western root injury in the field and larval survival Krysan, J.L. and T.A. Miller. 1986. Methods for corn rootworms resistant and susceptible to in plant based assays. J. Econ. Entoml. the Study of Pest Diabrotica. Springer Verlag, control by crop rotation. J. Econ. Entomol. 109(4):1872-1880. New York. 260 pp. 99(3):685-690. 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Integrated pest management densities at three soil depths: implications for Lemic, D., K.M. Mikac, A. Kozina et al. 2016. for corn rootworms and cucumber beetles. IPM future ecological studies. J. Kansas Entomol. Monitoring techniques of the western corn Practitioner 8(11/12):1-8. Soc. 65(3):354-356. rootworm are the precursor to effective IPM O’Neal, M.E., M.E. Gray, K. Steffey et al. 2001. Gray, M.E. and K. Steffey. 2006. Bt corn and strategies. Pest Manag. Sci. 72:405-17. Predicting western corn rootworm larval injury neonicotinoid seed treatments: are non-target Levine, E. and H. Oloumi-Sadeghi. 1991. to rotated corn with Pherocon® AM traps in effects and potential insecticide resistance Management of diabroticite rootworms in corn. soybeans. J. Econ. Entomol. 94:98-105. justified concerns? Bull. IPM No. 1, Article 4, Annu. Rev. Entomol. 36:229-55. O’Neal, M.E. C.D. DiFonzo and D.A. Landis. March 24, 2006. Levine, E. and M.E. Gray. 1994. Use of 2002. 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to improve crop tolerance to corn rootworm et al. 2016. Development of a CO2 releasing larval feeding damage. Agron. J. 88:27-32. coformulation based on starch, Saccharomyces Rondon, S.I. and M.E. Gray. 2003. Captures of cerevisiae and Beauveria bassiana attractive western corn rootworm adults with Pherocon® towards western corn rootworm larvae. Pest AM and vial traps in four crops in East Central Manag. Sci. 72:2136-2145. Illinois. J. Econ. Entomol. 96(3):737-747. Vidal, S., U. Kuhlmann and C.R. Edwards. Rudeen, M.L., S.T. Jaronski, J.L. Petzold-Maxwell 2005. Western Corn Rootworm: Ecology and et al. 2013. Entomopathogenic fungi in Management. CABI, Wallingford, Oxfordshire. cornfields and their potential to manage larval 310 pp. western corn rootworm Diabrotica virgifera Wang, H., B.S. Coates, H. Chen et al. 2013. virgifera. J. Invert. Pathol. 114:329-332. Role of a gamma-aminobutryic acid (GABA) Santos, F., M.F.G.V. Penaflor, P.W. Pare et receptor mutation in the evolution and spread al. 2014. A novel interaction between of Diabrotica virgifera virgifera resistance rhizobacteria and roots: colonization induces to cyclodiene insecticides. Insect Mol. Biol. corn resistance against the root herbivore 22(5):473-484. Diabrotica speciosa. PLoS ONE 9(11):e113280. Wright, R.J., J.F. Witkowski, G. Echtenkamp Schroeder, J.B., S.T. Ratcliffe and M.E. Gray. et al. 1993. Efficacy and persistence of 2005. Effect of four cropping systems on Steinernema carpocapsae applied through a variant western corn rootworm adult and egg center pivot irrigation system against larval densities and subsequent larval damage in corn rootworms. J. Econ. Entomol. 86(5):1348- rotated maize. J. Econ. Entomol. 98(5):1587- 1354. 1593. Zhang, F., S. Toepfer, K. Riley et al. 2004. Schumann, M. and S. Vidal. 2012. Dispersal and Reproductive biology of Celatoria compressa, spatial distribution of western corn rootworm a parasitoid of Diabrotica virgifera virgifera. larvae in relation to root phenology. Agric. Biocontrol Sci. Technol. 14(1):5-16. Forest Entomol. 14:331-339. Schumann, M., A. Patel and S. Vidal. 2013. Evaluation of an attract and kill strategy for

Box 7414, Berkeley, CA 94707 11 IPM Practitioner, XXXV (9/10) Published May 2017 Conference Notes Special ESA Pheromone Report

By Joel Grossman com). China is using pheromone Codling Moth Pheromone or kairomone lures for surveillance and Pear Psylla Biocontrol These Conference Highlights were and mass trapping of over 170 pest “Most pear pest management selected from among 5,396 presen- species, covering at least 4 million programs rely on multiple, targeted tations at “Entomology Without Bor- hectares (10 million acres) of crop insecticide sprays for pear psyl- ders,” the Orlando, Florida (Sept. fields, and mating disruption dis- la, Cacopsylla pyricola, and other 25-30, 2016) joint 25th Internation- pensers are being field tested. pests including codling moth, Cydia al Congress of Entomology (ICE) China’s large import and ex- pomonella,” said Kaushalya Am- and annual Entomological Society port industries result in constant arasekare (Tennessee State Univ, of America (ESA) meetings, the insect outbreaks with big losses 3500 John A. Merritt Blvd, Nash- largest gathering of entomologists along with food safety and envi- ville, TN 37209; kaushalya2641@ in world history with 6,682 dele- ronmental problems, leading the yahoo.com). Codling moth manage- gates from 102 countries. The next government to support increased ment by pheromone mating disrup- ESA annual meeting is November pheromone use 10 years ago. Ini- tion slows down the development 5-8, 2017 in Denver, Colorado. For tially government and farmers were of insecticide resistance, spares more information contact the ESA skeptical of pheromones, wondering beneficial insects, and improves (3 Park Place, Suite 307, Annapolis, about their safety and efficacy. Chi- biological control of pear psylla. MD 21401; 301/731-4535; http:// na started its pheromone research Effects of pesticides can be www.entsoc.org). in 1966; but a big slowdown oc- monitored and evaluated by traps curred during the Cultural Revolu- baited with herbivore-induced plant Pheromones and Biocon- tion, and pheromone research did volatiles (HIPV) that attract natural trol Reduce Pesticides not pickup again until 2000. enemies. “These traps are useful Pheromones are used to man- Soybean pod borer, Legumini- for measuring presence and abun- age longhorn beetles. Longhorn vora glycinivorella, a Tortricidae dance of adult natural enemies that beetles attack tea, cherries, veg- moth and a major pest of soybeans fly away when being sampled with etables and other crops. The IPM “is mainly controlled with chemi- beat-trays.” approach combines pheromone cals in China,” said Kuijun Zhao In the USA Pacific Northwest, monitoring with mass trapping and (Northeast Agric Univ, 59 Mucai St, codling moth lacks efficient natural mating disruption, reducing crop Xiangfang, Harbin 150030, China; enemies on Bartlett pears. Howev- damage from 30% to 5-8%. Phero- [email protected]). The sex pher- er, “pear psylla has many natural bio® pheromone traps with 8 holes omone has become an important enemies including generalist pred- caught 400% more tea longhorn monitoring and prevention tool, but ators such as Deraeocoris brevis (a beetles than traps with 16 holes. pheromone attract-and-kill alone true bug), spiders, Orius sp. (pirate Helicopters delivered encapsulated does not reduce soybean pod borers bug), Coccinellids (lady beetles) and pheromones. below economic levels. a specialist parasitoid, Trechnites In 2013-2015, attract-and-kill, An IPM approach combines insidiosus, although overwinter- mating disruption and botanicals soybean pod borer pheromone ing, spring and summer psylla are reduced crop field sprays from 8 to monitoring and attract-and-kill mainly controlled by insecticides,” 1-2. In a mass trapping study with with biocontrol by Trichogramma. said Amarasekare. “Our results pheromone monitoring and Phero- Trichogramma egg parasitoids are show that codling moth mating dis- bio® traps, fruit pest populations released five days before peak pod ruption can positively influence the fell 80% in 2 years. The 4.5% fruit borer flights. This IPM approach abundance of natural enemies in damage with pheromone-based IPM reduced chemical use by 25%. pear orchards. This in turn reduces was similar to that with conven- the amount of insecticides needed tional spray programs; but pesti- to control pear psylla.” Pheromone-Based IPM cide spraying was 600% less with “The pear orchard we used in China no yield difference. Plus farmers for this study was under a codling Pheromones are a very hot top- commanded 30% higher prices moth mating disruption program ic in China today, and “many farm- for pheromone-based IPM crops, for more than eight years,” said ers are being trained in pheromone compared to conventional pesticide Amarasekare. As a result, few- use,” said Yinzhong Cui (Phero- crops. China currently has 15 small er insecticide applications were bio Technol Co Ltd, Bldg 59A, 17 pheromone companies. Government needed, protecting natural enemies Huanke Mid Rd, Jinqiao Sci Tech- policy is a 30% reduction in pesti- and minimizing pear psylla out- nol Ind Zone, Tongzhou Distr, Bei- cide use by 2020. breaks. Mating disruption codling jing, China 101102; sino@aliyun.

IPM Practitioner, XXXV (9/10) Published May 2017 12 Box 7414, Berkeley, CA 94707 Conference Notes moth management helped to build Pheromones for Stink Pheromones for Stink up large populations of spiders Bugs in California Bugs in Cotton throughout the orchard. Spiders “Brown marmorated stink In outbreak years such as were the most dominant natural bug (BMSB), Halyomorpha halys, 2013, “damage to cotton from enemy detected irrespective of the originated in East Asia and has brown stink bug, Euschistus ser- method of monitoring used. “We de- been spread to over 43 states in vus, resulted in a 25-30% yield tected negligible abundance of pear continental United States includ- reduction which required repeated psylla throughout the study.” ing California,” where “a signifi - pesticide applications,” which are cantly large BMSB population was costly and “increase the possibility Lower Cost Pine Beetle discovered in Midtown Sacramento of secondary pest outbreaks,” said Lures in early September 2013,” said Vonny Barlow (Univ California, 290 “California fi ve-spined engrav- Jhalendra Rijal (Univ California, N. Broadway, Blythe, CA 92225; er, Ips paraconfusus, a Curculioni- 3800 Cornucopia Way, Ste A, [email protected]). Southern dae beetle attacking many pine tree Modesto, CA 95358; jrijal@ucdavis. California cotton, typically sprayed species, is expanding its range in edu). BMSB, found in 28 California 3-4 times, was sprayed 11 times for drought-stressed Washington and counties, is established in Butte, E. servus and sweetpotato whitefl y, Oregon ponderosa pine forests,” Yolo, Los Angeles, Sutter, Sacra- Bemisia tabaci Biotype B, in 2013. said Todd Murray (Washington mento, San Joaquin, Santa Clara, Pheromone traps are more State Univ, POB 369, Stevenson, Siskiyou and Stanislaus. effi cient than sweep nets for mon- WA 98648; [email protected]). itoring E. servus in commercial This rare, long-lasting outbreak cotton fi elds. Four-vane yellow or became an opportunity to use brown corrugated plastic pyramid pheromone-baited Lindgren funnel traps topped with aluminum wire traps to fi eld test aggregation lure screen funnels utilized E. servus formulations. The goal being to cre- aggregation pheromone, meth- ate “a more effective and affordable yl-(2E-4Z)-decadienoate, to monitor aggregation lure.” commercial cotton fi elds adjacent Basically, pure (+)-ipsdienol, to alfalfa. Though not consistent an expensive major active aggrega- vectors of cotton boll rot , tion lure component, was compared brown stink bugs migrate into to a “more biologically relevant” cotton within 24 hours of harvest and cheaper to produce “crude, or senescence of nearby broad- impure ipsdienol” from Synergy leaf weeds, legumes, snap beans, Semiochemicals Corp. Standard soybean, sorghum, corn, okra and lures, which contain pure ipsdien- millet. But “pheromone trapping ol, cis-verbenol and ipsenol, were revealed that there did not appear tested with and without myrte- An Ips sp. engraver beetle to be a signifi cant aggregation ofE. nol. Crude ipsdienol lures, which servus along cotton fi eld perime- contain impure ipsdienol, cis-ver- ters,” said Barlow. Since BMSB detections near benol and ipsenol were tested with California’s Highway 99 and in a and without myrtenol. Traps were Modesto commercial peach orchard, Turf Billbug Pheromones placed in the fi eld from early July to 9 commercial peach orchards in “Billbug damage is arguably mid-August in 2014 and 2015. Stanislaus and Merced Counties the most misdiagnosed insect-re- Traps captured 45,936 I. were monitored using beat trays, vi- lated turfgrass disorder in North paraconfusus in 2014 and 7,122 sual samplings and standard 4-foot America,” said Alexandra Duffy in 2015. “In both years, the peak (1.2-m) tall black pyramid traps (Purdue Univ, 901 West State St, fl ight was captured early in the baited with aggregation pheromone West Lafayette, IN 47907; duffy14@ study,” and “trap captures were plus methyl decatrienoate (Trécé, purdue.edu). Bluegrass billbug, almost completely comprised of I. Adair, OK). In 2016, pyramid traps Sphenophorus parvulus, and hunt- paraconfusus,” said Murray. Beetles with lures captured 3 BMSB in one ing billbug, S. venatus, are the strongly preferred the impure lure peach orchard. In contrast, nei- most widespread and economically over the standard lure. In 2014, the ther beat trays nor visual sampling important billbug species. Males of addition of myrtenol to the stan- captured BMSB. At the original these Curculionidae beetles re- dard lure enhanced trap catch, but Modesto detection location, pyr- spond to host-plant volatiles from attraction was still less than the amid traps with lures caught 21 Bermudagrass, Cynodon dactylon crude lure. In 2015, the addition of adults and 4 nymphs per night in var. Patriot. myrtenol to the crude lure reduced September, indicating BMSB popu- “Females are likely cueing effi cacy, but the crude lure still out- lations are increasing. into a male-produced pheromone,” performed the standard one. perhaps much like the male-pro-

Box 7414, Berkeley, CA 94707 13 IPM Practitioner, XXXV (9/10) Published May 2017 Conference Notes duced aggregation pheromone of Hessian Fly Pheromone Green Lighting Hessian the closely related sugar cane wee- for IPM Fly Pheromones vil, Sphenophorus levis, said Duffy. Hessian fly,Mayetiola destruc- Hessian fly, the world’s Cuticular extracts showed qualita- tor, is a key pest of hard-red winter number one wheat pest, causes tive chemical differences between wheat in the USA Southern Great yield- and growth-reducing lodging S. parvulus and S. venatus females, Plains, and no remedial actions of wheat plants during outbreak indicating the possibility that cu- can prevent economic loss once a years, though resistant varieties ticular hydrocarbons could play a field is infested. As larvae develop and fly-free planting dates can role in mate recognition between behind the leaf sheath, infestations reduce damage, said Ryan Schmid these closely related sympatric often go undetected until crop dam- (Kansas State Univ, 201 Waters species. Identification of the specific age is evident. Annex, Manhattan, KS 66506; compounds is in progress. Duffy A recently discovered sex pher- [email protected]). In 2009, envisions turf IPM programs using omone can be useful in baited traps a synthetic Hessian fly pheromone pheromones for monitoring lures for detection and monitoring, said was produced for monitoring, to and billbug mating disruption. Allen Knutson (Texas A&M Univ, provide the “when and where” for 17360 Coit Rd, Dallas, TX 75252; IPM programs. Traps with female Female Pheromone [email protected]). sex pheromone provided good data Autodetection Pheromone trap (Trécé Inc.) on male Hessian flies, but lacked The female-produced sex pher- monitoring was tested for three consistent correlation with wheat omone of oriental beetle, Anomala growing seasons in 50 fields at 6 field damage. Adding very high-in- orientalis, is a 9:1 blend of (Z)- and locations along a transect beginning tensity (16 W/m2), medium green (E)-7-tetradecen-2-one. “The pher- in northcentral Oklahoma, latitude (525 nm) light-emitting diodes omone may impede mating disrup- 36°N and ending in southcentral (LEDs) can improve monitoring tion by attracting both males and Texas, latitude 31°N. A single pher- and early detection by attracting females,” said Robert Holdcraft omone trap was monitored in each female flies. (Rutgers, 125A Lake Oswego Rd, field from shortly after fall planting The existing monitoring strat- Chatsworth, NJ 08019; rholdcra@ in late September until spring crop egy of monitoring males with Hes- rci.rutgers.edu). maturation (April-June). sian fly female sex-pheromone is “Multiple studies have evaluat- effective, but “monitoring of female ed the efficacy of mating disruption Hessian flies is the key to detecting for this pest on several blueberry new invasions and incorporating farms in southern New Jersey, using trap captures into management both point-source dispensers and decisions,” said Schmid. Hence, SPLAT™ dollops containing the the focus on moving green LED major pheromone component,” said pheromone traps from the lab to Holdcraft. In all of these studies wheat fields. traps baited with (Z)-7-tetradecen- 2-one were used to monitor male Bright Sunlight Dilutes beetle numbers. In one early study LEDs female beetles were observed flying Bright sunlight in wheat fields upwind toward dispensers, appar- effectively dilutes very bright green ently attracted to the pheromone in a LEDs. Thus, another study is manner similar to males. These un- comparing green LEDs switched on expected observations suggested that at night versus daylight hours, as female oriental beetles might possibly female Hessian flies are nocturnal, have the ability to detect their own Hessian fly,Mayetiola destructor flying mostly from 3 a.m. to 6 a.m. pheromone, a phenomenon called in Kansas wheat. Female Pheromone Autodetection. “Results indicate the pher- In the 2016/2017 season Female arrivals at synthetic omone is highly attractive and beginning in October, green LEDs pheromone sources may negate therefore could be useful in quar- are being compared to white LEDs some effects of mating disruption, antine and surveillance programs,” (control) and blanks in naturally as males attracted to the phero- said Knutson. Trap captures in the infested Kansas wheat fields. In 7 mone are able to find mates. Au- fall or in January and February weeks in heavily infested Kansas todetection may have evolved as a (southern sites) could alert growers fields, white sticky cards and green “method for less attractive females to the risk of damage, and based LEDs provided statistically similar to exploit the attractiveness of other upon subsequent sampling for assessments of Hessian fly popula- females,” said Holdcraft. “This be- larvae, could inform decisions to tions. But green LEDs also attract- havior has been exhibited by some limit fertilizer, irrigation, fungicides ed many aphids. “The results sug- scarab (beetle) species.” in the spring. gest the potential for incorporation

IPM Practitioner, XXXV (9/10) Published May 2017 14 Box 7414, Berkeley, CA 94707 Conference Notes Calendar of LEDs into existing Hessian fly a defensive compound (gum) which June 22-24, 2017. Annual Meeting, Pest female sex pheromone traps to in- can envelope or push out colonizing Control Operators CA, Disneyland, CA. crease trap capture, and ultimately beetles.” However, “gummosis leads Contact: PCOC, 3031, Beacon Blvd, W. improve monitoring effectiveness,” to gum spots in the wood, making it Sacramento, CA 95691; www.pcoc.org said Schmid. unsuitable for veneer, and decreasing August 5-9, 2017. American Phytopatho- its value up to 90%.” logical Society Conference, San Antonio, Comstock Mealybug Sex “PBB are attracted to female-in- TX. Contact: APS, 3340 Pilot Knob Road, Pheromone fested black cherry, suggesting that St. Paul, MN 55121; 651-454-7250; [email protected] Comstock mealybug, Pseudo- females produce a pheromone,” said coccus comstocki, injures pear and Ethington. Pheromone production August 6-11, 2017. 102nd Annual Con- many fruit species directly and peaks at eight days after initial col- ference, Ecological Society of America, via sooty mold, and “is difficult to onization. Peach bark beetle adults Portland, OR. Contact: ESA, www.esa.org are also attracted to a black cherry completely control with chemical October 22-25, 2017. Annual Meeting, control because they are settled volatile, benzaldehyde. Lindgren or Soil Science Society of America. Tampa, down at pod part of the branches other trap types can be baited with FL. Contact: www.soils.org or not completely exposed to insec- pheromone or/and benzaldehyde to ticide,” said Min Gyu Cho (Chun- detect, monitor and manage peach October 22-25, 2017. Annual Meeting, bark beetles in IPM programs. Crop Science Society of America. Tampa, gnam Natl Univ, Daejeon 305-764, FL. Contact: https://www.crops.org South Korea; inception12@nate. com). “Trapping experiments indi- Gypsy Moth Pheromone October 22-25, 2017. Annual Meeting, cate that pheromone-baited traps Survey American Society of Agronomy. Tampa, will be an excellent tool to improve “Synthetic pheromone has FL. https://www.acsmeetings.org the insect pest management pro- been used for monitoring gypsy October 24-27, 2017. NPMA Pest World, grams in pear yard.” moth, Lymantria dispar, populations Baltimore, MD. Contact: NPMA, www. for nearly 40 years,” said Chel- npmapestworld.org sea Jahant-Miller (State Univ New Argentine Ant Pheromones November 5-8, 2017. Annual Meeting, “Many of the key behaviors and York, 1 Forestry Dr, Syracuse, NY Entomological Society of America, Denver, biological processes that underlie 13210; [email protected]). Counts CO. Contact: ESA, 9301 Annapolis Rd., the success of Argentine ants, Line- of trapped males are used in detec- Lanham, MD 20706; www.entsoc.org pithema humile, are regulated by so- tion surveys along the leading edge of the invasion front, in eradication January 19-21, 2018. NOFA Winter phisticated chemical signaling,” said and Gardening Conf. operations, as well as for assessing Neil Tsutsui (Univ California, 137 Contact: NOFA, 585/271-1979; www. Mulford Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720; the efficacy of suppression efforts in nofany.org [email protected]). Hydrocar- established areas. In gypsy moth, bons such as straight-chain alkanes the adults are non-feeding and thus January 24-27, 2018. 38th Annual EcoFarm Conference. Asilomar, Pacific allow Argentine ants to determine the morphology of trapped males reflects the environment that they Grove, CA. Contact: Ecological Farming if other ants are not of the colony; Association, 831/763-2111; info@eco- and should therefore be attacked or experience as larvae. farm.org responded to with aggression. Ar- The survey forest had not had gentine ants also have a trail pher- a gypsy moth outbreak in 20 years, January 29-February 1, 2018. Annual omone with two major components, and gypsy moth populations were Meeting Weed Science Society of America. Arlington, VA. Contact: www.wssa.net iridomyrmecin and (Z)-9-hexade- very low. Each sampling site had cenal, which attract foragers. Trail a universal Multi-Pher trap bait- February 2018. Annual Conference, pheromones are being tested to ed with commercial disparlure, Association Applied Insect Ecologists, PO enhance baits in IPM programs. and was placed 2 m (6.6 ft) above Box 1119, Coarsegold, CA 93614. Con- ground and 100 m (328 ft) or more tact: 559/761-1064; www.aaie.net into the forest interior. Peach Bark Beetle February 22-24, 2018. 29th Annual Mo- Pheromone Host quality and population ses Organic Farm Conference. La Crosse, size both influenced male moth size. Peach bark beetle (PBB), Phloeo- WI. Contact: Moses, PO Box 339, Spring Red oak was a better quality host tribus liminaris, a North America Valley, WI 54767; 715/778-5775; www. than maple. But early-season male mosesorganic.org native difficult to control because its wing length varied in only one of lifespan is mostly under the bark, at- March 2018. California Small Farm Con- two survey years. “Male gypsy moth tacks black cherry, Prunus serotina, ference. Contact: www.californiafarmcon- wing length is strongly correlated a hardwood highly valued for cabinet ference.com with pupal mass,” said Jahant-Mill- and furniture veneers, said Matthew er. However, “there is a pronounced March 19-22, 2018. 9th International Ethington (Purdue Univ, 901 West decline in the size of trapped males IPM Symposium. Renaissance Baltimore State St, West Lafayette, IN 47907; through the season even in low den- Harborplace Hotel. Baltimore, MD. Con- [email protected]). “In response tact: Michelle Marquat, 217-244-8174; sity populations.” to attack, black cherry trees produce [email protected]

Box 7414, Berkeley, CA 94707 15 IPM Practitioner, XXXV (9/10) Published May 2017 IPM Practitioner, XXXV (9/10) Published May 2017 16 Box 7414, Berkeley, CA 94707 Box 7414, Berkeley, CA 94707 17 IPM Practitioner, XXXV (9/10) Published May 2017 ENHANCED CODLING MOTH LARVAL CONTROL Available in 10, 20 and 40 acre container sizes!

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