Williams, Humphreys, Belanger, Smith & Wynne: SEIGA
SOCIAL & ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF GAMBLING IN ALBERTA (SEIGA)
Application Research Proposal to the Alberta Gaming Research Institute (AGRI) in response to the August 13, 2007 Request for Research Proposals on the Social & Economic Impacts of Gambling in Alberta (SEIGA).
Date November 16, 2007
Funds Requested $750,000.00
Term of Project December 15, 2007 – March 31, 2010
Principal Investigators Dr. Robert Williams Dr. Brad Humphreys Professor Associate Professor & School of Health Sciences & Chair in the Economics of Gaming Alberta Gaming Research Institute Department of Economics University of Lethbridge University of Alberta Lethbridge, Alberta Edmonton, Alberta T1K 3M4 T6G 2H4 403-382-7128 780-492-3406 [email protected] [email protected]
Co-Investigators Dr. Yale Belanger Dr. Garry Smith Dr. Harold Wynne Assistant Professor Gambling Research Specialist President Native American Studies Faculty of Extension Wynne Resources University of Lethbridge University of Alberta RR#4 Lethbridge, Alberta Edmonton, Alberta Calmar, Alberta T1K 3M4 T5J 4P6 T0C 0V0 403-382-7101 780-492-2770 780-985-3333 [email protected] [email protected] [email protected]
Sponsoring Organization University of Lethbridge
1 Williams, Humphreys, Belanger, Smith & Wynne: SEIGA Table of Contents
Page Executive Summary……………………………………………………………………. 3 Approach and Methodology…………………………………………………………… 4 General Approach……………………………………………………………… 4 Analytic Framework………….………………………………………………... 5 Multiple Methods Research Strategy………………………………………….. 7 Changes in broad economic and social indicators subsequent to the 7 introduction/expansion of new gambling opportunities ……………… Direct investigation of the known impacts of each form of gambling… 8 Population Surveys …………………………...……………………….. 9 Key Informant Interviews in communities hosting casinos…………… 13 Risks, Uncertainties, and Limitations………………………………….. 13 Relevance and Proposed Outcome of the Study………………………………………. 16 Project Team…………………………………………………………………………… 17 Project Schedule……………………………………………………………………….. 19 Project Cost……………………………………………………………………………. 20 Ethics Review………………………………………………………………………….. 22 Certification……………………………………………………………………………. 22 Appendix A: History of Gambling in Alberta………………………………………… 23 Appendix B: Current Gambling Availability in Alberta……………………………… 25 Appendix C: Alberta First Nation Casinos……………………………………………. 26 Appendix D: Reported Socioeconomic Impacts of Gambling………………………... 28 Appendix E: Alberta Population Surveys of Problem Gambling &/or Gambling 33 Participation…………………………………………………………….. Appendix F: Methodological Issues in the Socioeconomic Analysis of Gambling….. 35 Appendix G: References………………………………………………………………. 37 Appendix H: Population Survey Quotes……………………………………………… 41 Appendix I: Investigator CVs………………………………………………………... 43
2 Williams, Humphreys, Belanger, Smith & Wynne: SEIGA Executive Summary
The past 30 years has seen a remarkable increase in the availability of legalized gambling opportunities in Alberta, with almost all forms of gambling now being widely available in this province (Appendix A & B). Surprisingly, the decision to legalize gambling and to make it widely available has been made largely a) in the absence of good scientific evidence concerning whether the benefits of legalized gambling outweigh the costs, and b) in the absence of good scientific evidence about how best to mitigate the negative impacts. The primary purpose of the present research is to provide sound scientific results pertinent to both of these issues.
Our research approach has several overarching features: the use of a highly skilled and experienced multidisciplinary team; a collaborative orientation whereby the major stakeholders provide input and assistance to the project; a state-of-the-art analytic framework guiding interpretation of the results; a comprehensive analysis that establishes impacts at both province-wide and community-specific levels, as well as a function of type of gambling and demographic sector; and multiple methods research employing both primary and secondary data collection/analysis, as well as quantitative and qualitative techniques.
The specific research elements we intend to employ are a) an extensive secondary analysis of the nature and magnitude of changes in general economic and social indicators as they relate to the introduction of expansion of gambling opportunities, b) direct investigation of the known impacts of each form of gambling, c) large-scale province-wide population surveys of gambling, with oversampling of geographic areas in the vicinity of casinos/racinos, d) key informant interviews in communities hosting casinos/racinos. These different elements provide different types of information with some degree of overlap for the purpose of triangulation and integration of findings.
Several research questions guide this research, including: 1. What is the nature, characteristics and magnitude of the social/economic impacts of legalized gambling in Alberta? 2. What is the geospatial and demographic pattern of these impacts? 3. How do these impacts differ as a function of type of gambling? 4. What is the relationship between gambling availability and gambling impacts? 5. Do these social and economic impacts change over time? 6. Which individuals, groups, organizations and sectors benefit most and least from legalized gambling? 7. What does the data suggest about potential future impacts of further gambling expansion?
The answers to these questions will be fundamentally important in a) informing Albertans about the overall benefits and costs of gambling, b) helping shape provincial government policy decisions concerning the provision of gambling, and c) the development of effective strategies to maximize the benefits and to minimize the negative impacts of gambling.
3 Williams, Humphreys, Belanger, Smith & Wynne: SEIGA Approach and Methodology
General Approach
Our general research approach has 5 overarching features:
1. The assemblage of a highly skilled and experienced multidisciplinary team to conduct the research. Socioeconomic impact studies of gambling are methodologically complex and draw upon expertise in a wide range of areas. No single discipline has sufficient expertise to tackle all aspects of this project. In recognition of this, our Research Team is comprised of individuals with backgrounds in economics, psychology, gambling research, recreational studies, and First Nations research. Equally important, several team members have direct experience in either researching or conducting socioeconomic analyses of gambling. This experience has been invaluable in shaping the current methodology for this project so as to maximize its utility and validity.
2. A collaborative orientation whereby the major stakeholders1 are invited to provide both input and assistance to the project. The reality is that some aspects of this project will be difficult to do without the cooperation of these stakeholders. At the same time, these groups are some of the primary beneficiaries of this research, and thus, should have a keen interest.
3. A‘state of the art’ analytic framework well grounded in the literature. Essentially, this involves a comprehensive elucidation of the various impacts of gambling in a manner consistent with the international guidelines for impact estimation developed by the Social and Economic Impact of Gambling (SEIG) Project Team (Anielski & Braatan, 2006).
4. A multiple methods research strategy that employs both primary and secondary data collection/analysis, as well as both quantitative and qualitative research methods. Gambling is just one of many economic forces contributing to the dynamic social and economic landscape of Alberta, making the disentanglement of gambling’s unique contribution quite difficult. The use of multiple methods aids in this task, as it allows for triangulation of findings.
5. A comprehensive analysis that establishes the impacts of legal gambling: a. At both an Alberta-wide and community-specific level, with a focus on: i. Geographic areas in the vicinity of major gambling venues (casinos/racinos) ii. Communities that host major gambling venues (casinos/racinos). b. As a function of gambling format: i. Lotteries & Instant Win ii. Sports betting iii. Bingo iv. Video Lottery Terminals v. Horse Racing vi. Casinos & Racinos c. As a function of demographic sector: i. First Nations ii. Seniors iii. Youth
1 Alberta Gaming & Liquor Commission (AGLC), private gambling venue-operators, representatives from communities hosting casinos/racinos, addiction treatment providers (AADAC).
4 Williams, Humphreys, Belanger, Smith & Wynne: SEIGA Analytic Framework
The specific theoretical approach used to study the effects of gambling is a fundamentally important determinant of the results obtained, as well as the validity of these results. This particular issue has been addressed at prior conferences (Whistler Symposium in 1999; AGRI conference on the “Social and Economic Costs and Benefits of Gambling” in 2006); special issues of the Journal of Gambling Studies (June 2003) and the Managerial Decisions Journal; literature reviews (Stevens & Williams, 2004; Anielski & Braatan, 2005); books (e.g., Grinols, 2004); and in the guidelines for impact estimation developed by the Social and Economic Impact of Gambling (SEIG) Project Team (Anielski & Braatan, 2006). Some of the salient points deriving from this debate which have guided our own theoretical approach are as follows:
Many gambling impact studies are deficient because they choose to measure and report only the most apparent and obvious economic effects that are easily quantifiable in monetary terms (e.g., aggregate income, employment, government revenues, etc.). Examples of this are Anderson’s (1997) study of U.S. casino gambling; Littlepage et al. (2004) study of riverboat gambling in Indiana; Rabeau’s (2004) study of casino gambling in Quebec; studies of the economic impacts of racinos in Ontario (Brinkman & Weersink, 2004; Econometric Research, 2005) and the Canadian Gaming Association’s recent analysis of the impacts of gambling in Canada (CGA, 2007). This creates a very unbalanced analysis in that the economic effects are not measured against the social effects. Socioeconomic analyses of the effects of alcohol or tobacco would never just focus on the tax revenues, employment gains, support to the agricultural sector, etc., and fail to mention the social costs caused by consumption. However, this is a frequent occurrence in the socioeconomic analysis of gambling. Hence, the first important feature of the analytic framework used in the present study is that a wide net will be cast to capture and measure all economic and social variables that may be impacted by gambling.
The issue of how to measure changes in these identified variables and whether to combine these changes into an aggregate measure/index is a second area where prior studies have been deficient. The conventional approach has been to use cost-benefit analysis (CBA). CBA is a commonly used and appropriate (in many instances) approach to the analysis of a wide range of economic activities. However, it has several limitations when applied to economic activities with significant associated social impacts. One limitation with CBA concerns the fact that all impacts have to be construed as either a ‘cost’ or a ‘benefit’. While many gambling impacts are clearly costs (e.g., increased problem gambling) or benefits (e.g., employment gains), the positive or negative nature of other changes is less clear and somewhat subjective (e.g., changed societal pattern of leisure pursuits, demise of competing industries, etc.). Most typically, these latter types of impacts are simply omitted from CBA and are therefore ‘lost’.
A second limitation of CBA is that money is the measure used to quantify impacts. While monetary gains or losses are a quite appropriate measure of the value of many economic activities, many social effects of gambling have limited monetary consequences (e.g., psychic trauma of being a problem gambler; family turmoil; suicide; etc.). Furthermore, attempts to apply a monetary value to these variables (e.g., asking people how much money they would pay not to be a problem gambler) fails to recognize that the true nature of the impact is largely nonmonetary in nature. A variant of the CBA approach to social costs is illustrated by the work of Walker (2003) and Walker & Barnett (1999) who define a social cost as “the amount by which that action reduces aggregate societal real wealth.” Vaillancourt & Roy (2000) uses this type of methodology to produce a cost-benefit analysis of gambling in Canada. However, this also is not a satisfactory solution in that many social problems associated with gambling (e.g., theft, suicide, unemployment, etc.) are not included in these costs because they do not result in a reduction of the aggregate wealth of society (i.e., thefts are ‘just’ transfers of wealth).
5 Williams, Humphreys, Belanger, Smith & Wynne: SEIGA
More recent attempts to measure overall economic and social costs/benefits in a more satisfactory fashion are illustrated by the United Nations ‘Human Development Index’, the Economist Intelligence Unit’s ‘Quality of Life Index’, the ‘General Progress Indicator’ (Anielski, 2002; Hayward, 2004), etc. While these are useful approaches in trying to ‘take stock’ of a community, they have more limited utility in ’impact analyses’. First, they include many variables that are unlikely to be impacted by the introduction of a new economic activity (e.g., educational levels, green space availability, etc.). Second, the marked difference in the details of these approaches attests to the fact that determining what indicators contribute to societal ‘well-being’ is a very value-laden task that is not well agreed upon. Another limitation with these approaches (as well as CBA) is that they aspire to combine impacts into a single index (usually just by adding up the number of beneficial indicators against the detrimental ones). This is problematic because it makes all impacts equivalent in value and/or requires a subjective judgement about the relative value/weight of one impact against the others. An additional consideration is that the impacts of gambling tend to be distributed in meaningful geospatial patterns, vary systematically with the type of gambling being studied, and affect different demographic groups in different ways. Combining impacts into a singular index usually results in a loss of this type of important information.2
In consideration of these issues, the analytic approach of the present research will: 1. Primarily estimate ‘impacts’ rather than ‘costs’ and ‘benefits’. 2. Use a CBA approach when there are clear monetary costs/gains. This includes unambiguous monetary costs associated with certain social problems (e.g., police time, treatment costs, etc.). As part of this approach, we will track money flow to determine the ultimate net monetary gain/loss for specific communities and demographic sectors. 3. However, non-monetary aspects of social impacts will be measured and reported in a manner that best captures the impact (e.g., % change in suicides; % change in crime, nature of the change in attitudes). 4. Describe and report impacts as a function of geographic region, demographic sector, and form of gambling.
In the end, the final results of our research endeavour will be a profile of monetary and nonmonetary impacts described as a function of geography, demography, and form of gambling. This approach makes it explicit that the ultimate judgement about whether the overall impacts of gambling are positive or negative is dependent on a) how each of these impacts is construed (positive, negative or neutral), and b) the relative importance one assigns to the different impacts. 3
2 Nonetheless, one of these indices we may employ in an adjunctive way is the Community Well-Being Index (http://www.ainc-inac.gc.ca/pr/ra/cwb/index_e.html ), as this has been used to quantify overall well-being for each Canadian First Nation community, and can therefore serve as an additional ‘baseline’ for the impacts observed in the six Alberta First Nations that will receive or have received casinos (see Appendix C for a list of these communities).
3 Consideration will be given to presenting our final results to a representative group(s) of Albertans and seeking their opinion about whether they judge the overall profile of impacts to be positive or negative.
6 Williams, Humphreys, Belanger, Smith & Wynne: SEIGA Multiple Methods Research Strategy
There are four overlapping methodological elements that we will employ:
1. Changes in broad economic and social indicators subsequent to the introduction/expansion of new gambling opportunities (‘secondary data analysis’)
The general strategy will be to conduct extensive secondary statistical analyses of the nature and magnitude of changes in economic and social indicators in Alberta coincident with the introduction and expansion of gambling opportunities. (This research will be preceded by extensive documentation of when, where, and what gambling opportunities were introduced in Alberta, building on the information contained in Appendix A). The data necessary for these analyses are available primarily from Statistics Canada, as well as Indian and Northern Affairs (INAC), the Alberta government, municipal governments, and the Alberta Alcohol and Drug Abuse Commission (AADAC). Rather than an exhaustive study of the universe of economic and social variables, the proposed research will focus on pre and post changes in areas that have been identified in previous research as having the potential of being impacted by gambling, as well as industries with the highest potential for either being negatively or positively affected (Stevens & Williams, 2004; Anielski & Braatan, 2005; see Appendix D for a detailed discussion). Primary industries include tourism (e.g., car rental, sightseeing, etc.); hospitality (e.g., hotels, restaurants, lounges); entertainment; other forms of gambling (e.g., bingo, horse racing); the construction industry; pawnshops; and cheque cashing stores. The specific domains that will be investigated are:
• Employment/Unemployment Rates • Welfare Rates • Business Revenue • Business Starts and Failures (Commercial Bankruptcy) • Tax Revenue Changes • Property Value Changes • Rental Cost Changes • Crime Rates (with a focus on crimes typically related to gambling) • Problem Gambling Indicators o Rates of Treatment Provision o Help Line Calls o Rates of Personal Bankruptcy o Suicide Rates o Divorce Rates
While the above described approach has much utility, it also has several important limitations. For one, most gambling opportunities in Alberta were gradually introduced and gradually expanded. There are actually only a few discrete events that allow a clear before/after comparison (i.e., casino/racino openings 4; Lotto 6/49 introduction; perhaps the 1993 introduction of video lottery terminals (VLTs)). Consequently, many of our analyses will have to be correlational (and/or descriptive) in nature, which is a weaker basis for identifying causal relationships. Furthermore, many past expansions of one form of gambling have been confounded with coincident expansions of other forms of gambling (as well as with a myriad of other economic/social initiatives), making the disentanglement of these impacts very difficult.
4 The introduction of casino/racinos is often not a discrete event, as many of them undergo gradual expansion after opening.
7 Williams, Humphreys, Belanger, Smith & Wynne: SEIGA
Another limitation is that most forms of gambling in Alberta (i.e., lottery, instant win tickets, sports betting, VLTs, Bingo, horse race betting) have been pervasively introduced and evenly distributed, which does not permit the use of control regions/groups. The only types of gambling with some degree of regional variation in Alberta are casinos and racinos.
Finally, localized impacts are often missed when examining changes in the larger regional-wide indices typically available from Statistics Canada. The presence or absence of change at larger regional levels is an important result, but does not negate the need to understand whether there are more localized effects. Fortunately, establishing the geographic origin of the patrons of the major gambling venues (see Population Surveys below) provides a mechanism to identify the specific geographic range in which to expect impacts, which we can then use to make customized geographic data requests from Statistics Canada. (In addition, the analysis will, wherever possible, use micro data sources like the Census of Canada, and other data sources for individual households, firms, nonprofit organizations, and government agencies.)
2. Direct investigation of the known impacts of each form of gambling
The above approach investigates potential impacts of gambling as reflected in general socioeconomic indicators. However, another strategy employed will be to directly examine and document the immediate and known impacts of gambling. Specifically:
• Direct Employment as a result of new gambling facilities or types of gambling (i.e., # of new employees; wages; residency; comparison to previous employment status, wages and residency to determine extent to which these jobs are ‘new’ rather than just shifted from other industries). • Direct Revenue as a result of this venue or particular form of gambling. • Distribution of Direct Revenue (i.e., % to municipality; % to venue operators; % to provincial government; % directly to charity; % to wages; % to maintenance; % to taxes; % from provincial govt redistributed back to local area). • Origin and Cost of Supplies & Servicing. • Infrastructure Investment made by casinos and other major venues. • Infrastructure Costs to municipal, First Nation, and provincial governments (i.e., road development and maintenance, utilities (power, water, sewage), fire services, police services). • Number of Casino Self-Exclusion Agreements and Breaches.
These data provide another layer of useful information concerning the impacts of gambling. Furthermore, these data are not beset to the same degree with the issues of causal attribution and disentanglement. The main problem with this approach concerns access to data. Most of this information is contained in publicly available annual reports, financial statements, etc. However, some of this information is not public and/or has not been collected and will have to be supplied by the AGLC, the First Nation communities building the new casinos, and the gaming industry.
One way in which we hope to gain cooperation with these groups is for there to be regular discussion about this project at the annual AGLC and/or AGRI Stakeholder Meetings. Because the essential purpose of these meetings is to seek input from stakeholders it would be a natural forum to both demonstrate and formalize the collaborative nature of this initiative. Indeed, it was at the last two AGRI stakeholder meetings (Sep 23, 2005 and Apr 29, 2007) where this project was identified as a top research priority. Furthermore, these meetings would provide a mechanism by which the Research Team could provide regular progress reports.
8 Williams, Humphreys, Belanger, Smith & Wynne: SEIGA
A second way to ensure cooperation is to obtain a formal letter of support from the CEO of AGLC. This letter of support would need to a) attest to the fact that AGLC considers this to be a high priority research project, b) they will provide us with all their relevant data and, c) they urge similar cooperation from the private operators that they oversee as well as any other government agencies and ministries that we may approach (i.e., Alberta Health; Solicitor General; Alberta Treasury). We do not anticipate any difficulty obtaining this letter, as this project has been AGLC’s number one research priority for several years. Members of the Research Team (RW & GS) also recently received strong verbal endorsement from their Director of Social Responsibility at the AGLC Stakeholder Meeting (Kent Verlik, Oct 26, 2007). However, we plan to wait in requesting this letter until the CEO position has actually been filled (not anticipated for another month or two). A letter from the Acting CEO may not carry as much weight with the people we need data from. We also feel it is important to bring the new CEO up to speed on this initiative and fully gain his/her ongoing endorsement.5
3. Population surveys
Computer-Assisted Telephone Surveys (CATI) Population surveys provide several additional unique sources of information relevant to the impact of gambling. One of these is public attitudes. An argument can be made that the general public’s current support or non-support of gambling (and specific forms of gambling) is as important as its objective beneficial or detrimental effects. Current gambling behaviour of the general public is another critical piece of information that can be determined through population surveys. To understand the impacts of gambling we need to know who patronizes the various forms of gambling; where they live; what specific games they spend their money on; how much they spend; how frequently they gamble; and whether they have developed problems as a result of their gambling. This data is directly relevant to the nature and magnitude of gambling impacts; the demographic features of these impacts (age, gender, ethnicity, socioeconomic class); their geospatial distribution; and how impacts vary as a function of game type. Finally, population surveys are also the only way to establish the overall population prevalence of problem gambling, a particularly important impact of gambling.6
Examination of the public’s change in attitudes, behaviour, and problem gambling prevalence rates over time also provides an indirect way of gauging the impact of the introduction/expansion of the various forms of gambling. Unfortunately, making causal attributions is problematic because of the many other confounds present, and because population surveys have not been done on a regular basis (only 4 major surveys of adult problem gambling prevalence in 1993, 1998, 2001, and 2002; see Appendix E). Fortunately, there are a couple of other methods by which firmer conclusions can be arrived at concerning the impact of gambling availability.
One is multivariate statistical analyses that compare the relative importance of residential proximity compared to the other known predictors of gambling and problem gambling (with these predictors also being collected from population surveys): age, gender, ethnicity, gambling history, family history, presence of other addictions, mental health problems, etc. More specifically:
5 It should be noted that the Research Team has made overtures to the First Nation communities receiving the new casinos, but they have been noncommittal in their response. We believe full cooperation will only occur when we receive the backing of AGLC and when these First Nation communities are regular participants at these Stakeholder Meetings (the Oct 07 AGLC Stakeholder Meeting was the first time there was broad representation from these communities).
6 This is a better measure of problem gambling compared to the aggregate number of people presenting to treatment, help-line calls, self-exclusion agreements, etc., in that only a very small fraction of problem gamblers ever access treatment, and these numbers are influenced by changes in treatment availability and media promotion.
9 Williams, Humphreys, Belanger, Smith & Wynne: SEIGA
1. Multiple regressions, using total gambling expenditure and Canadian Problem Gambling Index (CPGI) scores (Ferris & Wynne, 2001) as the dependent variables. 2. Logistic regressions to determine the relative importance of variables that maximally differentiate gamblers from nongamblers and nonproblem gamblers from problem gamblers.
However, while these techniques will identify the relative importance of gambling availability/proximity as a predictor of gambling and problem gambling, the causal connection is still ambiguous because of the correlational nature of the data set. In most jurisdictions, including Alberta, the presence and concentration of gambling opportunities is directly related to their utilization. Video lottery terminals are a good example of this in that every year VLTs in the locations producing the lowest revenue are removed and relocated to locations having greater revenue potential.
An experimental before/after comparison of attitudinal, behavioural, and problem gambling prevalence changes subsequent to gambling introduction is a stronger way to make causal attributions. A potentially good opportunity to employ this strategy (with both the population surveys and our other methods) exists with the new First Nation casinos slated to open (see Appendix C). Unfortunately, there are some serious limitations with this approach as well. One concerns the fact that all five new First Nation casinos either have already opened or will open just before a population survey can be implemented, which prevents a true baseline (openings Sep 07 – Feb 08; earliest possible survey implementation beginning Feb/Mar 08). An additional serious problem is that many gambling impacts are thought to take years to manifest themselves (see Appendix F), whereas the timelines of current project only permit a one year population survey follow-up (although a 2 year follow-up may be possible for some of our other methodological elements).7 Despite these drawbacks, we expect that some useful information can still be gained from this approach that will help in the triangulation of data obtained from our other methodological elements.
In determining the sample size and geographic distribution of the CATI population surveys, there has to be consideration given to:
1. Sampling enough people so that the demographic, geospatial, and behavioural pattern of each form of gambling amongst Albertans can be established with some precision. The most recent prevalence data would suggest the most uncommon form of gambling in Alberta is horse race betting, with only about 7% of adults engaging in this.8 If we estimate a problem gambling prevalence rate of 8.0% among horse race bettors, then a 95% confidence interval of + 4.3% could be obtained with a sample of 150 (requiring a total random sample of approximately 2,000 Albertans). While 8.0% + 4.3% lacks some precision, precision will be much better for more prevalent horse race bettor characteristics (e.g., age, expenditures), as well as for the comparable figures obtained from people gambling on the more common forms of gambling.
7 This probably does not include analysis of changes in broad social and economic indicators, as there is typically a significant time lag in Statistics Canada’s compilation of this data.
8 One of the investigators (RW) recently completed a national prevalence study of gambling and problem gambling that includes a small sample (n = 680) from Alberta. Past year gambling prevalence in Alberta was: Lottery = 90%; Instant Win = 63%; EGMs = 35%; Casinos = 33%; Games of Skill = 21%; Bingo = 11%; Table Games = 11%; Sports Betting = 10%; Horse Race Betting = 7%; Internet = 2%.
10 Williams, Humphreys, Belanger, Smith & Wynne: SEIGA
2. Sampling enough people from the 12 geographic areas where the 28 casinos/racinos are located so that the patronage origin and regional impacts of these venues can be established (see Figure 1 and Table 1 at the end of this section).9 Casinos/racinos receive special attention in the present study because they are the largest single source of gambling revenue in Alberta; they represent discrete introductions of concentrated forms of gambling without the same degree of pervasive and even distribution as the other forms (allowing for before/after comparisons and regional comparisons); and they tend to produce greater social impacts compared to most other forms. The Calgary and Edmonton regions will be well represented in the random sample of 2,000 Albertans described above, as these areas comprise roughly 30% (n = 601) and 28% (n = 568) respectively of the Alberta population. However, adequate numbers will not be obtained for any other community (next largest city of Red Deer will only comprise 3% of the sample). Hence, there needs to be targeted sampling of these other 10 geographic areas. If a sample of 500 is allocated to each region (producing a total geographic targeted sample of 5,000), we can expect roughly 152 people per area to be potential patrons of the casinos/racinos in question (based on a 33% patronage, see Footnote 8). If we estimate a problem gambling prevalence rate of 15.0% among casino/racino patrons, a 95% confidence interval of + 5.7% would be obtained from a sample of 152. Here again, greater precision will be obtained for more prevalent characteristics of interest.10
3. Sampling enough people from the 15 communities hosting the 28 casinos/racinos so that impacts on the host communities can also be gauged. Residents of the host community will statistically comprise the majority of people in several of these geographic area samplings and will therefore be well represented (i.e., Grande Prairie, Fort McMurray, Edmonton, Red Deer, Calgary, Camrose, Medicine Hat, Lethbridge). However, this will not likely be true for the smaller First Nation hosts (i.e., Cold Lake First Nation, Alexis Nakoda First Nation, Enoch Cree Nation, Samson Cree/Louis Bull First Nation, Tsuu T’ina First Nation, Stoney Nakoda First Nation). Hence, some additional sampling of these specific communities will also be undertaken (n = 200 per First Nation community, for a total of 1,200).11
4. Sampling enough problem gamblers so that: a. Problem gambling can be used as a dependent variable in the logistical regression procedure described above. If we assume an overall prevalence rate of 4.0 – 6.0%, then the total sample size of 8,200 would produce 328 – 492 problem gamblers, which is sufficient. b. Changes in problem gambling prevalence from Time 1 to Time 2 have the opportunity to be statistically significant. Our specific strategy is to examine the 2008 to 2009 changes in attitudes, gambling behaviour, and problem gambling prevalence in the 4 geographic areas never having casinos prior to their introduction in late 2007/early 2008 (i.e., Cold Lake area; Whitecourt area;
9 This assumes that with 28 widely distributed venues having roughly equivalent features/amenities that the majority of casino/racino patronage will come from the regional area, with most people coming from the nearest urban centre(s) and having driven less than 45 minutes (Blue Thorn et al., 2007; Grinols, 2004). Because the actual geographic range of patronage is one of the questions of interest in this study, we will investigate the actual geographic range of patronage from the random sample of 2,000 Albertans as well as by establishing wide geographic radii for the targeted geographic areas (i.e., 25% wider than the anticipated range of patronage).
10 Patron surveys conducted at the major venues represents another way of obtaining this data, but this strategy is logistically difficult because of the large number of venues, their wide geographic distribution, and having to obtain permission from each of the 28 venue managers and/or owners. Venue-based surveys are also methodologically much more complex to conduct in a scientifically satisfactory way (partly because they oversample heavier/regular gamblers).
11 The sampling will target members of each specific First Nation community, living either on or off reserve. As seen in Appendix C, a sample of 200 represents quite a large percentage of the total population for each of these communities.
11 Williams, Humphreys, Belanger, Smith & Wynne: SEIGA
Camrose area; Morley area12) (‘New Casino Areas’). The sample size in Year 2 for the New Casino Areas will be 4 areas x 500 people + 600 in additional sampling of the 3 First Nation communities = 2,600. For comparison, we will also examine the 2008 to 2009 changes observed in 3 comparable geographic areas that have had casinos for several years (i.e., Fort McMurray area; Grande Prairie area; Red Deer area) (‘Established Casino Areas’). The sample size for this comparison group will be 3 areas x 500 people = 1,500, making the total sample collected in Year 2 to be 4,100. As seen below, depending on prevalence in the New Casino Areas in 2008, reasonably small changes in problem gambling prevalence have the potential to be statistically significant in 2009. Community-specific changes will be difficult to detect unless they are very large. Community-specific changes in attitudes and general gambling behaviour have greater potential to be detected.
Sample Size Required at each Time Period to Detect Significant Changes in Problem Gambling Prevalence
25% change 33% change 50% change 75% change 4% vs 5% 5313 4% to 5.3% 3243 4% vs 6% 1467 4% vs 7% 713 5% vs 6.25% 4200 5% to 6.7% 2356 5% vs 7.5% 1158 5% vs 8.75% 562 6% vs 7.5% 3458 6% to 8.0% 2011 6% vs 9% 952 6% vs 10.5% 461 7% vs 8.75% 2928 7% to 9.3% 1749 7% vs 10.5% 805 7% vs 12.25% 389 8% vs 10% 2531 8% to 10.6% 1542 8% vs 12% 694 8% vs 14% 335
One-sided test, with alpha = .05 and power = .80
Online Panel Survey An Online Population Survey (using the same questionnaire) will also be administered in 2008. Telephone survey response rates have fallen dramatically over the past three decades and are continuing to decline (de Leeuw and de Heer, 2002). They are also becoming less scientifically valid because refusals are not equally distributed among all segments of the population; 5% of Canadians now only use cell phones (that are not included in telephone surveys), with exclusive cell phone use being much higher among Albertans and young people (Statistics Canada, 2007); the presence of multiple land-lines in higher socioeconomic households results in oversampling of this demographic; the ubiquitous use of ‘call display’ allows people to selectively not answer the 1-800 numbers typically used by marketers (and survey research companies); people subscribing to ‘no call lists’, etc.
Hence, the present study will also obtain a sample of 2,000 Alberta adults in 2008 recruited from a population of Albertan ‘online panelists’. Survey research firms have created ‘online panels’, composed of hundreds of thousands of individuals who have agreed to receive online solicitations to participate in various online surveys in return for compensation (e.g., eligible for a prize draw) (Göritz, Reinhold, & Batinic, 2002). When an individual joins one of these panels, information is collected concerning his/her demographics and lifestyle habits. Subsequently, when a particular group is needed for a particular survey (e.g., ‘representative sample of Alberta adults’), the survey is only sent out to this carefully selected/stratified subsample. The advantages of these online panel surveys are that a) the validity of answers to ‘sensitive questions’ (e.g., gambling) tends to be higher because of the self-administered format (e.g., Tourangeau & Smith, 1996; van der Heijden et al., 2000); b) everyone has agreed to be and expects to be contacted (unlike telephone surveys); c) the results can be obtained in a much shorter period of time (typically 3-4 days); and d) the automated online administration of the survey is significantly cheaper than telephone surveys. However, the main limitation of online panels is that the ‘population’ is not entirely representative, as not everyone has Internet access or has volunteered to be part of a panel. Albertans have one of the highest rates of Internet usage in North America. Nonetheless,
12 We may add or substitute the Hobbema area if a casino opens in this area in time for this study.
12 Williams, Humphreys, Belanger, Smith & Wynne: SEIGA in 2005, 29.4% reported not having Internet access at home or at work (Statistics Canada, 2006). Consequently, at this stage, the Online Survey cannot be seen as a replacement of the Telephone Survey, but rather, as an adjunctive procedure. Minimally, the Online Survey results will provide an independent replication/corroboration of the Telephone Survey results and a ‘bridge’ to future prevalence studies which will most likely use online techniques. However, there will also be an investigation of whether the results can be integrated, in that the Telephone Survey will sample some people who would never participate in an Online Survey and the Online Survey will sample some people who would never participate in a Telephone Survey.13 Thus, in many circumstances, combining results from different survey modes can provide a more complete picture as well as greater statistical power because of improved sample size (de Leeuw, 2005).
4. Key Informant Interviews in communities hosting casinos.
As we have indicated, a focused examination of changes occurring in communities receiving new casinos is both an important methodological strategy by which to measure impacts, as well as being one of the more important results within our larger mandate. While much of this data will be available from our first three methodological strategies, there is value in supplementing this with qualitative information obtained through key informant interviews.
We anticipate that many useful anecdotes and commentary will be collected in the course of approaching communities and venue operators to provide information pertaining to the direct impacts of their casino/racino(s) as outlined in Method #2. However, it is also our intent to meet with representatives of each of these 15 communities (municipal/band council; police; social services; economic development) to solicit and record their general thoughts about the nature and magnitude of any impacts they have observed. Particular focus will be given to communities that have recently received casinos.
Risks, Uncertainties, and Limitations
The risks, uncertainties, and limitations of this project have been described throughout this document. More general methodological concerns about socioeconomic analyses of gambling that guide the present research are contained in Appendix F.
13 The sampling of ‘unique’ populations not captured by the other survey mode will be established by asking questions in the survey about how often (if ever) the person responds to Telephone surveys and how often (if ever) they respond to Internet surveys. The ability to integrate findings between the survey modes will depend on whether the gambling behaviours/attitudes are the same when just comparing the subsample of individuals from each modality that have the same characteristics (i.e., equivalent age, gender, socioeconomic status, education, and Internet access).
13 Williams, Humphreys, Belanger, Smith & Wynne: SEIGA
Figure 1. Location of Current and Planned Casinos/Racinos in Alberta as of Nov 2007
14 Williams, Humphreys, Belanger, Smith & Wynne: SEIGA
Table 1. Geographic Areas and Host Communities for Casino/Racino Gambling in Alberta (Nov 2007)
Opened/Major Geographic Area Host Community Casino/Racino Gambling Available Expansions Fort McMurray area City of Fort McMurray Boomtown Casino 1994/2000/2006 399 slots; 13 tables Great Northern Casino 1999 390 slots; 18 tables Grande Prairie area City of Grande Prairie Evergreen Park 1996 (slots) 99 slots; horse racing Cold Lake area Cold Lake First Nation Casino Dene Sept 2007 150 slots; 19 tables Whitecourt area Alexis Nakoda First Nation Eagle River Casino & Travel Plaza Jan 22, 2008 200 slots; 18 tables Baccarat Casino 1996 338 slots; 37 tables Casino Edmonton 1986 811 slots; 33 tables Casino Yellowhead 2000 772 slots; 44 tables City of Edmonton Century Casino & Hotel Nov 2006 654 slots; 38 tables Edmonton area Northlands Park 2002 (slots) 562 slots; horse racing Palace Casino 1990/2001 706 slots; 31 tables St. Albert Gold Dust Casino 1994 240 slots; 14 tables Enoch Cree Nation River Cree Casino Oct 2006 600 slots; 52 tables Camrose area City of Camrose Camrose Resort Casino June 2007 200 slots; 18 tables Hobbema area Samson Cree First Nation Red Willow Casino* No date set * 300 slots; 12 tables * Cash Casino 1995 299 slots; 20 tables Red Deer area City of Red Deer Jackpot Casino 1997 310 slots; 19 tables Cash Casino 1980 665 slots; 39 tables Casino Calgary 1997 760 slots; 30 tables Deerfoot Inn & Casino 2005 600 slots City of Calgary Calgary area Elbow River Casino 1989/2005 640 slots; 52 tables Frank Sisson’s Silver Dollar Casino 1996 554 slots; 24 tables Stampede Casino 1969/1988 280 slots; 29 tables; horse racing Tsuu T’ina First Nation Grey Eagle Casino & Bingo Nov 21, 2007 600 slots; 58 tables; Bingo Morley area Stoney Nakoda First Nation Stoney Nakoda Entertainment Resort Feb 2008 300 slots;15 tables Medicine Hat area City of Medicine Hat Casino By Vanshaw 1996 230 slots; 10 tables Casino Lethbridge 1993/2004 299 slots; 21 tables Lethbridge area City of Lethbridge Whoop-Up Downs 1997 (slots) 99 slots; horse racing
Note: Information obtained from Appendix C, http://www.casinocity.com/ca/ab/cities.html, and http://www.abgaminginstitute.ualberta.ca/Alberta_casinos.cfm Note: Italics represents casinos that have not yet opened. * Not yet approved by AGLC.
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Relevance and Proposed Outcome of the Study
The past 30 years has seen a remarkable increase in the worldwide availability of legalized gambling opportunities. Surprisingly, the policy decisions that led to this change have been made largely in the absence of good scientific evidence concerning whether the benefits of legalized gambling outweigh the costs, and in the absence of good scientific evidence about how best to mitigate the negative impacts. The primary purpose of the present research is to provide sound scientific results pertinent to both of these issues.
Several research questions will guide this research, including: What is the nature, characteristics and magnitude of the social/economic impacts of legalized gambling in Alberta? What is the geospatial and demographic pattern of these impacts? How do these impacts differ as a function of type of gambling? What is the relationship between gambling availability and gambling impacts? Do these social and economic impacts change over time? Which individuals, groups, organizations and sectors benefit most and least from legalized gambling? What does the data suggest about potential future impacts of further gambling expansion?
We believe the results of the present study will be of interest to the general Albertan populace, church and community groups that raise revenue through gambling, treatment agencies (e.g., AADAC), and, perhaps most importantly, the Alberta Gaming and Liquor Commission. The Research Team is aware that, in many ways, the ‘die is already cast’ concerning the availability of legal gambling in Alberta, and have no illusion that the elimination of gambling is a realistic or likely policy option. The Research Team also recognizes that the impacts of gambling would not necessarily be reversed if it was eliminated, as a ‘culture of gambling’ has been created that would continue to be engaged in to some extent by Albertans either illegally or in neighbouring jurisdictions. On the other side of the coin, further significant expansion of gambling may also not be a viable policy option due to the already wide and abundant availability of gambling in this province.
While there exist some realistic constraints on the range of policy options available in Alberta, the proposed research has the potential to impact decisions about the provision of gambling in jurisdictions where it is not yet available. Also, while massive expansion or total elimination may not be realistic policy options, the ALGC has expressed uncertainty about whether gambling should be expanded, contracted, or have the status quo maintained. This uncertainty is the primary basis for their expressed interest in this study (which also means that they should be very attentive to the results). It is also true that the Alberta government is keenly interested in policies that will minimize the negative impacts and maximize the positive impacts of gambling, and that the present study will undoubtedly identify things relevant to this. Further to these last two points, the ongoing involvement of Alberta gambling stakeholders in this project (through the Stakeholder Meetings) is not only intended to gain cooperation and endorsement, but also to better ensure that the results and implications of this research have the best opportunity to impact these policies.
Of final note, we believe the methodological strategy and theoretical framework developed as part of this project represents an important advance in the general field of gambling research, and could serve as a template for the many other socioeconomic impact studies being contemplated in other jurisdictions. This particular agenda will be advanced by the fact that all members of the Research Team anticipate presenting some aspect of this project at various national and international conferences. A number of working papers, academic publications in peer reviewed journals, and possibly research monographs will also be produced from research deriving from this project.
16 Williams, Humphreys, Belanger, Smith & Wynne: SEIGA Project Team
Dr. Robert Williams: A clinical psychologist by training, Dr. Williams is an internationally recognized expert on gambling. He is a full professor in the School of Health Sciences, and also the node coordinator for the Alberta Gaming Research Institute. Dr. Williams is an expert panel member on the international Social & Economic Impacts of Gambling (SEIG) Project and also organized the 2006 AGRI conference on the “Social and Economic Costs and Benefits of Gambling”. His comprehensive literature review of the social and economic impacts of gambling (Stevens & Williams, 2004) provided the primary basis for SEIG’s updated literature review (Anielski & Braaten, 2005). Dr. Williams was the primary architect of the socioeconomic methodology used in the British Columbia gambling impact study (Blue Thorn et al., 2007). He is also the principal investigator and primary architect of an ongoing 5 year longitudinal study of the socioeconomic impact of a new racino in Belleville, Ontario (Williams et al., 2006). Of final note, Dr. Williams (together with Dr. Wynne) has successfully conducted prior research on Alberta First Nations gambling using a participatory action approach. Project Roles • Overall Research Approach • Project Coordination (lead) • Financial Management (lead) • Population Surveys (lead) • Analysis & Integration of Findings • Final Report
Dr. Brad Humphreys: Dr. Humphreys is an economist. He is currently associate professor in the Department of Economics at the University of Alberta where he holds the Chair in the Economics of Gaming. Dr. Humphreys has an established research agenda on the economic impact of tourism related factors like professional sports franchises and facilities on the local economy (Coates & Humphreys 1999, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2006; Coates, Humphreys and Zimbalist 2006; Humphreys & Prokopowicz 2007; Humphreys & Feng, 2007). This research on the economic impact of gambling is a direct extension of this ongoing research program. Project Roles • Overall Research Approach • Secondary Data Analysis (lead) • Analysis & Integration of Findings • Final Report
Dr. Yale Belanger: Dr. Belanger is an assistant professor in the department of Native American Studies at the University of Lethbridge. Dr. Belanger has published widely on Canadian First Nation history, policy, and political philosophies. In addition, he is one of Canada’s leading authorities on Aboriginal gaming. His recent book, Gambling with the Future: The Evolution of Aboriginal Gaming in Canada, was published by Purich Publishing in 2006. Project Roles • Secondary Data Analysis (First Nations) • Direct Investigation of the Known Impacts (First Nations lead) • Key Informant Interviews (First Nations lead) • Analysis & Integration of Findings • Final Report
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Dr. Garry Smith: Dr. Smith is a University of Alberta professor emeritus and a gaming research specialist for the Alberta Gaming Research Institute. Dr. Smith has researched gambling-related topics for 25 years, during which time he has produced numerous government reports and articles for academic journals, as well as addressing national and international audiences on gambling-related matters. Dr. Smith appears frequently in the mass media commenting on gambling issues, including CBC's "The National," "The Fifth Estate," Toronto Globe and Mail, Toronto Star, Canadian Business, and so forth. Dr. Smith has been lead or co-investigator on several province of Alberta gambling studies including the 1994, 1998, and 2001 (which utilized the CPGI) adult prevalence studies and the 1996 adolescent prevalence study. In 1991 he was awarded the University of Alberta's prestigious McCalla professorship to study the social and economic impacts of gambling. Dr. Smith is also an expert panel member on the international Social & Economic Impacts of Gambling (SEIG) Project. Project Roles • Overall Research Approach • Direct Investigation of the Known Impacts (co-lead) • Key Informant Interviews (co-lead) • Population Surveys • Analysis & Integration of Findings • Final Report
Dr. Harold Wynne: Playing a key research advisory role in our team, Dr. Wynne is a renowned Canadian gambling researcher who lectures and conducts research on gambling topics. He has led and participated in many applied gambling research projects and studies across Canada. Dr. Wynne will bring to the team his extensive knowledge of applied gambling research with a particular strength in research design, methodologies, statistical analysis, impact analysis and qualitative research methods. He has a long history and interest in community development and has extensive knowledge of many analytic tools that can be used for measuring socio-economic impacts at the community level. His impressive resume and list of gambling-related accomplishments are listed in his resume in the Appendix. Dr. Wynne holds academic appointments at the University of Alberta, McGill University and the University of Windsor and serves as a research advisor to national and international institutions, including the International Centre for Youth Gambling Problems and High Risk Behaviours (McGill University); Institute for Research on Pathological Gambling and Related Disorders (Harvard University); and Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse. Dr. Wynne is a co-editor of the International Gambling Studies Journal, and serves on the Editorial Boards of the Journal of Gambling Studies, The WAGER, and eGambling. Dr. Wynne has been recognized for his contributions to the field of gambling studies, and in September 2003, he received the International Excellence Award from the Responsible Gambling Council (Ontario). Project Roles • Overall Research Approach • Direct Investigation of the Known Impacts (co-lead) • Key Informant Interviews (co-lead) • Population Surveys • Analysis & Integration of Findings • Final Report
See Appendix I for the detailed CVs of each of the investigators
18 Williams, Humphreys, Belanger, Smith & Wynne: SEIGA Project Schedule
Nov 16, 2007 • Submission of Proposal to AGRI • Submission of Proposal to University of Lethbridge Ethics mid to late Nov 2007 Committee Dec 14, 2007 • Funding Approval Notification & SEIGA Project Commencement • 1st Payment to University of Lethbridge • 1st Research Team Meeting to discuss approach, methodology, and roles Jan 2008 • Hiring Research Assistants • Requesting letter of support from the new AGLC CEO & inclusion of this study into AGLC Stakeholder meetings • Background Research to chronicle when, where, and what gambling opportunities were introduced in Alberta • Start of the Secondary Data Collection/Analysis Feb 2008 • Start of the Direct Investigation of Known Impacts • Start of the Key Informant Interviews • Finalizing Population Survey Questionnaire • Establishing a contract with Consumer Contact Feb - Apr 2008 • CATI + Online Population Survey #1
May 2008 • Gaming Employee Surveys
Jun 2008 • 2nd Research Team Meeting
Jan 2009 • 2nd Payment to University of Lethbridge • CATI Population Survey #2 • Direct Investigation of Known Impacts (focus on newly introduced Feb – Apr 2009 casinos) • Key Informant Interviews (focus on communities hosting new casinos) Jun 2009 • 3rd Research Team Meeting
Jul 2009 – Dec 2009 • Data analysis and integration • 3rd Payment to University of Lethbridge Jan 2010 • 4th Research Team Meeting Feb – Mar 2010 • Final Report Writing
Mar 31, 2010 • Final Report Submission
Note: Participation in AGLC &/or AGRI Stakeholder meetings is also anticipated to occur sometime in this schedule, but the timing of these meetings is not known at this time. AGLC have held these on Feb 11, 2005; Jun 23, 2006; and Oct 26, 2007. AGRI have held these on Sep 23, 2005 and Apr 29, 2007.
19 Williams, Humphreys, Belanger, Smith & Wynne: SEIGA Project Cost
Jan 1 2008 - Jan 1 2009 - Jan 1 2010 - TOTAL Dec 31 2008 Dec 31 2009 Mar 31 2010 Data Collection Population Surveys (CATI) $185,000 $93,000 $0 $278,000 Population Surveys (Online) $22,000 $0 $0 $22,000 Gaming Employee Surveys $10,000 $0 $0 $10,000 Specialized Data Requests $7,000 $4,000 $4,000 $15,000 Personnel Doctoral Student (U of A) $30,000 $33,000 $7,400 $70,400 Edmonton Research Assistant $22,800 $25,000 $6,800 $54,600 Lethbridge Research Assistant $30,400 $33,600 $9,000 $73,000 Robert Williams $20,000 $20,000 $7,000 $47,000 Garry Smith $15,000 $15,000 $5,000 $35,000 Harold Wynne $15,000 $15,000 $5,000 $35,000 Yale Belanger $10,000 $10,000 $3,000 $23,000 Travel Travel & Accommodation $16,000 $10,000 $8,000 $34,000 Equipment and Supplies Equipment $8,000 $8,000 $0 $16,000 Office Supplies & Expenses $2,000 $2,000 $500 $4,500 Communication Advertising $1,000 $0 $0 $1,000 Conference Attendance $7,000 $17,500 $7,000 $31,500 TOTAL $401,200 * $286,100 * $62,700 * $750,000
* Amounts to be paid by funder to the University of Lethbridge in January 2008, January 2009, and January 2010 respectively.
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Population Surveys (CATI) Estimated costs for n = 8,200, 13-15 minute Computer Assisted Telephone Interview (CATI) in Year 1, and n = 4,100 13-15 minute CATI survey in Year 2 from Consumer Contact. See Appendix H.
Population Surveys (Online) Quoted costs for n = 2,000, 13-15 minute Online Panel survey in Year 1 from Consumer Contact. See Appendix H.
Gaming Employee Surveys Anticipated costs for surveys of all gaming employees at the five new First Nation casinos, plus a random sample of 1,000 employees at other venues.
Specialized Data Requests Anticipated costs for specific types of customized data from Statistics Canada and First Nation communities.
Doctoral Student Funding for a doctoral student for Brad Humphreys (Tap A appointment at University of Alberta).
Research Assistants Cost for a 0.6 time Research Assistant at the University of Alberta and a 0.8 time position at the University of Lethbridge. Tasks include Background Research; financial and administrative assistance (Lethbridge); Secondary Data Analysis; Employee Surveys; etc. A 26 month contract (Feb 1, 2008 to Mar 31, 2010).
Researchers This will be a very labour intensive project for all members of the Research Team. Anticipated number of days of work per year is as follows: 50 (Williams); 35 (Belanger); 40 (Smith); 20 (Wynne) (see Project Team section for details concerning each person’s actual duties). It should be noted that the fees being charged are significantly below the usual per diem rates of these individuals and include a 5% GST allocation. Individual reimbursement is contingent upon performance of duties. Invoices to be sent to R. Williams on Jun 1, 2008; Dec 1, 2008; Jun 1, 2009; Dec 1, 2009; Mar 31, 2010.
Travel & Accommodation Travel around the province to the various gaming venues, communities that host casinos/racinos, Stakeholder Meetings, and Research Team Meetings.
Equipment Laptop computers and printers for RAs, Doctoral students, etc. We do not necessarily expect equipment to be provided by the universities because overhead funding has not been allocated and because we anticipate this to be a research contract rather than a research grant.
Office Supplies & Expenses Paper, print cartridges, teleconferencing, formatting Final Report, etc.
Advertising To recruit Research Assistants.
Conference Attendance Costs for members of the Research Team to present the methodology and results of this project to both national and international gambling conferences (e.g., RGC, NCPG, NCGR, EAGS, NAGS).
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Ethics Review
Ethical practices will be strictly observed in conducting all aspects of this research. Ethics approval for the study will be sought from the Human Subject Research Committee at the University of Lethbridge. This Committee requires that all proposals involving research with human subjects adhere to the Tri- Council guidelines for Ethical Conduct for Research Involving Humans. This includes: 1. Fully explaining the purpose of the research, the risks/benefits of the research to participants, and the time commitments required so as to obtain fully informed written consent from all participants. 2. The strict confidentiality and security of collected data. 3. The elimination of all personally identifying information once data collection is complete. 4. The anticipated use of the data collected. 5. Explaining to participants their ability to withdraw from the study at any time. 6. Alerting participants to the website where they can see the final report for this study. 7. Providing participants with the names of the 2 principal investigators, along with their institutional affiliation, and contact information for questions/clarification about the research project.
Certification
We, the undersigned, attest the statements contained in the Research Plan are true and complete to the best of our knowledge.
Robert Williams, Ph.D., R.Psych. Brad R. Humphreys, Ph.D. Professor, University of Lethbridge Associate Professor, University of Alberta
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Appendix A: History of Gambling in Alberta
1892 The Criminal Code of Canada is amended to tolerate gambling under certain conditions. 1910 An amendment to the Criminal Code of Canada allows pari-mutuel betting and participation in games of chance where profits are used for charitable or religious purposes. Some gaming is allowed at agricultural fairs and exhibitions. 1920s Bingo is played in community halls and church basements. The popularity of horse racing grows. 1950s Illegal sale of Lucky 7 jar tickets (pull tickets) occurs until the 1970s, when the sale of pull tickets is legalized. 1967 Alberta’s first charitable casino opens at Edmonton’s annual fair. 1969 Alberta’s second charitable casino opens at Calgary’s annual fair (Calgary Stampede). Amendments to the Criminal Code of Canada authorize lotteries and sweepstakes. Provinces have the authority to licence and operate lotteries and casinos. 1970s Edmonton’s Northlands Park and the Calgary Exhibition and Stampede start holding sweepstakes. 1975 An Edmonton Kinsmen Club establishes Alberta’s first not-for-profit casino. The first-ever lottery ticket, “The Western”, is sold. 1978 Laycraft public inquiry reports that corrupt carnival gaming activities were entrenched in Alberta. 1979 Lotteries are now exclusively under provincial authority. 1980 Alberta’s first permanent, privately operated charitable casino (Cash Casino) opens in Calgary. 1981 Alberta’s second permanent, privately operated charitable casino (Casino ABS) opens in Edmonton. 1982 Lotto 6/49 is launched. 1985 A government lottery review gathers Albertans’ views on the disbursement of unused lottery revenue. An amendment to the Criminal Code of Canada allows provinces to operate mechanical gaming devices. 1986 Casino ABS South opens in Edmonton (now Casino Edmonton). 1987 Revenue pooling is an option for casinos and bingo associations. 1988 Frontier Casino opens a permanent facility in Calgary (now Stampede Casino). 1989 Bill 10 establishes the Alberta Lottery Fund. The first horseracing simulcast is run at Calgary’s Trout Springs. Province’s first purpose-built casino opens in Calgary (now Elbow River Casino). 1990 Teletheatre betting is introduced. Sandman Inn Casino (Edmonton) opens but closes after only seven months of operation. Palace Casino (Edmonton) opens. 1991 Video lottery terminals (VLTs) are tested at summer fairs in Edmonton and Calgary. Casino opened in the base of the Calgary Tower. It closes several years later. 1992 The VLT program is officially introduced. 1993 Slot machines were tested at the Calgary Stampede, during the Edmonton Klondike Days, and rural fairs. Casino ABS opens permanent casino facility in Lethbridge. 1994 Alberta Lotteries and Gaming releases a commissioned report on gaming behaviour and problem gambling in Alberta. The Alberta Alcohol and Drug Abuse Commission (AADAC) receives funding for problem gambling treatment, research and education. Gold Dust Casino opens in St. Albert. The Fort McMurray casino begins as a small temporary operation. 1995 The Lotteries Review Committee releases “New Directions for Lotteries and Gaming: Report and Recommendations of the Lotteries Review Committee” following public consultations. Government establishes new policies for gaming in Alberta after adopting several recommendations from the report. Cash Casino (Red Deer) opens permanent facility. 1996 o The MLA Committee on Native Gaming releases its report and recommendations on native gaming in Alberta. Slot machines are introduced into Alberta’s charitable casinos. Satellite bingo is introduced. The Alberta Gaming and Liquor Commission (AGLC) is created by combining the responsibilities and operations of the Alberta Liquor Control Board, Alberta Lotteries, the Alberta Gaming Commission, Alberta Lotteries and Gaming and the Gaming Control Branch. The Alberta Racing Corporation is formed to help revitalize the horse racing industry in Alberta. o Slot machines are introduced at Edmonton Northlands as part of an initiative to revitalize the horse racing industry. o The Baccarat Casino opens in Edmonton. o Frank Sisson’s Silver Dollar Casino opens in Calgary. o Casino opens in Medicine Hat. 1997 o VLTs are removed from Rocky Mountain House and Sylvan Lake following local plebiscites. o Plebiscites are also held in Barrhead, Wood Buffalo (including Fort McMurray) and Lacombe. o Barrhead votes to keep VLTs. o Wood Buffalo votes to remove VLTs, but retailers take legal action. o The courts declare Lacombe’s vote invalid. o Casino Calgary opens. Jackpot Casino opens in Red Deer. Slots installed in a racetrack facility in Lethbridge. 1998 o Community Lottery Boards are established by the Alberta government to oversee the distribution of an additional $50 million in lottery funds. o The Alberta Lotteries and Gaming Summit ’98 is held in Medicine Hat in April. Government accepts or accepts in principle all eight summit recommendation. o During the October 19 civic elections, VLT plebiscites are held in 36 Alberta municipalities. Six municipalities vote to have their VLTs removed. VLT retailers take legal action. o Courts rule the Alberta government cannot direct the AGLC to remove VLTs from municipalities unless there is specified legislation in place. Government passes legislation to remove VLTs from Wood Buffalo and the six communities that voted against VLT.
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1999 o Bill 36, the Gaming and Liquor Amendment Act, is passed on May 19, giving the Minister authority to give policy direction to the AGLC and to terminate VLT retailer agreements in municipalities that voted in favour of VLT removal. o The Alberta Court of Queen’s Bench granted on interim injunction on May 20, prohibiting the AGLC from disabling or removing VLTs pending the constitutional challenge of Bill 36. o AGLC launches a Bingo Industry Review to examine the bingo industry and charities that take part in bingo activities. o The Ministry of Gaming is created, which is the Department of Gaming, the Alberta Gaming and Liquor Commission, the Community Lottery Program Secretariat, the Alberta Gaming Research Council and the Horse Racing Alberta Act. o An agreement between the Government of Alberta and the province’s three major universities results in a leading-edge research institute to study gaming issues in Alberta. The Alberta Gaming Research Institute, a consortium of the Universities of Alberta, Calgary and Lethbridge, will sponsor research into the social and economic aspects of gaming, aboriginal gaming issues, gaming trends and other related gaming topics. o Cash Casino (Lethbridge) closes. It had operated for approximately 5 years. 2000 o Alberta Gaming initiates a review of gaming licensing policies and processes. While the review is underway, consideration of requests to licence or approve new casinos, casino expansions and relocations, new games and gaming environments are suspended. o Government announces the implementation of the majority of recommendations from the Bingo Review Committee. o The AGLC teamed up with the Alberta Alcohol and Drug Abuse Commission (AADAC) and the gaming industry to develop new programs to assist problem gamblers, including “Casino Voluntary Self-Exclusion Program” and “Deal Us In.” o The governments of Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba signed a new agreement with the Western Canada Lottery Corporation (WCLC) resulting in cost savings to the AGLC of approximately $2.2 million per year. o Casino Yellowhead (Edmonton) opens and becomes Alberta’s largest facility at 75,000-square-feet. 2001 o The Alberta government introduces a new First Nations Gaming Policy, based on Alberta’s unique charitable gaming model. First Nation casinos will be located on reserve land, will be regulated by the AGLC and operate under the same terms and conditions as off- reserve casinos. o The government released the Gaming licensing Policy Review (GLPR), which included 61 recommendations that were developed during a comprehensive, 20-month review of gaming policies. 2002 o The moratorium respecting new casino facilities was removed on March 1, after the AGLC developed specific casino terms and conditions to manage and control gaming expansion in the province, consistent with the policy direction provided by government as a result of the Gaming licensing Policy Review. o The AGLC reviewed the Gaming and Liquor Act and Gaming and Liquor Regulation in order to ensure gaming and liquor activities are conducted with integrity. This review resulted in Bill 14, the Gaming and Liquor Amendment Act, which was debated and passed in the spring legislature session, and came into effect in May. o Bill 16, the Racing Corporation Amendment Act, was debated and passed in the spring legislature, and came into effect in May. This Bill is a major step in revitalizing the province’s horse racing industry. o The Community Lottery Board program was discontinued. o The Community Initiatives Program was introduced on June 24, and commits $30 million per year for the next three years. 2003 o Launched the Alberta Lottery Fund website. Increased funding by 25 per cent to the foundations and granting programs supported through the Alberta Lottery Fund. o Honoured the 1997/1998 plebiscite results and removed nearly 200 VLTs from seven communities across the province. The Bingo Terms & Conditions and Operating Guidelines were updated in response to consultations with bingo industry stakeholders. These policies govern bingo operation in Alberta. o Introduced DIGI Bingo and electronic Keno into bingo halls across the province in order to help revitalize the bingo industry. o Province’s third Racing Entertainment Centre opens in Grande Prairie. 2004 o The VLT Replacement Project has been completed. Alberta’s 6,000 VLTs have been replaced with updated machines that feature new games and responsible gaming features. 2005 o Deerfoot Inn & Casino (Calgary) opens. 2006 o River Cree Resort and Casino opens in October on the Enoch Reserve adjacent to the City of Edmonton. It is the first casino to open under the province’s First Nations Gaming Policy. Alberta government modifies policies to allowing First Nation charities more flexibility to spend charitable gaming proceeds. o Century Casino & Hotel opens in November in Edmonton. 2007 o Camrose Resort Casino opens in June o Casino Dene opens in Cold Lake in September
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Appendix B: Current Gambling Availability in Alberta (November 2007)
Venue Number Source Ticket Lottery Centres • Lottery Tickets http://www.aglc.gov.ab.ca/pdf/quickfa 2307 • Instant Win Tickets cts/quickfacts_gaming.pdf • Sports Betting Tickets Bingo Halls • Bingo http://www.ildado.com/bingo_halls_ca • Satellite Bingo (some) 102 nada_alberta.html • DIGI Bingo14 (some) • Electronic Keno (some) VLT locations http://www.aglc.gov.ab.ca/pdf/quickfa • VLTs 1063 cts/quickfacts_gaming.pdf • Simulcast horse race betting (some)
Horses Off Track (HOT) Betting http://www.thehorses.com/ttheatres.ht • Simulcast horse race betting 44 ml • VLTs (some)
Racinos 15 • Horse Racing 4 http://www.thehorses.com/tracks.html • Slot Machines
Casinos http://www.casinocity.com/ca/ab/cities • Slot Machines 20 .html • Tables Games (some)
14 In Alberta, DIGI bingo refers to the use of electronic devices to aid in the recording of which numbers have been called.
15 Northlands Park (Edmonton); Stampede Park (Calgary); Evergreen Park (Grande Prairie); Whoop-Up Downs (Lethbridge). Only Northlands Park in Edmonton has racing year round. There is also a track in Millarville that holds races on Canada Day.
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Appendix C: Alberta First Nation Casinos
RIVER CREE CASINO Host: Enoch Cree Nation Population: approx 900 live on reserve, with more residing in city Location: SW Edmonton Casino: $178 million; 600 slots, 40 table games, poker room Amenities: Twin rinks, hotel, restaurants, conference centre Jobs: 800 Phone Use: N/A STATUS: opened October 26, 2006 http://www.rivercreeresort.com/
CASINO DENE Host: Cold Lake First Nation Population: around 600 Location: 7 km SW of Cold Lake on Highway 28 Casino: $11 million; 150 slots, 10 table games Jobs: 80 Phone Use: N/A STATUS: opened September 26, 2007 http://www.casinodene.com/
GREY EAGLE CASINO & BINGO Host: Tsuu T’ina First Nation Population: approximately 2000 people; 632 dwellings Location: SW Calgary; corner of 37 St SW and Glenmore Trail Casino: $40 million; 600 slots, 58 table games Amenities: Bingo hall, future hotel Jobs: 300 Phone Use: N/A STATUS: under construction; November 21, 2007 projected opening date http://www.greyeaglecasino.ca/
EAGLE RIVER CASINO AND TRAVEL PLAZA Host: Alexis Nakoda First Nation Population: in June 2007 there were 1566 people, with 336 people off reserve Location: Whitecourt; intersection of Hwy 43 & 32; 150 km NW of Edmonton; 1.5 hrs from Edmonton Casino: $63.5 million; 200 slots, 12 table games, 6 poker tables Amenities: Hotel, restaurant, gas bar Jobs: 200 Phone Use: 40% of people living on reserve have no phone (Stats Canada, 2001) STATUS: under construction; January 22, 2008 projected opening date http://www.paragongaming.com/projects_eagle_river.html
STONEY NAKODA ENTERTAINMENT RESORT Host: Stoney Nakoda First Nation Population: about 2173 people; 562 dwellings Location: Morley; SE corner of Hwy 40 & Trans Canada (Kananaskis turnoff); about 30-45 minutes west of Calgary Casino: $60 million-plus; 300 slots, 15 table games Amenities: Hotel, restaurant, water park, conference facility Jobs: 150-200 Phone Use: 23% of people living on reserve have no phone (Stats Canada, 2001) STATUS: under construction; February 2008 projected opening date http://www.stoneynation.com/nakodaentertainmentresort.pdf
26 Williams, Humphreys, Belanger, Smith & Wynne: SEIGA
RED WILLOW CASINO Host: Samson Cree Nation Population: 3040 Location: Hobbema (south of Wetaskiwin); on Samson Cree First Nation, Hwy 611 between Hwy 2 and 2A; mid way between Red Deer & Edmonton Casino: $50 million-plus; 300 slots, 12 table games Amenities: Hotel Jobs: More than 300 Phone Use: 22% of people living on reserve have no phone (Stats Canada, 2001) STATUS: Have until Oct 31 2007 to provide info on financing, etc., otherwise application will be closed. A decision regarding the Louis Bull/Montana casino application in Hobbema (400 meters east of Bear hills truck stop) will be made following the outcome of the Samson Cree application.
Note: Phone use refers to percentage of people living on the reserve with no phone (Stat Can calls it ‘on-community’). (Reference: ‘Aboriginal Peoples Survey 2001: Concepts and methods guide’. http://www.statcan.ca/english/freepub/89-591- XIE/89-591-XIE2003001.pdf). It appears that Enoch Cree Nation and Cold Lake First Nation were either not sampled, or they chose not to participate. Although First Nation communities have lower rates of telephone usage (82% for Canadian reserve households generally; Statistics Canada, 2001), this is offset by lower refusal rates among this population.
27 Williams, Humphreys, Belanger, Smith & Wynne: SEIGA
Appendix D: Reported Socioeconomic Impacts of Gambling (adapted from Stevens & Williams, 2004)
Employment Impacts Studies frequently report employment gains from the introduction of new gambling venues (Garrett, 2004; NORC, 1999; Snyder, 1999; KPMG, 1995). Not surprisingly, the largest and clearest employment benefits tend to occur in depressed or struggling areas (e.g., Aboriginal Reserves) where unemployment rates are high (Eadington, 1995; NRC, 1999; Hall & Harmon, 1996). Casinos that draw labour from outside of the local area, however, leave local employment conditions unchanged if this labour does not relocate (Garrett, 2003; 2004). Indeed, many of the senior jobs are typically filled by imported staff (Lafferty & McMillen, 1989). The wages of these out-of-jurisdiction employees may also be spent outside the region, resulting in a net outflow of money.
Banks (2002) and others (Garrett, 2003; Grinols, 1994; 1996) point out that gambling often does not create new jobs. Existing jobs in retail, entertainment and the food service sectors are often displaced or “cannibalized” by the gambling industry as spending patterns shift to casino gambling. Furthermore, these new casino jobs are typically low skilled and low paid compared to some of the jobs they displace (McMillen, 2000; Marshall, 2001). On the other hand, job losses in one sector may sometimes be offset by gains in industries such as construction, tourism, transportation, and public utilities (Browne & Kubasek, 1997; National Institute of Economic and Industry Research, 1997). A flaw in much of this empirical work is that it fails to establish what employment levels would have been in the absence of casinos (Grinols & Mustard, 2001; Taylor et al., 2000). It is also important to note that the majority of North American research concerns the impact of casinos, rather than racinos or other forms of gambling. The few studies that have focused on racinos have concluded that the introduction of slot machines to racetracks has produced few new jobs, but staved off significant job loss in the horse racing and supporting agricultural sector that would have occurred if slot machines had not been introduced (Brinkman & Weersink, 2004; Econometric Research, 2005).
When net new jobs are actually created, the additional wages of employees have positive spin-offs in the local economy as well as in increased tax revenue. Employment also has obvious social benefits for the previously unemployed worker.
Industry Impacts Industry impacts tend to mirror employment impacts. Many casinos offer hotels, restaurants, etc. in addition to their traditional gambling activities. Casino spending on gambling and these associated amenities potentially compete with other forms of gambling, hospitality, and retail businesses located in the vicinity for consumer spending. Studies indicate that casino-style gambling appears to have a particular negative impact on revenues and employment of other gambling sectors such as horse racing and bingo (McMillen, 1998; 2000; National Institute of Economic and Industry Research, 1997; NORC, 1999; Murray, 1996). In the case of horse racing, a common response to the competition from casinos has been for the industry to introduce electronic gambling machines at tracks and to seek reductions in pari-mutuel taxes (Murray, 1996). Grinols & Ormorov (1996) found that casinos “are associated with a drop in general merchandise and miscellaneous retail and wholesale trade within 10 miles of the casino” based on tax receipt data collected by the State of Illinois. In contrast, automotive and filling-station sales showed a significant gain, with mixed results in other sectors. A Minnesota study found that business volume fell at restaurants located within a 30 mile radius of casinos with food service (Anders, 1998). A Missouri study provides evidence of substitution in consumer spending between gambling and other entertainment and amusement sector businesses (Siegel & Anders, 1999). Other studies (Teske & Sur, 1991; Blevins & Jensen, 1998) report the number of retail businesses in both large and small communities decline drastically after casinos were opened. Grinols (2004) estimates that revenue falls by 30-35% when the distance from the casino is doubled.
This type of displacement or cannibalization is not necessarily a bad thing. It is a normal feature of a flexible economy that is responsive to the changing desires of consumers. A shift from less to more valued goods and services can contribute to economic growth as resources flow to their highest-valued uses (Walker, 1998). Economic development occurs if the new activity results in something of greater value than what it is replacing (e.g., higher profits, higher wages, higher property values) (Grinols, 2004). This is one of the theoretical problems with the introduction of slot machines to horse race tracks where their primary ‘impact’ has been to prop up an industry that would otherwise falter (Brinkman & Weersink, 2004; Campbell & Wynne, 2004; Econometric Research, 2005). This is a fairly significant industry in some jurisdictions. In Ontario, Canada, for example, horse racing and breeding is the third largest agricultural industry with $1.3 billion in wages and salaries (OHRIA, 2006).
While casinos can negatively impact certain businesses, they may also benefit others. These include tourist-oriented businesses (e.g., sightseeing tours), transportation (e.g., taxi, car rental), the hospitality industry (hotels, restaurants, lounges), and the construction industry (KPMG 2002; NORC, 1999; McMillen, 1998; 2000). If a casino is placed in an underdeveloped area without a lot of competing businesses (e.g., an Aboriginal reserve) then this initiative may spur the creation of complementary businesses. Hashimoto and Fenich (2003) found that revenue in local restaurants in Mississippi
28 Williams, Humphreys, Belanger, Smith & Wynne: SEIGA actually increased after the introduction of casinos. In Windsor, Ontario downtown retail businesses reported an increase in sales one year after the casino was opened (KPMG, 1995).
It is also very important to understand the origin of gambling establishment patronage. Gambling establishments that draw their patronage from outside the jurisdiction attract new spending and wealth to the community rather than redirecting spending from other local businesses (Grinols, 2004; McMillen, 1998; 2000; KPMG, 1995). The other major benefit of ‘outside’ money to the local community is that the social problems created by gambling go home with the tourist, rather than impacting the local social service and health care system. High rates of non-resident patronage are characteristic of Las Vegas and Atlantic City casinos as well as certain Native-owned casinos in the United States. Economic activity might still be increased with local patronage as long as the new gambling venues increase the total number and frequency of monetary transactions within a jurisdiction (Grinols, 2004; Walker & Jackson, 1998). It is also important to note that new gambling establishments that entice local gamblers to spend their money in a local casino rather than a casino outside the jurisdiction are retaining ‘new’ money. This is not always a straightforward relationship, however. A study by Hunsaker (2001) found that consumers who gambled at local riverboat casinos were also found to be more likely to visit destination casino resorts in the future.
Economists often use multipliers to estimate the indirect and induced impacts that a casino can provide for a community when gambling revenues come from outside the community (Gazel, 1998). These indirect and induced impacts include such things as secondary employment as a result of casinos spending on wages and services. North American researchers generally do not create their own multipliers and commonly use multipliers already calculated by other sources such as IMPLAN or RIMS II (Gazel, 1998). However, as more locations offer casino gambling, more and more markets will become predominantly local or regional markets. Thus, the multiplier effects derived from the exportation of gambling services will diminish and be replaced by local consumption (Eadington, 1995). This has led to some researchers concluding that the benefits of economic multipliers are often overstated (Dubois et al., 2002; Azmier et al., 2001) or unreliable (Productivity Commission; McMillen, 2000: McMillen & Masterman-Smith, 2001).
The purchase of materials and supplies is often neglected in socioeconomic studies. Gambling establishments spend significant amounts of money on food, liquor, entertainment, furniture and gambling supplies. Gambling machines themselves cost tens of thousands of dollars each and are typically replaced every few years. Supplies that are purchased locally are beneficial to the local economy. Supplies that are purchased outside the jurisdiction result in a net outflow of money (McMillen, 2000). The disposition of gambling profits is rarely accounted for in impact studies. However, the reality is that many casino owners reside outside the jurisdiction and reinvest a significant portion of their gambling profits in business ventures that are also outside the jurisdiction. This is less of a concern in Canada.
Government Impacts Governments earn revenues from casino and racino gambling in several ways. The first way, which is the predominant method in European countries and by State governments in the U.S., Australia and New Zealand, is through the taxation of casino/racino revenues and winnings. Casino taxation rates in Europe and Australia-New Zealand tend to be much higher than the United States. It should be pointed out that, in Canada, as in Australia-New Zealand, gambling winnings are not taxed (Henricksson, 2001). The second way is by governments becoming directly involved in the ownership or operation of gambling. This is the predominant method in Canada. Most provincial governments directly receive the majority of revenue generated from gambling machines and casino gambling (KPMG, 1995; Azmier et al., 2001). They incur costs, however, in regulation and supervision of gambling (Collins & Lapsey, 2003).
The disposition of these revenues is again an important consideration. Governments typically redirect gambling revenue back to the public in the form of government services (health care, education, etc.). However, if gambling revenues are primarily collected provincially or federally (rather than by the municipality) and redistributed provincially or federally, then there is a good chance that there will be a net outflow of money from the local community with gambling establishments. Some jurisdictions compensate for this by providing municipalities with a guaranteed fixed percentage of the profits (and to the local horse racing association in the case of racinos). A somewhat different situation exists for First Nations’ casinos. These casinos are not required to pay federal or state taxes although some have negotiated revenue- sharing agreements (Anders, 2002; Anders, 1998). In Canada, First Nations’ casinos are entitled to keep a greater share of casino profits than mainstream casinos but can only spend these proceeds on community development projects (Kelley, 2002; Belanger, 2002).
Infrastructure Impacts Additional infrastructure required for new gambling establishments can include improved roads, traffic lights, utilities, fire services, and police protection. Areas most affected by the infrastructure requirements of casinos/racinos and the accompanying tourists are small towns, whose roads, public services and parking facilities are usually not capable of meeting the demands that these venues place on them (Browne & Kubasek, 1997; Snyder, 1999). Infrastructure costs tend
29 Williams, Humphreys, Belanger, Smith & Wynne: SEIGA to be very difficult to estimate since it is problematic to determine what proportion of expenditures actually results from the presence of a new gambling venue (Gazel, 1998). It is also important to realize that not all increased infrastructure costs can be construed as negative, as some of this increased infrastructure provides additional utility to the community (McMillen, 2000).
In calculating infrastructure costs it is again important to understand how these costs are financed. If these costs are financed through municipal taxation then it is a local cost (Azmier et al, 2001). However, if they are financed provincially or federally then it is an economic gain. Ongoing infrastructure maintenance is another cost that must be attributed to a source. Increased traffic flow also usually increases frequency of maintenance. These costs most typically fall under the responsibility of the community (City of Vancouver Casino Review, 1994).
Property Value Impacts Most of the literature suggests that the presence of casinos drives up the price of both real estate and rental rates for personal and business accommodations in neighbourhoods adjacent to casinos (Snyder, 1999; Browne & Kubasek, 1997; McMillen, 1998; Phipps, 2004). Very few studies have found that the value of residences nearby casinos fall but those that do generally cite reasons such as increased light, noise, traffic, and parking difficulties (Clauretie, 1998 as cited in Azmier et al., 2001). The extent to which this rise or fall in values is a direct impact of a casino is not always apparent (McMillen, 1998; 2000).
Increases in property values tend to benefit property owners, but may negatively impact elderly and low-income populations in rental accommodations. An increase in property value also generally tends to raise the amount of property taxes collected by local and municipal governments (Clynch & Rivenbark, 1999).
Leisure Activity Impacts The literature frequently mentions that increased entertainment value and options are major benefits for individuals who engage in casino gambling as a form of recreation (Banks, 2002; Hawke, 2000; Eadington, 1999). Such an increase in the menu of consumer goods and services represents an increase in utility from an economic perspective, whether or not people approve of the good or service in question (Walker & Barnett, 1999). However, in a community’s overall cost-benefit calculation, “the consumer surplus portion of benefits derived from consumption of gambling services tends to be discounted; the extent of discount is related to the strength of moral criticism that gambling receives in the society considering it” (Eadington, 1999, p. 186). Another likely reason for this discounting of leisure-related benefits is due to their intangible nature.
Attitudinal Impacts Gambling is a value-laden activity. Not all individuals or groups support gambling as a legitimate consumer activity and some would consider it immoral and potentially a corrupting influence on society (Louishomme, 2003; Campbell & Smith, 2005). Some people also question whether government-sponsored gambling is compatible with government’s mandate to serve the people. They point to the fact that a) the introduction of gambling can negatively impact the revenues of private industry and, b) between one-quarter and one-third of gambling revenue comes from problem gamblers (Williams & Wood, 2004a; 2004b). On the other hand, there are other people who argue that gambling revenue is essentially a form of ‘voluntary taxation’, which is preferable to mandatory taxation, especially if it allows for a reduction in the latter (Collins & Lapsley, 2003; Azmier et al, 2001; Garrett, 2003). However, this may also be a form of regressive taxation if gambling patronage is disproportionately from lower socioeconomic groups (McMillen, 1996).
The impact of gambling on people’s attitudes does not appear to be uniform between or within communities. For example, individuals’ responses to casino gambling survey questions vary both by community and by position within the community (Giacopassi, 1999). Results from the majority of North American studies seem to suggest that casino gambling has a neutral effect on the attitudes of most citizens (Nichols et al, 2002; Room et al., 1999; Roehl, 1999). Overall, economic- related indicators are largely perceived positively and crime and problem gambling-related indicators were perceived negatively. A study by Perdue et al. (1999) described an initial negative change in perceptions of quality of life as the community experienced the transitional stress of rapid casino development followed by positive change as the community and its residents adapted to their new situation. The Ontario Charity Impact Study (Nuffield & Hann, 2006) found that the initially highly polarized views towards gambling became less polarized after 5 years. In a study by Govoni et al (1998), community approval rose during the one year period after the casino’s opening. When viewed over periods of five or more years, residents’ support of legalized gambling and tourism development declines (Hsu, 2000).
Criminal Justice System Impacts It has been reported that casinos and horse racing tracks are susceptible to crime occurrences such as counterfeit currency, credit card crimes, thefts, assaults and disruptive behavior, and money laundering (Smith et al., 2003). An increase in such crimes could lead to impacts on policing, legal, and incarceration costs for communities (Walker & Barnett, 1999). A major
30 Williams, Humphreys, Belanger, Smith & Wynne: SEIGA problem with the reported statistics on crime and gambling is how they are calculated. Tracking systems generally do not collect data on the specific causes of these incidents. Such ambiguity makes arriving at a conclusion on whether casinos cause crime virtually impossible (Browne & Kubasek, 1997; Smith & Wynne, 1999).
Current evidence from the literature suggests that presence of legalized casino-style gambling in a community does not inevitably increase crime rates upon its introduction (Curran & Scarpitti, 1991; Miller & Schwartz, 1998; Stitt et al, 2003; Wilson, 2001) but this relationship is still poorly understood. Several studies (Friedman et al, 1989; Gazel et al, 2001) found that crime levels were higher in casino communities and surrounding jurisdictions. Others report that they were lower and public safety actually improved in some places (KPMG, 1995, 2002; McMillen, 1998). The casino impact studies in Ontario (Nuffield & Hann, 2006) and British Columbia (Blue Thorn et al., 2006) failed to find any change in crime rates. In cases where crime does increase it is often unclear whether casino gambling behaviour produces increases in crime or whether crime increases are simply the product of huge increases in tourist visits (Stokowski, 1996). The significant growth in crime rates in Tunica, Mississippi was thought be at least partially a result of the growth of transient casino visitors (Snyder, 1999).
In their analysis of crime and gambling, Smith and Wynne (1999) determined that the expansion of legalized gambling had a dampening effect on certain illegal gambling formats, a negligible influence on others, and occasionally stimulated the growth of illegal gambling. In a study of the two New Zealand casinos, their opening led to the closure of illegal card games and underground casinos (McMillen, 1998).
Little longitudinal evidence is available discussing long-term criminal justice system impacts related to the casino gambling industry. It is speculated that the number of problem gamblers will increase with time and the costs associated with the gambling industry will also rise (Ryan & Speyrer, 1999).
Health Care Costs Problem gambling affects only a small proportion of the population but it can have huge impacts on affected individuals and on communities (Azmier et al, 2001; NRC, 1999). Actually attributing problem gambling impacts to the act of casino gambling is difficult because a) most problem gamblers engage in a wide variety of gambling activities and, b) many of the individuals who suffer from a gambling disorder also suffer from several other co-morbid disorders such as substance abuse (especially alcoholism) and mental health problems (especially depression) (GAO, 2000; Productivity Commission, 1999; NRC, 1999; Crockford & el-Guebaly, 1998).
The introduction of casino gambling can have impacts on health care services if this introduction leads to a direct increase in the amount of problem gambling-treatment. The provision of treatment leads to costs imposed on residents who are gamblers and non-gamblers alike (Productivity Commission, 1999).
There is a great deal of difficulty in determining the extent to which problem gambling is increased by the legalization of casinos (Eadington, 1999) and if this increase stimulates a demand for increased treatment services. Studies have used various indicators to determine changes in problem gambling rates after the introduction of a casino to a community. Toneatto et al. (2003) found the introduction of a new casino in the community increased the SOGS16 scores for subjects who gambled most frequently on such casino-related gambling as slot machines, cards, and casino games. In a separate study, Lester (1994) established an association between the opportunity to gamble at casinos and a greater per capita increase in Gambler’s Anonymous chapters. More recently, Jacques et al (2000) found that, as opportunities for casino gambling become available in a community, there was increased participation rates and spending on casino gambling by local citizens. In addition to increased spending on gambling, Room et al. (1999) found that a casino's opening brought an increase in reported gambling problems. A study of Casino Windsor’s one-year impact on the community revealed no significant changes in the rates of problem and pathological gambling (Govoni et al, 1998) although the majority of this casino’s visitors were tourists.
The other factor that impacts these costs are preventative measures that a jurisdiction has in place to minimize the impact and incidence of problem gambling. Some jurisdictions (e.g., Holland) are much more proactive in this regard than others. Costs for publicity campaigns to raise awareness about problem gambling and research funding to study the issue can be impacted with the introduction of a casino. It is inappropriate to consider them as social costs or benefits as they are not inevitable consequences of casino-style gambling although it is still useful to identify and quantify them (Collins & Lapsley, 2003).
16 SOGS is an acronym that stands for South Oaks Gambling Screen. This instrument has been frequently used in studies that measure problem gambling.
31 Williams, Humphreys, Belanger, Smith & Wynne: SEIGA
Costs to the Problem Gambler and his/her Family The definition of a problem gambler is that the person experiences significant problems in some aspect of their life as a result of gambling (Ferris & Wynne, 2001). Each problem gambler usually had negative impacts on several other people in his/her immediate social network. The most common problems are financial, mental health, and conflicts with friends or family. The next most common problems are work, school, health, and legal problems (NRC, 1999).
As discussed previously, it is difficult to isolate gambling as the only factor causing these problems because problem gamblers often have other co-morbid disorders (GAO, 2000). Nonetheless, certain impacts seem clear. Problem gamblers commonly experience adverse financial impacts from gambling and commonly drain family savings, abuse credit cards, write bad cheques, and borrow money from family and friends (Azmier et al., 2001; NRC, 1999). According to the SMR Research Corporation, 2.5 to 10 percent of annual bankruptcy filings in the United States have a gambling component (SMR, 2001). In their examination of this topic, some researchers (Goss & Morse, 2004; Barron et al., 2002) have found that the proximity of casino gambling does appear to be associated with higher individual bankruptcy rates in local areas. In more comprehensive studies based on detailed economic and social variables collected from 100 communities for the U.S. National Gambling Impact Study Commission (NGISC), evidence does not support the hypothesis that the introduction of gambling has impacted county bankruptcy rates (de la Vina & Bernstein, 2002; NORC, 1999; GAO, 2000). The NGISC study did not report whether there was a cause-effect relationship between gambling and bankruptcy for the general population but found a higher percentage of problem gamblers had filed bankruptcy than others in the general population (GAO, 2000). It is speculated that as the gambling industry matures in a region, the number of problem gamblers increases and the financial impacts associated with the gambling industry may also increase unless policies are introduced to ameliorate such problems (Ryan & Speyrer, 1999; McMillen, 1998).
Depression and substance abuse are commonly associated with problem gambling (Crockford & el-Guebaly, 1998). In some instances problem gambling directly leads to substance abuse or depression. However, in other cases substance abuse or depression leads to gambling (as a form of escape). In yet other cases a common vulnerability has led to all three. Additionally, while data on family problems and suicide attempts may be available, tracking systems generally do not collect data on the causes of these incidents which make it difficult to establish a link to gambling. Nonetheless, results from several U.S. studies determined that there was some correlation between the number of suicides and the presence of casinos (McCleary et al., 2002; Phillips et al., 1997).
Negative family impacts are common with problem gambling, as the problems experienced by the gambler usually have a direct or indirect impact on the family (financial losses, employment problems, legal problems, child neglect). Research conducted for the National Gambling Impact Study Commission in the United States found that 54% of pathological gamblers reported having been divorced, whereas only 18% of the nongamblers were divorced. In addition, there is inter- generational modeling impact in the fact that a significant percentage of problem gamblers have a parent who was a problem gambler (NRC, 1999).
Problem gamblers frequently bring their problems to their place of employment. They may experience a decrease in work productivity or fail to show up for work altogether (Thompson et al., 1999; Azmier et al., 2001). An economic cost is incurred when a dismissed employee cannot be replaced from the ranks of the unemployed or the dismissed employee draws from unemployment insurance or goes on welfare (Collins & Lapsley, 2003). As with many other individual impacts of casino-style gambling, it is difficult to isolate actual problem gambling impacts from other explanations of poor job- related performance.
Individuals can also be impacted when they are the victims of crime which are perpetrated by casino gamblers. Attribution of these crime-related impacts to the presence of casinos in a community is the subject of much debate. Crimes such as theft or embezzlement that can be associated with casino gambling come at the expense of individuals in the community as well as to society as a whole. Victims of crime experience a personal monetary impact associated with the replacement of their loss as well a more intangible “psychic cost” of being a crime victim.
32 Williams, Humphreys, Belanger, Smith & Wynne: SEIGA Appendix E: Alberta Population Surveys of Problem Gambling &/or Gambling Participation
PROBLEM SURVEY SAMPLE AUTHORS SAMPLE MODALITY GAMBLING YEAR SIZE 17 PREVALENCE Wynne, H., Smith, G., & Volberg, R. A. (1994). Telephone SOGS: problem + 1993 Gambling and problem gambling in Alberta. Edmonton: Adults 1804 Interview pathological = 5.4% Report prepared for Alberta Lotteries and Gaming. Hewitt, D. & Auger, D. (1995). Firewatch on Aboriginal Aboriginal SOGS-RA: problem + 1995 adolescent gambling. Edmonton: Nechi Training, 961 Adolescents pathological = 49% Research & Health Promotions Institute. Wynne, H., Smith, G., & Jacobs, D. (1996). Adolescent gambling and problem gambling in Alberta: Final Telephone At-risk (SOGS 3-4) = 15% 1996 Adolescents 972 Report. Edmonton: Alberta Alcohol & Drug Abuse Interview Problem (SOGS 5+) = 8% Commission. Wynne Resources. (1998). Adult gambling and problem Telephone SOGS: problem + 1998 gambling in Alberta. Edmonton: Report to the Alberta Adults 1821 Interview pathological = 4.8% Alcohol and Drug Abuse Commission. Auger, D. & Hewitt, D. (2000). Dream chaser: Alberta Aboriginal SOGS: problem + 2000 Aboriginal adult gambling prevalence study. Edmonton: 500 Adults pathological = 25% Nechi Training, Research & Health Promotions Institute. Alberta Gaming and Liquor Commission Telephone Only gambling 2000 http://www.gaming.gov.ab.ca/pdf/annual_reports/2001_ Adults Interview participation rates assessed gaming_annual_report.pdf Smith, G. J., & Wynne, H. J. (2002). Measuring CPGI: moderate PG = gambling and problem gambling in Alberta using the Telephone 2001 Adults 1804 3.9%; severe PG = 1.3%, Canadian problem gambling index. Edmonton: Prepared Interview combined = 5.2% for the Alberta Gaming Research Institute. Alberta Gaming and Liquor Commission Telephone Only gambling 2001 http://www.gaming.gov.ab.ca/pdf/annual_reports/2002_ Adults 1000 Interview participation rates assessed gaming_annual_report.pdf Alberta Alcohol and Drug Abuse Commission. (2003). Self- SOGS-RA: problem + 2002 The Alberta Youth Experience Survey 2002: Summary Adolescents 3394 administered: pathological = 9.5% Report. Edmonton: Author. paper + pencil CPGI: moderate PG = Statistics Canada Canadian Community Health Survey Face-to-face 2002 Adults ~3000 1.6%; severe PG = 0.5%; Cycle 1.2 interview combined = 2.2% Alberta Gaming and Liquor Commission Telephone Only gambling 2002 http://www.gaming.gov.ab.ca/pdf/annual_reports/2003_ Adults 1000 Interview participation rates assessed gaming_annual_report.pdf
17 SOGS = South Oaks Gambling Scale; SOGS-RA = South Oaks Gambling Scale Revised for Adolescents; CPGI = Canadian Problem Gambling Index; NODS = NORC DSM-IV Screen for Pathological Gambling 33 Williams, Humphreys, Belanger, Smith & Wynne: SEIGA
Alberta Gaming and Liquor Commission Telephone Only gambling 2003 http://www.gaming.gov.ab.ca/pdf/annual_reports/2004_ Adults 1000 Interview participation rates assessed gaming_annual_report.pdf Alberta Gaming and Liquor Commission Telephone Only gambling 2004 http://www.gaming.gov.ab.ca/pdf/annual_reports/2005_ Adults 1000 Interview participation rates assessed gaming_annual_report.pdf Alberta Gaming and Liquor Commission Telephone Only gambling 2005 http://www.gaming.gov.ab.ca/pdf/annual_reports/2006_ Adults 1000 Interview participation rates assessed gaming_annual_report.pdf Self- Alberta Alcohol and Drug Abuse Commission. (2007). SOGS-RA: Problem 2005 Adolescents 3915 administered: Youth gambling in Alberta. Edmonton: Author. gamblers = 3.6% paper + pencil Decima Research (national study, N = 3,500) Adults Self- CPGI: Not available (6% 2005 http://www.decima.com/en/pdf/syndicated_studies/deci (online ~350 AB administered: moderate PG & 2% severe ma_national_gambling-2007-en.pdf panelists) online PG for national sample) Telephone Only gambling 2006 Alberta Gaming and Liquor Commission Adults 1000 Interview participation rates assessed CPGI: moderate PG = Telephone 2007 Williams & Wood (national study, N = 8,496) Adults 680 AB 3.1%; severe PG = .9%; Interview combined = 4.0%
34 Williams, Humphreys, Belanger, Smith & Wynne: SEIGA
Appendix F: Methodological Issues in the Socioeconomic Analysis of Gambling (from Stevens & Williams, 2004 & Williams & Stevens, 2006)
Socioeconomic analysis of gambling impact is a very important issue with major policy implications. However, it is beset by many methodological issues and problems. Consequently, most prior research on this issue is either inconsistent, inadequate, biased, or all three. The present literature review focuses on methodological issues in socioeconomic analysis of gambling impacts, as understanding and resolving these issues is critical in designing the present methodology.
Strong Vested Interests Corrupting the Research Funders for this type of research often have a vested interest in a certain outcome. Industry sponsored research obviously lacks independence and the results of these studies are illustrative of this. Industry-commissioned studies tend to describe the positive economic benefits and few costs are admitted. Examples of such studies are those performed by Arthur Anderson (1997) and the Evans Group (1996). Government-sponsored research has a greater potential for independence. However, they also often have a vested interest in a ‘positive’ outcome either because they are desirous of the increased tax revenues or because, as in Canada, they are in fact the industry. Research teams can consciously or unconsciously collude in this fraudulent type of research, because they are desirous of further contracts from these funders. This entire enterprise is reminiscent of the tainted research on a) benefits of pharmaceuticals, b) economic benefits of professional sports teams. → Socioeconomic research funding best comes from independent agencies without a vested interest in the outcome (e.g., AGRI, OPGRC). If this is not possible, then directly contracted research from parties with vested interests must permit unfettered ability to do the research as the researcher sees fit and to independently report the findings.
How large a geographic area to assess Most studies have examined gambling impacts in the area where the venues have been introduced, without consideration of larger regional impacts. However, in many cases, increased financial inflow in one region comes at the expense of financial outflow in adjoining regions (Productivity Commission, 1999). This is not inevitably the case, as any economic activity that increases the number and frequency of monetary transactions within a jurisdiction has the potential to increase economic activity independent of impacts on adjoining areas (Grinols, 2004; Walker & Jackson, 1998). Nonetheless, it is critical that the geographic range of impacts be understood. McMillen & Doran (2006) have found great utility in using a GIS-based approach to map geographic impacts, as well as better understand the interplay between social, spatial and economic factors. Socioeconomic analyses should examine the geographic ‘magnitude’ of the impact and to estimate both community- specific costs/benefits, and macro, regional impacts. Patronage origin provides some guidance about how large a geographic range to study. GIS-based approaches are well suited to this.
How long a time span to assess (both before introduction of the new venue(s) and after) The length of time it takes for all economic and social impacts of gambling to manifest themselves is unknown. Much of the economic impact (e.g., revenues, employment, etc) appears to be fairly immediate. On the other hand, it may take a few years for competing industries to fail or for increased utilization of roads, sewers, etc. to result in early repairs. Some economic impacts will also reverse themselves in a resilient economy as industry repositions itself. Social impacts may take longer to appear than economic impacts (e.g., Stokowski, 1993; McMillen, 1998, 2000). While some individuals plunge rapidly into gambling problems, many others gamble safely for several years before problems develop (NRC, 1999). Here again, there is evidence that rates of gambling and problem gambling may decline with extended exposure (e.g., Shaffer et al., 2004). It is also very important to realize that new gambling venues are always added to existing gambling opportunities (even if they are illegal). Thus, lag effects of these pre-existing opportunities can easily be mistaken for immediate impacts of new facilities. It is important to try and document prior gambling opportunities and socioeconomic effects for several years before the opening of the new gambling venue as well as for several years after.
Difficulty in isolating the effects of gambling Most socioeconomic impact studies simply examine pre and post changes in a community after the introduction of a new gambling venue. However, there are a multitude of larger economic and social forces at work that account for social/economic changes in a community. A much stronger methodology—albeit one often difficult to implement in practise—is a matched control comparison where changes in the community receiving the new gambling establishment are compared against changes in an economically, socially, and demographically similar community not receiving a new gambling establishment. First, analysis of change is preferably made using both pre-post comparisons and control community comparisons. Second, communities are not static. A detailed recording of all significant events (gambling & nongambling) that might impact the socioeconomic indicators must accompany the impact analysis.
Limitations of cross-sectional designs Most socioeconomic impact studies collect annual statistical ‘snapshots’ of a community’s socioeconomic indicators and then try to attribute any changes to the introduction of the new gambling activity (e.g., a problem gambling increase after 1 year being responsible for a corresponding bankruptcy rate increase after 1 year). However, two data points do not tell you whether 35 Williams, Humphreys, Belanger, Smith & Wynne: SEIGA problem gambling caused the bankruptcies, the bankruptcies caused the problem gambling, or whether they are independent events. Even if one event precedes the other (e.g., problem gambling increase in year 1 followed by bankruptcy increase in year 2), causal attributions are weak unless it can be established that increased bankruptcies occurred primarily within the problem gamblers. A related problem with cross-sectional designs is that there is no way of knowing the degree to which year- to-year prevalence rates reflects continuity in the same individuals. For example, Slutske et al. (2003) found that stable problem gambling prevalence rates were due to a relatively new crop of affected individuals each year (meaning that gambling was producing a cumulatively wider impact on the general population than would have otherwise been known). The ability to make causal attributions within individuals and establish problem gambling incidence is strengthened with use of longitudinal designs that documents the temporal sequence of events in ‘real time’ within individuals.
Impacts are somewhat specific to certain segments of society Gambling has the most direct and significant impact on gamblers, people vulnerable to problem gambling, and people associated with the gambling industry. The failure to find significant community-wide changes does not address whether there may be significant impacts within certain subpopulations. For example, if 5% of a population (e.g., problem gamblers) experiences a 100% increase in annual divorce rates (e.g., 2% to 4%), this change will not be statistically significant at a community wide level if there is no change in the other 95% (e.g., nonproblem gamblers). General population surveys and statistical data often do not contain a large enough sample of these subpopulations to address these impacts. The most thorough impact studies are ones that also oversample subpopulations most at risk for being impacted so that these subpopulation impacts can also be examined
Impacts are somewhat specific to the jurisdiction studied Jurisdictions differ widely in their availability of certain types of gambling; the strength of their policy and educational initiatives to prevent problem gambling; their policies regarding competitive versus monopolistic provision of gambling; and the susceptibility of their populations to problem gambling. Qualify results as being specific to the specific jurisdiction studied.
Impacts are somewhat specific to the type of gambling studied Different forms of gambling (e.g., lotteries versus slot machines) are associated with different rates of participation and different rates of problem gambling (Eadington, 1998; Productivity Commission, 1999). Casino/racino location (tourist areas versus nontourist areas) influences the degree of new versus cannibalized job creation and revenues (Eadington, 1995; Gazel, 1998; McMillen, 2000). Introducing slot machines to racetracks tends to create relatively few jobs, but effectively preserves jobs in the horse racing industry that would have otherwise been lost (Brinkman & Weersink, 2004; Econometric Research, 2003). Qualify results as being specific to the specific type of gambling studied.
Impacts are somewhat specific to the time period studied The time period that impacts are studied is critical as gambling availability and gambling policy can change rapidly within a jurisdiction. Furthermore, there is good evidence that populations with extended exposure to gambling may have different rates of problems compared to places that have more recently introduced it (e.g., Shaffer et al., 2004). Qualify results as being specific to the time period studied.
36 Williams, Humphreys, Belanger, Smith & Wynne: SEIGA
Appendix G: References
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Appendix H: Population Survey Quotes
TO: Robert Williams – University of Lethbridge 2 Pages
FROM: Gord Ripley [email protected] GST to be added
DATE: October 29, 2007
Alberta Socioeconomic Impact Study
Rob, here is our cost estimate for the Impact Study based on the following specifications.
Methodology: Telephone and/or online data collection within Alberta.
Sample Size: Cost options provided based on N=1,000 – 2,000 for online and N=3,000 – 7,000 for CATI.
Respondent Qualification: We have assumed all Albertan adults will qualify for the survey.
Sample Universe:
CATI – RDD sample across Alberta with oversampling in specific communities. Online - Consumer Contact’s Canadian NetPanel™ within Alberta. No specific oversampling within communities.
Questionnaire Length: Costs are based on a 10-20 minute questionnaire; we have assumed 1 open ended question.
Services: CATI Online Services; Services; • CATI Programming • Online Programming • Project Management • Hosting • RDD and Community sample • Project Management • Briefing, Interviewing and • NetPanel™ including Supervision invitations and incentives • Long Distance • Quality Triggers™ (see below) • Coding • Coding • ASCII or SPSS data delivery • ASCII or SPSS data delivery • Access™ • eAccess™ (see below)
41 Williams, Humphreys, Belanger, Smith & Wynne: SEIGA
Costs:
CATI 10 minutes 15 minutes 20 minutes N = 3,000 $50,600 $66,900 $83,500
N = 4,000 $66,800 $88,400 $110,300 N = 5,000 $83,000 $109,900 $137,100
N = 6,000 $99,200 $131,400 $163,900 N = 7,000 $115,400 $152,900 $190,700
ONLINE PANEL 10 minutes 15 minutes 20 minutes N = 1,000 $11,000 $13,100 $15,200
N = 2,000 $18,900 $22,000 $24,700 N = 3,000 $26,800 $30,900 $34,200
N = 4,000 $34,700 $39,800 $43,700
Quality Triggers™: Quality Triggers™ is a unique patent-pending process that is built in, free of charge, into every ResearchByNet questionnaire. This ensures that 100% of completed interviews are validated at least once. On average, 6 Quality Triggers™ are developed for each questionnaire. When Quality Triggers are activated, the questionable interview is flagged for review by the National Quality Control Department. Professional or inattentive respondents are identified and removed from the data. We recognize that Double-validation is the key to data integrity so we are committed to Double-validating at least 10% of all completed interviews.
E-Access: Designed for your online projects, "E-Access" gives you real time results starting the moment your study launches. The "Overview" page gives you a quick overview of your study, including incidence and participation rates. With "E-Access" you can run your own cross tabs, create graphs for presentations, compute basic statistics, set filters on your data, view open ended responses and much more, all with the click of your mouse. E-Access is provided, free of charge.
Consumer Contact ULC ● 1220 Sheppard Ave E, Suite 100 ● Toronto, Ontario M2K 2S5 Telephone (416) 493-6111 ● 1-800-461-3924 ● Fax (416) 493-0176 www.consumercontact.com
42 Williams, Humphreys, Belanger, Smith & Wynne: SEIGA
Appendix I: Investigator CVs (abbreviated)
ROBERT J. WILLIAMS, Ph.D., R.Psych.
Professor, School of Health Sciences University of Lethbridge Lethbridge, Alberta & Coordinator, Alberta Gaming Research Institute University of Lethbridge Lethbridge, Alberta T1K 3M4 403-382-7128 (phone) 403-329-2668 (fax) [email protected]
EDUCATION
1980 B.A. (HONOURS PSYCHOLOGY) McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario
1986 PH.D. (EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY) McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario Thesis: Learned Heart-Rate Control and its Relationship to Accurate Self-Report Supervisor: Dr. Larry E. Roberts
1986 – 1990 GRADUATE STUDIES IN CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY, University of Manitoba (individually tailored program for clinical psychology respecialization) Academic Supervisors: Dr. Marianne Johnson, Dr. Michael Thomas Field Placement Supervisors: Dr. Eugene Kaprowy, Dr. Larry Hardy
CURRENT PROFESSIONAL CERTIFICATION & MEMBERSHIPS
• Registered Psychologist, College of Alberta Psychologists (#2401)
• Member, Canadian Psychological Association (#10011408)
• Member, American Psychological Association and Division 50 (Addictions) (#6209-7390)
• Qualified as Expert Witness in psychological assessment and child psychology in Manitoba Provincial Court
• Qualified as Expert Witness in problem gambling in Ontario Superior Court of Justice (Treyes v. Ontario Lottery and Gaming Corp. Court File No. 05-CV-290238PD1. Heard June 15, 2007, Judgment July 11, 2007.)
43 Williams, Humphreys, Belanger, Smith & Wynne: SEIGA
EMPLOYMENT
2004 – present PROFESSOR, SCHOOL OF HEALTH SCIENCES & COORDINATOR, ALBERTA GAMING RESEARCH INSTITUTE UNIVERSITY OF LETHBRIDGE LETHBRIDGE, ALBERTA, CANADA
2001 – 2003 ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR, SCHOOL OF HEALTH SCIENCES & COORDINATOR, ALBERTA GAMING RESEARCH INSTITUTE UNIVERSITY OF LETHBRIDGE LETHBRIDGE, ALBERTA, CANADA
1998 – 2000 ADJUNCT ASSISTANT PROFESSOR DEPARTMENT OF PSYCHIATRY, UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY CALGARY, ALBERTA, CANADA
1996 – 2000 CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGIST ADDICTION CENTRE – ADOLESCENT PROGRAM, FOOTHILLS HOSPITAL CALGARY, ALBERTA, CANADA
1994 – 1996 SENIOR PSYCHOLOGIST MANITOBA FAMILY SERVICES, THOMPSON REGION THOMPSON, MANITOBA, CANADA
1989 – 1996 PRIVATE PRACTISE THOMPSON, MANITOBA, CANADA
1985 – 1996 REGIONAL PSYCHOLOGIST MANITOBA FAMILY SERVICES, THOMPSON REGION THOMPSON, MANITOBA, CANADA
COURSES TAUGHT
2007 Study Leave 2006 Advanced Statistics4; Gambling4; Adult Psychopathology4 2005 Advanced Statistics4; Gambling4 2004 Gambling: Economic, Social & Health Issues4; Assessment of Addictions4 2003 Gambling: Economic, Social & Health Issues4; Assessment of Addictions4 2002 Gambling as an Addictive Disorder4 2001 Assessment of Addictions4 2000 Evolutionary Psychology3; Abnormal Psychology3; Current Issues in Psychopathology3 (x2) 1999 Behavioural Pharmacology3; Abnormal Psychology3; Current Issues in Psychopathology3 1996 Introductory Psychology2 1995 Abnormal Psychology2 1994 Drugs & Behaviour1; Introductory Psychology1 1993 Abnormal Psychology2 1992 Introductory Psychology2 1990 Drugs & Behaviour1 1989 Abnormal Psychology1 1988 Drugs & Behaviour1; Developmental Psychopathology2 1987 Abnormal Psychology1; Child Development2; Developmental Psychopathology2 1986 Abnormal Psychology2; Child Development2 1985 Abnormal Psychology1 (x2); Drugs & Behaviour 1 (x2)
44 Williams, Humphreys, Belanger, Smith & Wynne: SEIGA
1 Department of Psychology, University of Winnipeg 2 Department of Psychology, University of Manitoba 3 Department of Psychology, University of Calgary 4 School of Health Sciences, University of Lethbridge
STUDENT SUPERVISION
• 2007 – present: Ph.D. Committee Member (Sandeep Mishra). Department of Psychology, University of Lethbridge. • 2007 – present: Ph.D. Committee Member (Kelly Suschinsky). Department of Psychology, University of Lethbridge. • 2006 (Jan) – present: M.Sc. THESIS SUPERVISOR (Janet Lapins). School of Health Sciences, University of Lethbridge. Thesis: Evaluation of the Chinook Health Region Primary Care Initiative. • 2004 (May) – present: M.Sc. THESIS SUPERVISOR (Bev West). School of Health Sciences, University of Lethbridge. Thesis: Strategic Contingency Management to Enhance Treatment Outcomes for Problem Gamblers. • 2006 (Jan) – present: M.Sc. Committee Member (Joann Boorsma). School of Health Sciences, University of Lethbridge. • 2006 (Jan) – present: M.Sc. Committee Member (Janet Vas). School of Health Sciences, University of Lethbridge. • 2006 – 2007: M.Sc. Committee Member (Teri Myhre). School of Health Sciences, University of Lethbridge. Successfully defended June 2007. • 2005 – 2007: M.Sc. Committee Member (Sandeep Mishra). Department of Psychology, University of Lethbridge. Successfully defended July 2007. • 2003 – 2007: M.Sc. Committee Member (Sharie Falk). School of Health Sciences, University of Lethbridge. Withdrew from committee. • 2005 – 2006: M.Sc. Committee Member (Kelly Suschinsky). Department of Psychology, University of Lethbridge. Successfully defended December 2006. • 2004 – 2006: M.A. Committee Member (Tammy Jo Gillis). Department of Sociology, University of Lethbridge. Successfully defended April 2006. • 2004 – 2006: M.Ed. Committee Member (Jason Solowoniuk). Faculty of Education, University of Lethbridge. Successfully defended Jan 2006. • 2003 – 2005: M.A. Committee Member (Paul Lawton). Department of Sociology, University of Lethbridge. Successfully defended Dec 2005. • 2002 – 2004: M.Sc. THESIS SUPERVISOR (Lyndsey Dangerfield). School of Health Sciences, University of Lethbridge. Thesis: Job Satisfaction, Substance Use and Gambling Behaviour of Northern Alberta Casino Employees. Successfully defended Aug 2004. • 2000 – 2002: M.Sc. THESIS SUPERVISOR (R. Meghan Davis). Psychiatric Disorders Research Group, Medical Science Graduate Program, University of Calgary. Thesis: Prevention of Problem Gambling: A School-Based Intervention. Successfully defended December 2002. Citation: Davis, R.M. (2003). Prevention of problem gambling: A school-based intervention. Dissertation Abstracts, MA1 42/05, p. 1875, Oct 2004. • 1998 – 2001: M.Sc. Committee Member (Karyn Makarchuk). Psychiatric Disorders Research Group, Medical Science Graduate Program, University of Calgary. Successfully defended 2001. • 1999 – 2000: Ph.D. Internship Supervisor (Theresa Zolnar). Department of Psychology, Foothills Hospital. • 1999 – 2000: Ph.D. Practicum Supervisor (Cathy Humbke, Chrystal Mansley, Alissa Pencer). Program in Clinical Psychology, University of Calgary. • 1998 – 2000: M.D. Research Project Preceptor (Dr. Omar al Modayfer, Dr. Regina Liu). Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary. • 1994 – 1998: M.S.W. Committee Member (3 students). Northern School of Social Work, University of Manitoba. • 1994 – 1995: B.S.W. Field Placement Supervisor (2 students). Northern School of Social Work, University of Manitoba.
PUBLICATIONS & SUBMISSIONS el-Guebaly, N., Casey, D, Hodgins, D., Smith, G., Williams, R.J., Schopflocher, D., Wood, R. (submitted October 2007 to Journal of Gambling Studies). Designing a longitudinal cohort study of gambling in Alberta: Rationale, methods, and challenges.
Hodgins, D., Williams, R.J., Munro, G. (submitted September 2007 to Addictive Behaviors). Workplace responsibility, stress, alcohol availability, and norms as predictors of alcohol problems among employed workers.
Williams, R.J., & Wood, R.T. (2007b). The proportion of Ontario gambling revenue derived from problem gamblers. Canadian Public Policy.33(3), 367-388.
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Williams, R.J., West, B., and Simpson, R. (2007b). Prevention of Problem Gambling: A Comprehensive Review of the Evidence. Report prepared for the Ontario Problem Gambling Research Centre, Guelph, Ontario, Canada. Aug 31, 2007. http://www.uleth.ca/dspace/handle/10133/414
Williams, R. J. & Wood, R.T. (2007a). Internet Gambling: A Comprehensive Review and Synthesis of the Literature. Report prepared for the Ontario Problem Gambling Research Centre, Guelph, Ontario, Canada. Aug 30, 2007. http://www.uleth.ca/dspace/handle/10133/432
Wood, R.T., Williams, R.J., Lawton, P. (2007). Why do Internet gamblers prefer online versus land-based venues? Journal of Gambling Issues, 20 (June), 235-250. http://www.uleth.ca/dspace/handle/10133/375
Blue Thorn Research, Population Health Promotion Associates, PFIA Corporation, & Williams, R.J. (2007). Socioeconomic Impacts of New Gaming Venues in Four British Columbia Lower Mainland Communities: Final Report. Submitted to the Gaming Policy and Enforcement Branch, Ministry of Public Safety & Solicitor General, Government of British Columbia. July 31, 2007.
Wood, R.T. & Williams, R.J. (2007c). Problem gambling on the Internet: Implications for Internet gambling policy in North America. New Media and Society, 9 (3), 520-542.
Wood, R.T. & Williams, R.J. (2007b). How much money do you spend on gambling? The comparative validity of question wordings used to assess gambling expenditure. International Journal of Social Research Methodology: Theory & Practice, 10 (1), 63-77.
Wood, R.T. & Williams, R.J. (2007a). Internet Gambling: Past, Present and Future. In G. Smith, D. Hodgins & R. Williams (eds.), Research and Measurement Issues in Gambling Studies. pp 491-514. San Diego, California: Elsevier Publishing. http://www.uleth.ca/dspace/handle/10133/422
Williams, R.J., West, B., and Simpson, R. (2007a). Prevention of problem gambling. In G. Smith, D. Hodgins, and R.J. Williams (eds.), Research and Measurement Issues in Gambling Studies. pp. 399-435. San Diego, CA: Elsevier.
Smith, G., Hodgins, G. & Williams, R.J. (2007). Research and Measurement Issues in Gambling Studies. San Diego, California: Elsevier Publishing.
Blue Thorn Research, Population Health Promotion Associates, PFIA Corporation & Williams, R.J. (2006). Determining Socio-Economic Impacts of New Gaming Venues in Four Lower Mainland Communities: First Impact Measures Report. Submitted to the Gaming Policy and Enforcement Branch, Ministry of Public Safety & Solicitor General, Government of British Columbia. May 2006. http://www.uleth.ca/dspace/handle/10133/405
Williams, R.J., Connolly, D., Wood, R.T., & Nowatzki, N. (2006). Gambling and problem gambling in a sample of university students. Journal of Gambling Issues, 16 (April), 1-14. http://www.uleth.ca/dspace/handle/10133/377
Williams, R.J. & Connolly, D. (2006). Does learning more about the mathematics of gambling change gambling behaviour? Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 20 (1), 62-68. http://www.uleth.ca/dspace/handle/10133/369
Hagen, B.F., Armstrong-Esther, C., Quail, P., Williams, R.J., Norton, P., Le Navenac, C-L., Ikuta, R., Osis, M., Congdon, V., Zieb, R. (2005). Neuroleptic and benzodiazepine use in long-term care in urban and rural Alberta: Characteristics and results of an education intervention to ensure appropriate use. International Psychogeriatrics, 17 (4), 631-652. http://www.uleth.ca/dspace/handle/10133/376
Deshpande, S., Basil, M., Basford, L., Thorpe, K., Piquette-Tomei, N., Droessler, J., Cardwell, K., Williams, R.J., Bureau, A. (2005). Promoting alcohol abstinence among pregnant women: Potential social change strategies. Health Marketing Quarterly, 23 (2), 45-67. http://www.uleth.ca/dspace/handle/10133/410
Williams, R.J., Royston, J., & Hagen, B. (2005). Gambling and problem gambling within forensic populations: A review of the literature. Criminal Justice & Behavior: An International Journal 32 (6), 665-689. http://www.uleth.ca/dspace/handle/10133/411
Hagen, B., Armstrong-Esther, C., Williams, R.J., Ikuta, R., Le Navenac, C., & Aho, M. (2005). Antipsychotic drug use in Canadian long-term care facilities: Prevalence, and patterns following resident relocation. International Psychogeriatrics, 17 (2), 179-193. http://www.uleth.ca/dspace/handle/10133/378 46 Williams, Humphreys, Belanger, Smith & Wynne: SEIGA
Nixon, G., Solowiniuk, J., Hagen, B., & Williams, R.J. (2005). Double trouble: The lived experience of problem and pathological gambling in later life. Journal of Gambling Issues, 14 (Sept), 1-21. http://www.uleth.ca/dspace/handle/10133/374
Blue Thorn Research, Population Health Promotion Associates, PFIA Corporation & Williams, R.J. (2005). Determining Socio-Economic Impacts of New Gaming Venues in Four Lower Mainland Communities: Baseline Report. Submitted to the Gaming Policy and Enforcement Branch, Ministry of Public Safety & Solicitor General, Government of British Columbia. November 2005. http://www.uleth.ca/dspace/handle/10133/406
El-Guebaly, Currie, S., Hodgins, D., Smith, G., Williams, R.J. (alphabetical listing) (2005). Adapting the Reno Model for Alberta. Final Report submitted to the Alberta Alcohol and Drug Abuse Commission. June 1, 2005. http://www.uleth.ca/dspace/handle/10133/429
Armstrong-Esther, C., Hagen, B.F., Sandilands, M., Williams, R.J., Smith, C. (2005). A longitudinal study of home care clients and their informal carers. British Journal of Community Nursing, 10 (6), 1-8. http://www.uleth.ca/dspace/handle/10133/423
Williams, R.J. & Nowatzki, N. (2005). Validity of adolescent self report of substance use. Substance Use & Misuse, 40 (3), 1-13. http://www.uleth.ca/dspace/handle/10133/420
Stevens, R.M.G., & Williams, R.J. (2004). Socio-Economic Impacts associated with the Introduction of Casino Gambling: A Literature Review and Synthesis. Alberta Gaming Research Institute. July 31, 2004. http://www.uleth.ca/dspace/handle/10133/407
Williams, R.J., Connolly, D., Wood, R., Currie, S., & Davis, R.M. (2004). Program findings that inform curriculum development for the prevention of problem gambling. Gambling Research, 16 (1), 47-69. http://www.uleth.ca/dspace/handle/10133/372
Williams, R.J., Zolnar, T., Bertrand, L., & Davis, M. (2004). Mental health status of infrequent adolescent substance users. Journal of Child & Adolescent Substance Abuse, 14 (2), 41 – 60. http://www.uleth.ca/dspace/handle/10133/383
Basford, L., Thorpe, K., Williams, R.J., Droessler, J., Deshpande, S., Bureau, A., Piquette-Tomei, N., Cardwell, K. (2004). State of the Evidence Review on the Prevention of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder. Final report submitted to the Alberta Centre for Child, Family and Community Research (ACCFCR). November 30, 2004. http://www.uleth.ca/dspace/handle/10133/421
Reed, A., Williams, R.J., Wall, P.A., & Hasselback, P. (2004). Waiting time for breast cancer treatment in Alberta. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 95 (5), 341-45. http://www.uleth.ca/dspace/handle/10133/381
Williams, R.J., Goodale, L., Shay-Fiddler, M., Gloster, S.P., & Chang, S.Y. (2004). Methylphenidate and dextroamphetamine abuse in substance-abusing adolescents. The American Journal on Addictions, 13 (4), 1-9. http://www.uleth.ca/dspace/handle/10133/416
Williams, R.J. & Wood, R.T. (2004b). Demographic Sources of Ontario Gaming Revenue. Final Report submitted to the Ontario Problem Gambling Research Centre, June 23, 2004. Available at http://www.gamblingresearch.org/download.sz/078%20PDF%20Final%20report%20-%20posted%20version.pdf?docid=6117
Williams, R.J. & Wood, R.T. (2004a). The proportion of gaming revenue derived from problem gamblers: Examining the issues in a Canadian context. Analyses of Social Issues & Public Policy, 4 (1), 33-45. http://www.uleth.ca/dspace/handle/10133/373
Williams, R.J., Connolly, D., Wood, R.T., & Currie, S. (2003). Prevention of problem gambling: Lessons learned from two Alberta programs. Proceedings of the 13th National Association of Gambling Studies Conference (Australia) Canberra 2003. 243-272. http://www.uleth.ca/dspace/handle/10133/371
Williams, R.J., McDermitt, D.R., Bertrand, L.D., & Davis, R.M. (2003). Parental awareness of adolescent substance use. Addictive Behaviors, 28 (4), 803-809. http://www.uleth.ca/dspace/handle/10133/413
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Nowatzki, N. & Williams, R.J. (2002). Casino self-exclusion programs: A review of the issues. International Gambling Studies, 2, 3-26. http://www.uleth.ca/dspace/handle/10133/418
Williams, R.J. (2002c). Making people smarter gamblers. Research Reveals, 1 (3), Edmonton, Alberta: Alberta Gaming Research Institute.
Williams, R.J. (2002b). Prevention of Problem Gambling: A School-Based Intervention. Final research report prepared for the Alberta Gaming Research Institute. December, 2002. http://www.uleth.ca/dspace/handle/10133/370
Williams, R.J. (2002a). Psychological intervention for adolescent substance abuse. In C. Essau (ed.). Substance Abuse and Dependence in Adolescence. (pp 185-201). Harwood, U.K. http://www.uleth.ca/dspace/handle/10133/415
Williams, R.J. & Chang, S. (2000). A comprehensive and comparative review of adolescent substance abuse treatment outcome. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 7 (2), 138-166. http://www.uleth.ca/dspace/handle/10133/419
Williams, R.J., Davis, M. & Goodale, L. (1999). Booking clients for addiction treatment: What works best? Canadian Nurse, 95, 23-26. http://www.uleth.ca/dspace/handle/10133/425
Williams, R.J. & Gloster, S.P. (1999). Knowledge of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome in northern Manitoba Cree. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 60, 833-836. http://www.uleth.ca/dspace/handle/10133/404
Williams, R.J. (1999). The role of psychological tests in fetal alcohol syndrome. In J. Turpin & G. Schmidt (eds). Fetal Alcohol Syndrome/Effect: Developing a Community Response (pp 44-55). Halifax: Fernwood Publishing. http://www.uleth.ca/dspace/handle/10133/424
Williams, R.J., Odaibo, F. & McGee, J. (1999). Incidence of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome in northeastern Manitoba. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 90 (3), 192-194. http://www.uleth.ca/dspace/handle/10133/382
Williams, R.J. & Schmidt, G.G. (1993). Frequency of seasonal affective disorder among individuals seeking treatment at a northern Canadian mental health centre. Psychiatry Research, 46 (1), 41-45. http://www.uleth.ca/dspace/handle/10133/417
Williams, R.J. & Gloster, S.P. (1992). Human sex ratio as it relates to caloric availability. Social Biology, 39, 285-291. http://www.uleth.ca/dspace/handle/10133/394
Williams, R.J. & Roberts, L.E. (1988). Relation of learned heart rate control to self-report in different task environments. Psychophysiology, 25 (3), 354-365. http://www.uleth.ca/dspace/handle/10133/412
Williams, R.J., McLeod, B.A. & Blythe, J.H. (1984). Improving the accuracy of the polygraph in lie detection with behavioural cues (conference abstract). Canadian Psychology, 25, 516.
Roberts, L.E., Williams, R.J., Farrell, V.T., Imiolo, D. & Marlin, R.G. (1983). Awareness of the response after feedback training for changes in heart rate and sudomotor laterality. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 113 (2), 225-255. http://www.uleth.ca/dspace/handle/10133/409
Roberts, L.E., Marlin, R.G., Keleher, B., & Williams, R.J. (1982). Visceral learning as problem solving. In E. Richter- Heinrich and N.E. Miller (Eds.), Biofeedback: Basic problems and Clinical Applications (pp. 33-47). New York: North Holland.
Roberts, L.E., Williams, R.J., & Marlin, R.G. (1981). A problem solving approach to visceral learning (conference abstract). Psychophysiology, 18, 193. http://www.uleth.ca/dspace/handle/10133/430
Roberts, L.E., Williams, R.J., Farrell, V.T., Keleher, B., & Marlin, R.G. (1980). Visceral learning as concept identification (conference abstract). Psychophysiology, 17, 288-289. http://www.uleth.ca/dspace/handle/10133/431
CURRENT FUNDED RESEARCH
Best Practices in the Population Assessment of Problem Gambling. • Williams, R.J., Volberg, R. • Co-Principal Investigator on $308,000 funding from the Ontario Problem Gambling Research Centre (Sept 1, 2007 – Aug 31, 2009). 48 Williams, Humphreys, Belanger, Smith & Wynne: SEIGA
Examining the Socioeconomic Impact of a Race Track Slots Facility in the Belleville, Ontario Area. • Williams, R.J., Hann, B., Schopflocher, D., Wood, R.T., Grinols, E., McMillen, J. • Co-Principal Investigator on $3,100,000 funding from the Ontario Problem Gambling Research Centre (April 1, 2006 – February 28, 2012).
A Window into the Addicted Brain: The Neurobiological Basis of Addiction to Gambling. • Tata, M., Williams, R.J., Sutherland, R. • Co-Investigator on $10,000 funding from the Alberta Gaming Research Institute (June 1, 2007 – May 31, 2008)
Gambling and risk-taking: Individual differences in risk-acceptance and variance preference. • Mishra, S., Lalumiere, M.L., Williams, R.J. • Co-Investigator on $10,000 funding from the Alberta Gaming Research Institute (January 1, 2007 – December 31, 2007).
Internet Gambling: Prevalence, Demographics, and Problem Behavior. • Wood, R., & Williams, R.J. • Co-Principal Investigator on $479,000 funding from the Ontario Problem Gambling Research Centre (March 30, 2005 – March 31, 2008).
The Development of Responsible Gaming in Alberta: A Prospective Study. • El-Guebaly, N., Hodgins, D., Smith, G., Williams, R.J., Williams, V., Wood, R. (alphabetical listing). • Co-Principal Investigator on $1,859,000 funding from Alberta Gaming Research Institute (Jan 2004 - 2011).
PREVIOUSLY FUNDED RESEARCH
Internet Gambling Literature Review • Williams, R.J., & Wood, R.T. • Co-Principal Investigator on $25,000 funding from the Ontario Problem Gambling Research Centre (March 31, 2007 – July 15, 2007).
Applying Modern Item Response Theory to Measures of Problem and Pathological Gambling. • Pelton, T., Williams, R.J., Pelton, L.F. • Co-Investigator on $34,200 funding from the Ontario Problem Gambling Research Centre (August 1, 2005 – June 30, 2007).
Social and Economic Impact Study of the Introduction of Casinos in Lower Mainland Communities • Blue Thorn Research, Population Health Promotion Associates, & Williams, R.J. • Co-Principal Investigator on $390,000 funding from the British Columbia Ministry of Public Safety and the Solicitor General (June 15, 2004 – March 31, 2007)
Delinquency and Gambling: A Pilot Study of their Inter-Relationship and Common Determinants. • Lalumiere, M., Williams, R.J., Morgan, M. • Co-Investigator on $10,000 funding from the Alberta Gaming Research Institute (September 1, 2005 – September 1, 2006)
Joint Blood Reserve and Lethbridge Demonstration Project on Prevention of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder. • Sutherland, R., Williams, R.J. • Co-Investigator on $250,000 funding from the Alberta Centre for Child, Family and Community Research (ACCFCR) (May 2005 – May 2006).
Strategic Contingency Management to Enhance Treatment Outcomes for Problem Gamblers. • West, B., & Williams, R.J. • Co-Principal Investigator on $10,000 funding from the Alberta Gaming Research Institute (May 15, 2005 – May 15, 2006).
Examining Gambling and Problem Gambling in Albertan Aboriginal Communities • Williams, R.J., Wynne, H., Frank, L., & Nixon, G. • Principal Investigator on $153,800 funding from the Alberta Gaming Research Institute (Jan 1, 2004 – Aug 31, 2005).
Prevention of Problem Gambling: A School-Based Intervention. • Williams, R.J., Wood, R., Currie. S. • Co-Principal Investigator on $147,800 funding from the Alberta Gaming Research Institute (Jan 1, 2003 – Jan 1, 2005). 49 Williams, Humphreys, Belanger, Smith & Wynne: SEIGA
Implications of the Implementation of the Reno Model in Alberta. • Currie, S., El-Guebaly, N., Hodgins, D., Smith, G., & Williams, R.J. (alphabetical listing) • Co-Principal Investigator on $50,000 funding from AADAC, Alberta (Feb 7, 2005 – June 1, 2005).
State of the Evidence Review on the Prevention of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder. • Basford, L., Williams, R.J., Thorpe, K., Droessler, J., Deshpande, S., Reed, A. • Co-Principal Investigator on $70,000 funding from the Alberta Centre for Child, Family and Community Research (ACCFCR) (April 2004 – Dec 2004).
Gambling, Identity and Community: Evaluating the Place of Chance in the Formation of Moral Cultures. • Ramp, B., Williams, R.J., Cosgrave, J., Klassen, T.R. • Co-Investigator on $38,853 funding from the Alberta Gaming Research Institute (Nov 1, 2002 – Dec 1, 2004).
Proportion of Gaming Revenue Derived from Problem Gamblers. • Williams, R.J., Wood, R. • Co-Principal Investigator on $40,895 funding from Alberta Gaming Research Institute (Jan 1, 2002 – Mar 31, 2004).
• Demographics of Ontario Gaming Revenue. • Williams, R.J., Wood, R. • Co-Principal Investigator on $170,396 funding from Ontario Centre for Responsible Gambling (Nov 1, 2002 – Mar 1, 2004).
Using On-Line Survey Techniques to Profile the Internet Gambler: A Pilot Study. • Wood, R., Williams, R.J. • Co-Investigator on $43,150 funding from the Alberta Gaming Research Institute (Mar 1, 2003 – Feb 28, 2004).
Seniors and Gambling: Toward a Better Understanding. • Nixon, G., Williams, R.J., Hagen, B. • Co-Investigator on $15,000 funding from Alberta Gaming Research Institute (2002 – 2003).
Substance Use and Gambling in the Alberta Workplace, 2002: A Replication Study. • Scientific consultant for R.A. Malatest & Associates on a $200,000 contract from the Alberta Alcohol & Drug Abuse Commission (Aug 2002 – Aug 2003).
Impact of Statistical Knowledge on Gambling Attitudes and Behaviour of University Students. • Connolly, D., Williams, R.J., Morris, J. • Co-Principal Investigator on $10,000 funding from Alberta Gaming Research Institute (Mar 1, 2002 – May 31, 2003).
Prevention of Problem Gambling. • Williams, R.J., McGowan, V., Currie, S. & Hodgins, D.C. • Principal Investigator on $93,788 funding from Alberta Gaming Research Institute (Nov 1, 2001 – Nov 30, 2002).
Mental Health Status of Adolescent Substance Users. • Williams, R.J., Zolnar, T., Bertrand, L., & Davis, M. • Principal Investigator on $3,500 funding from the Centre for Advancement of Health, Calgary Health Region (Jan 1, 2001 – Dec 31, 2001).
Meaning and Diagnostic Relevance of Self-Mutilation in Adolescents. • Williams, R.J. • Principal Investigator on $6,000 funding from University of Calgary Research Grants Committee (Sept 2000 – Sept 2001).
Stages of Change, Decisional Balance & Self-Efficacy with Adolescent Substance Abusers. • Hodgins, D.C., Williams, R.J., Magee, C., Chang, S., Cram, B., Smith, H., Lagimodiere, M. & Kunkel, D. • Co-Investigator on $7,000 funding from the Foothills Hospital Research & Development Fund (1998 – 2000)
Smoking Cessation Program for the City of Thompson. • Williams, R.J. & Healthy Thompson Committee. • Co-Principal Investigator on $47,000 funding from Health Canada (1995 – 1996). 50 Williams, Humphreys, Belanger, Smith & Wynne: SEIGA
PRESENTATIONS
November 5, 2007. Calgary, Alberta. “Youth Online Gambling”. (Invited Speaker). Alberta Association of School Resource Officers Safe Schools Conference 2007.
October 11, 2007. Ottawa, Ontario. “The Alberta Leisure, Lifecycle, Lifestyle Cohort: Results from the First Wave”. Canadian Society of Addiction Medicine 190th Annual Conference.
June 11, 2007. Guelph, Ontario. “Prevention of Problem Gambling: A Review of the Evidence”. Presentation to the Ontario Problem Gambling Research Centre Prevention Panel.
March 30, 2007. Banff, Alberta. “Gambling Behaviour among a Sample of Adolescents and Adults in Alberta: Early results from the Alberta Leisure, Lifestyle and Lifecycle Longitudinal Project. Alberta Gaming Research 6th Annual Conference: Addressing Gambling-Related Harm Through Evidence-Based Practices.
September 5, 2006. Toronto, Ontario. “Review of the Performance of the Ontario Lottery and Gaming Corporation”. (Invited Speaker). Televised sitting of the Standing Committee on Government Agencies of the Legislature of Ontario. http://www.ontla.on.ca/web/committee-proceedings/committee_transcripts_details.do?locale=en&Date=2006-09- 06&ParlCommID=7418&BillID=&Business=Agency+Review%3A+Ontario+Lottery+and+Gaming+Corp
June 24, 2006. Edmonton, Alberta. “Adapting the Reno Model for Alberta”. Alberta Problem and Responsible Gambling Stakeholders Meeting.
April 22, 2006. Banff, Alberta. “Socioeconomic Impact Studies of Gambling in Ontario”. Alberta Gaming Research 5th Annual Conference: Social & Economic Costs & Benefits of Gambling.
April 21, 2006. Banff, Alberta. “The Devil is in the Details: Overview of the Main Methodological Issues in Analysis of the Socioeconomic Impacts of Gambling”. Alberta Gaming Research 5th Annual Conference: Social & Economic Costs & Benefits of Gambling. Available at: http://gaming.uleth.ca/agri_downloads/4001/Williams_Stevens.pdf
January 17, 2006. Mexico City, Mexico. “Addictions on University Campuses”. (Invited Speaker). Universidad Panamericana Faculty of Medicine.
December 7, 2005. Las Vegas, Nevada. “Public Health Approaches to Gambling: The Reno Model in Action”. 6th Annual National Centre for Responsible Gambling Conference: Gambling & Addiction.
November 14, 2005. Toronto, Ontario. “Demographics of Ontario Gaming Revenue – Older Adult Sample Results” (Invited Speaker). Ontario Problem Gambling Research Centre Knowledge Dissemination.
November 4, 2005. Lethbridge, Alberta. “Aboriginal Casinos: Who’s Cashing In?” (Invited Panel Speaker). Royal Society of Canada & University of Lethbridge.
September 29, 2005. Canada-wide simulcast. “Problem Gambling: Assessment, Features, Causes, Treatment & Research”. (Invited Speaker). Family Services Employee Assistance Programs.
August 22, 2005. Edmonton, Alberta. “Gaming Research at the University of Lethbridge” (Invited Speaker). Strategic Research Agenda (meeting of AGRI stakeholders).
July 1, 2005. Malmo, Sweden. “What Proportion of Gambling Revenue comes from Problem Gamblers?” 6th European Conference on Gambling Studies and Policy Issues.
June 30, 2005. Malmo, Sweden. “Using Participatory Action Research to Study Canadian Aboriginal Gambling”. 6th European Conference on Gambling Studies and Policy Issues.
April 18, 2005. Niagara Falls, Ontario. “Problem Gambling on the Internet: Prevalence, Characteristics, and Policy Implications.” Responsible Gambling Council, Discoveries Conference.
April 1, 2005: Edmonton, Alberta. “The Percentage of Gambling Profits Derived from Problem Gamblers (Invited Speaker)”. Public Policy Implications of Gambling Research (Alberta Gaming Research Institute’s 4th Annual Conference). 51 Williams, Humphreys, Belanger, Smith & Wynne: SEIGA
February 11, 2005: Edmonton, Alberta. “Voluntary Self-Exclusion (Invited Speaker)”. AADAC/AGLC Joint Stakeholder meeting.
December 17, 2004: Lethbridge, Alberta. “Problem Gambling: Assessment, Causes, Treatment & Research (Invited Speaker)”. Chinook Health Region Grand Rounds.
October 20, 2004: Edmonton, Alberta. “Prevention of FASD: Review of the Evidence”. Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder Prevention and Intervention Symposium.
June 17, 2004: Phoenix, Arizona. “An Effective High School Curriculum for the Prevention of Problem Gambling”. National Council on Problem Gambling’s 18th Annual Conference.
May 2, 2004: Banff, Alberta. “Seniors and Gambling: Exploring the Razor’s Edge of VLT Machines”. The Tenth Annual Qualitative Health Research Conference.
April 27, 2004: Lethbridge, Alberta. “Problem Gambling: Assessment, Causes & Prevention (Invited Speaker)”, Lethbridge Kiwanis Club.
March 5, 2004: Calgary, Alberta. “Designing cohorts of gamblers… a trip to Mars!”. University of Calgary Department of Psychiatry Littman Research Day.
November 29, 2003: Canberra, Australia. “Issues in the Adoption of the Public Policy Approach to Problem Gambling In Australia (Invited Speaker for Closing Plenary)”. National Association of Gambling Studies 13th Annual Conference.
November 28, 2003: Canberra, Australia. “Prevention of Problem Gambling: Lessons Learned from Two Alberta Programs”. National Association of Gambling Studies 13th Annual Conference.
September 20 – 21, 2003: Toronto, Ontario. “Funding Priorities in Gambling Research (Invited Contributor to Panel Discussion)”. Canadian National Forum on Problem Gambling Research.
May 27, 2003: Vancouver, British Columbia. “The Proportion of Gaming Revenue Derived from Problem Gamblers: Examining the Issues in a Canadian Context”. 12th International Conference on Gambling and Risk-Taking.
March 27, 2003: Lethbridge, Alberta. “Prevention of Problem Gambling: A High School and University Based Initiative (Invited Speaker)”. Prevention of Problem Gambling Conference (Alberta Gaming Research Institute’s 2nd Annual Conference).
December 17, 2002: Winnipeg, Manitoba. “Prevention of Problem Gambling (Invited Presentation as Keynote Speaker)”. Addictions Foundation of Manitoba Provincial Gambling Meeting.
October 3, 2002: Barcelona, Spain. “Proportion of Gaming Revenue Derived from Problem Gamblers”. 5th European Conference on Gambling Studies and Policy Issues.
September 12, 2002: Calgary, Alberta. “Prevention of Problem Gambling”. 1st Annual Conference of Addiction Researchers in Alberta (ARA).
June 13, 2002: Dallas, Texas. “Impact of Knowledge of Statistics on College Student Gambling”. National Council on Problem Gambling’s 16th Annual Conference.
June 14, 2002: Dallas, Texas. “International Review of Casino Self-Exclusion Programs”. National Council on Problem Gambling’s 16th Annual Conference.
April 2002: Niagara Falls, Ontario. “Prevention of Problem Gambling: A School-Based Intervention”. Discovery 2002: Responsible Gaming Council.
February 7, 2002: Lethbridge, Alberta. “A Multi-Session High School Program to Prevent Problem Gambling (Invited Speaker)”. Gambling Research at the University of Lethbridge Symposium. Co-presented on four other presentations.
52 Williams, Humphreys, Belanger, Smith & Wynne: SEIGA
November 2000: New Orleans, Louisiana. “Ritalin & Dexedrine Abuse in Substance-Abusing Adolescents”. Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapy.
October 2000: Victoria, British Columbia. “Antidepressant Efficacy with Children and Adolescents: A Meta-Analysis”. Canadian Psychiatric Association Annual Meeting.
June 2000: Ottawa, Ontario. “Comprehensive and Comparative Review of Adolescent Substance Abuse Treatment Outcome”. Canadian Psychological Association Annual Meeting.
June 2000: Calgary, Alberta. “Prevention of Pathological Gambling in Adolescents”. Collaboration in Addiction Research and Education Group, University of Calgary.
June 2000: Calgary, Alberta. “Antidepressant Use in Adolescents”. Collaboration in Addiction Research and Education Group, University of Calgary.
March 2000: Calgary, Alberta. “Ritalin & Dexedrine Abuse in Substance-Abusing Adolescents”. Psychiatry Research Day, University of Calgary.
November 1999: Medicine Hat, Alberta. “Assessment and Treatment Considerations for Individuals with Mental Health and Substance Abuse Problems (Invited Speaker)”. Alberta Mental Health Conference.
October 1999: Quebec City, Quebec. “Engaging Clients into Substance Abuse Treatment”. Canadian Society on Addiction Medicine.
March 1999: Calgary, Alberta. “Antidepressants for Children and Adolescents: A Meta-Analysis”. Psychiatry Research Day, University of Calgary.
February 1999: Calgary, Alberta. “Urinalysis versus Self-Report of Substance Use in Adolescents”. Collaboration in Addiction Research and Education Group, University of Calgary.
November 1998: Calgary, Alberta. “Parental Awareness of Adolescent Substance Abuse”. Collaboration in Addiction Research and Education Group, University of Calgary.
May 1998: Red Deer, Alberta. “Prevalence, Cause & Treatment of Drug Abuse (Invited Speaker)”. Provincial Judges of Alberta Annual Meeting.
February 1998: Calgary, Alberta. “Adolescent Substance Abuse Treatment Outcome”. Psychiatry Research Day, University of Calgary.
OTHER SCHOLARLY ACTIVITIES
Conference Organizer • Program organizer for the 5th Annual Alberta Gaming Research Institute Conference “Social & Economic Costs & Benefits of Gambling”, held at Banff, Alberta. April 20-22, 2006. • Program organizer for the 2nd Annual Alberta Gaming Research Institute Conference “Prevention of Problem Gambling”, held at Lethbridge, Alberta. March 27 & 28, 2003. • Conference and program organizer for the “Gambling Research at the University of Lethbridge Symposium”, Feb 7, 2002.
Journal Editorial Duties • Co-Editor, International Gambling Studies
Journal Reviewer • Addiction • Addictive Behaviors • American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse • Association for Canadian Studies in the United States Online Policy Journal • Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science • Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health • Clinical Drug Investigation • Field Methods 53 Williams, Humphreys, Belanger, Smith & Wynne: SEIGA
• International Gambling Studies • International Journal of Mental Health & Addiction • Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology • Journal of Gambling Issues • Medical Science Monitor • New England Journal of Medicine • Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry • Psychiatric Times
Grant Reviewer • Calgary Health Region • Economic & Social Research Council (U.K.) • Ontario Problem Gambling Research Centre • Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council • University of Lethbridge Research Fund
COMMUNITY AND UNIVERSITY SERVICE
Media Coverage • “Prevention of problem gambling”. CTV News. October 24, 2007. • “Alberta’s responsible gambling initiatives”. Global TV. October 23, 2007. • “Problem gambling message not reaching the right people”. Lethbridge Herald (front page). October 23, 2007. • “Slots opponents using bad information”. Abbotsford News. September 22, 2007. • “Fears about casinos outpace their impacts”. Abbotsford News. September 22, 2007. • “Casino fears outpace impacts”. The Richmond Review. September 21, 2007. • “Public believes gaming’ harm outweighs benefits”. Time Colonist (British Columbia). September 21, 2007. • “Study finds we have a negative attitude toward gambling, no increase in related problems”. News 1130 (Vancouver). September 20, 2007. • “Negative attitudes growing”. Langley Times. September 19, 2007. • Gambling profits rising: StatsCan”. Edmonton Journal, A3. July 21, 2007. • “Fewer gamblers are spending more”. Vancouver Sun, A5. July 21, 2007. • “Gambling a growing jackpot for Canadian governments; Fewer bet, but spending exceeds $13 billion”. Montreal Gazette, A14. July 21, 2007. • “Fewer Canadians gambling”. The Windsor Star, A5. July 21, 2007. • “Canadian gambling habits create windfall for government, study shows; A report reveals that gambling rates are higher in Canada than most other countries, and the government is cashing in on the action”. The Ottawa Citizen, A3. July 21, 2007. • “Governments hit jackpot in growing gaming spending”. The Star Phoenix (Saskatoon), A11. July 21, 2007. • “Canadian gamblers spending more, creating a jackpot for government coffers”. Canwest News Service. July 21, 2007. • “Fewer Canadians gambling: Statscan; net revenue $13.3 billion”. National Post, A9. July 21, 2007. • “Albertans outgamble rest of Canada; High disposable income cited for high spending”. Calgary Herald. A4. July 21, 2007. • We’re high earners, high rollers; Albertans have most disposable income in Canada and highest per-capita spending on gambling”. Edmonton Journal. A3. July 21, 2007. • “Quinte Gambling Study”. 91X News (radio). April 27, 2007. • “Canadians’ 2006 gambling loss $14.5B study finds”. Canadian Press (Sault Star; London Free Press; Toronto Star; ChronicleHerald.ca (Halifax); Orillia Packet & Times; Vancouver Province; Canoe.ca; 570 News, News1130, 680 News; Globe & Mail; Calgary Herald; The Guardian (Charlottetown; Daily Courier (Kelowna); The Record (Kitchener); Times & Transcript (Moncton); North Bay Nugget; Niagara Falls Review; St. Catherines Standard; New Brunwick Telegraph). April 27, 2007. • “Governments big winners in gambling industry”. Edmonton Journal. April 27, 2007. • “Canadians gambled away $14.5 billion last year; ‘Entertainment’, but critics say hidden costs aren’t counted. The Province, A30. April 27, 2007. • “Experts criticize CGA Economic Study”. CBC Radio Calgary. April 26, 2007. • “Experts criticize CGA Economic Study”. CBC Radio Yellowknife. April 26, 2007. • “Experts criticize CGA Economic Study”. CBC Radio Montreal. April 26, 2007. • “Experts criticize CGA Economic Study”. CBC Radio Whitehorse. April 26, 2007. • “Experts criticize CGA Economic Study”. CBC Radio Thunderbay. April 26, 2007. • “Experts criticize CGA Economic Study”. CBC Radio Winnipeg. April 26, 2007. • “Internet Gambling”. Global TV (Lethbridge). March 14, 2007. 54 Williams, Humphreys, Belanger, Smith & Wynne: SEIGA
• “Deadly Gamble”. Lethbridge Herald. March 3, 2007. • “Gov’t run gaming dubious bet at best”. The Star Phoenix (Saskatoon). March 2, 2007. • “Editorial: Alberta gambling: A dubious bet?”. The Edmonton Journal, A18. March 1, 2007. • “Internet wagering may be key to sports gambling’s future”. The Edmonton Journal, C1. February 21, 2007. • “Click of mouse you can lose your house”. Edmonton Journal, C9. February 20, 2007. • “Ontario racino study”. CKUA Radio (Innovation Alberta). February 17, 2007. • “Good odds on addiction: Province’s plan to poll public about online gambling points to probably entrance into market”. Edmonton Sun. February 10, 2007. • “Wild West for online gamblers”. The Edmonton Journal, A9. February 9, 2007. • “Alberta taking a gamble on Internet”. Lethbridge Herald. February 8, 2007. • “Raceway study two-thirds complete”. Belleville Intelligencer (Ontario). January 29, 2007. • “Quinte region hosts massive gaming research project”. The Shield. December 22, 2006. • “One of the world’s largest studies of gambling is under way in Quinte”. Community Press (Quinte Edition) (front page). December 22, 2006. • “QERI Project”. CKWS TV (Kingston). December 13, 2006. • “Aboriginal Casinos”. CTV News. November 10, 2006. • “First Aboriginal run Casino opens in Alberta”. CBC Radio (Edmonton/Calgary). October 26, 2006. • “Impact on slots to be gauged”. Belleville Intelligencer (front Page). October 7, 2006. • “Thousands call gambling helpline for lotto results”. The Ottawa Citizen. October 7, 2006. • “Odds against addicts”. 24 Hours Vancouver. September 29, 2006. • “Young addicts looking for help: Majority of youth gambling”. The Windsor Star, F6. August 5, 2006. • “Young gambling addicts are reluctant to get help”. The Hamilton Spectator, G6. August 1, 2006. • “Young gamblers face trouble getting help”. Peterborough Examiner, A6. August 1, 2006. • “The changing face of gambling; Where do they go?” The Daily Gleaner (Fredericton). July 31, 2006. • “Young gambling addicts”. The Welland Tribune (Ontario). July 29, 2006. • “All bets are off: Illegal, online betting”. The Guelph Mercury, A1. July 22, 2006. • “New province-wide study on gamblers”. Country 95.5 FM Radio. June 21, 2006. • “Province-wide study to track gamblers’ evolving habits”. CTV (Alberta). June 21, 2006. • “Gamblers wanted for university research”. Lethbridge Herald, A1. June 21, 2006. • “AGRI Conference on the Social and Economic Impacts of Gambling”. Innovation Alberta (CKUA Radio). May 23, 2006. • “Gamble at your own risk”. Monitor on Psychology. Vol 37 (4), p22-23. • “Problem gamblers need more help, Survey: Industry funds research and treatment, but critics say it’s not enough”. Vancouver Province. A29/Front. April 27, 2006. • “Exhaustive gambling study begins: Unprecendented investigation into economic and social implications of gaming”. Windsor Star, A2. April 4, 2006. • “Betting on Research”. Guelph Mercury, A10. April 3, 2006. • “Gambling experts bet on Belleville: Landmark study will track effects of slots on city’s well-being”. The Kingston Whig-Standard, p8. April 1, 2006. • “Intriguing gambling study”. Tribune (Welland), A6, April 3, 2006 • “4,000 needed for gambling survey”. The Intelligencer (Belleville). April 1, 2006. • “Betting in Belleville”. The Expositor (Brantford). April 1, 2006. • “U of L gambling researcher to head $3.1-million project”. Lethbridge Herald. March 31, 2006. • “World study focuses on new slot facility”. The Sault Star. March 31, 2006. • “Centre prepares for $3.1-million gambling study”. The Record (Kitchener, Cambridge, Waterloo). March 31, 2006. • “Tracking the big gamble; Research centre in Guelph launches major gambling study”. The Guelph Mercury. March 31, 2006. • “Belleville to be focus of 5-year gambling study”. The Packet & Times (Orillia). March 31, 2006. • “Gambling study puts town under the microscope”. National Post, A6. March 31, 2006. • “Belleville to be focus of 5-year gambling study as slots facility opens”. Canadian Press Newswire. March 30, 2006. • “Major new study of slot machines at racetracks announced”. CBC television (Ontario). March 30, 2006. • “Major new study of slot machines at racetracks announced”. CTV television (Ontario). March 30, 2006. • “$3.1M gambling study set for Belleville”. The Intelligencer (Belleville). March 29, 2006. • “Upping the Ante”. Albertaviews, pp 34-40. March 2006. • “Canadian Gaming Association Report on VLT Gaming in Canada”. CKNW Radio (Vancouver). March 17, 2006. • “Gambling Scandal in the NHL”. CBC Radio, Wild Rose Country. February 10, 2006. • “First Nations Casinos and Gambling Research”. CKUA Radio. December 20, 2005. • “Expert Warns About Alberta Casino Growth”. Casino City Times. November 22, 2005. • “Alberta must Monitor Casino Growth: Professor”. CBC Radio (Calgary). November 22, 2005. • “Las Vegas of the North”. Lethbridge Herald (front page). November 5, 2005. 55 Williams, Humphreys, Belanger, Smith & Wynne: SEIGA
• “Aboriginal Gambling and Casinos”. CFCN TV. November 4, 2005. • “First Nations Casinos”. Global TV. November 4, 2005. • “Costs and Benefits of Aboriginal Casinos”. Country 95.5 FM Radio. November 4, 2005. • “Aboriginal Casinos”. CBC Radio, Wild Rose Country. November 4, 2005. • “First Nations casinos a risky business”. Fast Forward Weekly (Calgary). Sept 15, 2005. • “Alberta Gambling Expansion”. CHQL Radio (Calgary). Aug 9, 2005. • “Gambling glut feared in Calgary”. Calgary Herald (A1/Front). Aug 9, 2005. • “Gambling Research at the U of L”. Global TV (Lethbridge). Aug 5, 2005. • “Governments big winners at country’s gaming tables: Gambling has become a nearly $13B industry in Canada: Study”. The Kingston Whig-Standard. P12. June 22, 2005. • “Study finds 87,000 gambling machines: Government take: $6.3B”. National Post. A1/Front. June 22, 2005. • “$13 Billion jackpot: Governments the big winners at Canada’s gaming tables”. Times Colonist (Victoria). A3. June 22, 2005. • “Lucky country? Gambling in Canada is a $13-billion industry with profits similar to fuel, liquor taxes”. The Vancouver Sun. A1/Front. June 22, 2005. • “Governments hooked on gambling money”. Leader-Post (Regina). A3. June 22, 2005. • “Government-run gambling now a $13B industry, report finds”. Ottawa Citizen. A3. June 22, 2005. • “Gambling expansion”. CBC Radio Calgary (Wild Rose Forum). June 22, 2005. • “Casino competition heating up”. Edmonton Sun. 26. June 3, 2005. • “Electronic keno”. CBC Radio St. John (On the Go Show). May 27, 2005. • “Gambling and problem gambling”. CHED Radio (Primo Show). April 15, 2005. • “Will reduction work?. The Daily News (Halifax). April 7, 2005. • “Gambling study cries for action”. Edmonton Journal (A14/Editorial). April 5, 2005. • “Problem gamblers account for 1/3 of revenues”. Standard-Freeholder (Cornwall) (p17). April 4, 2005. • “Problem gamblers fill provincial coffers”. Calgary Herald (A10). April 3, 2005. • “Problem gamblers feed Alberta gov’t coffers: 5.2% of population responsible for big chunk of $1.5B revenue”. Edmonton Journal (A1/Front). April 2, 2005. • “Proportion of revenue from problem gamblers”. CBC Radio (Edmonton). April 1, 2005. • “New Research shows it’s much more difficult to know when to fold ‘em”. Lethbridge Herald. February 19, 2005. • “Gambling Research”. Shaw TV (Lethbridge). February 3, 2005. • “Embrace winter: Ski, skate, and ‘visit an Ontario casino’”. Ottawa Citizen. January 24, 2005. • “Unrolling the dice”. Toronto Star. January 24, 2005. • “Bingo under fire”. Pittsburg Post-Gazette. January 9, 2005. • “Some call the impact of gambling on society criminal”. Lethbridge Herald. December 23, 2004. • “Canadians feel there is too much gambling in the country”. MacLeans Magazine. December 22, 2004. • “Gambling with our lives”. Toronto Star. December 19, 2004. • “Who should pay?” Toronto Star. December 18, 2004. • “Getting a grip on Native gambling”. Edmonton Sun. December 8, 2004. • “Quick, impersonal and simple: Slots play on human psyche”. Vancouver Sun. November 20, 2004. • “Knowing when to fold ‘em: Problem Gamblers I -- The Netherlands has a solution. So does South Carolina”. Vancouver Sun. November 20, 2004. • “Problem Gambling “. The Hub (NWT paper). November 17, 2004. • “Raport Ontario Problem Gambling Research Centre”. Gazeta (Polish newspaper). November 16, 2004. • “No More Casinos”. Toronto Star. November 14, 2004. • “Winning lottery is all luck of the draw”. Lethbridge Herald, a3. November 14, 2004. • “Ontario gambling revenues”. Goldhawk Live, Rogers Television. November 9, 2004. • “A spin of the wheel, a spin out of control”. Toronto Star. November 6, 2004. • “Ontario’s sad addiction to its gambling revenue”. Globe & Mail, a16. November 5, 2004. • “Ontario gambling revenue”. CBC Radio Sudbury. November 4, 2004. • “Gambling here to stay, McGuinty affirms”. Globe & Mail. November 3, 2004. • “Addicted to gambling revenues”. Toronto Star. November 3, 2004. • “Ontario addicted to gambling revenue”. Ottawa Citizen. November 3, 2004. • “Demographics of Ontario Gaming Revenue”. CBC Radio Thunder Bay. November 3, 2004. • “Government profits from problem gamblers”. CBC Television Toronto. November 3, 2004. • “Problem gamblers big source of Ontario revenue: report”. CBC Radio Ottawa. November 2, 2004. • “Demographics of Ontario Gaming Revenue”. CBC Radio Windsor. November 2, 2004. • “Ontario wins 36% of gambling cash from problem gamblers”. CBC Radio Toronto. November 2, 2004. • “The Patient Gambler”. National Post, October 30, 2004. • “AGRI Research”. Global News. Oct 16, 2004. • “AGRI Research Poster Event”. CFCN News. Oct 15, 2004. 56 Williams, Humphreys, Belanger, Smith & Wynne: SEIGA
• “Gaming Research Institute showing dividends”. Lethbridge Herald, p a3. Oct 17, 2004. • “Rob’s gambling addiction program a hit with high school students”. Lethbridge Herald, p a2. Oct 11, 2004. • “Tsuu T’ina casino a mug’s game, say experts: Band confident enough to bet heavily on venture”. Calgary Herald, b3. June 30, 2004. • “Problem gamblers pay more than their share”. Lethbridge Herald, p.a3. June 27, 2004. • “Problem gambling study to include 2,000 Albertans”. Lethbridge Herald, p. a1. June 26, 2004. • “Aboriginal Casinos”. CBC Radio, Calgary Eye Opener. June 21, 2004. • “Problem gambling research”. CKUA Radio & Innovation Alberta website. May 25, 2004. • “More needs to be done for gamblers”. Lethbridge Herald. page a3. February 14, 2004 • “The house always wins”. Vancouver Sun. October 16, 2003. • “Half of teens in Canada gamble”. Vancouver Sun, p. 1. October 14, 2003. • “Gambling has its hooks in Canadian teens”. Ottawa Citizen. October 14, 2003. • “When teens party”. Times Colonist (Victoria), B5/front. August 31, 2003 • “The big gamble”. University Affairs (cover article), p.10-13. Aug/Sep 2003. • “Levy boosts fund for problem gamblers”. Globe & Mail, A23. July 31, 2003. • “A gambler’s rehab gone horribly wrong”. Globe & Mail, A7. July 30, 2003. • “Youth Gambling”. 630/CHED Radio Edmonton (Al Stafford show). July 21, 2003. • “Teens addicted to gambling: study”. Calgary Herald, B8. July 18, 2003. • “Prevention of Problem Gambling”. CKUA Radio. April 29, 2003. • “Alberta communities remove VLTs”. CBC Radio 1010. April 29, 2003. • “Prevention of Problem Gambling“. Innovation Alberta (website). April, 2003. • “Prevention of Problem Gambling”. Global TV. March 27, 2003. • “AGRI Corporate Video”. I am one of the researchers profiled in the AGRI corporate video. March 2003. • “Government trying to Balance Revenue and Responsibility”. Lethbridge Herald. March 28, 2003. • “Youth Gambling”. QR77 Radio. March 28, 2003 • “Gambling Conference Aimed at Children”. The Herald (Nova Scotia). March 27, 2003. • “No dice – experts want to stop kids gambling”. Edmonton Journal, A17. March 27, 2003. • “Child gambling addicts the subject of conference”. Red Deer Advocate, A7. March 27, 2003. • “Conference features top gambling researchers”. University of Lethbridge Legend. March, 2003. • “Conference to tackle gambling”. Lethbridge Herald, A3. March 5, 2003. • “Toll high on youth”. Lethbridge Herald (front-page headline article). February 25, 2003. • “Youth gambling a growing concern”. Calgary Herald. December 14, 2002 • “Half of gambling grants go to University of Lethbridge”. University of Lethbridge Legend. December, 2002 • “Smart money is on prevention”. Lethbridge Herald. November 30, 2002. • “The grey gamblers”. Front page of Lethbridge Herald. October 1, 2002. • “Teaching True Odds”. One page profile of myself and my research in the University of Lethbridge 2002 Community Report (distributed to 250,000 households throughout Alberta). September 2002. • “Decriminalization of marijuana”. Global TV. Sept 5, 2002. • “Problem Gambling: Self-exclusion programs show potential”. Reno Gazette Journal. June 14, 2002. • “Odds are about one in 21 million of winning $34 million in the Super 7”. Lethbridge Herald. May 15, 2002. • “Lottery odds”. Medicine Hat News. May 10, 2002 • “Gambling Research gets funding boost”. University of Lethbridge Legend. April 2002. • “Making people smarter gamblers” in Research Reveals (Volume 1, issue 3, Feb/Mar 2002), published by Alberta Gaming Research Institute. • “University of Lethbridge profs looking at ways to reduce problem gambling”. Lethbridge Herald. Feb 11, 2002. • “Odds against them”. Lethbridge Herald (front-page headline article). February 8, 2002. • “Gambling Research at the University of Lethbridge”. CTV. February 7, 2002. • “Gambling Research at the University of Lethbridge”. Global TV. February 7, 2002. • “Alberta Gaming Research Institute announces $250,000 in funding to University of Lethbridge”. University of Lethbridge Legend, January 2002. • “Prevention of Problem Gambling”. Global TV. May 2001.
57 Williams, Humphreys, Belanger, Smith & Wynne: SEIGA
Brad R. Humphreys, PhD
Academic Experience:
Associate Professor and Alberta Chair in the Economics of Gaming, Department of Economics, University of Alberta, 2007- present (tenure track). Associate Professor, Department of Recreation, Sport and Tourism, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2004-2007 (tenure track). Associate Professor, Department of Economics, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 2001-2004 (tenure track). Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1995-2001 (tenure track).
Degrees Awarded:
Doctor of Philosophy in Economics, the Johns Hopkins University, 1995 Master of Arts in Economics, the Johns Hopkins University, 1990 Batchelor of Science in Economics, West Virginia University, 1986 Batchelor of Science in Business Administration, West Virginia University, 1985
Current Research Interests:
Economics of Gaming, Economics of Sport, Economic Impact Analysis
Research Contributions Over the Past 6 Years:
Refereed Journal Articles (R) Humphreys, B. R. & Ruseski, J. E. (2007). Participation in physical activity and government spending on parks and recreation. Contemporary Economic Policy, 25, (50%) (R) Coates, D. & Humphreys, B. R. (2007). Ticket Prices, Concessions and Attendance at Professional Sporting Events. International Journal of Sport Finance, 2, 161-170. (50%) (R) Humphreys, B. R. & Prokopowicz, S. (2007). Assessing the impact of sports mega-events in transition economies: EURO 2012 in Poland and Ukraine. International Journal of Sport Management and Marketing, 2, 496-509. (50%) (R) Humphreys, B. R. & Mondello, M. (2007). Intercollegiate athletic success and donations at NCAA Division I institutions. Journal of Sport Management, 21, 265-280. (50%) (R) Humphreys, B. R. & Ruseski, J. E. (2006). Financing intercollegiate athletics: The role of monitoring and enforcing NCAA recruiting regulations, International Journal of Sport Finance, 1, 151-161. (50%) (R) Coates, D. & Humphreys, B. R. & Zimbalist, A. (2006). Compensating differentials and the social benefits of the NFL' - A comment. Journal of Urban Economics, 60, 124-131. (33%) (R) Humphreys, B. R. (2006). The relationship between big-time college football and state appropriations to higher education. International Journal of Sport Finance, 1, 119-128. (R) Coates, D. & Humphreys, B. R. (2006). Proximity benefits and voting on stadium and arena subsidies. Journal of Urban Economics, 59, 285-299. (50%) (R) Coates, D. & Humphreys, B. R. (2005). Novelty effects of new facilities on attendance at professional sporting events. Contemporary Economic Policy, 23, 436-455. (50%) (R) Coates, D. & Humphreys, B. R., Kane, J. & Vachris, M. (2004). `No Significant Distance' between face to face and online instruction: evidence from principles of economics. Economics of Education Review, 23, 533-546. (25%) (R) Coates, D. & Humphreys, B. R. & Vachris, M. (2004). More evidence that university administrators are utility maximizing bureaucrats. Economics of Governance, 5, 77-101. (33%) (R) Coates, D. & Humphreys, B. R. (2004). Professional sports facilities, franchises and urban economic development. Public Finance and Management, 3, 335-357. (50%) (R) Coates, D. & Humphreys, B. R. (2003). An inventory of learning at a distance in economics. Social Science Computer Review, 21, 196-207. (50%) (R) Coates, D. & Humphreys, B. R. (2003). The effects of professional sports on earnings and employment in the retail and services sectors of U.S. cities. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 33, 175-198. (50%)
58 Williams, Humphreys, Belanger, Smith & Wynne: SEIGA
(R) Coates, D. & Humphreys, B. R. (2002). The economic impact of postseason play in professional sports. Journal of Sports Economics, 3, 291-299. (50%) (R) Humphreys, B. R. (2002). Alternative measures of competitive balance in sports leagues. Journal of Sports Economics, 3, 133-148. (R) Coates, D. & Humphreys, B. R. (2002). The supply of university enrollments: university administrators as utility maximizing bureaucrats. Public Choice, 110, 365-392. (50%) (R) Humphreys, B. R. (2001). The behavior of manufacturers' inventories: evidence from U.S. industry level data. International Journal of Production Economics, 71, 9-20. (R) Humphreys, B. R., Maccini, L. J. & Schuh, S. (2001). Input and output inventories. Journal of Monetary Economics, 47, 347-375. (33%) (R) Coates, D. & Humphreys, B. R. (2001). Evaluation of computer assisted instruction in principles of economics. Educational Technology and Society, 4, 133-144. (50%) (R) Coates, D. & Humphreys, B. R. (2001). The economic consequences of professional sports lockouts and strikes. Southern Economic Journal, 67, 737-747. (50%)
Non-refereed Contributions Humphreys, B. R. & Sauer, R. (2007). Guest editors’ introduction: Sport and public policy. Contemporary Economic Policy, 25, Humphreys, B. R. (2007). Book review of The Economics of Sport and the Media, Claude Jeanrenaud and Stefan Kesenne, editors, International Journal of Sport Finance, 2, Humphreys, B. R. (2006). Guest editor’s introduction: Sports and public finance. Public Finance and Management, 6, 278- 283. Humphreys, B. R. (2006). Guest editor’s introduction: Communities and sport finance. International Journal of Sport Finance, 1, 194-195. Humphreys, B. R. (2006). A Survey of Economic Research on Female Intercollegiate Athletes and Women's Athletics,'' in Handbook of Sports Economic Research, John Fizel, ed., Armonk NY: M.E. Sharpe. Humphreys, B. R. (2006). The Economic Impact of Sporting Facilities, in The Edward Elgar Companion to the Economics of Sports, Wladimir Andreff, Jeff Borland and Stefan Szymanski, eds.Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing: Coates, D. & Humphreys, B. R. (2004). Caught stealing: Debunking the economic case for D.C. baseball. Cato Institute Briefing Paper number 89.
Forthcoming Contributions
Edited Books Humphreys, B. R. & Howard, D. (in press). The Business of Sport. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 3 volumes. (50%)
Refereed Journal Articles (R) Humphreys, B. R. & Maxcy, J. (in press). The role of sports economics in the US sport management curriculum. Sport Management Review. (50%) (R) Bivin, D. & Humphreys, B. R. (in press). Accounting for output fluctuations in manufacturing. Applied Economics. (50%) (R) Humphreys, B. R. & Ruseski, J. E. (revised and submitted). Monitoring Cartel Behavior and Stability: Evidence From NCAA Football. Southern Economic Journal. (R) Bodvarsson, O. & Humphreys, B. R. (submitted). Customer discrimination, capital investment, and sports stadiums. Journal of Political Economy. (R) Humphreys, B. R. & Ruseski, J. E. (submitted). Sport participation and adolescent use of performance enhancing drugs: Evidence from the YRBSS. Journal of Health Economics.
(R)= Refereed a= Master’s trainee supervisor (n%)= Percent contribution to publication
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Dr. YALE D. BELANGER (Ph.D.)
Assistant Professor Department of Native American Studies University of Lethbridge Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada T1K 3M4 (403) 382-7101 – work (403) 380-1855 – fax [email protected]
EDUCATION
Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.). Department of Native Studies, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, 2000-2005. • Advisor: Prof. David R. Newhouse. • Comprehensive Fields: Post-Confederation Political History, Contemporary Canadian and Native Politics, Native Philosophy. • Dissertation: Seeking a Seat at the Table: A Brief History of Indian Political Organizing in Canada, 1870-1951.
Master of Arts (M.A.). Interdisciplinary Master’s Program (Political Science, Native Studies, Anthropology), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, 1998-2000. • Advisor: Dr. Chris Trott, Ph.D. • Areas of Focus: Native history, Native political economy, Native philosophy, land use, research methods. • Thesis: Saulteaux Land Use within the Interlake Region of Manitoba, 1842-1870.
Bachelor of Arts (Dean’s List). Honours Arts Program, Native American Studies (NAS) Major, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, 1994-1998.
PROFESSIONAL APPOINTMENTS
Assistant Professor (2004 – current), Department of Native American Studies (NAS), University of Lethbridge, Alberta.
Assistant Professor (2003-04), Department of Political Studies, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan.
Sessional Instructor (2000-03), Department of Native American Studies, University of Lethbridge, Alberta.
Sessional Instructor (2000-03), Department of Native Studies, Brandon University, Brandon, Manitoba.
Sessional Instructor (1999-2003), Department of Native Studies, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba.
Teaching Assistant (1998-2000), Department of Political Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba.
TEACHING EXPERIENCE
UNIVERSITY OF LETHBRIDGE (Native American Studies & Management)
NAS 1000 Introduction to Native American Studies NAS 2400 Traditional Aboriginal Political Economy NAS 2500 Canadian Indian History NAS 2800 Native Politics in Canada NAS 3500 History of Prairie Indian Treaties NAS 3700 Native American Health NAS 4150 Administrative Aspects of First Nations’ Governments NAS 4700 The Métis NAS 4850 Aboriginal Organizations in Canada MGMT 3580 Aboriginal Peoples and Natural Resources (Spring 2008)
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UNIVERSITY OF SASKATCHEWAN (Political Studies & Native Studies)
POLST 307.3 The Interface of Aboriginal Organizations in Canada POLST 348.6 The Evolution of Indian Policy in the U.S. and Canada NAST 263.6 Aboriginal Peoples and Canadian Politics NAST 372.6 Native American History (USA)
UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA (Native Studies)
NS 32:122 The Native Peoples of Canada, pre-1945 NS 32:124 The Native Peoples of Canada, post-1945 NS 32:320 Aboriginal Organizations in Canada NS 32:422 Topics in Aboriginal Identity NS 32:425 Environment, Economy, and Aboriginal People
TRENT UNIVERSITY (Native Studies)
NAST 100 Introduction to Native Studies NAST 490 Urban Aboriginal Self-Government in Canada
BRANDON UNIVERSITY (Native Studies)
NS 68:15 Introduction to Native Studies, Part I NS 68:152 Introduction to Native Studies, Part II
SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE MEMBERSHIP (MA Students)
Annabelle Crop Eared Wolf; 2005-current; University of Lethbridge Cathy Nilson; 2004; University of Saskatchewan
PUBLICATIONS
Books
Selected Topics in Native Studies (Toronto: Thompson Nelson), under contract and scheduled for publication February 2009.
Seeking a Seat at the Table: A Brief History of Aboriginal Organizing in Canada, 1870-1951 (Vancouver: UBC Press), currently being revised following peer review process.
Gambling with the Future: The Evolution of Aboriginal Gaming in Canada (Saskatoon: Purich Publishing, 2006), 232 pp.
Books (Edited)
Aboriginal Self-government in Canada: Current Issues and Trends, 3rd Ed. (Saskatoon: Purich Publishing), under contract and scheduled for publication in early 2008.
Aboriginal Cultural Landscapes (Winnipeg, MB: Aboriginal Issues Press, 2004). Edited with J. Oakes, R. Riewe, K. Legge, S. Blady, & L. Stevens. 347 pp.
Peer Reviewed Papers
“‘It’s my duty … to be a warrior of the people’: Kainai Perceptions of and Participation in the Canadian and American Forces.” Prairie Forum (under review), with Billy Wadsworth.
“‘You have to be involved … to play a part in it’: Assessing Southern Alberta Aboriginal Attitudes about Voting.” Journal of Canadian Studies (under review).
“Low Income Families, Home Ownership, and Housing: Citizen’s Views on Affordable Housing in Lethbridge.” The Parkland Institute (under review).
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“Creating a Seat at the Table: A Retrospective Study of Aboriginal Programming at Canadian Heritage.” Native Studies Review (under review), with David Newhouse & Kevin Fitzmaurice.
“The Six Nations of Grand River Territory’s Attempts at Renewing International Political Relationships, 1921-1925.” Canadian Foreign Policy 13, no. 3 (2007), 29-43.
“Assessing Urban Aboriginal Housing Needs in Southern Alberta.” Saskatchewan Institute on Public Policy, Public Policy Paper #51 (June 2007). 34 pp.
“Building the Opaskwayak Cree Nation Economy: A Case Study in Resilience.” Journal of Aboriginal Economic Development 4, no. 2 (2005), 71-83.
“‘An all ‘round Indian affair’: The Native Gatherings at MacLeod, 1924 & 1925.” Alberta History 53, no. 4 (Summer 2005), 13-23.
“The Misrepresentation of Native Peoples by the Southern Alberta Print Media and Recommendations for Change,” in Aboriginal Cultural Landscapes, Y. Belanger, S. Blady, K. Legge, L. Stevens, R. Riewe & J. Oakes, eds. (Winnipeg: Aboriginal Issues Press, 2004), 106-115.
“Technical and Infrastructure Barriers that Preclude Effective Aboriginal Internet Use in Manitoba: A Qualitative Evaluation,” in Aboriginal Cultural Landscapes, Y. Belanger, S. Blady, K. Legge, L. Stevens, R. Riewe & J. Oakes, eds. (Winnipeg: Aboriginal Issues Press, 2004), 97-105.
“Emerging from the Shadows: The Pursuit of Aboriginal Self-Government to Promote Aboriginal Well-Being.” Canadian Journal of Native Studies 24, no. 1 (2004), 129-222. Co-authored with David Newhouse.
“Issues of Developing Relationships in Native American Studies,” in Native Voices in Research, Jill Oakes, ed. (Winnipeg: Aboriginal Issues Press, 2003), 211-221.
“Aboriginal Gaming in Canada: A Literature Review and Suggestions for Research.” Journal of Aboriginal Economic Development 2, no. 2 (2002), 87-95.
“Journalistic Opinion as Free Speech or Promoting Racial Unrest? The Case of Ric Dolphin and the Calgary Herald’s Editorial Presentation of Native Culture.” American Indian Quarterly 26, no. 3 (Summer 2002), 393-417.
“Morality and Aboriginal Gaming: A concept in the process of definition.” Journal of Aboriginal Economic Development 2, no. 2 (2002), 25-36.
“Epistemological Distinctiveness and the Use of Guided History Methodology for Writing Native Histories.” Indigenous Nations Studies Journal 2, no. 2 (2001), 15-36.
“Northern Disconnect: Information Communications Technology Needs Assessment for Aboriginal Communities in Manitoba.” Native Studies Review 14, no. 2 (2001), 43-69.
“Saulteaux Land Use: Manitoba Interlake Region, 1842-71,” in Pushing the Margins: Native and Northern Studies, J. Oakes, R. Riewe, M, Bennett, & B. Chisholm, eds. (Winnipeg: University of Manitoba Aboriginal Issues Press, 2001), 398-407.
“‘The region teemed with abundance’: Interlake Saulteaux concepts of territory and sovereignty,” in Proceedings of the 32nd Algonquian Conference, J. Nichols, ed. (Winnipeg: University of Manitoba Press, 2001), 17-34.
Book Chapters
“Tracing the Evolution of Aboriginal Self-Government in Canada, 1960-2000,” in Aboriginal Self-Government in Canada: Current Trends and Issues, 3rd Ed, Yale D. Belanger, ed. (Saskatoon: Purich Publishing, forthcoming 2008), with David R. Newhouse.
“Native Governments and Native Organizations,” in Handbook of North American Indians, Garrick Bailey, ed. (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institute)(in print).
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“The Evolution of Native Reserves,” in Handbook of North American Indians, Garrick Bailey, ed. (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institute)(in print); co-authored with David Newhouse & Heather Shpuniarsky.
“Aboriginal Political Organizations in Canada, 1870-1951,” in Hidden in Plain Sight: Contributions of Aboriginal Peoples to Canadian Identity and Culture, Vol. 2, David Newhouse, Cora Voyageur & Dan Beavon, eds. (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, forthcoming summer 2008).
“Presenting the ‘Other’ Side of the Story: The Aboriginal Media in Canada,” in Hidden in Plain Sight: Contributions of Aboriginal Peoples to Canadian Identity and Culture, Vol. 2, David Newhouse, Cora Voyageur & Dan Beavon, eds. (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, forthcoming summer 2008).
Non-Refereed Articles/Encyclopaedia Entries
Three entries (“Crowfoot,” Joseph Brant,” and “Aboriginal Title”) totalling 2,250 words. In Donald Fixico (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Native American Treaties (Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO) (forthcoming December 2007).
Fifteen Entries (“Aboriginal People’s Television Network”, “Alaska Native Brotherhood”, “Assembly of First Nations”, “Blackfeet Confederacy”, “Cree-Naskapi Act of Quebec”, Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development”, “Indian Act”, James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement”, “James Bay Hydroelectric Project”, “Métis Nation Accord (1992)”, “Nunavut”, “Nunavut Land Claims Agreement”, “Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples”, “Section 35(2), Canadian Constitution”, “Tungavik Federation of Nunavut”) totalling 19,500 words. In Barry M. Pritzker & Bruce E. Johansen (Eds.), Encyclopedia of American Indian History (Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2007).
Three Entries (“Federation of Saskatchewan Indians (FSIN)”, “First Nations Intergovernmental Relations” and “First Nations Governance”) totalling 2,500 words. In Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan (Regina, SK.: Canadian Plains Research Center, University of Regina, 2006), 324-325, 334, 334-335.
Seven entries (“Scott Daniels,” “Ron Delorme,” “Wayne King,” “Lacrosse Stocks,” “Jim Nielsen,” “Jim Willoughby,” and “Darren Zack”) totalling 4,000 words. In C. Richard King (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Native Americans and Sport, 2 Vol. (Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe. Inc., 2004), 96, 96-97, 170, 179-181 (Vol. 1); 227, 329, 345 (Vol. 2).
“The Canadian Human Rights Commissions: A Report on the Mushuau Innu,” Cultural Survival Quarterly 25, no. 4 (Spring 2002), 73-74.
“Rama Five Years Later: A Discussion on the Advantages and Pitfalls of Aboriginal Gaming in Ontario,” Journal of Aboriginal Economic Development 2, no. 2 (2002), 18-22.
“Editor’s Introduction.” Journal of Aboriginal Economic Development 2, no. 2 (2002), 23-24.
Professional Reports
Lethbridge Housing Needs Assessment, Spring 2007. Lethbridge: City of Lethbridge, Community & Social Development Group, June 25, 2007. With Suzanne Petryshyn, Lesley Scott & Natasha Elder. 78 pp.
Plains Indian Warfare in Historical Perspective. Ottawa: Department of National Defence, May 11, 2007. 35 pp.
Urban Aboriginal Housing in Lethbridge: A Needs Assessment. Lethbridge: Alberta Human Resources and Employment (AHRE), November 18, 2006. 36 pp.
“It’s my duty … to be a warrior of the people”: Kainai Perceptions of and Participation in the Canadian Forces. Ottawa: Department of National Defence, April 11, 2006. With Billy Wadsworth. 43 pp.
Creating a Seat at the Table: Aboriginal Programming at Canadian Heritage – A Retrospective Study for Canadian Heritage. Ottawa: Canadian Heritage, April 18, 2005. With David Newhouse and Kevin Fitzmaurice. 42 pp.
Urban Aboriginal Youth in Winnipeg: Culture and Identity Formation in Cities. Winnipeg: Department of Culture and Heritage Canada (DOCH), March 17, 2003. With Liz Barron, Melanie Mills and Charlene McKay-Turnbull. 50 pp.
First Nations Gaming in Canada: An Overview of the Issues Affecting an Industry in its Infancy. A paper submitted to First Nations Workforce Analysis conducted for Casino Rama, 2001. 37 pp. 63 Williams, Humphreys, Belanger, Smith & Wynne: SEIGA
Native Diabetes in Ontario and its Associated Costs: A Literature Review of the Issues. Toronto: Union of Ontario Indians, 2001. 26 pp.
Toward an Understanding of the Crown’s Views on Justice of the time of Entering into Treaty with the First Nations of Canada. A paper submitted to the Aboriginal Research Institute (ARI) for the Office of the Treaty Commissioner (OTC), 2001. 117 pp.
Undergraduate Curriculum Review: Current Students Respond. Peterborough: Department of Native Studies, 2001. With Susan Hill, Paula Sherman & Dawn Maracle. 73 pp.
Information and Communication Technology Sector Opportunity Assessment Plan (ICT SOAP) for Aboriginal Business and Communities. Winnipeg: Economic Innovation and Technology Council, 2000. With Bryan Hart. 125 pp.
Journals/Monographs (which I have edited/written/published)
Aboriginal Self-Government in Canada: A Review of the Literature Since 1960. Queen’s University: Institute of Intergovernmental Relations, 2001. With David Newhouse [online] www.cnfs-rcef.net
Journal of Aboriginal Economic Development - Editor (2005-2007); Editorial board (2002-present)
Native Studies Review – book review editor (2006 – present).
Reviews
Water and Fishing: Aboriginal Rights in Australia and Canada. Paul Kauffman (Ed.). Journal of Aboriginal Economic Development 4, no. 2 (2005), 141-142.
Aboriginal Autonomy and Development in Northern Quebec and Labrador. Colin H. Scott (Ed.). Native Studies Review 16, no. 1 (2005), 119-121.
A People’s Dream: Aboriginal Self-Government in Canada. Dan Russell. Native Studies Review 15, no. 1 (2004), 118-121.
Defending the Land: Sovereignty and Forest Life in James Bay Cree Society. Ronald Niezen. Indigenous Nations Studies Journal 4, no. 2 (2003).
Discourses of Domination: Racial Bias in the Canadian English-Language Press. Frances Henry & Carol Tator. Canadian Ethnic Studies 35, no. 2 (2003), 134-135.
The Indian Association of Alberta: A History of Political Action. Laurie Meijer-Drees. Journal of Aboriginal Economic Development 3, no. 2 (2003), 94-95.
Making Native Space: Colonialism, Resistance, and Reserves in British Columbia. Cole Harris. The American Review of Canadian Studies 33, no. 2 (2003), 289-292.
Education, Modern Development, and Indigenous Knowledge: An Analysis of Academic Knowledge Production. Seana McGovern. Indigenous Nations Studies Journal 3, no. 1 (2002), 122-123.
First Nations? Second Thoughts. Tom Flanagan & Citizens Plus: Aboriginal Peoples and the Canadian State. Alan C. Cairns. Review Essay in Journal of Aboriginal Economic Development 2, no. 2 (2002), 104-107.
Indian Treaty-Making Policy in the United States and Canada, 1867-1877. Jill St. Germain. Canadian Journal of Native Studies 22, no. 1 (2002), 403-404
Indigenous Cultures in an Interconnected World. Claire Smith & Graeme K. Ward (Eds.). Canadian Journal of Native Studies 22, no. 1 (2002), 404.
Indigenous Peoples, Ethnic Groups, and the State. David Maybury-Lewis. Indigenous Nations Studies Journal 3, no. 2 (2002), 104-105.
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Nunavut: Inuit Regain Control of their Lands and their Lives. Jens Dahl, Jack Hicks, and Peter Jull (Eds.). Indigenous Nations Studies Journal 2, no. 1 (2001), 117-118.
The Problem of Justice: Tradition and Law in the Coast Salish World. Bruce G Miller. Indigenous Nations Studies Journal 2, no. 2 (2001), 105-107.
Red On Red: Native American Literary Separatism. Craig Womack. Canadian Journal of Native Studies 21, no. 1 (2001), 189- 190.
Un/Covering the North: News, Media, and Aboriginal People. Valerie Alia. The American Review of Canadian Studies 30, no. 4 (2001), 567-570.
Earth, Water, Air and Fire: Studies in Canadian Ethnohistory. David T. McNab, (Ed.). Canadian Journal of Native Studies 20, no. 2 (2000), 504-505.
The Fur Trade in Canada, with a new introduction by Arthur J. Ray. Harold A. Innis. Canadian Journal of Native Studies 20, no. 2 (2000), 500-501.
PAPERS DELIVERED (invited)/Panel Participant
“Aboriginal Attitudes About the Canadian Forces: Ideas to (Re) Consider.” Dialogue on Diversity in Canada’s Armed Forces. 20 April 2007. School of Policy Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario.
“Aboriginal Economic Development in Historical Perspective.” Applied Research Priorities for Aboriginal Economic Development Policy. 1-2 March 2007. Aboriginal Leadership and Management, Banff Centre, Alberta.
“Responsible Gambling and Aboriginal Gaming in Canada, 1979-2006.” 3 October 2006. Responsible Gambling in Nova Scotia. Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
“‘It’s my duty … to be a warrior of the people’: Kainai Perceptions of and Participation in the Canadian Forces.” 31 September 2006. Inter-University Seminar on Armed Forces and Society. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
“‘An all round Indian affair’: The Native Gatherings at Macleod, 1924 & 1925.” 9 September 2006. The 2006 North American Gathering of the Henty Society. Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada.
Royal Society of Canada. 4 November 2005. “Aboriginal Gaming: Who’s Cashing In?” Panel participant, University of Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada.
“The Politics of Accommodation: Working Toward a Policy of Aboriginal Inclusion.” 6 May 2005. First Nations, First Thoughts. Centre of Canadian Studies. University of Edinburgh.
“Emerging From the Shadows: The Evolution of Aboriginal Governance in Canada from 1969 to 2002.” 1 November 2002. Canada: The State of the Federation – Reconfiguring Aboriginal-State Relations. Queen’s University. Kingston, Ontario. Co- authored with and presented by David Newhouse.
“‘The Region Teemed With Abundance’: Interlake Saulteaux concepts of territory and sovereignty,” October 2000. 32nd Algonquian Conference, McCord Museum, Montreal, Quebec.
“Saulteaux Land Use in Manitoba’s Interlake region: 1842-71.” March 2000. Issues in the North Colloquium, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg.
“Fairford Saulteaux resistance to Church Missionary Society (CMS) influence: 1842-54.” March 2000. 13th Annual Manitoba History Conference, Winnipeg, Manitoba.
“Native Studies, graduate students and the issue of relationship.” February 1999. Issues in the North colloquium, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg.
“An Assessment of Canada’s Student Loan Program and What Changes are Required.” November 1998. CASA Annual Conference, Ottawa, Ontario.
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“The Hippies Went Indian: Indianness and its Effect on the 1960’s Counterculture.” May 1998. The 1998 History Undergraduate Colloquium, University of Calgary, Alberta.
“Demarcation of Sacred Lands: The Fight for Religious Freedom.” May 1997. The 1997 History Undergraduate Colloquium, University of Alberta.
PRESENTATIONS/UNPUBLISHED ARTICLES
City of Lethbridge. June 25, 2007. “Lethbridge Housing Needs Assessment, Spring 2007.” Presentation of findings and recommendations to Lethbridge City Council, Alberta, Canada.
Culture and Heritage Canada. March 17, 2003. “Urban Aboriginal Youth in Winnipeg: Culture and Identity Formation in Cities.” Presentation of findings to Culture and Heritage Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada (teleconferenced to Ministry office in Ottawa).
University of Alaska, Anchorage. January 31, 2003. “Aboriginal Self-Government in Canada: Gauging ‘Success’ From an Aboriginal Viewpoint.” For the Institute of Social and Economic Research Conference Series. Anchorage, Alaska.
University of Saskatchewan. April 19, 2002. “Aboriginal Organizations in Canada, 1867-1987: Toward an Understanding of an Organizing Ideology.” For the Political Studies Department, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan.
Trent University. January 2002. “The importance of site to identity construction in northern Manitoba.” For the Algonquian Identity seminar, Peterborough, Ontario.
Trent University. March 2001. “Guided history methodology and its importance in creating culturally-relevant local histories.” March 2001. For the Pine Tree Lecture Series, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario.
Trent University. October 2000. “The media’s misrepresentation of the shooting of Dudley George.” For the Native History in Canada seminar, Peterborough, Ontario.
“CASA vs. CFS: Why Debate When You Can Simply Flip a Coin.” Position Paper prepared for the University of Manitoba Students’ Union. March, 1999.
University of Manitoba. December 1998. “Napi, Devolution, and Government Policy Reformation.” For the Indigenization and Devolution of Social Programs graduate seminar, Winnipeg, Manitoba.
University of Lethbridge. April 1998. “The Media in Canada: A Critique of the Lethbridge Herald’s Editorial Policy Toward Native People.” For the Mass Media in Canada seminar, Lethbridge, Alberta.
Lethbridge Community College. “My Life as a Stringer: Options & Opportunities for Canada’s Freelance Writers Covering Native Issues.” November 1997. For the City Hall Reporting class, Journalism Program, Lethbridge Community College. Lethbridge, Alberta.
University of Lethbridge. April 1996. “The True Purpose of the Federal Resources Transfer Agreement.” For the Aboriginal Law seminar, Lethbridge, Alberta.
University of Lethbridge. March 1995. “An Aboriginal Community Development Strategy: An Evaluation of the Blood and Piegan Reserves’ Economic Potential.” For the Aboriginal Governments seminar, Lethbridge, Alberta.
“Lubicon Analyzed: One-on-one with Fred Lennarson,” April 1996 (798 words).
RESEARCH EXPERIENCE
Current Preparing literature review/trends analysis of all sources related to international Indigenous gaming and gambling issues.
Current Investigating the economic impact the recently constructed Opaskwayak Reserve casino upon the surrounding communities, specifically The Pas, Manitoba.
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Current Researching and preparing a manuscript on Indian policy development from 1920-1979 using the political career of John Diefenbaker as the catalyst for the discussion.
Current Researching and preparing a manuscript on the life of Chief Thunderwater and his interactions among the Haudenosuanee people of southern Ontario and south-eastern Quebec, 1911-1927, and the selection process related to the appointment of Canada’s First Aboriginal Senator, Jim Gladstone. With Whitney Lackenbauer, Ph.D. Assistant Professor. St. Jerome’s College, University of Waterloo, Ontario.
2000-05 Investigated the nature of Native activism upon the evolution of Native political organizations in Canada. For Ph.D.
2004-2005 Developing a retrospective study of the Aboriginal programming within the Aboriginal Affairs Branch (AAB) to tell the story of the cluster of programs within the AAB at Canadian Heritage, some which have been in existence for over 30 year. The goal is to measure their impact on government decision-making and the government’s Aboriginal agenda. With David Newhouse & Kevin Fitzmaurice
2002-ongoing Investigating the evolution of the Aboriginal self-government movement in Canada and the philosophies that drove its initial stages. With Prof. David Newhouse. Peterborough, Ontario, Canada.
2002-2003 Contracted by Culture and Heritage Canada to gauge the interests, preferences and factors that influence the formation of culture and identity among Native youth (15-24 yrs) in Winnipeg with the expectation that the data collected will inform policy makers on how to better respond to the cultural realities of this demographic group. Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
2001-2002 Research conducted for the First Nations Workforce Analysis that led to production of final report outlining the steps Casino Rama could take to attract more Aboriginal employees. Orillia, Ontario, Canada.
2001 Researcher for the Office of the Treaty Commissioner (OTC), Saskatchewan, to produce a research report to obtain an understanding of the Crown’s views on justice issues at the time of entering into treaty. Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
2000 Researcher investigating the efficacy of Canada’s Human Rights Commissions for United Nations presentation made by Dr. Marlene Brant-Castellano and Dr. Lynne Davis. Peterborough, Ontario, Canada.
2000 Assessment of the evolution of Casino Rama focussing specifically on the legal and economic complexities. Mnjikaning Reserve, Ontario, Canada.
1999-2000 Researcher for the Economic Innovation and Technology Council to determine extent of Internet use in northern Manitoba reserve communities including recommendations for increased promotion of available technology. Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
1999-2000 Community-based research conducted for Master’s Degree at Fairford First Nation, Manitoba, Canada.
1997-98 Program developer for Native Women’s Transition home to design and initiate 10-year tracking project determining success of head start graduates transition into Lethbridge public school system. Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada.
1996-97 Researcher for Why Do Children Get in Trouble with the Law? For Russel Barsh. Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada.
1995-96 Researcher for Sacred Lands in Lethbridge. For Russel Barsh. Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada.
1995-96 Researcher for Native Monetary Influence in Lethbridge: An Assessment of How Much Money is Transferred from Reserves to Lethbridge. For Russel Barsh. Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada.
1991-93 Researcher contracted by Greenpeace to determine statistical breakdown that would lead to a conclusion of the actual cost of operating a vehicle. Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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BOOKS, MAGAZINES, AND MEDIA (in which I am cited, quoted, written about, interviewed, or mentioned)
• CBC-Winnipeg, November 7, 2007 (interview about Aboriginal gaming in Manitoba specifically and Canada generally: 10 minutes) • CBC-Regina, Saskatchewan, October 5, 2007 (interview about Aboriginal gaming in Saskatchewan specifically and Canada generally: 10 minutes). • CJOB-Radio, Winnipeg, Manitoba, August 17, 2007 (interview about recent profits announced by South Beach and Aseneskak Casinos in Manitoba: 10 minutes). • “First Nations feeling the brunt of substandard housing, says professor.” Lethbridge Herald June 27, 2007. • “Lack of affordable housing critical.” Lethbridge Herald June 27, 2007. A1. • CBC Radio Canada International (RCI), June 26, 2007 (interview about First Nations reserve economic development: 6 minutes). • Global Television Network, Lethbridge (CISA-TV), Lethbridge. June 25, 2007 (interview about low-income housing study presented to Lethbridge City Council: 1 minute) • CBC-Moncton (radio), June 5, 2007 (interview about potential First Nations casino in New Brunswick). • University of Saskatchewan international curriculum project. May 30, 2007 (45 minute video interview about Aboriginal identity development in Winnipeg, Manitoba). • “Providing jobs root of First Nations casinos.” Saskatoon Star Phoenix May 8, 2007. • “First Nations gaming: Thriving after a rocky start.” Regina Leader-Post May 5, 2007. • Brian Calliou, A Forum to Explore Best Practices, Policy and Tools to Build Capacity in Aboriginal Business and Economic Development (Banff, AB: The Banff Centre, April 2007), 9-11. • “First Nations hope winnings cure a host of social ills.” Edmonton Journal April 1, 2007. • “Winner takes all in Hobbema.” Edmonton Journal March 31, 2007. • “First Nations battle over casino jackpot.” Edmonton Journal March 30, 2007. • “Alberta First Nations lead Indian gaming expansion.” First Nations Drum January 2007. • CBC-Calgary (radio), Wild Rose Country. November 28, 2006 (interview about release of Gambling with the Future, new book concerning Aboriginal casinos: 10 minutes). • Global Television Network. Lethbridge. November 9, 2006 (interview about the impact of Aboriginal gaming in Alberta: 2 minutes). • CFCN, Lethbridge (CTV), Lethbridge. November 8, 2006 (interview about the release of Gambling with the Future: 1 minute). • Global Television Network, Lethbridge. November 8, 2006 (interview about the release of Gambling with the Future: 1 minute). • “Worth the Gamble? Native American Studies prof examines the pros and cons in new book.” Lethbridge Herald November 8, 2006: A1. • CBC-Edmonton (radio), October 25, 2006 (interview with Tim Adams about the potential impact of the soon to open River Cree Resort and Casino: 3 minutes). • CBC-Saskatchewan (radio), The Morning Edition with Sheila Coles, October 11, 2006 (interview about First Nations gaming in Saskatchewan: 8 minutes). • “Henty Society has fondness for 19th Century author.” Lethbridge Herald September 10, 2006. • “Urban Legends,” Lethbridge Herald April 19, 2006: A4. • “Panelists discuss the implications of Aboriginal casino gaming in Southern Alberta.” Research Reveals: An Update on Gambling Research in Alberta 5, no. 3 (Feb.-March 2006), 1-4. • “Journal of Aboriginal Economic Development (4:2),” N-Side News 4, no. 2 (January 2006), 16. • CBC-Halifax, January 4, 2006 (background interview about recent events concerning Donald Marshall Jr.) • The National with Peter Mansbridge. January 4, 2006 (interview about Native voting patterns in southern Alberta specifically and Canada generally: 3 minutes). • CBC NewsWorld, CBC Now, CBC Calgary (television), December 23, 2005 (interview about Native voting patterns in southern Alberta specifically and Canada generally: 4 minutes). • QR-77 Radio Calgary, December 20, 2005 (interview about Native casinos and their potential impact in southern Alberta: 5 minutes). • Judith Kulig & Doyle MacKinnon, “Aboriginal Casinos: Who’s Cashing In?” Optimum Online: The Journal of Public Sector Management 35, no. 4 (December 2005), 38. • The A-Channel (CITY-TV), “Casinos Divide Native Communities.” November 27, 2005 (interview about the divisive nature of Aboriginal casinos in Alberta: 1 minute). • CBC-Calgary (radio), November 25, 2005 (interview about Aboriginal summit announcement of $5B to Indian Affairs for housing, health, etc …: 1 minute) • CBC-Calgary (radio), “Aboriginal summit to address housing, health.” November 23, 2005 (interview about the upcoming Aboriginal Summit in Kelowna: 1 minute).
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• CFCN, Lethbridge (CTV). Lethbridge. November 23, 2005 (interview about the government’s $4B residential school settlement package: 1 minute) • Global Television Network, Lethbridge (CISA-TV). Lethbridge. November 23, 2005 (interview about the government’s $4B residential school settlement package: 1 minute) • “From town to country: Revenue improves quality of rural life.” Winnipeg Sun November 11, 2005. • “Las Vegas of the North?” Lethbridge Herald November 5, 2005. • CFCN, Lethbridge (CTV). November 4, 2005 (interview about the creation of Aboriginal casinos in Alberta: 1 minute). • Global Television Network, Lethbridge (CISA-TV). November 4, 2005 (interview about the creation of Aboriginal casinos in Alberta: 1 minute). • The A-Channel (CITY-TV). November 4, 2005 (interview about the creation of Aboriginal casinos in Alberta: 1 minute). • Country 95 FM. November 4, 2005 (interview about the creation of Aboriginal casinos in Alberta: 1 minute). • CBC-Calgary (radio). Wild Rose Country. November 4, 2005 (participant in panel discussion with Dr. Robert Williams and Dr. Phyllis Day Chief concerning Aboriginal casinos in Alberta: 15 minutes). • “First Nations Communities and Casino Gaming: Themes, Trends, and ideas.” Research Reveals: An Update on Gambling Research in Alberta 5, no. 1 (Oct.-Nov. 2005), pp. 1-4. • “Yale returns to university, this time as a faculty member.” Lethbridge Herald January 29, 2005, A2. • Global Television Network, Lethbridge (CISA-TV). November 29, 2004 (interview about the Blood Tribe elections: 1 minute). • Interview with Ismael Comacho. Sinaloa, Mexico. Esto es Canada … en la radio. Aug. 20, 2004 (interview regarding the current socio-economic state of Aboriginal Canada: 18 minutes)(aired on three Alberta uiversity radio stations and three radio stations in Sinaloa, Mexico). • CKOM 650 AM Radio, Saskatoon, SK. The Afternoon Show. Dec. 8, 2003 (interview regarding the Reform Alliance/Progressive Conservative party merger: 5 minutes). • CJWW 600 AM Radio, Saskatoon, SK. Let’s Talk Saskatchewan. Oct. 21, 2003 (interview about the upcoming provincial elections: 12 ½ minutes). • “FSIN changes guard: picks Bird.” Saskatoon Star Phoenix Oct. 17, 2003: A1. • “Native language book by Trent prof a first.” Peterborough Examiner September 21, 2002: B2. • UMFM, Winnipeg, Manitoba. Off The Cuff. February 1999 (interview about the validity of creating urban reserve within Winnipeg city limits: 30 minutes) • “Native, non-native relations improving: students.” The Lethbridge Herald April 1996: A1. • Global Television Network, Lethbridge (CISA-TV). March 1996 (interview about involvement in co-coordinating student run conference on Aboriginal issues: 1 minute) • “Conference tackles Native racism.” The Lethbridge Herald March 1996: A3
SCHOLARSHIPS, FELLOWSHIPS, RESEARCH GRANTS, AWARDS
Sabbatical Leave, University of Lethbridge. Awarded September 2006; 1 July 2007-31 December 2007.
SSHRC General Research Grant (internal University of Lethbridge). Research grant to generate literature reviews concerning urban Aboriginal housing issues, examine current policies, and develop potential projects. December 2006.
Alberta, Human Resources and Employment (HRE). Research grant to conduct an Aboriginal housing needs assessment on behalf of Aboriginal Housing in Action Society (AHIAS). March 2006.
University of Lethbridge. Research grant to assist with the development and completion of a research study assessing southern Alberta Native attitudes about voting in both provincial and federal elections. February 2005. University of Lethbridge Research Fund.
Alberta Gaming Research Institute. Research Grant to assist with the completion of a manuscript entitled Aboriginal Gaming in Canada: An Overview of the Issues affecting an Industry in its Infancy to be published by Purich Publishing. October 2004. Small Research Grant Award (#S7).
Scholarship from Trent University, Department of Graduate studies, to assist with dissertation research costs, 2003.
Ontario Graduate Scholarship (OGS) to assist in PhD, 2002. Social Science and Humanities Research Council (SSHRC) – Trent Committee on Research Grants, 2001.
Trent University Entrance Scholarship, 2000.
Manitoba Legislative Intern Programme (declined), 1999. 69 Williams, Humphreys, Belanger, Smith & Wynne: SEIGA
Fellowship from the University of Manitoba to assist in Master’s Degree, 1999.
Fellowship from the University of Manitoba to assist in Master’s Degree, 1998.
Grant from the University of Lethbridge to attend Symposium on the Interpretation of Sui Generis Indian Treaties at The Banff Centre for Management, 1997.
Scholarship from The Banff Centre for Management to attend Symposium on the Interpretation of Sui Generis Indian Treaties, 1997.
University of Lethbridge scholarship for academic excellence, 1997.
REFEREE / REVIEWER
Native Studies Review (2007-present) Ethnohistory (2007-present) SSHRC Standard Research Grants Program reviewer (2006) Saskatchewan Institute of Public Policy (2006) Pearson Education (reviewed Political Ideologies and the Democratic Ideal by Terrence Ball et al, 2006) American Indian Culture and Research Journal (2005-present) Journal of Aboriginal Economic Development (2002-present) Aboriginal Issues Press, University of Manitoba (2002-present) Oxford University Press (reviewed Canada’s First Nations by Olive P. Dickason, 2004)
CONTRACTS
2007 Contracted by the Canadian Forces (CF) and the Royal Military College to produce a literature review highlighting Plains Indian military history and attitudes about warfare. Contract #06-0316.
2006 Contracted by the Canadian Forces (CF) and the Royal Military College to produce a report examining why members of the Blood Reserve do not readily enlist in the CF. Contract #05-0355.
2005 Hired by the Council for the Advancement of Native Development Officers (CANDO) as project manager to ensure completion of 13 guidebooks for distribution to First Nations band councils in Canada in an effort to help stimulate national Aboriginal economic development.
2004 Contracted by Canadian Heritage to conduct a retrospective study of the Aboriginal programming within the Aboriginal Affairs Branch (AAB) to tell the story of the cluster of programs within the AAB and their impact on government decision-making and the government’s Aboriginal agenda. With David Newhouse & Kevin Fitzmaurice.
2002 Contracted by the Canadian Heritage to gauge the interests, preferences and factors that influence the formation of culture and identity among Native youth (15-24 yrs) in Winnipeg with the expectation that the data collected will inform policy makers on how to better respond to the cultural realities of this demographic group.
2001 Contracted by the First Nations Workforce Analysis to conduct research and write final report outlining the steps Casino Rama could take to attract more Aboriginal employees as one stage toward obtaining greater controlling power over the casino.
2000 Contracted by Aboriginal Research Institute, Ontario, for the Office of the Treaty Commissioner (OTC), Saskatchewan, to produce a research report to obtain an understanding of the Crown’s views on justice issues at the time of entering into treaty. The purpose was to provide the Federation of Saskatchewan Indians (FSIN) and the Government of Canada the intent and expectations of Canada in that historical context.
1999 Contracted by Economic Innovation and Technology Council to determine extent of Internet use in northern Manitoba reserve communities including recommendations for increased promotion of available technology. November 1999 and February 2000.
1998 Contracted by Native Women’s Transition home to design and initiate 10-year tracking project determining success of head start graduates transition into Lethbridge public school system. 70 Williams, Humphreys, Belanger, Smith & Wynne: SEIGA
Garry J. Smith, Ph.D.
Academic and Professional Experience:
Lecturer—University of New Brunswick, School of Physical Education (1965-66)
Assistant Professor—University of Western Ontario, Faculty of Physical Education (1967-71)
Professor—University of Alberta, Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation (1972-97)
Professor Emeritus—University of Alberta (1997-present)
Gambling Research Specialist—Alberta Gaming Research Institute (1999-present)
Degrees Awarded:
Bachelor of Physical Education, University of Alberta (1963)
Master of Arts, University of Western Ontario (1968)
Doctor of Philosophy, University of Alberta (1974)
Summary of Gambling Research Involvement:
Dr. Garry Smith has researched gambling-related topics for twenty-five years, during which time he has produced numerous government reports and articles for academic journals, as well as addressing national and international audiences on gambling- related matters. Dr. Smith also appears frequently in the mass media commenting on gambling issues, including CBC's "The National," "The Fifth Estate," Toronto Globe and Mail, Toronto Star, Canadian Business, and so forth.
Dr. Smith has been lead or co-investigator on several province of Alberta gambling studies including the 1994, 1998, and 2002 (which utilized the CPGI) adult prevalence studies and the 1996 adolescent prevalence study; and the principal investigator on the following projects: a 1999 study of “Crime and Gambling in western Canada” for the Canada West Foundation, and two studies for the Alberta Gaming Research Institute (a) “Using Police Files to Assess Gambling Impacts: A Study Of Crime and Gambling in Edmonton (2003),” and “A Preliminary Analysis of Video Lottery Terminal Gambling in Alberta (2004).”
Dr. Smith was one of forty North American invitees to the Harvard University "Think Tank" on youth gambling issues in 1995 and was awarded the University of Alberta's prestigious McCalla professorship in 1991 to study the social and economic impacts of gambling. In 2003 Dr. Smith was an invited as a visiting scholar by the Australian Centre for Gambling Research (university of Western Sydney).
Currently, Dr. Smith is a University of Alberta professor emeritus and a gaming research specialist for the Alberta Gaming Research Institute. Along with D. Hodgins (U of Calgary) and R. Williams (U of Lethbridge) is producing an edited book for Elsevier Inc. Research and Measurement Issues in Gambling Studies. Dr. Smith is also working on a book dealing with the role of gambling in the “good society” entitled The Moral Maze of Gambling. Dr. Smith is a member of the Alberta Gaming Research Institute team that has developed and is now implementing a five year $2 million longitudinal study of Albertans’ gambling patterns and behaviors and a participant on two national “expert panels” that oversee studies on (a) the development of an adolescent problem gambling measurement instrument and (b) assessing the social and economic impacts of gambling in Canada.
Dr. Smith’s research interests include gambling public policy, the social and economic impacts of gambling, gambling and problem gambling prevalence studies, crime and gambling and sports gambling.
Most Recent Peer Reviewed Gambling-Related Publications
Smith, G. & Campbell, C. (2007). Tensions and contentions: An examination of electronic gaming issues in Canada.
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Campbell, C., Hartnagel, T. & Smith, G. (2005). The Legalization of Gambling in Canada. A report prepared for the Law Commission of Canada, Ottawa, ON. 90 pp. (July).
Smith, G., Hartnagel, T. & Wynne, H. (2005). Gambling-related crime in the city of Edmonton, Alberta: an examination of police records, a book chapter to be published in Gambling in 21st Century Canada. J. Cosgrave & T. Klassen (Eds.), McGill/Queens University Press, forthcoming.
Smith, G. & Campbell, C. (2005). Electronic gambling machines: public policy dilemma. Accepted for publication in American Behavioral Scientist, forthcoming.
Campbell, C. & Smith, G. (2003). Gambling in Canada—from vice to disease to responsibility: a negotiated history. Canadian Bulletin of Medical History , pp 47.
Robson, E., Edwards, J., Smith, G. & Coleman, I. (2002). Gambling decisions: report of a one-year community trial, Journal of Gambling Studies. 18(3), 235-255.
Smith, G. & Paley, R. (2001). Par for the course: a study of gambling on the links and a commentary on physical-skill based gambling formats. International Gambling Studies, 1(1), 103-134.
Smith, G. (2000). Alberta VLT skirmishes offer insights and lessons for government, Report on Problem Gambling, 1(2), 12- 14.
Campbell, C. & Smith, G. (1998). Canadian gambling: trends and public policy issues, The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, vol. 556, March, 22-35.
Smith, G. & Hinch, T. (1996). Canadian casinos as tourist attractions: Chasing the pot of gold. Journal of Travel Research, 34(3), 37-45.
Smith, G., Volberg, R., & Wynne, H. (1994). Leisure behavior on the edge: Differences between controlled and uncontrolled gambling practices. Society & Leisure, 17(1), 233-248.
Smith, G. (1992). Sucker bet or sure thing: A critical analysis of sports lotteries. Journal of Gambling Studies, 8(4), 331-349.
Smith, G. (1990). Pools, parlays and point spreads: A sociological consideration of the legalization of sports gambling. Sociology of Sport Journal, 7(3), 271-286.
Major Reports
Smith, G., & Wynne, H. (2004). VLT Gambling in Alberta: A Preliminary Analysis. A report prepared for the Alberta Gaming Research Institute, Edmonton, AB. pp 185
Smith, G., Wynne, H. & Hartnagel, T. (2003). Examining Police Records to Assess Gambling Impacts: A Study of Gambling- Related Crime in the City of Edmonton. A report prepared for the Alberta Gaming Research Institute, Edmonton, AB. pp 111.
Smith, G. & Wynne, H. (2002). Measuring Gambling and Problem Gambling in Alberta Using the Canadian Problem Gambling Index. A report prepared for the Alberta Gaming Research Institute, Edmonton, AB: pp 88.
Robson, E., Edwards, J., Smith, G. & Coleman I. (2001). Gambling Decisions: Report of the One-Year Community Trial. A report prepared for the Edmonton Capital Health Authority, pp 57.
Smith, G. & Wynne, H. (2000). A Review of the Gambling Literature in the Economic and Policy Domains. A report prepared for the Alberta Gaming Research Institute, pp 208.
Smith, G. & Wynne, H. (1999). Gambling and Crime in Western Canada: Exploring Myth and Reality. A report prepared for the Canada West Foundation, Calgary, AB: pp 128.
Smith, G. & Azmier, J. (1997). Gambling and the public interest. A report prepared for the Canada West Foundation, Calgary, AB.
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HAROLD JAMES WYNNE, Ph.D. RR4 Calmar, Alberta, Canada (780) 985-3333 voice (780) 401-3251 fax email: [email protected] web site: www.wynne.com
Career Highlights Curriculum Vita
Canadian social and community Education development practitioner, adult educator, academic, teacher, and 1993 Ph.D., Educational Administration (Policy Studies) (Alberta) researcher who holds degrees in (Honors) three disciplines. 1982 M.A., Community Development (Economic) (Alberta) (Honors) 1973 B.P.E., Physical Education (Alberta) (Honors) Experienced CEO and administrator who developed three Employment public sector organizations and a successful private consulting firm. 1985 to present President Wynne Resources Ltd. Policy strategist and management consultant to numerous provincial 1978 to 1990 Executive Director and federal government Alberta universities, technical institutions, and colleges departments, public sector program/service consortium organizations, businesses, and industries. 1973 to 1977 Executive Director 2 Alberta community services organizations Program developer who implemented hundreds of social Selected Professional Affiliations service, adult education, and organizational development Canadian Society for the Study of Education programs and projects. International Council for Adult Education Canadian Society for Distance Education Skilled researcher who conducted Canadian Evaluation Society scores of needs assessments, Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences effectiveness and efficiency International Association for Public Participation studies, policy analyses, program evaluations, demographic surveys, Awards and social research projects. 2003 International Excellence Award, Responsible Gambling Council Acknowledged as one of the 1994 Industry Inductee to Epsilon Pi Tau, International Vocational leading international authorities in Education Honorary the field of gambling research. 84, 90 Ministers Commendable Service to Adult Learners in Alberta Certificate (two-time recipient) Seasoned high school, college and 1977 Alberta Social Services and Community Health advanced study university teacher and presenter at scholarship national and international conferences. Available Upon Request Assignments and Projects Published and cited scholar. Academic Assignments and Appointments Recent Presentations Publications References
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Gambling Research Projects
2006 Co-investigator, Responsible Gambling Council (Ontario) study entitled A Review of Self-Exclusion Programs in Canada (in progress). This study examines the effectiveness of the policy and practice in place in most Canadian provinces that allows patrons to voluntarily apply to be banned (self-exclusion) from entering casinos and other gaming venues.
2006 Co-investigator, Responsible Gambling Council (Ontario) study entitled A Review of Electronic Gambling Machines in Saskatchewan (in progress). The province of Saskatchewan is currently reviewing its policy on electronic gaming machines (EGMs). To inform this policy, the Saskatchewan Liquor and Gaming Authority (SLGA) has contracted the Responsible Gambling Council (RGC) to conduct a review of current knowledge about EGMs and problem gambling.
2005 Co-Investigator, Alberta Gaming Research Institute-funded study entitled Offender Gambling from Prison Through Re-entry: A Cross-National Investigation (in progress). This study will (a) explore offender prison and postprison gambling from within a context of offender transitional process into the community, and (b) consider the implications of offender prison and postprison gambling within this transition. To assess offender gambling as it relates to transitional processes (and contextual differences relating to these processes), data will be collected from various correctional institutions in Alberta, Utah, Nevada and additional locations in Canada and the USA.
2004 Investigator, Manitoba Lottery Corporation study entitled Evaluating VLT Responsible Gaming Features and Interventions in Manitoba (in progress). The main purpose of this evaluation project is to assess the effectiveness of machine-based responsible gaming features in helping adult Manitobans control the amount of time and money they spend playing the VLTs, and to assist those who might be experiencing a gambling problem.
2004 Co-investigator, Alberta Gaming Research Institute-funded study entitled An Empirical Approach to Developing Low- Risk Gambling Guidelines. This study empirically developed a set of published low-risk gambling guidelines using data on gambling behaviours and gambling-related harm collected in a recently completed national survey by Statistics Canada (Canadian Community Health Survey; N = 38,000) and provincial surveys conducted in Alberta, British Columbia, Ontario and Saskatchewan.
2004 Co-investigator, Alberta Gaming Research Institute-funded study entitled Examining Gambling and Problem Gambling in Alberta Aboriginal Communities (in progress). This study uses a participatory action research approach to engage the Edmonton and Blood aboriginal communities in examining gambling and problem gambling in their populations.
2003 Co-investigator, Alberta Gaming-funded study entitled Evaluating VLT Responsible Gaming Features and Interventions in Alberta (in progress). This three-year research project examines the effectiveness of the new responsible gaming features mounted on VLTs in Alberta.
2003 Co-investigator, Canadian interprovincially-funded study entitled Measuring Problem Gambling in Adolescent Populations (in progress). The goal of this research project is to reconceptualize adolescent problem gambling, develop an operational definition, and develop/validate a new instrument to screen for adolescent problem gamblers in epidemiological research.
2002 Co-investigator, Ontario Problem Gambling Research Centre funded study entitled Examining Gambling and Problem Gambling in Ontario Aboriginal Communities. This study used a participatory action research approach to engage five Ontario Aboriginal communities in examining gambling and problem gambling in their populations.
2002 Co-investigator, Ontario Problem Gambling Research Centre funded study entitled Developing and Evaluating a Telephone-Based Treatment Program and Delivery System For Problem Gamblers (in progress). Under the aegis of the Centre for Addictions and Mental Health in Toronto, this research will result in the development and evaluation of a province-wide telephone-based, self directed treatment program for problem gamblers in Ontario.
2002 Co-investigator, Alberta Gaming Research Institute funded study entitled, Opportunistic Screening and Intervention Strategies for Problem Gamblers in the Emergency Department: An Exploratory Study. This research project involved problem gambling screening of non-urgent patients presenting at the Edmonton Royal Alexandra Hospital emergency department, and subsequently referring problem gamblers for treatment.
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2002 Co-Investigator, Alberta Gambling Research Institute funded study entitled A Preliminary Analysis of Video Lottery Terminal Gambling in Alberta. This study explored VLT gambling in Alberta and this included a geographical mapping analysis of Alberta Gaming VLT financial data and interviews with a sample of VLT players.
2002 Co-investigator, Alberta Gambling Research Institute funded study entitled, Using Police Files to Assess Gambling Impacts. The investigators worked with Edmonton Police Services to prospectively identify, classify, and map gambling-related crime in the City of Edmonton.
2002 Co-Investigator, Alberta Alcohol and Drug Abuse Commission funded study entitled A Preliminary Examination of Gambling Crisis Episodes. This study examined the prevalence, characteristics, trajectory, and resolution of crisis episodes experienced by some gamblers while engaged at play.
2002 Co-investigator, Alberta Gambling Research Institute funded study entitled Validating the Canadian Problem Gambling Index in Alberta. This research utilized the new CPGI developed by Dr. Wynne’s team to examine gambling and problem gambling in the population of adult Albertans (N=1,800).
2002 Principal investigator, Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse study entitled Gambling and Problem Gambling in Saskatchewan. This CCSA study was conducted for Saskatchewan Health to determine the prevalence and characteristics of gambling and problem gambling in the Saskatchewan adult population (N=1,848).
2002 Research Consultant, Statistics Canada, Canadian Community Health Survey. Developed for Statistics Canada the pathological gambling module in the Mental Health and Well-Being questionnaire to be used in the largest national community health survey to date (N=30,000).
2001 Principal investigator, Ontario Problem Gambling Research Centre funded study entitled Addressing Problem Gambling in Toronto and Windsor/Essex County Ethnic Communities. This large-scale project used a participatory action research approach to engage eight ethnic communities in examining the public health issue of problem gambling in their populations.
2000 Chairman, international working committee, 1st International Symposium on the Economic and Social Impacts of Gambling. This research symposium, held in Whistler, British Columbia, assembled eminent gambling researchers and economists along with government and gaming industry representatives to discuss the costs/benefits of gambling to society. The symposium produced a draft framework for conducting socio-economic impact assessments of gambling in communities.
2000 Research Consultant, Ontario Problem Gambling Research Centre. This on-going appointment is to advise the OPGRC on the implementation of problem gambling research projects throughout the province. Tasks included: providing advice to research applicants; advising graduate student fellowship recipients; developing proposal review criteria and leading a peer review process; negotiating research project modifications with proponents; and monitoring research project progress.
2000 Co-investigator, the Interprovincial Committee of Health Agencies funded study entitled Measuring Problem Gambling in Canada. This was a two-phase study to conceptualize, operationally define, and develop a new instrument to measure problem gambling in the general population. Phase I included the development of a new approach to examining problem gambling from a public health/epidemiological perspective and presents the Canadian Problem Gambling Index (CPGI) as a new instrument for measuring problem gambling. Phase II included a national- level survey (n=3,500) and other research methods that established the validity and reliability of the CPGI.
2000 Co-investigator, Alberta Gaming Research Institute funded literature review entitled A Review of the Gambling Literature in the Economic and Policy Domains.
1999 Investigator, Ontario Substance Abuse Bureau funded study to examine North American problem gambling public awareness campaigns. This research provided information and recommendations for designing and implementing a problem gambling PAC in Ontario.
1999 Co-investigator, Canada West Foundation-funded study entitled Gambling and Crime in Western Canada: Exploring Myth and Reality. This was the first Canadian study that explores the relationship between gambling and crime.
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1999 Co-investigator, Alberta Heritage Foundation for Medical Research funded study entitled Pathways to Recovery from Gambling Problems. This study followed-up with a sub-sample (n=42) from the 1998 AADAC adult gambling study to further explore the behavioral phenomenon of self-recovery from problem gambling.
1998 Co- investigator, Alberta Alcohol and Drug Abuse Commission-funded study entitled Adult Gambling and Problem Gambling in Alberta. This survey research (n=1,821) was a replication of the 1994 baseline gambling study and it was designed to examine changes in adult Albertans’ gambling activities and problem gambling levels in the province.
1996 Co-investigator, Alberta Alcohol and Drug Abuse Commission-funded study entitled Adolescent Gambling and Problem Gambling in Alberta. This survey research (n=972) explored gambling activity and problem gambling within the 12-17 year age cohort in the province.
1995 Co-investigator, Calgary Century Centre Casino Corporation-funded study entitled A Preliminary Assessment of the Social Impacts of the Calgary Century Centre Casino. This research was conducted for a private Calgary corporation as a prerequisite to gaining City Council preliminary approval to develop a $1 billion casino and convention centre in the downtown area.
1994 Investigator, Alberta Alcohol and Drug Abuse Commission-funded studies entitled A Description of Problem Gamblers in Alberta and Female Problem Gamblers in Alberta. This research involved conducting secondary statistical analyses of the 1994 study data. These studies were the earliest efforts in Canadian gambling research to examine natural recovery, multiple addictions, VLT play, and female problem gambling.
93-94 Co-investigator, Alberta Lotteries and Gaming Commission-funded study entitled Gambling and Problem Gambling in Alberta. This survey research (n=1,803) was the first Alberta study to gather baseline data on adults’ gambling activity and to determine the prevalence of problem gambling in the province. As a consequence of this research, the Alberta Alcohol and Drug Abuse Commission was given a mandate and funding to mitigate problem gambling through prevention, education, treatment, and research projects.
Gambling Research & Policy Advising
2006 Research associate, Responsible Gambling Council (ongoing). Research consultant and investigator to the RGC. (www.responsiblegambling.ca).
2004 Research consultant, Ontario Problem Gambling Research Centre (ongoing). Research advisor to the OPGRC, the largest funder of problem gambling-relate research in the world (www.opgrc.org).
2004 Policy/research advisor, Canadian Partnership for Responsible Gaming (ongoing). This is an inter-provincial partnership of provincial gaming providers, the Responsible Gambling Council , and other stakeholders dedicated to promoting responsible gaming (www.cprg.ca).
2004 Consultant, Manitoba Lotteries Corporation (ongoing). Advise MLC on VLT research and other gaming policy areas.
2004 Consultant, Manitoba Gaming Control Corporation. Advised MGCC on refinement of policies, programs and services under the new Gaming Control Act.
2004 Consultant, Nova Scotia Gaming Corporation (ongoing). Advise NSGC on various assignments (e.g., replacing old VLTs with new machines; strategies to mitigate problem gambling; designing experimental research to test the performance of new VLTs).
Student Advising
1995-present Continue to serve as a mentor, advisor, and external examiner to graduate students conducting gambling related research at various universities in Canada and the United States. Most recent graduate advisees include the following students:
External thesis examiner on graduate student committees Wiebe, J. (2002) Adolescent problem gambling in Alberta: A follow-up study. PhD dissertation. University of Manitoba.
St-Marie, Chantal. (2001). Anxiety and social stress related to adolescent gambling behavior. MA thesis. McGill University.
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Marget, N. (1999). The psychosocial factors underlying adolescent program gambling. MA thesis, McGill University.
Hardoon, K. (1999). The socialization of children’s gambling behavior. MA thesis. McGill University.
Advisor to many of the Ontario Problem Gambling Research Centre fellowship award recipients: (http://www.gamblingresearch.org)
Post-doctoral fellows: Bonnie Lee, Psychology, University of Ottawa Richard Govoni, Public Health Sciences, University of Toronto Jun Li, Sociology, University of Toronto
Doctoral fellows: Edward Oliver, Sociology, Carleton University Goldie Millar, Psychology, OISE, University of Toronto Eleanor Lui, Cognitive Psychology, OISE, University of Toronto James Wasserman, Psychology, Queen’s University Aurora Kerr, Psychology, University of Toronto Jackie Ferris, Public Health Sciences, University of Toronto Mark Langewisch, Clinical Psychology, University of Windsor Daniel Warchow, Sociology, University of Toronto Gina Bulcke, Social Work, University of Pittsburgh Anne-Marie Cantwell, Family Relations and Applied Nutrition, University of Guelph Melissa Hobbs, Psychology, University of Windsor Sharon Jeyakumar, Clinical Psychology, University of Windsor Darrel Manitowabi, Anthropology, University of Toronto Matthew Young, PhD candidate, Psychology, Carleton University
Graduate fellows: Michelle Adams, MSW student, Social Work, University of Toronto Laurie Dickson, MA student, Applied Psychology, McGill University
Academic/Research Appointments
Adjunct Professor, Department of Psychology, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON.
Adjunct Professor, Department of Policy Studies, Faculty of Education, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB.
Adjunct Professor, Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, Faculty of Education, McGill University, Montreal, PQ.
Program Advisory Board Member, Institute for Research on Pathological Gambling and Related Disorders, Harvard Medical School Division on Addictions, Boston, MA.
Research Associate, Youth Gambling Research & Treatment Clinic, McGill University, Montreal, PQ.
Research Associate, Problem Gambling Research Group, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON.
Member, National and International Expert Group, Centre Quebecois d’excellence pour le traitement et la prevention du jeu. Université Laval, Quebec, PQ.
Senior Research Associate, Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse, Ottawa, ON.
Research Associate, Responsible Gambling Council, Toronto, ON.
Research Associate, Service Integration Studies Centre, Faculty of Nursing, University of Alberta
Chairman, Research Ethics Review Committee, Addictions Foundation of Manitoba
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Gambling Presentations
Washington, B., Wynne, H., and Peacock, S. (June 2006). Gambling Research with Native Americans and First Nations: Rewards and Challenges. 20th Annual Conference on Prevention, Treatment & Research of Problem Gambling. St. Paul, Minnesota.
Stinchfield, R., Washington, B., and Wynne, H. (June, 2006). Gambling Among American Indian Public School Students. 20th Annual Conference on Prevention, Treatment & Research of Problem Gambling. St. Paul, Minnesota.
Wynne, H. (April, 2006). The Impact of Gambling on Communities. Social and Economic Costs and Benefits of Gambling Conference, Alberta Gaming Research Institute, Banff, Alberta.
Wynne, H. (March, 2005). Public Policy Implications of Gambling Research. Conference Summary. Public Policy Implications of Gambling Research Conference, Alberta Gaming Research Institute, Edmonton Alberta.
Wynne, H. (November, 2004). Impact of Gambling in Canadian Aboriginal Communities. Keynote presentation. 2nd Biannual National Aboriginal Gambling Awareness Conference, Winnipeg, Manitoba.
Wynne, H (March, 2004). Problem Gambling: Cultural Diversity and Co-Existing Disorders. Keynote presentation. 2nd Annual Conference on Problem Gambling and Cultural Diversity. St. Paul, Minnesota.
Wynne, H. (December, 2003). Harm Minimization and Gaming Machine Design. Regulating Addiction Conference, Harvard Medical School. Las Vegas, Nevada.
Wynne, H. (March, 2003). Participatory Action Research Approaches to Prevention. Prevention of Problem Gambling Conference. Alberta Gaming Research Institute. Lethbridge, AB.
Wynne, H. and Smith, G. (September, 2003). Gambling-Related Crime in the City of Edmonton, Alberta, Canada: An Examination of Police Records. Responsible Gambling Council (Ontario) Discovery 2003 Conference, Toronto, Ontario.
Wynne, H. (September, 2003). Profiling Problem Gamblers. Responsible Gambling Council (Ontario) Discovery 2003 Conference, Toronto, Ontario.
Wynne, H. (November, 2002). Gambling in Canadian aboriginal communities: Past, present and future. Plenary session at the 1st National Aboriginal Problem Gambling Awareness Conference, Prince Albert, Saskatchewan.
Wynne, H., and Simpson, R. (April, 2002) Problem gambling research: Where are we going? Plenary session at the Responsible Gambling Council (Ontario) Discovery 2002 Conference, Niagara Falls, Ontario.
Wynne, H. (March, 2002). Gambling and crime: Research issues. Gambling, Law Enforcement and Justice System Issues: Canadian Perspectives Conference, Edmonton, Alberta.
Wynne, H. (April, 2001). 2001: A gambling odyssey. Canadian Foundation on Compulsive Gambling (Ontario) Innovation 2001 Conference, Toronto, Ontario.
Jacobs, D., Wildman, R., Wynne, H., Derevensky, J., Gupta, R., Diskin, K., Hodgins, D., and Jackson, S. (June, 2000). The Jacobs General Theory of Addictions. Symposium conducted at the 11th International Conference on Gambling & Risk Taking, Las Vegas, NV.
Wynne, H. and Smith, G. (June, 2000). Gambling and crime. Presentation at the 11th International Conference on Gambling & Risk Taking, Las Vegas, NV.
Wynne, H., Macpherson, S., Oakes, A. (June, 2000). Examining problem gambling public awareness campaigns in North America. Presentation at the 11th International Conference on Gambling & Risk Taking, Las Vegas, NV.
Wynne, H. (May, 2000). Problem gambling prevention: A framework for evaluation. Canadian Foundation on Compulsive Gambling (Ontario) Bridging the Gap Conference 2000, Niagara Falls, Ontario.
Wynne, H. and Smith, G. (April, 2000). Gambling and crime in Western Canada. Presentation at the 1st Annual Gaming Investigators Conference, Criminal Intelligence Service Canada, Saskatoon, SK. 78 Williams, Humphreys, Belanger, Smith & Wynne: SEIGA
Wynne. H. (November, 1998). Gambling addiction: A state of the art review. Public Lecture Series, Addictions Studies Certificate Program, Faculty of Extension, University of Alberta, Edmonton.
Wynne, H., Derevensky, J., and Gupta, R. (September, 1998). Prevention of youth gambling problems. Presentation at Evolving Treatment and Prevention Practices: An Interprovincial Conference on Problem Gambling, Edmonton, Alberta.
Wynne, H. (September, 1998). Natural recovery from gambling problems. Presentation to the U.S. National Research Council on the Social and Economic Impact of Pathological Gambling, Washington, DC.
Wynne, H., Derevensky, J., and Gupta, R., Stinchfield, R., and Jacobs, D. (July, 1998). Youth gambling: Prevalence, risk factors, clinical issues and social policy. Symposium at the Annual American Psychiatric Association Convention, San Francisco, California.
Smith, G., and Wynne, H. (June, 1998). The level of debate: What politicians say when they talk about gambling. Presentation at the 12th National Conference on Problem Gambling, National Council on Problem Gambling, Las Vegas, Nevada.
Wynne, H., Derevensky, J., and Gupta, R., Stinchfield, R., Griffiths, M., Maddern, R., and Jacobs, D. (June, 1998). Adolescent gambling: An international perspective. Panel presentation at the 12th National Conference on Problem Gambling, National Council on Problem Gambling, Las Vegas, Nevada.
Wynne, H. and Smith, G. (June, 1998). Gambling changes: What do the follow-up studies show? Presentation at the 12th National Conference on Problem Gambling, National Council on Problem Gambling, Las Vegas, Nevada.
Wynne, H. (April, 1998). Gambling policy in Canada: Where are we going? Presentation at the Past, Present & Future: Realities of Problem and Compulsive Gambling Conference, Canadian Foundation on Compulsive Gambling (Ontario), Windsor, Ontario.
Wynne, H. (February, 1998). What the research tells us about electronic gambling. Presentation at the VLTs and Electronic Gambling Issues & Impacts Conference, Edmonton, Alberta.
Wynne, H. (September, 1997). Problem gambling from a community development perspective. Presentation at the Challenging our Assumptions: Interprovincial Conference on Problem Gambling, Regina, Saskatchewan.
Wynne, H., Smith, G., and Campbell, C. (September, 1997). Gambling, crime and prisons. Presentation at the Challenging our Assumptions: Interprovincial Conference on Problem Gambling, Regina, Saskatchewan.
Wynne, H. (June, 1997). Gambling as a public policy issue. Luncheon speech at the 2nd Bi-Annual Ontario Conference on Problem and Compulsive Gambling, Toronto, Ontario.
Wynne, H., and Wildman, R. (June, 1997). Evolution of a gambling information service. Presentation at the 2nd Bi-Annual Ontario Conference on Problem and Compulsive Gambling, Toronto, Ontario.
Wildman, R., Wynne, H., and Jacobs, D. (May, 1997). Gambling: An attempt at an integration. Presentation at the 10th International Conference on Gambling & Risk-Taking, Montreal, Quebec.
Wynne, H. (October, 1996). Adolescent gambling and problem gambling in Alberta. Presentation at the Profiling the Canadian Experience: Interprovincial Conference on Problem Gambling, Winnipeg, Manitoba.
Wynne, H., and Smith, G. (September, 1996). Adolescent gambling and problem gambling in Alberta. Presentation at the 10th National Conference on Gambling Behaviour, Chicago, Illinois.
Wynne, H., Slavik, W. and Hodgson, M. (August, 1995). Gambling: The Alberta Scene. Presentation at the 1995 Alberta Conference on Problem Gambling, Calgary, Alberta.
Smith, G., and Wynne, H. (May, 1994). A Qualitative Study of At Large Problem Gamblers. Presentation at the 9th International Conference on Gambling and Risk Taking, Las Vegas, Nevada.
Wynne, H. (1994). The way of the future? Regionalization, mergers and joint ventures. Presentation at the Community Taking Charge: Planning for Action Conference, Edmonton. 79 Williams, Humphreys, Belanger, Smith & Wynne: SEIGA
Wynne, H. (February, 1994). Gambling and Problem Gambling in Alberta. Presentation to MLAs, AADAC, and funded agency staff, Edmonton, Alberta.
Gambling Publications
Book Chapters and Refereed Journal Articles
Smith, G., Hartnagel, T., & Wynne, H. (in press). Gambling-related crime in the City of Edmonton. In Gambling in the 21st Century, J. Cosgrove and T. Klassen, Eds.
Wynne, H. (in progress). Gambling policy in the new millennium. eGambling. Special Edition.
Currie, S., Hodgins, D., Wang, J., el-Gubaley, N., Wynne, H., and Chen, S. (2006). Risk of harm among gamblers in the general population as a function of level of participation in gambling activities. Addiction, 101, 570-580.
Govoni, R., Mann, R., and Wynne, H. (July, 2004). An analysis of self-identified speculative investors. Journal of Gambling Issues, 11, 1-13.
Wynne, H. & Shaffer, H. (2003). The social and economic impact of gambling: The Whistler Symposium. Journal of Gambling Studies,19(2), 111-121.
Marshall, K. and Wynne, H. (December, 2003). Fighting the odds. Perspectives. Ottawa, ON: Statistics Canada. Catalogue no. 75-001-XIE.
Wynne. H. (Feb/Mar, 2000). Gambling addiction and community health. Developments. Edmonton, AB: Alberta Alcohol and Drug Abuse Commission.
Wynne, H., Wiebe, J. & Ah Shene, D. (Feb/Mar, 2000). Addiction and population health. Developments. Edmonton, AB: Alberta Alcohol and Drug Abuse Commission.
Wynne, H. (March, 2000). Gambling on the edge in Alberta. Electronic Journal of Gambling Issues. Toronto, On:Centre for Addictions and Mental Health.
Hodgins, D., Wynne, H., & Makarchuk, K. (Summer, 1999). Pathways to recovery from gambling problems: Follow-up from a general population survey. Journal of Gambling Studies. 12(2): 93-104.
Wynne, H. (1997). Gambling as a public policy issue. In Wildman, R., Gambling: An Attempt at an Integration. Edmonton, AB: Wynne Resources.
Wildman, R. (1997). Gambling: An attempt at an integration. Edmonton, AB: Wynne Resources.
Smith, G., Volberg, R., & Wynne, H. (1994). Leisure behaviour on the edge: Differences between controlled and uncontrolled gambling practices. Society and Leisure. 17(1): 235-250.
Research Publications
Wynne, H. (April, 2006). Evaluating VLT Responsible Gaming Features in Manitoba: Survey Comparison Report Baseline and Time 1. Submitted to the Manitoba Lottery Corporation.
Wynne, H. (March, 2006). Evaluating VLT Responsible Gaming Features in Manitoba: Time I Survey Report. Submitted to the Manitoba Lottery Corporation.
Wynne, H. (March, 2006). Evaluating VLT Responsible Gaming Features in Manitoba: Baseline Survey Report. Submitted to the Manitoba Lottery Corporation.
Wynne, H., and McCready, J. (June, 2005). Examining Gambling and Problem Gambling in Ontario Aboriginal Communities. Final Summary Report. Report submitted to the Ontario Problem Gambling Research Centre on behalf of the Ontario Federation of Indian Friendship Centres and Métis Nation of Ontario, Toronto, ON.
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Wynne, H., and McCready, J. (June, 2004). Addressing Problem Gambling in Toronto and Windsor/Essex County Ethnic Communities: Final Action Plan Summary Report. Report submitted to the Ontario Problem Gambling Research Centre. on behalf of COSTI Immigration Services, Toronto, ON.
Wynne, H., and McCready, J. (June, 2004). Addressing Problem Gambling in Toronto and Windsor/Essex County Ethnic Communities: Final Summary Report. Report submitted to the Ontario Problem Gambling Research Centre on behalf of COSTI Immigration Services, Toronto, ON.
Campbell, C. & Wynne, H. (May, 2004). Introducing slots at the Hastings Racecourse: A review of public comments and social issues. Report submitted to the City of Vancouver.
Smith, G. & Wynne, H. (January, 2004). VLT gambling in Alberta: A preliminary analysis. A report submitted to the Alberta Gaming Research Institute.
Smith, G. , Wynne, H. & Hartnagel, T. (March, 2003) Examining police records to assess gambling impacts: A study of gambling-related crime in the City of Edmonton. A report submitted to the Alberta Gaming Research Institute.
Wynne, H. & Smith, G. (July, 2002). A preliminary examination of problem gambling crisis episodes. A report submitted to the Alberta Alcohol and Drug Abuse Commission.
Smith, G. & Wynne, H. (February, 2002). Measuring gambling and problem gambling in Alberta using the Canadian Problem Gambling Index. A report submitted to the Alberta Gaming Research Institute.
Wynne, H. (January, 2002). Gambling and problem gambling in Saskatchewan. A report submitted to Saskatchewan Health.
Smith, J. & Wynne, H. (2002). A review of the gambling literature in the economic and policy domains. A report submitted to the Alberta Gaming Research Institute.
Ferris, J., & Wynne, H. (February, 2001). The Canadian Problem Gambling Index: Final report. Report submitted by the Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse to the Interprovincial Committee of Health Agencies.
Ferris, J., & Wynne, H. (January, 2001). The Canadian Problem Gambling Index: Draft User Manual. Submitted by the Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse to the Interprovincial Committee of Health Agencies.
Wynne, H. (October, 1999). Problem gambling public awareness campaigns in North America. A report submitted to the Ontario Substance Abuse Bureau.
Smith, G. & Wynne, H. (September, 1999). Gambling and crime in western Canada: Exploring myth and reality. Calgary, AB: Canada West Foundation.
Ferris, J., & Wynne, H. (February, 2001). The Canadian Problem Gambling Index: Final report. Report submitted by the Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse to the Interprovincial Committee of Health Agencies.
Ferris, J., & Wynne, H. (January, 2001). The Canadian Problem Gambling Index: Draft User Manual. Submitted by the Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse to the Interprovincial Committee of Health Agencies.
Wynne, H., Ferris, J., & Single, E. (April, 1999). Measuring problem gambling in Canada. Report submitted by the Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse to the Interprovincial Committee of Health Agencies.
Hodgins, D., Wynne, H., & Makarchuk, K. (1999). Pathways to recovery from gambling problems. Report to the Addiction Centre, Calgary Regional Health Authority, Calgary, Alberta.
Wynne, H. & Smith, G. (1998). Adult gambling and problem gambling in Alberta: A replication study. Report to the Alberta Alcohol and Drug Abuse Commission.
Wynne, H., Smith, G., & Jacobs, D. (1996). Adolescent gambling and problem gambling in Alberta. Report to the Alberta Alcohol and Drug Abuse Commission. May.
Wynne, H., Smith, G., & Volberg, R. (1995). A preliminary assessment of the social impacts of the Calgary Century Centre Casino. Report to the Calgary Century Centre Casino Corporation, February 17. 81 Williams, Humphreys, Belanger, Smith & Wynne: SEIGA
Wynne, H. (1994). A description of problem gamblers in Alberta. Report to the Alberta Alcohol and Drug Abuse Commission. October.
Wynne, H. (1994). Female problem gamblers in Alberta. Report to the Alberta Alcohol and Drug Abuse Commission. October.
Wynne, H., Smith, G., & Volberg, R. (1994). Gambling and problem gambling in Alberta. Report to Alberta Lotteries and Gaming. January.
Editorial Boards
Co-Editor, International Gambling Studies Journal. Sydney, Australia.
Editorial Board, Journal of Gambling Studies. National Council on Problem Gambling, Columbia MD.
Editorial Board, The WAGER: Weekly Gambling Addiction Education Report, Harvard Medical School.
Editorial Board, The Brief Addiction Science Information Source (BASIS). Harvard Medical School, Division on Addictions.
Editorial Board, Electronic Journal of Gambling Issues. Centre for Addictions and Mental Health, Toronto, ON.
Reviewer of academic articles and research funding applications for numerous academic journals, research centres, government agencies, and NGOs.
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